Understanding Power Quality Problems
Understanding Power Quality Problems
Understanding Power Quality Problems
QUALITY PROBLEMS
IEEE Press
445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331
Piscataway, NJ 08855-1331
Technical Reviewers
Mladen Kezunovic, Texas A & M University
Damir Novosel, ABB Power T&D Company, Inc., Raleigh, NC
Roger C. Dugan, Electrotck Concepts, Inc., Knoxville, TN
Mohamed E. El-Hawary, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
Stephen Sebo, Ohio State University
Math H. J. Bollen
Chalmers University of Technology
Gothenburg, Sweden
IEEE.
PRESS
SERIES ~II
ONPOWER
ENGINEERING
+IEEE
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, lnc., NewYork
ffiWILEY-
~INTERSCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC.,PUBLICATION
e 2000 THE INSTITUTE OF ELECTRICAL
th
AND ELECTRONICS
ENGINEERS, INC. 3 Park Avenue, 17 Floor, New York, NY 10016-5997
For genera) information on our other products and servicesplease contact our
CustomerCare Departmentwithin the u.s. at 877-762-2974,outside the U.S.
at 317-572-3993or fax 317-572-4002.
ISBN 0-7803-4713-7
PREFACE xiii
FTP SITE INFORMATION xv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS xvii
vii
viii Con ten ts
BIBLIOGRAPHY 465
INDEX 529
The aims of the electric power system can be summarized as "to transport electrical
energy from the generator units to the terminals of electrical equipment" and "to
maintain the voltage at the equipment terminals within certain limits." For decades
research and education have been concentrated on the first aim. Reliability and quality
of supply were rarely an issue, the argument being that the reliability was sooner too
high than too low. A change in attitude came about probably sometime in the early
1980s. Starting in industrial and commercial power systems and spreading to the public
supply, the power quality virus appeared. It became clear that equipment regularly
experienced spurious trips due to voltage disturbances, but also that equipment was
responsible for many voltage and current disturbances. A more customer-friendly defi-
nition of reliability was that the power supply turned out to be much less reliable than
always thought. Although the hectic years of power quality pioneering appear to be
over, the subject continues to attract lots of attention. This is certain to continue into
the future, as customers' demands have become an important issue in the deregulation
of the electricity industry.
This book concentrates on the power quality phenomena that primarily affect the
customer: interruptions and voltage sags. During an interruption the voltage is com-
pletely zero, which is probably the worst quality of supply one can consider. During a
voltage sag the voltage is not zero, but is still significantly less than during normal
operation. Voltage sags and interruptions account for the vast majority of unwanted
equipment trips.
The material contained in the forthcoming chapters was developed by the author
during a to-year period at four different universities: Eindhoven, Curacao, Manchester,
and Gothenburg. I Large parts of the material were originally used for postgraduate and
industrial lectures both "at home" and in various places around the world. The material
will certainly be used again for this purpose (by the author and hopefully also by
others).
xiii
xiv Preface
Math H. J. Bollen
Gothenburg, Sweden
FTP Site Information
Along with the publication of this book, an FTP site has been created containing
MATLAB® files for many figures in this book. The FTP site can be reached at
ftp.ieee.orgjupload/press/bollen.
xv
Acknowledgments
A book is rarely the product of only one person, and this book is absolutely no excep-
tion. Various people contributed to the final product, but first of all I would like to
thank my wife, Irene Gu, for encouraging me to start writing and for filling up my tea
cup every time I had another one of those "occasional but all too frequent crises."
For the knowledge described in this book lowe a lot to my teachers, my collea-
gues, and my students in Eindhoven, Curacao, Manchester, and Gothenburg and to my
colleagues and friends all over the world. A small number of them need to be especially
mentioned: Matthijs Weenink, Wit van den Heuvel, and Wim Kersten for teaching me
the profession; the two Larry's (Conrad and Morgan) for providing me with a contin-
uous stream of information on power quality; Wang Ping, Stefan Johansson, and the
anonymous reviewers for proofreading the manuscript. A final thank you goes to
everybody who provided data, figures, and permission to reproduce material from
other sources.
Math H. J. Bollen
Gothenburg, Sweden
xvii
Voor mijn ouders