Basic Operational Amplifier Circuits: Summing Amplifier

Basic Operational
Amplifier Circuits:
1
Summing Amplifier
Course: Applied Electronics
Instructor: Ismail Amin Ali
Dept. of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Duhok
2 Summing Amplifier with Unity Gain
❑ A summing amplifier has two or more inputs; normally
all inputs have unity gain. The output is proportional to
the negative of the algebraic sum of the inputs.
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2
Since 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = −𝐼𝑇 𝑅𝑓 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦:
𝑉𝐼𝑁1 𝑉𝐼𝑁2
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 𝑅𝑓 = − + 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 𝑅2
If all three of the resistors are equal (𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = 𝑅3 ), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝑉𝐼𝑁1 𝑉𝐼𝑁2
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − + 𝑅 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2
𝑅 𝑅
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁3 +. . . +𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛

3 Example: Summing Amplifier
❑ What is VOUT if the input voltages are +5.0 V, -3.5 V and
+4.2 V and all resistors = 10 kΩ?
Rf
R1
VIN1
R2
VIN2 –
R3 VOUT
VIN3
+
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁3

= − +5.0𝑉 − 3.5𝑉 + 4.2𝑉 = −5.7𝑉
4 Summing Amplifier with Gain > Unity
❑ When Rf is larger than the input resistors, the amplifier has a gain
of Rf /R, where R is the value of each equal-value input resistor.
❑ The general expression for the output is:
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 )
𝑉𝐼𝑁1 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑓 = − + + ⋯+ 𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛
If all the input resistors are equal (𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = ⋯ = 𝑅𝑛 ), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − + + ⋯+ 𝑅𝑓
𝑅 𝑅 𝑅
𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 +. . . +𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛
𝑅 𝐼𝑁1
5 Example: Summing Amplifier with Gain > Unity
❑ Determine the output voltage for the summing amplifier

in Figure below:
𝑅𝑓 10 kΩ
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 +. . . +𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛 = − 0.2 𝑉 + 0.5 𝑉 = −7 𝑉
𝑅 1 kΩ
6 Averaging Amplifier
❑ An averaging amplifier is basically a summing amplifier
with the gain set to Rf /R = 1/n (n is the number of
inputs).
❑ Show that the amplifier in Figure below produces an
output whose magnitude is the mathematical average
of the input voltages.
Since the input resistors are equal,
𝑅𝑓 25𝑘Ω
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 +. . . +𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛 = − +1 𝑉 + 2 𝑉 + 3 𝑉 + 4 𝑉 = −2.5 𝑉
𝑅 100𝑘Ω
7 Scaling Adder
❑ A scaling adder has two or more inputs with each input
having a different gain. The output represents the
negative scaled sum of the inputs.
𝐼𝑇 = 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 )

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑓 = − + + ⋯+ 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
=− 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + ⋯ + 𝑉
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛 𝐼𝑁𝑛
8 Example: Scaling Adder
❑ Determine the weight of each input voltage for the
scaling adder in Figure and find the output voltage.

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝐼1 + 𝐼2 + ⋯ + 𝐼𝑛 𝑅𝑓 = − + + ⋯+ 𝑅𝑓
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 10 10 10
=− 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + ⋯ + 𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛 = 3𝑉+ 2𝑉+ 8𝑉
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅𝑛 4.7 100 10
= −8.84 𝑉
9 Example: Scaling Adder
❑ Assume you need to sum the inputs from three
microphones. The first two microphones require a gain
of -2, but the third microphone requires a gain of -3.
What are the values of the input resistors if the value of
Rf is 10 kΩ.
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁3
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3
𝑅𝑓
− = −2
𝑅1
𝑅𝑓
𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = = 5 𝑘Ω
2
𝑅𝑓
− = −3
𝑅3
𝑅𝑓
𝑅3 = = 3.33 𝑘Ω
3
10 Application: Scaling Adder
❑ D/A conversion is an important interface process for
converting digital signals to analog (linear) signals. An
example is a voice signal that is digitized for storage,
processing, or transmission and must be changed back
into an approximation of the original audio signal in
order to drive a speaker.
❑ One method of D/A conversion uses a scaling adder
with input resistor values that represent the binary
weights of the digital input code. Although this is not
the most widely used method, it serves to illustrate how
a scaling adder can be applied.
❑ A more common method for D/A conversion is known
as the R/2R ladder method. The R/2R ladder is
introduced here for comparison although it does not
use a scaling adder.
❑ Figure shows a four-digit digital-to-analog converter (DAC) using scaling
adder (called a binary-weighted resistor DAC).
❑ The inverting input is at virtual ground, and so the output voltage is
proportional to the current through the feedback resistor Rf (sum of input
currents).
❑ The lowest-value resistor R corresponds to the highest weighted binary
input (23). All of the other resistors are multiples of R and correspond to
the binary weights 22, 21, and 20.
❑ Determine the output voltage of the DAC in Figure a. The sequence of four digit binary codes
represented by the waveforms in Figure b are applied to the inputs. A high level is a binary 1,
and a low level is a binary 0. The least significant binary digit is D0.
𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓 𝑅𝑓
𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁3 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁4
𝑅1 𝑅2 𝑅3 𝑅4
13 R/2R Ladder DAC
❑ Because of the precision required of resistors, scaling adders are useful
only for small DACs.
❑ R/2R ladder is more commonly used for D/A conversion than the scaling
adder.
❑ It overcomes one of the disadvantages of the binary-weighted-input DAC
because it requires only two resistor values.
14 R/2R Ladder DAC
15 R/2R Ladder DAC
16 R/2R Ladder DAC
17 R/2R Ladder DAC

Basic Operational Amplifier Circuits: Summing Amplifier

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Basic Operational

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁3 +. . . +𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛

𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = − 𝑉𝐼𝑁1 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 + 𝑉𝐼𝑁3

𝑉𝐼𝑁1 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛

If all the input resistors are equal (𝑅 = 𝑅1 = 𝑅2 = ⋯ = 𝑅𝑛 ), 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛

𝑉𝐼𝑁1 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛

❑ Determine the output voltage for the summing amplifier

Since the input resistors are equal,

Since 𝑉𝑂𝑈𝑇 = −𝐼𝑇 𝑅𝑓 , 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑝𝑠 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦:

𝑉𝐼𝑁1 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛

𝑉𝐼𝑁1 𝑉𝐼𝑁2 𝑉𝐼𝑁𝑛

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