Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 85 views

    Frequency Synthesizer

    Uploaded by

    Tana Azeez
    A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system that generates a range of output frequencies by combining frequency multiplication, division, and mixing from one or more reference sources. There are three main types: direct analog synthesis which mixes and filters divided frequencies; direct digital synthesis which uses a lookup table to generate waveforms that are converted to analog; and indirect digital synthesis which uses a phase-locked loop with a voltage-controlled oscillator to lock the output frequency to a multiple of the reference frequency. Frequency synthesizers are used in radio receivers, mobile phones, and other devices to produce stable output frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Frequency Synthesizer

    Uploaded by

    Tana Azeez
    85 views15 pages
    A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system that generates a range of output frequencies by combining frequency multiplication, division, and mixing from one or more reference sources. There are three main types: direct analog synthesis which mixes and filters divided frequencies; direct digital synthesis which uses a lookup table to generate waveforms that are converted to analog; and indirect digital synthesis which uses a phase-locked loop with a voltage-controlled oscillator to lock the output frequency to a multiple of the reference frequency. Frequency synthesizers are used in radio receivers, mobile phones, and other devices to produce stable output frequencies.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system that generates a range of output frequencies by combining frequency multiplication, division, and mixing from one or more reference sources. There are three main types: direct analog synthesis which mixes and filters divided frequencies; direct digital synthesis which uses a lookup table to generate waveforms that are converted to analog; and indirect digital synthesis which uses a phase-locked loop with a voltage-controlled oscillator to lock the output frequency to a multiple of the reference frequency. Frequency synthesizers are used in radio receivers, mobile phones, and other devices to produce stable output frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    85 views15 pages

    Frequency Synthesizer

    Uploaded by

    Tana Azeez
    A frequency synthesizer is an electronic system that generates a range of output frequencies by combining frequency multiplication, division, and mixing from one or more reference sources. There are three main types: direct analog synthesis which mixes and filters divided frequencies; direct digital synthesis which uses a lookup table to generate waveforms that are converted to analog; and indirect digital synthesis which uses a phase-locked loop with a voltage-controlled oscillator to lock the output frequency to a multiple of the reference frequency. Frequency synthesizers are used in radio receivers, mobile phones, and other devices to produce stable output frequencies.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 15

    Frequency Synthesizer

    Basic Concepts
    • an electronic system for generating any of a range
    of frequencies
    • in many modern devices, including radio
    receivers, mobile telephones, radio telephones,
    satellite receivers, GPS systems, etc.
    • It can combine freq. multiplication, freq. division,
    and freq. mixing to produce the desired output
    signal
    • No. and hop rate determines the performance.
    One or More fr1
    ..
    Reference . Synthesizer Output fo
    Sources frN

    • One or More Input Reference Sources fr1…frn


    • Translation to New Frequency fo
    • Phase or Frequency Coherent With References
    • Basic Properties
    – Frequency Range – Phase/Frequency Stability (Time
    – Frequency Resolution Domain, Environmental Effects)
    – Switching Rate/Settling Time – Spectral Purity (Frequency Domain,
    – DC Power, Weight, Cost, etc. Spurs, Noise)
    Types
    • Direct Analog Synthesis (also called a mix-
    filter-divide)
    • Direct Digital Synthesizer (DDS) (Table-Look-
    Up)
    • Indirect Digital (PLL) Synthesizers
    Typical Direct Synthesizer: Divide & Mix

    fo = f1+ f2/10+f3/100
    • Two Parts of Synthesizer
    • Switched Reference Section
    – Generates References 0, fr,…9fr
    fk=Nkfr – Switch Refs to LO’s f1, f2,, f3 …
    (Nk = 0 to 9)
    • Divide and Mix Section (3 Stages
    f3 ... f2 f1 f1=N1fr Shown)
    + 10 – Divide f3=N3fr by 10
    Switch f2+f3/10 – Mix with f2=N2fr and Filter to
    Matrix
    Produce f2+f3/10 (Bypass Mixer if
    N2=0)
    9fr ... 2fr fr
    – Repeat Divide, Mix, and Filter with
    f3=N3fr
    Reference f2=N2fr
    Generator f3/10 • End Result
    + 10 fo = [N1+ N2/10+N3/100 + …]fr
    fr – Each N Selects Digit of Output
    f3=N3fr
    Basic cct.
    Modulo of Divide & Mix To next stage

    • Cascade of this modulo can


    be used to get lager number
    of frequencies
    • Sequential applying of code words increase the switch speed
    Direct Digital Synthesizer DDS
    • is a method of producing an analog waveform,
    usually a sine wave, by generating a time-
    varying signal in digital form
    • converted into analog signals using a DAC
    • Basically it consists of a frequency reference (often a crystal osc.), NCO
    and DAC
    • The reference
    – provides a stable time base
    – determines the frequency
    accuracy of DDS
    – provides clock to NCO

    • NCO produces a discrete-time, quantized version of the desired output


    waveform (often a sinusoid) whose period is controlled by digital word
    contained in the Frequency Control Register.
    • The sampled, digital waveform is converted to an analog waveform by
    the DAC. The output reconstruction filter rejects the spectral replicas
    produced in the analog conversion process.
    Some advantages
    • Capable of generating a variety of waveforms
    (sine, triangle, square)
    • Fast switching capability (freq. hopping systems )
    • High precision  sub Hz (mHz) and sub degree
    phase tuning
    • Digital circuitry
    • Small size (single chip)  fraction of analog
    synthesizer size
    • Fewer components per system - low cost
    • Small low-powered devices – portability
    Indirect Digital (PLL) Synthesizers
    • PLL is a feedback control system.
    • It compares the phases of two input signals to produce error signal
    • error signal is filtered and drives VCO to create an output freq.
    • The output frequency is fed through a frequency divider back to
    the input
    • The input is called the reference and is usually derived from a
    crystal oscillator, which is very stable in frequency.
    • Generate any frequency multiple of its
    reference freq.
    – Given 1MHz reference freq. , PLL and 1-1000
    counter, the synthesizer can produce 1000 freq.
    spaced at 1MHz.
    • Narrow band loop filter
    – Reduce VCO jitter due to noise
    – Increase settling time
    Settling Time (Lock Time)

    You might also like