Prepared By: Prof. Ariel C. Balio JR., LPT: Davao Del Sur State College

Republic of the Philippines
DAVAO DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE

Matti, Digos City, Davao del Sur
ESSC 123 TEACHING SOCIAL STUDIES IN ELEMENTARY GRADE
GEOGRAPHY
Prepared by: Prof. Ariel C. Balio Jr., LPT
GEOGRAPHY – comes from the Greek words: geo and graphia. Literally, geography
means earth description.
- A science that deals with the description, distribution, and interaction of the diverse
physical, biological, and cultural features of the earth’s surface. (Merriam Webster)
- It is the collection of facts intended to give a complete picture of a continent, a state
or region. (James and Rubenstein, 1989)
Main Branch of Geography
1. Physical Geography – examines the natural environment and how the climate,
vegetation, life, soil, water, and landforms are produced and interact.
2. Human Geography – it describes the studies what human beings do in and on
land and water; major branch of geography that studies people and their interaction
with the earth and their organization of space on the earth’s surface.
Five Themes of Geography
1. Location
2. Place
3. Region
4. Human Environment interaction
5. Movement
Location – is the place where a particular point or object exist.
a. Absolute Location – provides a definite reference to locate a place. The reference

can be latitude and longitude, a street address or even the township and Range
system.
b. Relative Location – describe a place with respect to its environment and its
connection to other places.
Place – describes the human and physical characteristics of a location; is an area that is
defined by everything in it.
a. Physical Characteristics – include a description such things as the mountains,

rivers, beaches, topography, and animal and plant life of place.
b. Human Characteristics – include the human designed cultural features of a place,
from land use and architecture to forms of livelihood and religion to food and folk
ways to transportation and communication networks.
Region – divides the world manageable units for geographic study. Regions some sort of
characteristics that unifies the area. Regions can be formal, functional or vernacular.
Human Environment Interaction – this theme considers how humans adapt to and
modify the environment. (Example: the ancient Egyptians built irrigation ditches to help
the water the crops; in modern times, Egypt’s built a dam to control the flood waters of the
Nile River. )
Movement – this theme studies movement and migration across the planet; refers to way
people, products, information and ideas move from one place to another.
Imaginary Lines
Latitudes
Tropic of Cancer
Tropic of Capricorn
Equator
Arctic Circle
Antarctic Circle
Longitude
Prime Meridian
International date line
 Latitude – imaginary lines that runs from east to west or west to east, it also
measures distance from north to south or south to north between two parallels.
 Tropic of Cancer – the parallel of latitude 23’*26 north of equator
 Tropic of Capricorn – the parallel of latitude 23*26 south of equator.
 Equator – an imaginary line drawn around the earth equally distant from both
poles, dividing the earth into northern and southern hemispheres and consulting the
parallel of latitude 0*.
 Arctic Circle – is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude that mark
maps of the Earth; the parallel of latitude that runs 66*33’44’ north of equator.
 Antarctic Circle – is the most northerly of the five major circles of latitude that
mark maps of the Earth, the parallel of latitude that runs 66*33’44 south of the
equator.
 Longitude – imaginary lines that runs from north to south or south to north, it also
measures distance from east to west to east between the meridians.
 Prime Meridians – the earth’s zero of longitude, which by convention passes
through Greenwich England.
 International Date Line (IDL) – Arbitrary line approximately along the 180*
meridian designed as the place where each calendar begins.
 Grids – imaginary line on maps define the coordinate system and are numbered to
provide a unique reference to features and any of a series of numbered horizontal and
perpendicular lines that divide a map into squares.
 Cardinal Direction – N,S,E,W
 Intermediate Direction – NE, SE, NW, SW
Types of Maps according to usage:

- Political map
- Physical map
- Economic map
- Climate map
World Geography (Biggest to Smallest)

- Asia
- Africa
- North America
- South America
- Antarctica
- Europe
- Australia
5 major Oceans
- Pacific (north and south pacific)
- Atlantic (north and south Atlantic)
- India Oceans
- Southern oceans
- Arctic oceans
World Facts
- Largest Country – Asia
- Largest City - Tokyo, Japan
- Greatest Archipelag0 – Indonesia
- Largest Peninsula – Arabian Peninsula
- Largest Sea- Mediterranean Sea
- Largest River – Amazon River
- Largest Desert – Sahara Desert
- Largest Island – Greenland
- Longest Mountain Range – Andes Mountains
- Largest Bay – Bay of Bengai
- Deepest Trench – Mariana Trench
- Longest River – Nile River
- Largest Gulf – Gulf of Mexico
- Largest Lake – Caspian Sea
Philippine Geography
- The Philippines found in the Western Pacific Ocean has an Astronomical

location 4*23-21*25’N latitude and 116*-127*E Longitude.
- It is located in the Southern portion of Asia.
- Its relative locations: Taiwan on the north, south China Sea and Vietnam on
the West, Pacific ocean on the east, Celebes sea and Indonesia on the
South, and Malaysia and Singapore on the Southwest.
- The Philippine is composed of 7, 641 islands with a total land area of
3000,000 square kms. Manila is the Capital City.
- 3 groups of island: Luzon (141,395 sq.km), Mindanao (101, 999 sq. km)
and Visayas (56,606 sq.km)
- Y’ Ami Isle is the northernmost point which is 78 miles from Taiwan
- Saluag Isle – is the southernmost point only 34 miles each of Borneo.
-
18 Regions
- Region 1 – Ilocos Norte
- Region 2 – Cagayan Valley
- Region 3 – Central Luzon
- Region 4 – CALABARZON
- MIMAROPA – Southwestern Tagalog Region
- Region 5 – Bicol Region
- Region 6 – Western Visayas
- Region 7 – Central Visayas
- Region 8 – Eastern Visayas
- Region 9 – Zamboanga Peninsula
- Region 10 – Northern Mindanao
- Region 11 – Davao Region
- Region 12 – SOCCSKSARGEN
- Region 13 – Caraga
- Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao (ARMM)
- National Capital Region (NCR)
- Region 18 – Negros Island Region
 May 29, 2015: Negros Island Region (NIR) created. Negros Occidental and Bacolod
from Region VI and Negros Oriental form Region VII transferred to form new
Region.
 July 17, 2016: Republic act No, 10879 established the Southwestern Tagalog Region
(MIMAROPA Region) from the former Region IV-B (in effect merely a renaming and
discontinuation of the Region IV-B designation since no boundary changes were
involved)
 The Philippine is a rugged land of mountains and plains, bays and lakes, rivers and
waterfalls, valleys and volcanoes. Its irregular coastline stretches 10850 status miles
twice as long as the coastline of the united states.
 Mt. Apo is the mountain with 9600 feet high.
 Philippine Deep is the lowest spot in the Philippines situated off the pacific coast of
the archipelago.
 San Juanico Strait is the narrowest strait in the world
 Central plain in Luzon is the “Rice Granary of the Philippines.
 Rio Grande De Cagayan or Cagayan River is the Largest river in the Country.
 Laguna de Bay is the Largest lake in the country.
Climate
- Tropical and monsoonal in character
 Northeast (Amihan)
 Southwest (Habagat)
- 2 distinct seasons: the dry season (December to May) and wet seasons (June to
November)
“Stay positive, work hard and make it happen.”

Prepared By: Prof. Ariel C. Balio JR., LPT: Davao Del Sur State College

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Republic of the Philippines

DAVAO DEL SUR STATE COLLEGE

Main Branch of Geography

Five Themes of Geography

Location – is the place where a particular point or object exist.

a. Absolute Location – provides a definite reference to locate a place. The reference

a. Physical Characteristics – include a description such things as the mountains,

Types of Maps according to usage:

World Geography (Biggest to Smallest)

- The Philippines found in the Western Pacific Ocean has an Astronomical

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