WHAT IS SLIP RING INDUCTION

MOTOR :
Generally we all are know induction motor is most widely used motor in
industrial. induction motor is self starting motor and also speed of the
induction motor is purely depend on supply voltage. slip ring induction
motor is one of the type of 3 phase induction motor. slip ring induction
motor is wound rotor type motor. the main difference in the slip ring
induction motor apart from other motor is the rotor of the slip ring induction
motor is having slip ring and its connected to external resistance.

WORKING OF SLIP RING INDUCTION MOTOR:

The slip ring induction motor working in the induction principle. when ever
the supply is applied to stator winding and stator winding
produced magnetic flux. due to faradays law of electromagnetic induction
the rotor winding get induced and produce the magnetic flux current. These
motors are usually started with full line voltage . at starting time the
induction motor drawn 6 to 7 times full load current but this high inrush
current could be control by external resistance connected in rotor circuit.
this external resistance in the rotor side should be adjusted to get minimum
starting current in the slip ring induction motor. That external resistance  act
like a variable rheostat when the motor starting time it  automatically
adjusted to high resistance and once motor obtain normal speed that
resistance will be reduced. that external resistance adjustment will
decrease the rotor current and also decrease  the stator current. that’s why
starting current of motor will reduced to normal and it increase the starting
torque of the motor. that external resistance also improve the power factor
of the motor. the below diagram will show the construction and
arrangement of slip ring induction motor.

Speed Control:
speed control of slip ring induction motor is done by external resistance
connected in the rotor side. usually the slip ring motor is started with high
starting torque with low speed. adding additional resistance to reduce the
speed  and rotor current of the motor. even speed control technique is not
good for changing torque loads. the speed control of slip ring induction
motor can be controlled only from  50% to 100%. it can not be control
gradual speed.
Advantages of slip ring induction motor:
 Excellent starting torque for high inertia loads.
 its having low starting current because of the external resistance
 Speed is resistance variable over 50% to 100% full speed
Disadvantages of slip ring induction motor:
  Higher maintenance of brushes and slip rings compared to squirrel
cage motor
 complicated construction
 copper loss is high
 efficiency low
 power factor low
 costly compared to 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor

Application:
 High torque required application
 low starting current application
 used in hoist , cranes and elevator applications

What is Squirrel Cage Induction Motor,

Working Principle & Applications.
A 3 phase squirrel cage induction motor is a type of three phase
induction motor which functions based on the principle of
electromagnetism. It is called a ‘squirrel cage’ motor because the
rotor inside of it – known as a ‘squirrel cage rotor’ – looks like a
squirrel cage.
This rotor is a cylinder of steel laminations, with highly conductive
metal (typically aluminum or copper) embedded into its surface.
When an alternating current is run through the stator windings, a
rotating magnetic field is produced.
This induces a current in the rotor winding, which produces its own
magnetic field. The interaction of the magnetic fields produced by
the stator and rotor windings produces a torque on the squirrel cage

rotor.

One big advantage of a squirrel cage motor is how easily you can
change its speed-torque characteristics. This can be done by simply
adjusting the shape of the bars in the rotor. Squirrel cage induction
motors are used a lot in industry – as they are reliable, self-starting,
and easy to adjust.

Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Working Principle

When a 3 phase supply is given to the stator winding it sets up a
rotating magnetic field in space. This rotating magnetic field has a
speed which is known as the synchronous speed.
This rotating magnetic field induces the voltage in rotor bars and
hence short-circuit currents start flowing in the rotor bars. These
rotor currents generate their self-magnetic field which will interact
with the field of the stator. Now the rotor field will try to oppose its
cause, and hence rotor starts following the rotating magnetic field.
The moment rotor catches the rotating magnetic field the rotor
current drops to zero as there is no more relative motion between
the rotating magnetic field and rotor. Hence, at that moment the
rotor experiences zero tangential force hence the rotor decelerates
for the moment.

After deceleration of the rotor, the relative motion between the rotor
and the rotating magnetic field reestablishes hence rotor current
again being induced. So again, the tangential force for rotation of
the rotor is restored, and therefore again the rotor starts following
rotating magnetic field, and in this way, the rotor maintains a
constant speed which is just less than the speed of rotating magnetic
field or synchronous speed.
Slip is a measure of the difference between the speed of the rotating
magnetic field and rotor speed. The frequency of the rotor current =
slip × supply frequency

Squirrel Cage Induction Motor Construction

A squirrel cage induction motor consists of the following parts:
 Stator
 Rotor
 Fan
  Bearings

Stator
It consists of a 3 phase winding with a core and metal housing.
Windings are such placed that they are electrically and
mechanically 120o apart from in space. The winding is mounted on
the laminated iron core to provide low reluctance path for
generated flux by AC currents.
Rotor
It is the part of the motor which will be in a rotation to give
mechanical output for a given amount of electrical energy. The
rated output of the motor is mentioned on the nameplate in
horsepower. It consists of a shaft, short-circuited copper/aluminum
bars, and a core.
The rotor core is laminated to avoid power loss from eddy currents
and hysteresis. Conductors are skewed to prevent cogging during
starting operation and gives better transformation ratio between
stator and rotor.
Fan
A fan is attached to the back side of the rotor to provide heat
exchange, and hence it maintains the temperature of the motor
under a limit.

Bearings
Bearings are provided as the base for rotor motion, and the bearings
keep the smooth rotation of the motor.

Application of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

Squirrel cage induction motors are commonly used in many
industrial applications. They are particularly suited for applications
where the motor must maintain a constant speed, be self-starting, or
there is a desire for low maintenance.

These motors are commonly used in:

 Centrifugal pumps
 Industrial drives (e.g. to run conveyor belts)
 Large blowers and fans
 Machine tools
 Lathes and other turning equipment
Advantages of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Some advantages of squirrel cage induction motors are:

 They are low cost

 Require less maintenance (as there are no slip rings or brushes)
 Good speed regulation (they are able to maintain a constant
speed)
  High efficiency in converting electrical energy to mechanical
energy (while running, not during startup)
 Have better heat regulation (i.e. don’t get as hot)
 Small and lightweight
 Explosion proof (as there are no brushes which eliminate the
risks of sparking)
Disadvantages of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor
Although squirrel cage motors are very popular and have many
advantages – they also have some downsides. Some disadvantages
of squirrel cage induction motors are:

 Very poor speed control

 Although they are energy efficient while running at full load
current, they consume a lot of energy on startup
 They are more sensitive to fluctuations in the supply voltage.
When the supply voltage is reduced, induction motor draws
more current. During voltage surges, increase in voltage
saturates the magnetic components of the squirrel cage
induction motor
 They have high starting current and poor starting torque (the
starting current can be 5-9 times the full load current; the
starting torque can be 1.5-2 times the full load torque)

Difference Between Squirrel Cage and Slip Ring

Induction Motor
 While slip ring induction motors (also known as wound-rotor
motor) aren’t as popular as squirrel cage induction motors, they do
have a few advantages.

Below is a comparison table of squirrel cage vs wound rotor type motors:

Squirrel Cage Motor Slip Ring Motor

Cost Low High

Maintenance Low High

Speed Control Poor Good

Efficiency on startup Poor Good

Efficiency during operation Good Poor

Heat regulation Good Poor

In rush current & torque High Low

Classification of Squirrel Cage Induction Motor

NEMA (National Electrical Manufacturer’s Association) in United
States and IEC in Europe has classified the design of the squirrel
cage induction motors based on their speed-torque characteristics
into some classes. These classes are Class A, Class B, Class C, Class
D, Class E and Class F.

Class A Design
1. A normal starting torque.
2. A normal starting current.
3. Low slip.
 4. In this Class, pullout torque is always of 200 to 300 percent of
the full-load torque and it occurs at a low slip (it is less than 20
percent).
5. For this Class, the starting torque is equal to rated torque for
larger motors and is about 200 percent or more of the rated
torque for the smaller motors.
Class B Design
1. Normal starting torque,
2. Lower starting current,
3. Low slip.
4. Induction Motor of this class produces about the same starting
torque as the class A induction motor.
5. Pullout torque is always greater than or equal to 200 percent of
the rated load torque. But it is less than that of the class A
design because it has increased rotor reactance.
6. Again Rotor slip is still relatively low (less than 5 percent) at
full load.
7. Applications of Class B design are similar to those for design
A. But design B is preferred more because of its lower starting-
current requirements.
Class C Design
1. High starting torque.
2. Low starting currents.
3. Low slip at the full load (less than 5 %).
4. Up to 250 percent of the full-load torque, the starting torque is
in this class of design.
5. The pullout torque is lower than that for Class A induction
motors.
 6. In this design the motors are built from double-cage rotors.
They are more expensive than motors of Class A and B classes.
7. Class C Designs are used for high-starting-torque loads
(loaded pumps, compressors, and conveyors).
Class D Design
1. In this Design of Class motors has very high starting torque
(275 percent or more of the rated torque).
2. A low starting current.
3. A high slip at full load.
4. Again in this class of design the high rotor resistance shifts the
peak torque to a very low speed.
5. It is even possible at zero speed (100 percent slip) for the
highest torque to occur in this class of design.
6. Full-load slip (It is typically 7 to 11 percent, but may go as high
as 17 percent or more) in this class of design is quite high
because of the high rotor resistance always.
Class E Design
1. Very Low Starting Torque.
2. Normal Starting Current.
3. Low Slip.
4. Compensator or resistance starter are used to control starting
current.
Class F Design
1. Low Starting Torque, 1.25 times of full load torque when
full voltage is applied.
2. Low Starting Current.
3. Normal Slip.