Facultad de Ingeniería: Articulo Científico Sobre Costos, Tomada de La Revista Scielo
Facultad de Ingeniería: Articulo Científico Sobre Costos, Tomada de La Revista Scielo
Facultad de Ingeniería: Articulo Científico Sobre Costos, Tomada de La Revista Scielo
Articulo Científico
sobre Costos, tomada de la
revista Scielo
Materia:
Costos Industriales I
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CONTENIDO
1.1 TOPIC:.....................................................................................3
INFLUENCIA DE LA OBESIDAD EN LOS COSTOS EN SALUD Y EN EL
AUSENTISMO LABORAL DE CAUSA MÉDICA EN UNA COHORTE DE
TRABAJADORES...............................................................................3
2. RESULTS........................................................................................7
3. ARTICULO VERSIÓN ESPAÑOL....................................................13
4. SUMMARY..................................................................................25
4.1 RESUMEN..............................................................................26
5. Bibliography and Linkography:...................................................28
https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=s0034-
98872009000300003&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#t1...................29
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1.1 TOPIC:
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Obesity is recognized as a major public health problem worldwide. The increase in its
prevalence has reached epidemic characteristics for the vast majority of industrialized
and developing countries1. In Chile, in a study in urban population in 1997, a prevalence
of 19.7% was found and the National Health Survey of 2003, with national representation,
showed a prevalence of 23.2% 2.3.
According to published studies, the cost demanded by obesity and its associated
comorbidities, reaches a percentage that varies between 2% and 9.4% of the total cost in
health in countries with available information 4,5. In the United States, from 1995 to
2003, the annual cost related to obesity derived from the use of health services (direct
cost) increased from US $ 51.6 to US $ 75 billion6-7. When comparing the annual direct
cost among subjects with normal weight with obese subjects, the percentage increase
ranges between 25% and 36% higher for obese and between 44% and 53% higher in the
case of severe and morbid obesity8-10.
Few studies of costs related to the loss of productivity associated with obesity (indirect
costs). Most of them focus on the determination of work absenteeism and the results are
different depending on the methodology used, varying from the absence of association to
an increase in double or more days of medical leave11-14.
The majority of obesity cost analyzes correspond to estimates derived from cross-
sectional studies, based on population attributable risk4. In this way, the quantification of
the costs of obesity is made by assessing diseases, for which it is assumed that obesity
plays a relevant etiological role in a pre-established proportion. This methodology carries
an intrinsic risk of bias, since each study defines, at the discretion of the researcher, a
group of diseases in which, to a greater or lesser extent, obesity satisfies said etiological
role. In contrast, studies that use individual patient data, which are even scarcer, allow a
more real approximation of the additional cost associated with obesity, allowing
adjustment for relevant demographic, medical and labor variables.
At the national level, the economic impact of overweight and obesity has not been
evaluated and there are no data on occupational absenteeism of medical cause
attributable to excess weight.
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The objective of this work is to determine the cost in health and absenteeism associated
with obesity, using data at the individual level, also evaluating the impact produced by
the presence of some associated comorbidities (diabetes, arterial hypertension and
dyslipidemias) in order to support the implementation of a program for the prevention,
research and treatment of obesity, which will be in direct benefit of the working
population.
A prospective registry of 4,673 workers from a mining company incorporated into the
study was used after the mandatory completion of their occupational health examination,
between 01/01/2003 and 12/31/2006. The subjects were continued recording the use of
the local Health Service and absenteeism from 01/01/2004 until 06/30/2007. Thus, the
maximum follow-up period was 42 months and the minimum 6 months. During the
follow-up there were no discharges, deaths or loss of information from any cohort
worker.
Target population. The entry criteria were: active worker; male sex; Entry to the company
before 01/01/2004.
Use data of the Health Service. They were obtained through the computerized clinical file
used by the Medical Service in charge of the working population. It records the following
benefits: number of consultations of each subject, the specific list of laboratory tests,
complementary examinations (imaging, diagnostic procedures associated with specialties
and pathology exams) and the prescribed drugs (description and quantity) . Both in the
laboratory, complementary examinations and drugs, the list includes the total orders
issued in outpatient and hospitalized care
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Health cost data. The cost of using the Health Service was defined as the sum of the costs
of the benefits that comprise it. For the valuation of the cost of consultations, laboratory
and complementary examinations, the cost was set at 100% of the FONASA tariff (level 1)
multiplied by a fixed factor of 1.6, which corresponds to a local rate adjustment.
Therefore, benefits for which the corresponding FONASA code is not available are
excluded. For the pharmacy item, the calculated cost was equivalent to the real cost of
the drug according to the bid price, considering the value of the dollar at $ 530 pesos
(March 2006).
Work history The number and duration of each worker's medical licenses were obtained
through the computerized record of assistance provided by the company. There was no
access to the diagnoses linked to each medical license.
Nutritional status. The subjects were classified according to the Body Mass Index (BMI).
The weight and height were determined during the occupational health examination by a
trained nurse, using a Dry brand scale with a height rod, model 713- The workers were
classified in their nutritional status as suggested by the World Health Organization
( WHO): BMI of 18.5 to 24.9 kg / m2 normal; BMI between 25 and 29.9 = overweight;
from 30 to 34.9 = obesity and with BMI of 35 or more = severe and morbid obesity.
Comorbidities The presence of arterial hypertension (AHT), diabetes mellitus (DM) and
dyslipidemia (DLP) was identified using the Cardiovascular Risk Program registry of the
local Health Service, establishing the diagnosis according to the criteria of current
ministerial norms15,16. Smoking was determined through a questionnaire conducted in
the occupational health exam.
Dependent variables The average annual health cost (valued in pesos) and the average
annual medical leave days for each worker were analyzed separately. For the univariate
analysis, the logarithmic transformation of both variables was used, given the asymmetric
nature of their distribution. The results are presented on the original scale. For the
regression analysis, the 75th percentile of both was set, in order to identify the workers
who demanded higher costs and medical licenses.
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Independent variables. Age, marital status, seniority in the company, BMI, nutritional
status (BMI), level of remuneration, type of work area, type of position and the presence
of HTA, DM, DLP and smoking were considered. Continuous variables were treated as
continuous or categorical, depending on the type of analysis, making binary variables.
Statistics. The SPSS v.12 program for ANOVA and chi square with a significance level of 5%
was used. Data are presented as averages and standard deviation (SD). Odds ratios (OR)
with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were determined through a logistic regression
using the 75th percentile of each dependent variable. This percentile was set according to
previous references11,17. The independent variables HTA, DM and DLP were included in
the logistic regression model considering evidence that demonstrates that the effect of
BMI on costs, health or mortality18-21 is attenuated, but not eliminated after adjusting
for potentially intermediate risk factors, giving rise to to an independent effect of BMI.
The input and output criteria for the independent variables were 0.05 and 0.1,
respectively, and the backward elimination based on the "Hkelihood ratio" was used. The
goodness of fit of the model was analyzed with the Hosmer-Lemeshow test.
2. RESULTS
Univariate analysis The age range of the cohort was 27 to 74 years, average 49.2 years.
The average follow-up of the cohort was 23.9 months, without significant differences
between the BMI categories. The prevalence of overweight, obesity and severe and
morbid obesity was 56.2%; 24.3% and 3.9%, respectively. Workers with higher BMI had a
higher prevalence of AHT, DM and DLP and a higher average age. An inverse relationship
was found between smoking prevalence and BMI (Table 1).
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The distributions of the cost in health and absenteeism were asymmetric. The average
annual cost in health was $ 237,174 (median $ 165,638) and the annual average of
absenteeism was 14.1 days (median 5.4 days). Health costs increased from $ 217,270, for
normal nutritional status to $ 343,028 in severe and morbidly obese subjects (p <0.001).
The average days of medical leave increase from 12.6 days in normal nutritional status to
19.9 days in severe and morbidly obese (p <0.001) (Table 2). Although statistically
significant (p <0.001), the linear correlation between BMI versus health and absenteeism
costs is difficult to interpret (r = + 0.128 and +0.08, respectively).
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The frequency of workers who incurred a zero cost in health was less than 0.1%. In
contrast, 13% of workers did not register a medical license during the follow-up (652 of
4,673). The cost in health was distributed in 29.9% in medical consultations, 15.8% in
laboratory tests, 19.6% in complementary examinations, 34.7% corresponding to the
pharmacy item.
According to age categories, health costs increase from $ 164,411 in subjects aged 20 to
39 to $ 305,418 in those 55 or older (p <0.001). A tendency to increase health costs was
observed as age and nutritional status increases (Table 3). In work absenteeism, there
was no significant difference between the different age categories, with 14.6 days in
workers aged 20 to 39 years and 13.6 days in those aged 55 or over.
The comorbidities associated with obesity (HTA, DM and DLP) had an increase in the cost
of health in 77%, 130% and 48%, respectively (p <0.001) and in 37%, 57% and 17%
increase in work absenteeism (p <0.001). In contrast, smoking decreased the cost of
health by 11% (p = 0.006) and increased the days of medical leave by 19% (p <0.001)
(Table 4). The group of smokers was significantly younger (47.7 years; p <0.001) and
lower prevalence of obesity, AHT and DM (26%, 15.8% and 5.4%, respectively; p <0.001)
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In relation to labor variables, only the level of remuneration (grouped into 4 categories)
had a significant impact on work absenteeism. In the lowest remuneration category there
were 19.5 days, while in the highest 8.3 days (p <0.001).
Multivariate analysis. For the cost in health, the variables selected by the model used
were: nutritional status according to BMI, age range, level of remuneration, arterial
hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia (Table 5). The association between severe and
morbid obesity and high cost in health (OR 2.82; 95% CI 2.09-3.81; p <0.001) remained
even when adjusted for these variables (OR 1.65; 95% CI 1.18-2.30); p = 0.003). When
analyzing comorbidities, the presence of hypertension (OR 3.98; 95% CI 3.44-4.61; p
<0.001) explains most of the predictive potential of the model (pseudo R2 = 0.178), and
the influence of diabetes, dyslipidemia and the age range of 20 to 39 years.
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For work absenteeism, the final model included the following variables: nutritional status
according to BMI, age range, level of remuneration, presence of hypertension and
diabetes. The association between severe and morbid obesity with work absenteeism (OR
1.58; 95% CI 1.15-2.17; p = 0.005) is lost, when adjusted for the set of potential
confounding variables (Table 5). Like the previous case, the most relevant predictor was
the presence of hypertension (OR 1.34; 95% CI 1.15-1.56; p <0.001), with the presence of
diabetes and the remuneration category being significant. highest.
DISCUSSION
This study allowed to determine the impact of excess weight in terms of costs in health
and absenteeism in a cohort of workers of a mining company in Chile. Although it is a
selected population, which includes only adult men, it has the advantage of allowing an
analysis based on rigorous individual records of medical benefits granted in the defined
period, without loss of information. The prevalence of obesity found was 28.2%, higher
than that described in the National Health Survey nationwide for men of similar ages
(23.6%) 2.
The results confirm the described relationship between obesity and, especially, of severe
and morbid obesity, with the increase in health cost, which was found to be greater in
17% and 58%, respectively, than observed in subjects with normal BMI (Table 2). These
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figures, which are consistent with those described in the literature8-14, include all the
components of the health cost considered in this study: medical consultations, laboratory
and pharmacy examinations (data not shown).
Due to the way in which the cost of health was defined in this cohort of workers, they are
only partially comparable to those reported by the Chilean Superintendence of Health for
the public and private sector. The main differences underlie the exclusion of hospital
benefits, such as surgical interventions, bed-days and other therapeutic actions of greater
complexity, which affect the cost of informed health. In fact, for the Private Health
Institutions (ISAPRES) system in 2006, even though hospital-type care only accounted for
11% of the total medical benefits granted, they corresponded to 42% of the total amount
invoiced22. In this sense, the health costs presented here underestimate the real cost.
Another notable difference occurs with the recovery of medications. In the population
studied, the local Health Service covers all the costs in outpatients and hospitalized
patients, unlike what happens in the public and private system in which the only real
approximation to the expenditure on drugs has been made in studies of "out-of-pocket"
in health for family income quintiles.
Health costs increase markedly with the presence of high prevalence comorbidities
associated with obesity (Tables 1 and 4). However, when analyzing the high health cost
determined by the 75th percentile, after adjustment for selected variables
Including hypertension, diabetes and dyslipidemia, severe and morbid obesity maintains
its significant effect (OR of 1.65), proving to be an independent factor (Table 5).
Regarding absenteeism, there are few studies published in Chile and more specifically, in
mining companies. At El Indio, with a population similar to this study (4,575 workers), the
average number of days of annual medical leave in 1993 was 13.8 days. In the Andean
Division of Codelco, between 1989 and 2001, the average fluctuated between 8.1 and 10
days of annual medical leave.
The results of this study show that work absenteeism increases markedly as the
nutritional category determined by BMI increases. There is a net increase in obese
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subjects and in severe and morbidly obese subjects of 25% and 57%, respectively (Table
2). The influence of morbidity is similar to the observed increase in health costs (Table 4).
Finally, although there is a statistical association between nutritional status and high work
absenteeism, the poor predictive potential of the model (pseudo R2 = 0.04) suggests the
existence of variables not included in this model that may have a more significant impact.
With regard to smoking, the results are disparate. The lower cost in health is probably
explained by the lower age of smokers and the lower prevalence of comorbidities
observed in this group of workers. Regarding work absenteeism, the observed effect is
similar to what is reported in the literature as an independent effect of tobacco adjusted
for the health condition25.
In conclusion, the results confirm that obesity, especially severe and morbid, has a very
significant effect on the increase in health costs and absenteeism due to direct effect and
associated with the comorbidities that accompany it. With this background, obesity
prevention and treatment measures can be analyzed in their cost-effectiveness and cost-
benefit relationships to improve people's health and work productivity.
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Según los estudios publicados, el costo que demanda la obesidad y sus comorbilidades
asociadas, alcanza un porcentaje que varía entre 2% y 9,4% del costo total en salud en
países con información disponible 4,5. En los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, desde el
año 1995 hasta 2003, el costo anual relacionado con la obesidad derivada del uso de
servicios de salud (costo directo), aumentó de U$ 51,6 a U$ 75 billones 6-7. Al comparar el
costo directo anual entre sujetos con peso normal con sujetos obesos, los rangos de
aumento porcentual oscilan entre 25% y 36% más alto para obesos y entre 44% y 53%
mayor en el caso de obesidad severa y mórbida8-10.
Son pocos los estudios de costos relacionados con la pérdida de productividad asociada a
la obesidad (costos indirectos). La mayor parte de ellos se centran en la determinación de
ausentismo laboral y los resultados son dispares dependiendo de la metodología
empleada, variando desde la ausencia de asociación hasta un aumento en el doble o más
de días de licencia médica11-14.
MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS
Datos de uso del Servicio de Salud. Se obtuvieron a través de la ficha clínica informatizada
utilizada por el Servicio Médico a cargo de la población trabajadora. En ella se registran
las siguientes prestaciones: número de consultas de cada sujeto, el listado específico de
exámenes de laboratorio, de exploraciones complementarias (imagenología,
procedimientos diagnósticos asociados a especialidades y exámenes de anatomía
patológica) y de los fármacos prescritos (descripción y cantidad). Tanto en laboratorio,
exploraciones complementarias y fármacos el listado comprende el total de órdenes
emanadas en atención ambulatoria y hospitalizada.
Datos de costo en salud. El costo del uso del Servicio de Salud se definió como la suma de
los costos de las prestaciones que lo componen. Para la valorización del costo de
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Estado nutricional. Los sujetos fueron clasificados según el índice de Masa Corporal (IMC).
El peso y la estatura fueron determinados durante el examen de salud laboral por una
enfermera entrenada, empleando una balanza marca Seca con tallímetro, modelo 713-
Los trabajadores fueron clasificados en su estado nutricional de acuerdo a lo sugerido por
la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS): IMC de 18,5 a 24,9 Kg/m 2 normales; IMC
entre 25 y 29,9 =sobrepeso; de 30 a 34,9 =obesidad y con IMC de 35 o más =obesidad
severa y mórbida.
Variables dependientes. Se analizaron por separado el promedio del costo anual en salud
(valorizado en pesos) y el promedio de días de licencia médica anual para cada
trabajador. Para el análisis univariado se usó la transformación logarítmica de ambas
variables, dada la naturaleza asimétrica de su distribución. Los resultados se presentan en
la escala original. Para el análisis de regresión se fijó el percentil 75 de ambas, a fin de
identificar a los trabajadores que demandaron mayores costos y licencias médicas.
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Estadística. Se utilizó el programa SPSS v.12 para ANOVA y chi cuadrado con un nivel de
significación de 5%. Los datos se presentan como promedios y desviación estándar (DE).
Se determinaron los "odds ratios" (OR) con intervalos de confianza al 95% (IC 95%), a
través de una regresión logística utilizando el percentil 75 de cada variable dependiente.
Se fijó este percentil de acuerdo a referencias previas 11,17. Las variables independientes
HTA, DM y DLP fueron incluidas en el modelo de regresión logística considerando
evidencias que demuestran que el efecto del IMC sobre costos, salud o mortalidad 18-21 es
atenuado, pero no eliminado tras ajustar por factores de riesgo potencialmente
intermediarios, dando lugar a un efecto independiente del IMC.
Los criterios de entrada y salida para las variables independientes fueron 0,05 y 0,1,
respectivamente y se usó la eliminación posterior ("backward") basada en el "Hkelihood
ratio". La bondad de ajuste del modelo se analizó con la prueba de Hosmer-Lemeshow.
RESULTADOS
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Las distribuciones del costo en salud y de ausentismo laboral resultaron ser asimétricas. El
costo anual promedio en salud fue de $237.174 (mediana $165.638) y el promedio anual
de ausentismo laboral fue de 14,1 días (mediana 5,4 días). Los costos en salud
aumentaron desde $217.270, para el estado nutricional normal a $343.028 en sujetos
obesos severos y mórbidos (p <0,001). El promedio de días de licencia médica aumentan
desde 12,6 días en el estado nutricional normal a 19,9 días en obesos severos y mórbidos
(p <0,001) (Tabla 2). Aunque estadísticamente significativa (p <0,001) la correlación lineal
entre IMC versus costos en salud y ausentismo es difícil de interpretar (r = +0,128 y +0,08,
respectivamente).
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Según categorías de edad, los costos en salud se incrementan desde $164.411 en sujetos
de 20 a 39 años a $305.418 en los 55 o más años (p <0,001). Se observó una tendencia al
incremento de los costos en salud conforme aumenta la edad y el estado nutricional
(Tabla 3). En ausentismo laboral, no se observó diferencia significativa entre las diferentes
categorías de edad, con 14,6 días en los trabajadores de 20 a 39 años y de 13,6 días para
los de 55 o más años.
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Para el ausentismo laboral, el modelo final incluyó las siguientes variables: estado
nutricional según IMC, rango de edad, nivel de remuneración, presencia de hipertensión y
de diabetes. La asociación entre obesidad severa y mórbida con ausentismo laboral (OR
1,58; IC 95% 1,15-2,17; p =0,005) se pierde, al ajustar por el conjunto de potenciales
variables confundentes (Tabla 5). Al igual que el caso anterior, el predictor más relevante
fue la presencia de hipertensión (OR 1,34; IC 95% 1,15-1,56; p <0,001), manteniéndose
significativas además la presencia de diabetes y la categoría de remuneración más alta.
DISCUSIÓN
Este estudio permitió determinar el impacto del exceso de peso en cuanto a costos en
salud y ausentismo laboral en una cohorte de trabajadores de una compañía minera en
Chile. Si bien es una población seleccionada, que incluye sólo hombres adultos, tiene la
ventaja de permitir un análisis basado en rigurosos registros individuales de las
prestaciones médicas otorgadas en el periodo definido, sin pérdida de información. La
prevalencia de obesidad encontrada fue de 28,2%, más alta que la descrita en la Encuesta
Nacional de Salud a nivel nacional para hombres de edades similares (23,6%) 2.
Debido a la forma con la que se definió el costo en salud en esta cohorte de trabajadores,
ellos son sólo parcialmente comparables a los informados por la Superintendencia de
Salud de Chile para el sector público y privado. Las principales diferencias subyacen en la
exclusión de prestaciones hospitalarias, como intervenciones quirúrgicas, días-cama y
otras acciones terapéuticas de mayor complejidad, que inciden en el costo de salud
informado. De hecho, para el sistema de Instituciones de Salud Privadas (ISAPRES) en el
año 2006, aun cuando las atenciones de tipo hospitalario sólo representaron 11% del
total de las prestaciones médicas otorgadas, correspondieron a 42% del total de los
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montos facturados22. En este sentido, los costos en salud aquí presentados subestiman el
costo real. Otra diferencia notoria ocurre con la valorización de los medicamentos. En la
población estudiada, el Servicio de Salud local cubre la totalidad de los costos en
pacientes ambulatorios y hospitalizados, a diferencia de lo que ocurre en el sistema
público y privado en los cuales la única aproximación real al gasto en fármacos se ha
realizado en estudios de "gasto-de-bolsillo" en salud por quintiles de ingreso familiar23.
En cuanto al ausentismo laboral, son escasos los estudios publicados en Chile y más
específicamente, en compañías mineras. En la minera El Indio, con una población similar a
este estudio (4.575 trabajadores), el promedio de días de licencia médica anuales en el
año 1993 fue de 13,8 días. En la División Andina de Codelco, entre los años 1989 y 2001,
el promedio fluctuó entre 8,1 y 10 días de licencia médica anual 24.
Con respecto al tabaquismo, los resultados son dispares. El menor costo en salud
probablemente se explique por la menor edad de los fumadores y la menor prevalencia
de comorbilidades observada en este grupo de trabajadores. En cuanto al ausentismo
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Agradecimientos
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Study. Am J Epidemial 1997; 146: 919-31. [ Links ]
23. MINSAL. Primer Estudio Nacional sobre Satisfacción y Gasto en Salud. Informe de
Resultados. Módulos «F» y «G» Gasto de Bolsillo en Salud. 2006.
http://epi.minsal.cl/epi/html/invest/ENSG/Informe_Gasto_Bolsillo_ENSGS_v300307_b.pd
f. [ Links ]
24. Mesa FR, Kaempffer AM. 30 años de estudio sobre ausentismo laboral en Chile: una
perspectiva por tipos de empresas. Rev Méd Chile 2004; 132: 1100-8. [ Links ]
25. Lundborg P. Does smoking increase sick leave? Evidence using register data on
Swedish workers. Tob Control 2007; 16: 114-8. [ Links ]
4. SUMMARY
After reading the article carefully, I can say that obesity is recognized as a major public
health problem worldwide. The increase in its prevalence has reached epidemic
characteristics for the vast majority of industrialized and developing countries1. In Chile,
in a study in urban population in 1997, a prevalence of 19.7% was found and the National
Health Survey of 2003, with national representation, showed a prevalence of 23.2% 2.3.
According to published studies, the cost demanded by obesity and its associated
comorbidities, reaches a percentage that varies between 2% and 9.4% of the total cost in
health in countries with available information 4,5. In the United States, from 1995 to
2003, the annual cost related to obesity derived from the use of health services (direct
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cost) increased from US $ 51.6 to US $ 75 billion6-7. When comparing the annual direct
cost among subjects with normal weight with obese subjects, the percentage increase
ranges between 25% and 36% higher for obese and between 44% and 53% higher in the
case of severe and morbid obesity8-10.
Few studies of costs related to the loss of productivity associated with obesity (indirect
costs). Most of them focus on the determination of work absenteeism and the results are
different depending on the methodology used, varying from the absence of association to
an increase in double or more days of medical leave11-14.
The majority of obesity cost analyzes correspond to estimates derived from cross-
sectional studies, based on population attributable risk4. In this way, the quantification of
the costs of obesity is made by assessing diseases, for which it is assumed that obesity
plays a relevant etiological role in a pre-established proportion. This methodology carries
an intrinsic risk of bias, since each study defines, at the discretion of the researcher, a
group of diseases in which, to a greater or lesser extent, obesity satisfies said etiological
role. In contrast, studies that use individual patient data, which are even scarcer, allow a
more real approximation of the additional cost associated with obesity, allowing
adjustment for relevant demographic, medical and labor variables.
At the national level, the economic impact of overweight and obesity has not been
evaluated and there are no data on occupational absenteeism of medical cause
attributable to excess weight.
The objective of this work is to determine the cost in health and absenteeism associated
with obesity, using data at the individual level, also evaluating the impact produced by
the presence of some associated comorbidities (diabetes, arterial hypertension and
dyslipidemias) in order to support the implementation of a program for the prevention,
research and treatment of obesity, which will be in direct benefit of the working
population.
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4.1 RESUMEN
Según los estudios publicados, el costo que demanda la obesidad y sus comorbilidades
asociadas, alcanza un porcentaje que varía entre 2% y 9,4% del costo total en salud en
países con información disponible 4,5. En los Estados Unidos de Norteamérica, desde el
año 1995 hasta 2003, el costo anual relacionado con la obesidad derivada del uso de
servicios de salud (costo directo), aumentó de U$ 51,6 a U$ 75 billones 6-7. Al comparar el
costo directo anual entre sujetos con peso normal con sujetos obesos, los rangos de
aumento porcentual oscilan entre 25% y 36% más alto para obesos y entre 44% y 53%
mayor en el caso de obesidad severa y mórbida8-10.
Son pocos los estudios de costos relacionados con la pérdida de productividad asociada a
la obesidad (costos indirectos). La mayor parte de ellos se centran en la determinación de
ausentismo laboral y los resultados son dispares dependiendo de la metodología
empleada, variando desde la ausencia de asociación hasta un aumento en el doble o más
de días de licencia médica11-14.
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una aproximación más real del costo adicional asociado a la obesidad, permitiendo el
ajuste por variables demográficas, médicas y laborales relevantes.
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Zarate, Aldo, Crestto, Marco, Maiz, Alberto, Ravest, Gonzalo, Pino, María Inés,
Valdivia, Gonzalo, Moreno, Manuel, & Villarroel, Luis. (2009). Influence of obesity
on health care costs and absenteeism among employees of a mining
company. Revista médica de Chile, 137(3), 337-
344. https://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-98872009000300003
Formato Documento Electrónico(Vancouver)
Zarate Aldo, Crestto Marco, Maiz Alberto, Ravest Gonzalo, Pino María Inés,
Valdivia Gonzalo et al . Influence of obesity on health care costs and absenteeism
among employees of a mining company. Rev. méd. Chile [Internet]. 2009 Mar
[citado 2019 Nov 07] ; 137( 3 ): 337-344. Disponible en:
https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0034-
98872009000300003&lng=es. http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0034-
98872009000300003.
https://scielo.conicyt.cl/scielo.php?pid=s0034-
98872009000300003&script=sci_arttext&tlng=en#t1
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