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    Technical Foundations of Computer Science III System Programming (C)

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    ferdous
    This lecture introduces computer systems programming using the C language. It begins by defining computers and their basic components like the CPU, memory and input/output units. It then discusses the different types of programming languages from machine language understood directly by hardware to assembly and high-level languages that require compilation. The document focuses on C as a commonly used language for systems programming and embedded systems due to its portability, efficiency and ability to produce concise code. It outlines the typical development process for C programs including editing, preprocessing, compiling, linking, loading and executing code.

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    Technical Foundations of Computer Science III System Programming (C)

    Uploaded by

    ferdous
    23 views19 pages
    This lecture introduces computer systems programming using the C language. It begins by defining computers and their basic components like the CPU, memory and input/output units. It then discusses the different types of programming languages from machine language understood directly by hardware to assembly and high-level languages that require compilation. The document focuses on C as a commonly used language for systems programming and embedded systems due to its portability, efficiency and ability to produce concise code. It outlines the typical development process for C programs including editing, preprocessing, compiling, linking, loading and executing code.

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    This lecture introduces computer systems programming using the C language. It begins by defining computers and their basic components like the CPU, memory and input/output units. It then discusses the different types of programming languages from machine language understood directly by hardware to assembly and high-level languages that require compilation. The document focuses on C as a commonly used language for systems programming and embedded systems due to its portability, efficiency and ability to produce concise code. It outlines the typical development process for C programs including editing, preprocessing, compiling, linking, loading and executing code.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    23 views19 pages

    Technical Foundations of Computer Science III System Programming (C)

    Uploaded by

    ferdous
    This lecture introduces computer systems programming using the C language. It begins by defining computers and their basic components like the CPU, memory and input/output units. It then discusses the different types of programming languages from machine language understood directly by hardware to assembly and high-level languages that require compilation. The document focuses on C as a commonly used language for systems programming and embedded systems due to its portability, efficiency and ability to produce concise code. It outlines the typical development process for C programs including editing, preprocessing, compiling, linking, loading and executing code.

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    of 19

    Technical Foundations of Computer Science III

    System Programming (C)


    Seyyed Kamran Hosseini Lecture 1
    Introduction
    Herat University
    Computers: Hardware and Software

    • A computer is a device that can perform computations


    and make logical decisions billions of times faster than
    human beings can
     many of today’s personal computers can perform several
    billion additions per second
    • Computers process data under the control of sets of
    instructions called computer programs.
    • These programs guide the computer through orderly sets
    of actions specified by people called computer
    programmers.
    • The computer programs that run on a computer are
    referred to as software.
    Computer Organization

    • Input unit
    • Output unit
    • Memory unit
    • Arithmetic and logic unit (ALU)
    • Central processing unit (CPU)
    • Secondary storage unit
    Programming Languages

    • Programmers write instructions in various programming


    languages, some directly understandable by computers
    and others requiring intermediate translation steps.
    • These may be divided into three general types:
    1. Machine languages
    2. Assembly languages
    3. High-level languages
    Machine Language

    • Any computer can directly understand only its own


    machine language.
     Machine language is the “natural language” of a computer
    and as such is defined by its hardware design.

    • Machine languages generally consist of strings of


    numbers (ultimately reduced to 1s and 0s) that instruct
    computers to perform their most elementary operations
    one at a time.
    • Machine languages are machine dependent.
    Assembly Language
    • Machine-language programming was simply too slow,
    tedious and error prone for most programmers.
    • Instead of using the strings of numbers, programmers
    began using English-like abbreviations to represent
    elementary operations.
     These abbreviations formed the basis of assembly
    languages.
    • Translator programs called assemblers were
    developed to convert early assembly-language programs
    to machine language at computer speeds.
    • Example:
     load basepay
     add overpay
     store grosspay
    High-level languages

    • To speed the programming process, high-level


    languages were developed in which single statements
    could be written to accomplish substantial tasks.
    • Translator programs called compilers convert high-level
    language programs into machine language.
    • High-level languages allow programmers to write
    instructions that look almost like everyday English and
    contain commonly used mathematical notations.
    • Example:
     grossPay = basePay + overTimePay;
    High-level Programming Languages

    • C
    • C++
    • Microsoft’s .NET languages
    • Java
    • Python
    • …
    Compiler and Interpreter

    • Compilers convert high-level language programs into


    machine language.
    • Interpreter programs were developed to execute high-
    level language programs directly (without the delay of
    compilation), although slower than compiled programs
    run.
    C Language

    • Currently, the most commonly-used language for


    embedded systems
    • Very portable: compilers exist for virtually every
    processor
    • Easy-to-understand compilation
    • Produces efficient code
    • Fairly concise
    History of C

    • Developed between 1969 and 1973 along with Unix


    • Due mostly to Dennis Ritchie
    • Designed for systems programming
     Operating systems
     Utility programs
     Compilers
     ...
    • C Language Evolved from B, which evolved from BCPL
    C – Built for Performance

    • Operating Systems
     Unix, Linux, Android, portions of Windows, OS-X built
    on Objective C
    • Embedded Systems
     GPS, Intelligent Traffic Alert, Robots
    • Real-time Systems
     Air traffic control, Industrial automation
    • Communication Systems
    • C-based programming languages
     Objective C, Java, Visual C#
    Typical C development Environment

    • C programs typically go through six phases to be


    executed.
    • These are:
     Edit
     Preprocess
     Compile
     Link
     Load
     Execute
    Phase 1: Creating a Program
    Phases 2 and 3: Preprocessing
    and Compiling a C Program
    Phase 4: Linking
    Phase 5: Loading
    Phase 6: Execution
    Note
    • Please read the book from page 3 to 14.

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