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Macbeth Final Essay
Macduff’s openness and honesty in a world that is increasingly ruled by equivocation and
deception is admirable. Just as he was the only thane to openly challenge Macbeth on his
reasoning in killing the grooms, so he is the only thane who refuses to pretend that all is well and
attend the coronation of Macbeth in Scone. His closing remark at the end of Act 2 Scene iv
shows that Macduff is aware of what Macbeth becoming king may mean for Scotland: ‘Adieu! /
Lest our old robes sit easier than our new’. This clothing imagery is interesting in that Macbeth’s
wearing of ‘borrowed robes’ is associated with his assuming a role to which he has no legitimate
claim. Those thanes who stay with Macbeth after Duncan’s murder are equally culpable of
wearing ‘borrowed robes’ in that they accept the status handed to them by a corrupt king. Not
only does Macduff refuse to attend Macbeth’s coronation and will not visit him even when
directly asked to do so. One of the lords tells Lennox that when Macduff was issued an invitation
he said, ‘Sir, not I’. Macduff is the only character in the play who is courageous and principled
enough to stand up to Macbeth and openly defy him.
When Macduff seeks out Malcolm in England and the latter is most convincing in his pretense
that he possesses all the qualities that would make him a bad king, Macduff is appalled and says
that Malcolm is not only unfit to be a king but is unfit to live. This is brave talk, considering that
Malcolm is the rightful heir and may well yet ascend the throne. However, Macduff’s integrity
prevents him from lying to or flattering Malcolm. In the end, his patriotism and obvious love for
Scotland wins Malcolm over and convinces him that Macduff is not a spy.
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Just as one man’s evil actions can bring a country to its knees, so one man’s bravery and
goodness may help to save it. Macduff puts Scotland before all else and Malcolm recognizes his
‘noble integrity’. Macduff is blunt-spoken, principled and selfless at a time when weaker thanes
than he is hypocritically paying ‘mouth honour’ to Macbeth despite their grave misgivings about
his rule. Equivocation and deception are associated with evil, but both are wholly alien to
Macduff.
Macbeth is well aware of the threat Macduff poses, and when the witches’ first apparition
warns him to `beware Macduff`, Macbeth responds that the vision `hast harp’d my fear aright.`
On hearing from Lennox that Macduff has fled to England, Macbeth flies into a rage, vowing
that he will ‘give to th’ edge o’ th’ sword /His wife, his babes, and all the unfortunate souls /
That trace him in his line.’ This dreadful act sets the seal on Macbeth’s descent into evil. His
slaughter of innocent children is a reflection of Macbeth’s desire to kill the future. The parade of
eight kings has shown him that it is Banquo’s issue who will rule, not Macbeth’s, and he directs
his fury and frustration at those who least deserve it. By so doing, of course, Macbeth makes
Macduff an even deadlier enemy than before.
There are a number of ways of viewing Macduff’s flight to England and him leaving his
family. On the one hand, it could be argued that Macduff’s most serious flaw is that he is
impulsive and that he does not always consider the consequences of his actions. His flight to
England was a bad idea in one way in that it left his wife and children unguarded and at the same
time drew suspicion upon him. He should have known that Macbeth would act swiftly and
ruthlessly to avenge this betrayal. Perhaps he was naïve in thinking that the tyrant would spare
women and children, but it is hard to imagine he could be so foolish, seeing as it is he who tells
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Malcolm of Macbeth’s reign of terror: ‘Each new morn / New widows howl, new orphans cry;
new sorrows / Strike heaven on the face’.
Macduff sacrificed everything in order to defeat Macbeth and restore order to his beloved
Scotland. He paid a high price, but we are left with the message that a courageous, selfless and
principled individual who is willing to stand up to the powers of evil can play a vital role in the
restoration of goodness and order.

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Works Cited
Shakespeare, William, and Daniel Fischlin. The Tragedy of Macbeth. Rock's Mills Press, 2017.
“Macbeth.” SparkNotes, SparkNotes, www.sparknotes.com/nofear/shakespeare/macbeth/.

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Macbeth Final Essay

enough to stand up to Macbeth and openly defy him.

Macduff an even deadlier enemy than before.

new sorrows / Strike heaven on the face’.

restoration of goodness and order.

“Macbeth.” SparkNotes, SparkNotes, www.sparknotes.com/nofear/shakespeare/macbeth/.

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