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    Chapter 4 PDF

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    Nadhirah
    The document discusses partial differentiation of functions with two variables. It defines how to find the partial derivatives fx and fy of a function z=f(x,y) by considering one variable constant and differentiating with respect to the other. Notation for first, second, and mixed partial derivatives is introduced. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating various partial derivatives of multi-variable functions. The document also discusses notation for small increments in multi-variable functions and calculating rates of change of such functions with respect to time.

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    Chapter 4 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Nadhirah
    112 views5 pages
    The document discusses partial differentiation of functions with two variables. It defines how to find the partial derivatives fx and fy of a function z=f(x,y) by considering one variable constant and differentiating with respect to the other. Notation for first, second, and mixed partial derivatives is introduced. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating various partial derivatives of multi-variable functions. The document also discusses notation for small increments in multi-variable functions and calculating rates of change of such functions with respect to time.

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    The document discusses partial differentiation of functions with two variables. It defines how to find the partial derivatives fx and fy of a function z=f(x,y) by considering one variable constant and differentiating with respect to the other. Notation for first, second, and mixed partial derivatives is introduced. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating various partial derivatives of multi-variable functions. The document also discusses notation for small increments in multi-variable functions and calculating rates of change of such functions with respect to time.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    112 views5 pages

    Chapter 4 PDF

    Uploaded by

    Nadhirah
    The document discusses partial differentiation of functions with two variables. It defines how to find the partial derivatives fx and fy of a function z=f(x,y) by considering one variable constant and differentiating with respect to the other. Notation for first, second, and mixed partial derivatives is introduced. Examples are provided to demonstrate calculating various partial derivatives of multi-variable functions. The document also discusses notation for small increments in multi-variable functions and calculating rates of change of such functions with respect to time.

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    CHAPTER 4

    PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION

    PARTIAL DIFFERENTIATION OF A FUNCTION OF TWO VARIABLES

    IF 𝑧 = 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 ) then to find fx , we consider y constant and differentiate with respect to x. Similarly, to find fy,

    we consider x constant and differentiate with respect to y.

    Notation for First Partial Derivatives

    For z = f(x, y ), the partial derivatives 𝑓𝑥 and 𝑓𝑦 are denoted by

    𝜕 𝜕𝑧
    a) 𝜕𝑥
    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑥 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑧𝑥 = 𝜕𝑥

    𝜕 𝜕𝑧
    b) 𝜕𝑦
    𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑓𝑦 (𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑧𝑦 = 𝜕𝑦

    Example: For each of the following f(x, y), find fx and fy.

    a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 2𝑥 − 3𝑦 + 5

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    =2 = −3
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦) = 𝑥√𝑦

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 1 1 𝑥
    = √𝑦 = 𝑥 ( 𝑦 −2 ) =
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 2 2√𝑦

    c) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑦

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    = 2𝑥𝑒 2𝑦 = 2𝑥 2 𝑒 2𝑦
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    d) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 𝑒 𝑦 sin(𝑥𝑦)

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    = 𝑦𝑒 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦) = 𝑒 𝑦 𝑦 cos(𝑥𝑦) + sin(𝑥𝑦) 𝑒 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑦 [𝑦𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑥𝑦) + sin(𝑥𝑦)]
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦
    e) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 3𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥 3 𝑦

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    = 3 − 2𝑥𝑦 2 + 6𝑥 2 𝑦 = −2𝑥 2 𝑦 + 2𝑥 3
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    𝑥+𝑦
    f) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 𝑥−𝑦

    𝜕𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(1) − (𝑥 + 𝑦)(1) 𝜕𝑓 (𝑥 − 𝑦)(1) − (𝑥 + 𝑦)(−1)


    = =
    𝜕𝑥 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 𝜕𝑦 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2

    (𝑥 − 𝑦 − 𝑥 − 𝑦) (𝑥 − 𝑦 + 𝑥 + 𝑦)
    = =
    (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2

    −2𝑦 2𝑥
    = =
    (𝑥 − 𝑦)2 (𝑥 − 𝑦)2

    Notation for Higher Order Partial Derivatives

    For z = f(x, y ), the partial derivatives fxx and fyy are denoted by

    𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
    a) 𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑥
    = ( ) = 𝑓𝑥𝑥
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥

    𝜕2 𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
    b) = ( ) = 𝑓𝑦𝑦
    𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

    Notation for Mixed Partial Derivatives

    For z = f(x, y ), the partial derivatives fxy and fyx are denoted by

    𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
    a) = ( ) = 𝑓𝑦𝑥
    𝜕𝑥𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    𝜕2𝑓 𝜕 𝜕𝑓
    b) 𝜕𝑦𝜕𝑥
    = ( ) = 𝑓𝑥𝑦
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥
    Example : Find the 𝑓𝑥𝑥 , 𝑓𝑦𝑦 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 , 𝑓𝑦𝑥 , 𝑓𝑧𝑧 , 𝑓𝑧𝑥 , 𝑓𝑥𝑦 ( where applicable ).

    a) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦 ) = 3𝑥𝑦 2 − 2𝑦 3 + 5𝑥 2

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    = 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 = 6𝑥𝑦 − 6𝑦 2
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦
    𝑓𝑥𝑥 = ( ) = 10 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = ( ) = 6𝑥 − 12𝑦
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦
    𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ( ) = 6𝑦 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = ( ) = 6𝑦
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦

    b) 𝑓(𝑥, 𝑦, 𝑧 ) = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑥 ln 𝑧
    𝑥
    𝑓𝑥 = 𝑦𝑒 𝑥 + ln 𝑧 𝑓𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓𝑧 = 𝑧
    First partial
    diff.

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦
    Higher partial 𝑓𝑥𝑥 = ( ) 𝑓𝑦𝑦 = ( ) 𝑓𝑧𝑧 = ( )
    𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑧
    diff. 𝑥 𝑧(0)−𝑥(1) −𝑥
    = 𝑦𝑒 =0 = = 2
    2𝑧 𝑧

    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    𝑓𝑥𝑦 = ( ) 𝑓𝑦𝑥 = ( ) 𝑓𝑧𝑥 = ( )
    𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧
    = 𝑒𝑥 = 𝑒𝑥 1
    =
    𝑧
    Mixed partial
    𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓 𝜕𝑓
    diff. 𝑓𝑥𝑧 = ( ) 𝑓𝑦𝑧 = ( )=0 𝑓𝑧𝑦 = ( )=0
    𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑥 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑦 𝜕𝑧
    1
    =
    𝑧
    Small Increment
    Notation for small increment is δ. Let z  f (x ,x ,…, x ).
    1 2 n

    A small increment δz is given by


    z z z
    z  x1  x2    xn
    x1 x2 xn
    where δx1, δx2,, δxn are small increments at variables stated.

    Example
    A cylinder has radius, r is 6 cm and height, h is15cm. Find approximate increase in volume when r
    increases by 0.4 cm and h decreases by 0.2cm.
    Solution:

    Rate of Change

    Let z = f (x ,x ,…, x ). Rate of change z with respect to time t is given by


    1 2 n

    dz z dx1 z dx2 z dxn


     .  .  .
    dt x1 dt x2 dt xn dt

    dx1 dx2 dx
    , ,, n
    where dt dt dt are rates of change for the variables with respect t.
    Example

    Solution:

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