Jack C.

Richards
With Jonathan Hull and Susan Proctor
Series Editor: David Bohlke
CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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Contents
Credits iv
1 That’s what friends are for. 1
2 Career moves 7
3 Could you do me a favor? 13
4 What a story! 19
5 Crossing cultures 25
6 What’s wrong with it? 31
7 The world we live in 37
8 Lifelong learning 43
9 Improvements 49
10 The past and the future 55
11 Life’s little lessons 61
12 The right stuff 67
13 That’s a possibility. 73
14 Behind the scenes 79
15 There should be a law! 85
16 Challenges and accomplishments 91
 Credits
Illustrations
Andrezzinho: 23 (bottom), Ilias Arahovitis: 31, 69, KJA-artists: 5, 20, 28, 90; Greg Lawhun: 18, 73;
80; Daniel Baxter: 33, 96; Mark Collins: 4, 85; Shelton Leong: 1, 15 (top right), 25, 50, 64;
Jeff Crosby: 74 (right and bottom); Carlos Diaz: 53, 65, Karen Minot: 19, 21, 32, 51; Rob Schuster: 11,
66; Jada Fitch: 29; Tim Foley: 22, 26; Travis Foster: 14; 23 (top), 39, 88; James Yamasaki: 13 (bottom), 34, 78;
Dylan Gibson: 84; Chuck Gonzales: 13 (top), 76, 77, Rose Zgodzinski: 15 (magazine background), 27, 45, 52,
87; Joaquin Gonzalez: 16, 86; Trevor Keen: 6, 10 57, 93; Carol Zuber-Mallison: 9, 17, 37, 63, 70, 75, 81

Photos
2 © Indeed/Getty Images 54 © Mike Harrington/Digital Vision/Getty Images
7 © Ton Koene/Picture Contact BV/Alamy 55 (middle right) © Nick White/Digital Vision/Getty Images;
8 © AP Photo/Nick Wass (bottom right) © Jane Sweeney/The Image Bank/Getty Images
9 © Jason Kempin/Getty Images 56 (middle right) © Simon Denyer/The Washington Post/Getty
12 (clockwise from top left to right) © Abdelhak Senna/AFP/Getty Images; (bottom right) © Hubertus Kanus/Photo Researchers/
Images; © Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images; © Getty Images/ Getty Images
Creatas/Thinkstock; © Jose Luis Pelaez Inc/Blend Images/Getty 57 © Foto24/Gallo Images/Alamy
Images; 58 (top left) © Caspar Benson/fStop/Alamy; (bottom right)
17 © Jupiterimages/Brand X Pictures/Getty Images © Clerkenwell/The Agency Collection/Getty Images
19 (top right) © iStockphoto/Thinkstock; (bottom right) 59 © Justin Sullivan/Getty Images
© AP Photo/Sakchai Lalit 60 © Javier Pierini/Taxi/Getty Images
24 (top, left to right) © Winston Davidian/Photodisc/Getty 61 © Leland Bobbe/Photographer’s Choice/Getty Images
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SuperStock; © Image Source/Getty Images 67 © Nik Wheeler/Alamy
30 © AP Photo/Matt Sayles 68 © Jeff Greenberg/PhotoEdit
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© Shioguchi/Taxi/Getty Images 71 (left to right) © Used by permission of World Wildlife
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Alamy; © Garry D McMichael/Photo Researchers/Getty Images; Calgary Farmers’ Market. Agency: WAX. Creative Directors:
© Stacy Gold/National Geographic/Getty Images; © Peter Joe Hospodarec, Monique Gamache. Art Director: Brian Allen.
Donaldson/Alamy Copywriter: Stephanie Bialik, Photographer: Ken Woo Account
38 © Thomas R. Fletcher/Alamy Manager: Greg Thompson
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41 © Maisant Ludovic/hemis.fr/Getty Images 75 © Mira/Alamy
42 © A. Ramey/PhotoEdit 79 (top left) © Charlotte Wiig/Alamy; (top right) © Leonard Adam/
43 © Guido Vrola/iStockphoto Contributor/Getty Images
44 © age fotostock/SuperStock 81 (middle, left to right) © Grant Faint/Photographer’s Choice/
45 © Stockbyte/Thinkstock Getty Images; © Zoonar/Thinkstock; © Milos luzanin/Alamy;
46 (top, left to right) © Asia Images Group/Getty Images; © Nik Wheeler/Terra/Corbis
© Directphoto/age fotostock/SuperStock; © Andreea Manciu/ 82 (top left) © Robert Nickelsberg/Contributor/Getty Images
The Agency Collection/Getty Images News/Getty Images; (top right) © Bonnie Jacobs/iStockphoto
47 (top, left to right) © Ghislain & Ma David de Lossy/The Image 83 © Bill Siel/Kenosha News
Bank/Getty Images; © Jupiterimages/Comstock/Thinkstock; 89 © Technotr/istockphoto
© Redlink Production/Flame/Corbis; © Hill Street Studios/Blend 92 (top left) © Gaetano Images/Corbis Premium RF/Alamy;
Images/Getty Images (top right) © DLILLC/Corbis RF/Alamy
48 (top right) © Stephen Simpson/Taxi/Getty Images; (middle 93 © Ton Koene/Picture Contact BV/Alamy
right) © Jon Feingersh/Blend Images/Getty Images 94 (top right) © Javier Pierini/Photographer’s Choice RF/Getty
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Alamy; © Ron Levine/The Image Bank/Getty Images 95 © David Buffington/Blend Images/Getty Images
52 © Image Source/Getty Images

iv
 That’s what friends are for!
1 Complete these descriptions with the words from the list.

1. John is so modest ! He always has such great ideas

modest
and never takes any credit for them. sociable
2. The Chans like meeting new people and having friends over for dinner. supportive
temperamental
They’re one of the most couples I know.
unreliable
3. You can’t trust Jane. She always promises to do something, but then
she never does it. She’s pretty .
4. Alex wants to be an actor. It’s hard to break into the business,
but his family is very of his dream.
5. I never know how to act around Tina! One minute she’s in a good mood,
and the next minute she’s in a bad mood. She’s so .

2 Opposites

A Complete the chart by forming the opposites of the adjectives

in the list. Use in- and un-. Then check your answers in a dictionary.

attractive dependent formal reliable

competent experienced popular sensitive
cooperative flexible reasonable sociable
incompetent

Opposites with in- Opposites with un-

incompetent unattractive

B Write four sentences using any of the words in part A.

Example: Fred is very competent at work, but he’s inexperienced. He still has a lot to learn.
1.
2.
3.
4.

1
 3 Add who or that to the conversation where necessary.
Put an ✗ where who or that is not necessary.
A: I’m looking for someone ✗ I can go on vacation with.
B: Hmm. So what kind of person are you looking for?
A: I want to travel with someone is easygoing and independent.
B: Right. And you’d probably also like a person is reliable.
A: Yeah, and I want someone I know well.
B: So why don’t you ask me?
A: You? I know you too well!
B: Ha! Does that mean you think I’m someone is high-strung,
dependent, and unreliable?
A: No! I’m just kidding. You’re definitely someone I could
go on vacation with. So, . . . what are you doing in June?

4 Complete the sentences with who or that and your own information or ideas.

1. I generally like to go out with people who are easygoing and have a sense of humor .
2. I’d rather travel with someone .
3. I don’t really want a roommate .
4. My classmates and I like teachers .
5. My best friend and I want to meet people .
6. Most workers would prefer a boss .
7. Some people don’t like stingy types .
8. I don’t want to have inflexible friends .
9. I feel comfortable discussing my problems with friends .
10. My favorite friends are people .

2 Unit 1
5 Signs of fashion

A Scan the Chinese horoscope chart. Women of which two signs like jewelry?

The Boar The Rat The Buffalo

Because Chinese New Year falls in
January or February, the sign for 1959 1971 1983 1995 2007 2019 1960 1972 1984 1996 2008 2020 1961 1973 1985 1997 2009 2021
someone born in either month could Whether you are a man or a woman, If you are a woman, you don’t dress to You are a practical woman. You
be the sign for the preceding year. you love dressing up. You are sociable, impress people. But you like it when like to wear functional clothes
and you like to go to parties to show off people notice your charm. If you are a during the day and dress much more
your new clothes. If others don’t notice man, you often wear what you threw colorfully at night. If you are a man,
The Dog them, you get upset. on the floor the night before. you are simply not interested
1958 1970 1982 1994 2006 2018 in clothes.
You like it when people like you.
If you are a woman, you are neat The Tiger
and very stylish. If you are a man, 1962 1974 1986 1998 2010 2022
you are no different. You are the kind of woman who
likes to wear strong colors or an
The Rooster unusual piece of jewelry. If you are a
1957 1969 1981 1993 2005 2017 man, you like it when you dress
Your hair is very important to you. differently from other men. When
Women who are born in these years others have suits on, you’ll wear
always think first about their hair, and jeans and a sweater.
they don’t care about their wardrobe. If
you are a man, you are very similar. The Rabbit
1951 1963 1975 1987 1999 2011
The Monkey Women usually have lovely hair
1956 1968 1980 1992 2004 2016 and like beautiful things. They
If you are a woman, you have a large choose clothes carefully. Men are
wardrobe, and you like to impress fussy about dressing and follow the
people with your choice of clothes. latest trends.
If you are a man, you don’t worry
too much about what you wear. The Dragon
The Horse 1952 1964 1976 1988 2000 2012
The Goat 1954 1966 1978 1990 2002 2014 The Snake You are the kind of person who
1955 1967 1979 1991 2003 2015 You like elegance, and you follow the 1953 1965 1977 1989 2001 2013 likes people to notice you, so you
If you are a woman, you love to dress latest fashions. If you are a woman, Women like to wear a lot of jewelry sometimes wear unusual clothes.
in style and with taste, and you have a you know this already; however, if you and other accessories. If you are a man, Also, you often have trouble
very large closet. If you are a man, you are a man, it may take you a while to you think carefully about what you finding comfortable shoes, so you
really like to wear designer clothes. realize this. wear, and you have very good taste. like to go barefoot.

B What do you think each person’s sign is?

1. Steve’s friends think he wears strange clothes.
His favorite outfit is a bright red jacket with
green pants and a purple tie. Sign:
2. Wanda loves to wear new clothes when she goes out.
However, she gets really annoyed when people don’t
compliment her on what she’s wearing. Sign:
3. Carl is the sort of man who doesn’t pay much attention
to his clothes, but his hair always looks great. He goes
to the best salon in town. Sign:
4. Stephanie is someone who always wears extremely bright
colors. She also usually wears an interesting necklace
and earrings. Sign:

That’s what friends are for! 3

 6 Match the clauses in column A with the most suitable
clauses in column B.

A B

1. I like it a. when someone criticizes me in front of other people.

2. I don’t mind it b. when people are easygoing and friendly.
3. It upsets me c. when rich people are stingy.
4. It embarrasses me d. when people are a few minutes late for an appointment.

7 Write sentences about these situations. Use the expressions in the box.

I love it . . . I can’t stand it . . . I don’t like it . . .

It upsets me . . . It bothers me . . . I don’t mind it . . .
I really like it . . . It makes me happy . . . It makes me angry . . .

1. I don’t like it when people 2. 3.

cut in line.

4. 5. 6.

4 Unit 1
8 What are some things you like and don’t like about people? Write two sentences
about each of the following. Use the ideas in the pictures and your own ideas.

1. What I really like: 2. What I don’t like:

I love it when someone is generous and It bothers me when
gives me flowers.
It makes me happy when

3. What really doesn’t bother me: 4. What upsets me:

I really don’t mind it when It upsets me when

That’s what friends are for! 5

 9 It really bugs me!
Choose one thing from Exercise 8 that really embarrasses,
bothers, or upsets you. Write two paragraphs about it.
In the first paragraph, describe the situation. In the second
paragraph, say why this situation is difficult for you and
describe a situation you would prefer.

It really embarrasses me when someone is too

generous to me. Recently, I dated a guy who was always
giving me things. For my birthday, he bought me an
expensive necklace, and he treated me to dinner and
a movie.
The problem is, I don’t have enough money to treat
him in the same way. I’d prefer to date someone I have
more in common with. In fact, my ideal boyfriend is
someone who is sensible and saves his money!

10 Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

1. I can tell Simon anything, and I know he won’t tell anyone else.
I can really him. (believe / treat / trust)
2. Brenda has a very high opinion of herself. I don’t like people who are
so . (egotistical / temperamental / supportive)
3. It bothers me when people are too serious. I prefer people who are
and have a good sense of humor. (easygoing / inflexible / reliable)
4. I like it when someone expresses strong . Hearing other people’s
views can really make you think. (accomplishments / compliments / opinions)
5. Jackie is very rich, but she only spends her money on herself.
She’s very . (generous / modest / stingy)

6 Unit 1
 Career moves
1 What’s your job?

A Match the jobs with their definitions.

A/An . . . is a person who . . . .
1. comedian f a. researches environmentally friendly technologies
2. green researcher b. helps students with their problems
3. guidance counselor c. controls a company’s brand online
4. organic food farmer d. takes care of animals in captivity
5. social media manager e. grows food without chemicals
6. zookeeper f. makes people laugh for a living

B Write a definition for each of these jobs: accountant, fashion designer, and flight attendant.
1. An accountant is someone who
2.
3.

2 Challenging or frightening?

A Which words have a positive meaning, and which ones have a negative
meaning? Write P or N.
awful N fantastic
boring fascinating
challenging frightening
dangerous interesting
difficult rewarding

zookeeper

B Write about four jobs you know. Use the words in part A and gerund phrases.
Example: I think being a zookeeper would be fascinating.
1.
2.
3.
4.

7
 3 Career choices

A Match each career and the most appropriate job responsibility.

Careers Job responsibilities

work for an airline do research

with computers teach discipline and fitness
as a high school coach learn new software programs
be a university professor work independently
a writer travel to different countries

B Use the information from part A and gerund phrases to

complete this conversation.
Ann: So, what kind of career would you like, Tom?
Tom: Well, I’m not exactly sure. Being a writer could be interesting.
Maybe blogging about something I’m interested in.
Ann: Hmm. I don’t know if I’d like that because I’d
have to write every day.
Tom: What do you want to do, then?
Ann: Well, I’m not sure either! I’d love .
I’d really enjoy being with teenagers all day
and . On the other hand, I’d be
interested in .
Tom: Really? What would you like about that?
Ann: Well, I’d love all over the world.
Tom: Oh, I could never do that! I think it would be very tiring work.

C Write a short conversation like the one in part B. Use the remaining
information in part A or your own ideas.
A: So, what kind of career would you like?
B: Well, I’m not exactly sure.
A: That sounds interesting. But I wouldn’t like it because
B: What do you want to do, then?
A: Well, I’d love
B:
A:

8 Unit 2
4 What a job!

A Read the magazine interviews. Write the correct job title above each interview.

aerobics instructor freelance artist house painter orchestra conductor

child-care worker graphic designer musician self-employed builder

7HOOXVDERXW\RXUMRE

All my friends seem to earn more than I do. I
suppose it’s easier if you have a 9 to 5 job. I
work on people’s houses and manage
construction sites all day. I stay pretty fit doing
that, and I enjoy being outside. But in the
evenings, I have to make phone calls and do
paperwork. It never seems to end!

Working for yourself is hard because you are
responsible for everything. If no one calls you
and asks you to work for them, you have to go
out and look for work. Luckily, I now have some
regular clients. I paint pictures for some
expensive hotels. Right now, I’m doing some orchestra
paintings for the rooms of a new hotel in Hawaii. conducto
r
 
My friends say my work is less demanding than Keeping fit is really important to me. What could
theirs, but I work just as hard as they do. I spend be better than doing a job that makes you really
a lot of time alone because my job can’t begin fit? Of course, a lot of my students are very unfit–
until all the construction work is completed. that’s why they come to my classes! But that’s
Usually, the rooms look great when I’ve finished also why I love my work. After several weeks,
my work. Sometimes customers choose really most of my students look and feel much better
ugly colors, but I have to do what they want. than they did on the first day of class.
 
The musicians I lead are extremely talented, and Being with kids all day isn’t for everyone, but I
we work together to make sure they sound as love it. I take care of the children when their
good as possible. We often work evenings and parents are away. I do all kinds of things – I
weekends, and we travel a lot. Working with a teach, I play games, and I read books. I make
large number of people can be challenging, and sure the children are safe and happy. I have a lot
it really bothers me if someone is moody of responsibility, but I love my job. The pay isn’t
because it affects everyone else. great, but it’s very rewarding work.

B Underline the words and phrases that helped you find the answers in part A.

Career moves 9
 5 First, use words from the list to complete the name of each job title.
Then choose the best expressions to compare the jobs in each sentence.

assistant decorator painter walker

counselor instructor ranger worker

1. A child-care worker doesn’t earn as much as an accountant.

as much as greater than worse than
2. A chef’s has a waiter.
as bad hours as not as good hours as worse hours than
3. A dog is a student intern.
more interesting than not as boring as better paid than
4. A house earns a camp counselor.
as bad as more than not more than
5. A park is a landscaper.
as bad as not as well paid as worse than
6. Being a yoga is being a professor.
more than as much as not as difficult as
7. Being an interior is being a sales assistant.
greater than earns more than more interesting than
8. A guidance has a gardener.
more responsibility than not more than not as long as

6 Complete these sentences with the correct prepositions. Some of the prepositions
may be used more than once. More than one answer may be possible.

1. Wai-man works the best Chinese restaurant in Vancouver.

as
2. I think working other people is more fun than working alone.
at
3. I would hate working the media. It would be nerve-racking! in
4. Working a dance instructor sounds great. on
5. Working an office is less interesting than working with

a cruise ship.

10 Unit 2
7 Use the words in parentheses to compare the jobs.

1. A: An assistant at a swimming pool has shorter hours than an intern.

(shorter hours)
B: Yes, but working as an intern is more interesting than being a swimming pool assistant.
(interesting)

2. A: Working in a
(better benefits)
B: Yes, but working
(challenging)

3. A:
(make as much money)
B:
(work longer hours)

4. A:
(a shorter work week)
B:
(less boring)

Career moves 11
 8 Choose four pairs of jobs from the box below to compare.
Say which job you would prefer and give two reasons.

a graphic designer/a TV news director a police officer/a politician

an architect/a teacher a secret agent/a psychiatrist
a guidance counselor/a coach working on a construction site/
a doctor/a musician working in an office
being self-employed/working for a company

Example: Working as a TV news director sounds more interesting than being a graphic
designer. A TV news director has more responsibility than a graphic designer. Also,
directing the news is better paid.
1.

2.

3.

4.

12 Unit 2
 Could you do me a favor?
1 Would you mind . . . ?

A Complete the request for each situation.

1. You want to borrow a dollar from a friend for a cup of coffee.
Can I borrow a dollar for a cup of coffee?
2. You want a classmate to give you a ride home after class.
Would you mind
3. You want to turn down your roommate’s TV.
Is it OK if
4. You want to use a friend’s cell phone.
Do you mind if
5. You want to borrow a friend’s car for the weekend.
I was wondering if
6. You want someone to tell you how to get to the subway.
Could

B Think of four things you would need to have done

if you were going on a long vacation. Write requests
asking a friend to do the things.

Example: Could you water the plants?

1.
2.
3.
4.

13
 2 Accept or decline these requests. For requests you decline, give excuses.
Use the expressions in the box or expressions of your own.

Accepting Declining

That’s OK, I guess. Sorry, but . . .

1. A: Can I use your computer? My computer crashed.
I’d be glad to. I’d like to, but . . .
Fine. No problem. Unfortunately, . . . B: Sorry, but I’m going to use it myself in
a few minutes.

2. A: I’ve just finished this ten-page paper. Could you check it for me, please?
B:
3. A: I was wondering if I could stay at your place for a week while my landlord fixes the roof.
B:
4. A: Would you mind if I used your cell phone to make a long-distance call to Nigeria?
B:

3 Look at the pictures and write the conversations. Speaker A makes a request.
Speaker B declines it. Each speaker should give a reason.

1. A: Could you carry these suitcases

for me? I have a bad back.
B: Sorry, but I have a bad back, too.

2. A:

B:

3. A:

B:

14 Unit 3
4 Getting what you want

A Scan the magazine article about making requests. When do people often make formal
requests? When do they make less formal requests?
DO YOU HAVE
TWO THOUSAND DOLLARS
Requests that get FOR A CUP OF COFFEE?
?
RESULTS
I WANT TO DRINK IT IN
BRAZIL!

There are many different ways of making requests. For

example, if someone wants to borrow a dollar, he or
she can say:
“Could you lend me a dollar?”
“Do you have a dollar?”
“You don’t have a dollar, do you?”
How does a person know which request to use?
Language researchers have suggested that speakers
must make several important decisions. First, they must
consider the other person’s feelings because requests
can sometimes cause embarrassment to both the If the speaker doesn’t know the listener well, one of
speaker and the listener. If the speaker thinks the several types of requests can be used instead.
listener will accept the request, he or she will probably For example:
use a less formal request; however, if the speaker thinks 4. Ask about ability: “Could/Can you lend me a dollar?”
the listener may decline the request, he or she will 5. Be polite – use may: “May I borrow a dollar?”
probably use a fairly formal request. The listener then 6. Ask for permission: “Would it be OK if I borrowed a
has to make a choice either to accept or refuse the dollar?”
request. If he or she refuses, then both the speaker and 7. Express curiosity: “I wonder if I could borrow a
the listener might be embarrassed. dollar.”
In addition, speakers must decide how well they know 8. State the request negatively: “I don’t suppose you
the person they are requesting something from and could lend me a dollar.”
choose a suitable question. If the speaker knows the 9. Apologize: “I hope you don’t mind my asking, but
listener well, one of several types of requests can be could I borrow a dollar?”
used. For example: 10. Give a hint: “I don’t have any cash on me.”
1. Make a statement with need: “I need a dollar.” Knowing how to make requests means knowing
2. Use an imperative: “Please lend me a dollar.” different types of requests as well as when each
3. Use a question: “Do you have a dollar?” type of request is appropriate.

B Read the article. Check (✓) if each request is less formal or more formal. Then write the correct
number from the article (1–10) for each type of request.

Less formal More formal Type

1. Close the door.

2. It’s really cold in here.
3. Could you possibly move your car?
4. May I borrow your dictionary?
5. I was wondering if you could help me with this assignment.
6. I need some help moving to my new apartment.
7. I’m sorry, but I can’t stand loud music.
8. Do you have a camera?

Could you do me a favor? 15

 5 Nouns and verbs

A Complete this chart. Then check your answers in a dictionary.

Noun Verb Noun Verb

apology apologize invitation

compliment permission
explanation request

B Check (✓) the phrase that describes what each person is doing.

1. I really like your new haircut.

giving a reason
giving a compliment
2. Don’t worry. I know you didn’t mean to break it.
returning a favor
accepting an apology
3. Can I borrow your laptop?
asking for a favor
giving a gift
4. I can’t lend you my bike because I need it myself.
declining a request
accepting an invitation
5. Could you help me cook dinner?
making a request
I really like your new haircut.
returning a compliment

6 Choose the correct words.

1. My phone didn’t work for a week. The phone company

an apology and took $20 off my bill.
(accepted / denied / offered)
2. A friend of mine really loves to compliments, but
he never gives anyone else one. I don’t understand why he’s like that.
(do / owe / receive)
3. Carol is always talking on the phone. She makes a lot of calls, but she rarely
mine. Maybe she never listens to her voice mail!
(makes / offers / returns )
4. I need to a favor. Could you please give
me a ride to school tomorrow? My bike has a flat tire!
(ask for / give / turn down)

16 Unit 3
7 Use these messages to complete the phone conversations.
Use indirect requests.
3
1

2 4

1. A: Is Rosa Sanchez there, please?

B: No, she isn’t. Would you like to leave a message?
A: Yes, please. This is Anita Jensen calling from Toronto.
Could you tell her that my flight arrives at 7 p.m. on Tuesday ?
Would ?
B: OK, I’ll give her the message.
2. A: Can I speak to Eric, please?
B: I’m afraid he’s not here. Do you want to leave a message?
A: Yes, please. This is Kevin. Please .
And if it’s OK, could you ?
B: Sure, I’ll leave him the message.
3. A: Could I speak to Alex, please?
B: I’m sorry, but he’s not here right now.
A: Oh, OK. This is Mr. Todd. I’d like to leave a message.
Could ?
Could ?
4. A: I’d like to speak to Jenny, please.
B: She’s not here right now. Can I take a message?
A: Yeah. This is Philip Lim.
Can ?
And would ?
B: OK, I’ll give Jenny your message.

Could you do me a favor? 17

 8 Complete the conversation with the information in the box. Add any words
necessary and use the correct form of the verbs given.

ask Jill to get some soda bring a big salad

borrow some money buy dessert
borrow your stereo don’t be late

Chris: So, is there anything I can do to help for the party?

Len: Yeah. Would it be all right if I borrowed your stereo ?
Mine isn’t working very well.
Chris: Sure. And I’ll bring two extra speakers. We’ll have amazing sound.
Len: Thanks.
Chris: No problem. Now, what about food?
Len: Well, I thought maybe a salad. Would you mind
, too?
Chris: Well, OK. And how about drinks?
Len: Well, could you ?
And please tell her .
Last time we had a party, she didn’t arrive till eleven o’clock,
and everyone got really thirsty!
Chris: I remember.
Len: One more thing – I was wondering if you could .
Chris: Um, sure. All right. But, uh, would you mind if I
to pay for it?

9 Rewrite these sentences. Find another way to say each sentence using the words given.

1. Can I use your cell phone?

Would it be OK if I used your cell phone? (OK)
2. Please ask Penny to stop by and talk to me.
(would)
3. Could I borrow your guitar?
(wonder)
4. Would you ask Adam what time he’s coming over?
(could / when)
5. Lend me your hairbrush.
(mind)

18 Unit 3
 What a story!
1 Complete these news stories using the verbs from the list.

broke found locking stayed went

drank heard shouted waiting wondered

1.

became checking in entered opened sleeping

behaving decided had showed

2.

19
 2 Join each sentence in column A with an appropriate sentence
in column B. Use as, when, or while to join the sentences.

A B

I was crossing the road. My racquet broke.

I was using my computer. A car nearly hit me.
We were playing tennis. The water got cold.
I was taking a shower. I burned my finger.
I was cooking dinner. It suddenly stopped working.

1. As I was crossing the road, a car nearly hit me.

2.
3.
4.
5.

3 Complete these conversations. Use the past tense or

the past continuous of the verbs given.

1. A: Guess what happened to me last night! As

I was getting (get) into bed, I (hear)
a loud noise like a gunshot in the street. Then the
phone (ring).
B: Who was it?
A: It was Mariana. She always calls me late at night,
but this time she had a reason. She (drive)
right past my apartment when she (get)
a flat tire. It was very late, so while we
(change) the tire, I (invite) her to spend
the night.

2. A: I’m sorry I’m so late, Kathy. I was at the dentist.

B: Don’t tell me! While you (sit) in the waiting
room, you (meet) someone interesting.
I know how you are, Tom!
A: Well, you’re wrong this time. The dentist
(clean) my teeth when she suddenly (get)
called away for an emergency. So I just sat there waiting
for two hours with my mouth hanging open!

20 Unit 4
4 Lost and found

A Read this news story. Check (✓) the best title.

Phone call wakes man in hotel Small boat sails from Indonesia to Australia
Text message saves 18 people Coast guards unable to rescue passengers

B Answer these questions.

1. Who was on the boat?

2. Why did the boat get into trouble? (Give more than one reason.)

3. Why did Rebecca Fyfe text her boyfriend?

4. What did her boyfriend do after he received the text message?

5. What stopped the coast guards from rescuing the passengers and crew quickly?

6. How do you think the small boat arrived safely in the Gili Islands?

What a story! 21
5 Imagine you had a problem like the people on the boat in Exercise 4.
Write two paragraphs. In the first paragraph, describe the problem.
In the second, say how you solved it.
A couple of years ago, I got lost
in the mountains. I was hiking when
it suddenly got foggy. I was really
frightened because I couldn’t see
anything, and it was getting cold.
I decided to put up my tent and
stay there for the night.
While I was putting up my tent,
though, the fog began to clear. . . .

6 Choose the correct verbs to complete the story.

Grammar note: After

In sentences using after that show one past
event occurring before another, the clause
with after usually uses the past perfect.

After she had called her friend, her cell phone

battery died.

Bob and I had just gotten engaged, so we

(just got / had just gotten)
went to a jewelry store to buy a wedding ring. We a ring when a
(just chose / had just chosen)
masked man . After the robber Bob’s
(came in / had come in) (took / had taken)
wallet, he the ring. I it to him when the
(demanded / had demanded) (just handed / had just handed)
alarm to go off, and the robber . We were
(started / had started) (ran off / had run off )
so relieved! But then the sales assistant us we had to pay for the ring
(told / had told)
because I it to the robber. We her
(gave / had given) (just told / had just told)
that we wouldn’t pay for it when the police and
(arrived / had arrived)
us! What a terrible experience!
(arrested / had arrested)

22 Unit 4
7 What a story!

A Choose the best headline for each of these news stories.

B Look at the words in bold in the article. What do you think they mean?
remote skip promotion
mainland remarkably resign

8 Complete the sentences. Use the simple past, the past

continuous, or the past perfect of the verbs given.

1. After an art show opened (open) in New York,

it was discovered that someone (hang)
a famous painting by Henri Matisse upside down.
2. In 2003, Italian workers (find) important
archaeological remains while they
(construct) a new parking lot in Vatican City. There were
mosaics dating from 54 to 68 CE.
3. Russia (have) a very hot summer in 2010.
The country (not experience) such hot
weather for at least 130 years.
4. In 2011, two divers (discover) the remains
of a 200-year-old shipwreck while they (dive)
off the coast of Rhode Island, in the eastern United States.

What a story! 23
9 Read this situation. Then use the information and clues to complete
the chart. Write the name of each reporter and each country. (You will
leave one square in the chart blank.)

Ms. Anderson Ms. Benson Mr. Jackson Mr. Marks Mr. Swire

Five news reporters – two women and three men – arrived for
an international conference on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday.
No more than two people came on the same day. The reporters
came from five different countries.

Clues
The women: Ms. Anderson and Ms. Benson
The men: Mr. Jackson, Mr. Marks, and Mr. Swire
The countries: Australia, Canada, Italy, Singapore, and
the United States

The arrivals:
• Mr. Swire arrived late at night. No one else had arrived that day.
• Ms. Anderson and Mr. Marks arrived on the same day.
The man from Singapore had arrived the day before.
• The reporters from Italy and Australia arrived on the same day.
• Mr. Jackson and the woman from Italy arrived on Tuesday, after Mr. Marks.
• The reporter from Australia arrived the day after the person from the United States.
• Mr. Marks is from North America but not the United States.

Reporters’ countries and arrival days

Sunday Name: Name:
Country: Country:

Monday Name: Name:

Country: Country:

Tuesday Name: Name:

Country: Country:

24 Unit 4
 Crossing cultures
1 Complete these sentences. Use words from the list.

confident depressed fascinated uncomfortable

curious embarrassed uncertain worried

1. In my country, people never leave tips. So when I first went abroad,

I kept forgetting to tip servers. I felt really embarrassed .
2. The first time I traveled abroad, I felt really .
I was alone, I didn’t speak the language, and I didn’t make any friends.
3. I just spent a year in France learning to speak French. It was a
satisfying experience, and I was by
the culture.
4. At first I really didn’t like shopping in the open-air markets. I felt
because so many people were trying
to sell me something at the same time.
5. When I arrived in Lisbon, I was nervous because I couldn’t speak
any Portuguese. As I began to learn the language, though, I became
more about living there.
6. Before I went to Alaska last winter, I was very
about the cold. But it wasn’t a problem because most buildings
there are well heated.
7. When I was traveling in Southeast Asia, I couldn’t believe how
many different kinds of fruit there were. I was
to try all of them, so I ate a lot of fruit!
8. It was our first trip to Latin America, so we were
about what to expect. We loved it and hope to return again soon.

25
 2 Imagine you are going to travel to a country you have never visited before.
Write sentences using the factors and feelings given. Then add another
sentence explaining your feelings.

Factors Feelings

public transportation anxious (about)

the architecture comfortable (with)
the climate curious (about)
the food enthusiastic (about)
the language fascinated (by)
the money nervous (about)
the music uncertain (about)
the people my age uncomfortable (with)

Example:
Public transportation is something I’d be anxious about.
I’d be afraid of getting lost.
1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

26 Unit 5
3 Culture shock!

A Make a list of four pieces of advice to help people feel comfortable about traveling abroad.

B Scan the article about cultural differences. Where can you find articles like this?
Who was it written for?

Here are several things to do

in order to avoid culture shock.
E ach society has its own beliefs, attitudes,
1. Avoid quick judgments; try to
customs, behaviors, and social habits. These
things give people a sense of who they are and understand the point of view of
how they are supposed to behave. the people in another culture.

People become conscious of such rules when 2. Become aware of what is

they meet people from different cultures. For going on around you, and why.
example, the rules about when to eat vary from
culture to culture. Many North Americans and 3. Don’t think of your cultural
Europeans organize their timetables around three habits as “right” and other
mealtimes a day. In other countries, however, it’s people’s as “wrong.”
not the custom to have strict rules like this –
people eat when they want to, and every family 4. Be willing to try new things
has its own timetable. and to have new experiences.
When people visit or live in a country for the 5. Try to understand and
first time, they are often surprised at the appreciate other people’s
differences between this culture and the culture in values.
their own country. For some people, traveling
abroad is the thing they enjoy most in life; for 6. Think about your own culture
others, cultural differences make them feel and how it influences your
uncomfortable, frightened, and insecure. This is attitudes and actions.
known as “culture shock.”
7. Avoid having negative
When you’re visiting a foreign country, it is
stereotypes about foreigners
important to understand and appreciate cultural
differences. This can help you avoid and their cultures.
misunderstandings, develop friendships more 8. Show interest in things that
easily, and feel more comfortable when traveling
or living abroad. are important to other people.

C Read the article. Use your own words to write definitions for these words.
1. culture
2. culture shock
3. appreciate
4. stereotypes

D After reading the article, would you make any changes to the pieces of
advice you listed in part A?

Crossing cultures 27
 4 Complete these sentences by giving information about customs in a country you know.

*$6

7+,66$/(

*$//216

1. If you go for a long ride in a friend’s car,

it’s the custom to offer to pay for some of the expenses.
2. When a friend graduates from school or college,

3. If you borrow something from a friend,

4. When a friend invites you to dinner,

5 Contrasting customs

A Read the information about the different customs and find four pairs of countries with
contrasting customs. Write the countries in the blanks below.

Country Custom

Brazil Friends kiss each other three or four times on the cheeks as a greeting.
Denmark People generally arrive on time for most occasions.
Egypt People allow their hosts to treat them to meals in restaurants.
France Service is usually included in the price of a meal in restaurants.
Japan People bow when they see or meet someone they know.
New Zealand People usually pay for their own meals in restaurants.
Spain People usually arrive late for most appointments.
United States People leave a tip of 15–20 percent in restaurants.

1. Brazil and Japan 3.

2. 4.

28 Unit 5
B Read these five cross-cultural situations. Write sentences describing what
the visitors did wrong. Use the expressions in the box.

you’re (not) supposed to

you’re (not) expected to
it’s (not) the custom to
it’s (not) acceptable to

1. Hanne is from Denmark. When she was on vacation

in Spain, some Spanish friends invited her to dinner
at 9:00. She arrived at exactly 9:00, but her friends
had not even arrived home yet.
In Spain, you’re expected to

2. Marylou is from the United States. During her first week in Paris, she went
to a restaurant with some new friends. She was so happy with the service
that she left a tip of 20 percent. Her friends were a little embarrassed.
In France,

3. Peter is from New Zealand. When he went to Egypt, he was invited to

dinner at a restaurant. When the bill came, he offered to pay for his
dinner. His Egyptian friend was kind of upset.
In Egypt,

4. Susana is from Brazil. She was working for a year in Osaka, Japan. One
day, when she saw a Japanese co-worker in a bookstore, she went to say
hello and kissed him on the cheeks. Her friend was very surprised.

5. Adam is from Canada. He was on vacation in Bali, Indonesia, and

some new friends invited him to a temple to watch a special dance
performance. He arrived on time wearing a clean T-shirt and shorts,
but they said he couldn’t go inside the temple because he wasn’t
dressed properly.

Crossing cultures 29
6 Complete these sentences with information about yourself (1–4) and about
a country you know well (5–8).
1. One reason I’d feel homesick abroad is
2. Something that would fascinate me would be
3. Traveling alone is something
4. Getting used to hot weather is one thing
5. In , it’s the custom to
6. If you have good service in a restaurant,
7. You’re expected to when
8. It’s just not acceptable to if

7 Write about living in a foreign country. In the first paragraph, write about two
things you would enjoy. In the second paragraph, write about two things you
might worry about.

If I lived in Colombia, I’d enjoy learning about the music

scene – the local bands and singers who are popular there.
Another thing I’d be fascinated by is . . .
However, one thing that I’d be nervous about is the food.
It might be very different from what I know. Something
else I might be uncomfortable with is . . .

30 Unit 5
 What’s wrong with it?
1 Can we fix it?

A What can be wrong with these things? Put these words in the correct categories.
(Most words go in more than one category.)

bike blouse car carpet chair glasses plate sink tablecloth

chipped cracked dented leaking scratched stained torn

B What is wrong with these things? Use the words in part A to write a sentence
about each one.

1. The car is scratched. OR 2. 3.

There’s a scratch on the car.

4. 5. 6.

7. 8. 9.

31
 2 Problems, problems, problems!

A Scan the articles in Consumer magazine. Who would read articles like these? Why?

B Read the article and complete the chart. Did Sharon and Chris receive money?

Problems What Consumer magazine did Paid back?

Yes No
1. Sharon’s fuzzy screen
laptops

2. Chris’s
car

32 Unit 6
3 Choose appropriate verbs to complete the sentences. Use passive infinitives (to be +
past participle) or gerunds.

Language note: Verbs ending in -en or -n

Some verbs are formed by adding -en or -n to a noun or adjective.
These verbs mean “to make more of something.”
Noun Verb Adjective Verb
length → lengthen loose → loosen
(make something longer) (make something looser)

1 2 3

4 5 6

lengthen loosen sharpen shorten tighten widen

1. This jacket is too short. 4. This faucet is too tight.

It needs to be lengthened. OR It needs
It needs lengthening. 5. These pants are too long.
2. The screws on these glasses are too loose. They need
They need 6. This street is too narrow.
3. The blades on these scissors are too dull. It needs
They need

What’s wrong with it? 33

 4 Complete the conversation. Use keep, keeps, need, or needs
with passive infinitives or gerunds of the verbs given.

Tim: Guess what? Someone broke into my car last night!

Jan: Oh, no. What did they take?
Tim: Nothing! But they did a lot of damage. The lock needs to be repaired . (repair)
And the window . (replace)
Jan: It was probably some young kids having “fun.”
Tim: Yeah, some fun. I think they had a party in my car!
The seats . (clean)
Jan: How annoying. Does the car drive OK?
Tim: No, it feels strange. The gears (stick),
so they . (fix) And the
brakes (check) right away.
Jan: Well, I guess you’re lucky they didn’t steal it!
Tim: Yeah, lucky me.

5 Write about something you bought that had something wrong with it.
In the first paragraph, describe the problem. In the second paragraph,
explain what you did about it.

Recently, I bought an espresso machine. While I was unpacking it,

I could see it was already damaged. The glass carafe was chipped and
needed to be replaced. And to make matters worse, the machine leaked!
I took it back to the store. I was worried because the machine had
been on sale, and I had lost my receipt. Luckily, the clerk didn’t ask me
for it. She said a lot of customers had recently had the same problem,
and she gave me a better machine at the same price.

34 Unit 6
6 Jack will fix it!

A Match each problem with the repair needed.

B Write a sentence describing each problem. Then add a sentence

describing the action needed to fix it. Use passive infinitives or gerunds.
1. The dishwasher doesn’t work. The motor needs to be checked. OR

The motor needs checking.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

C Think of three items you own that are damaged (or were damaged) in
some way. Write a sentence describing each problem. Then write another
sentence describing the action needed to fix it.
1.

2.

3.

What’s wrong with it? 35

 7 Complete the crossword puzzle.
1 2
s c r a t c h

3 4

5 6

7 8

10

11

Across
1 My new glasses already have a on one of the lenses.
How did that happen?
5 Your computer screen is so dirty. It needs to be .
7 Something is wrong with your TV screen. It keeps .
It’s time to get a new one.
10 I hate this printer. It keeps . The copies won’t come out.
11 Be careful – your cup is . I don’t want you to cut yourself.
Down
1 The buttons on this remote control keep .
Do you have something to clean it with?
2 Do you realize your jeans are in the back?
3 Your bathroom faucet keeps . Do you want me to try and fix it?
4 This cell phone is driving me crazy! My calls keep .
6 There is a small on the side of my car, but I don’t think I’ll
bother fixing it.
7 Did your laptop again? I find that so annoying.
8 This old scanner doesn’t work at all anymore. It needs to be .
9 The battery in my cell phone keeps . I should buy a new one.

36 Unit 6
 The world we live in
1 Use the information in the pamphlet and the verbs and prepositions given below
to change the sentences from the active to the passive.

HERE ARE JUST SOME OF THE DANGERS FACING YOU AND YOUR CHILDREN.

The water we drink The food we eat The air we breathe The world we live in
1. Agricultural runoff is 3. Certain agricultural 5. Factories are 7. The lack of rainfall
contaminating the pesticides have releasing dangerous has created more
water supply. caused new illnesses. chemicals. severe droughts.
2. Chlorine and other 4. Pollution from cars 6. Breathing smog 8. Global warming is
additives have ruined and trucks is every day has threatening our forests
the taste of our destroying our crops. damaged many and wildlife.
drinking water. people’s health.
Join Save Our Planet Today

1. The water supply is being contaminated due to agricultural runoff. (due to)
2.
(by)
3.
(by)
4.
(because of )
5.
(by)
6.
(as a result of )
7.
(through)
8.
(by)

37
 2 Verbs and nouns

A Complete the chart.

Verb Noun Verb Noun

contaminate contamination educate

contribute pollution
creation populate
deplete protect
destruction reduction

B Write four sentences like the ones in Exercise 1 using words from the chart.
Example: Many rivers and streams have been badly contaminated by industrial waste.
1.
2.
3.
4.

3 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. Green organizations are trying to save rain forests that

have been threatened by developers and
farmers. (created / ruined / threatened)
2. One way to inform the public about factories that pollute
the environment is through
programs on TV. (agricultural / educational / industrial)
3. In many countries of the world, threatened animal and
plant species are being by
strict laws. (created / polluted / protected)
4. Agricultural pesticides are the
soil in many countries. (damaging / eating up / lowering)
5. is an enormous problem in
many large cities where whole families can only afford
to live in one room. (pollution / poverty / waste)

El Yunque rain forest

38 Unit 7
4 How safe are your plastic cards?

A Scan the first paragraph of this article about plastic cards. Why are more and more people using
these cards? Can you think of any other reasons?

B Read the article. Check (✓) the true statements. For statements that are false, write the true
information.
1. The plastic used in making most credit cards is fairly safe.

2. Most plastic cards biodegrade over time.

3. Paper cards are expensive because they biodegrade very easily.

4. Research shows that wood and metal are good materials for making cards.

5. Some companies have issued cards made of polylactic acid.

6. There are no problems with these new cards.

The world we live in 39

 5 Nouns beginning with over

A Match the nouns and definitions.

Nouns Definitions
1. overbuilding e a. putting something to a particular purpose too often
2. overcrowding b. catching so many fish that the population is depleted
3. overflowing c. having too much of something to deal with
4. overfishing d. having too many people or things to be contained; spilling over
5. overuse e. having too many structures and homes in a certain area
6. overburdened f. having too many people or things in a contained area

B Choose the correct noun from part A to complete each sentence.

1. As a result of , we are losing more and more species as well as

entire ecosystems.
2. In some major cities, the problem of is a result of too many
skyscrapers and too little land area inside the city limits.
3. There is an of fossil fuels when we should be looking for other
natural sources of energy like wind and solar power.
4. City officials are trying to stop development in areas with roads
and schools.
5. The best way to prevent the of our landfills is to have better and
more efficient recycling programs.
6. Another way to help reduce the of our schools is to build more
schools and hire more teachers.

40 Unit 7
6 Complete the conversations. Use the expressions in the box
and the information in the list.

One thing to do . . . The best way to fight . . .

Another thing to do . . . One way to help . . .

complain to the Parks Department about it

create more government-funded jobs
create more public housing projects
educate young people about its dangers
organize a public meeting to protest the threat
to public property
report it to the local newspaper
donate money to charities that provide shelters and food

1. A: A big housing developer wants to build an apartment

complex in Forest Hill Park. I think that’s terrible, but
what can we do?
B: One thing to do is to complain to
the Parks Department about it.
A: That’s a good idea.
B:

2. A: Personally, I’m worried about drug trafficking.

It puts lots of children and young people at risk.
B: a new housing development?

3. A: You know, there’s a lot of corruption in our city government.

B:

A: Yeah, the bad publicity might help to clean things up a bit.

4. A: There are so many unemployed people in this city. I just don’t know
what can be done about it.
B:

5. A: What worries me most is the number of homeless people on the streets.

B:

A: I agree.
B:

The world we live in 41

 7 Complete the sentences using the present continuous passive or
the present perfect passive. Then suggest a solution to each problem.

1. Prices have been raised (raise) a lot in recent years.

One way to deal with inflation is to stop paying raises .
2. These days, a lot of endangered animals (kill)
by hunters and poachers. The best way to stop this practice
.
3. During the past few years, lots of trees (destroy)
by acid rain. One thing to do about it
.
4. Underground water (contaminate)
by agricultural pesticides. The best way to deal with the problem
.
5. Too many young people’s lives (ruin)
through the use of illegal drugs. The best way to fight drug traffickers
.

8 Write two paragraphs about a charity, an organization that helps people.

In the first paragraph, describe what the charity does. In the second
paragraph, explain why you think the charity is useful.

A good charity in my city is Shelter. This organization

works to reduce the number of homeless people on our
streets. Shelter believes the best way to do this is to . . .
Shelter is my favorite charity because homelessness is,
in my opinion, the greatest problem facing my city. Many
people cannot find jobs, and . . .

42 Unit 7
 Lifelong learning
1 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. I’m interested in human behavior, so I’m planning to

take a class in .
(geography / psychology / math)
2. I want to take a course in , such as
commerce or accounting. (education / business / social science)
3. I’d prefer not to study
because I’m not very comfortable in hospitals.
(engineering / new media / nursing)
4. I’d really like to work in Information Technology, so I’m thinking
of taking courses in .
(computer science / finance / English)

2 What would you prefer?

A Write questions with would rather or would prefer using the cues.
1. take a science class / an art class
Would you rather take a science class or an art class? OR

Would you prefer to take a science class or an art class?

2. study part time / full time

3. have a boring job that pays well / an exciting job that pays less

4. take a long vacation once a year / several short vacations each year

B Write answers to the questions you wrote in part A.

1.
2.
3.
4.

43
 3 Love it or leave it

A First, complete speaker A’s questions with four things you

would not like to do. Use ideas in the box or your own ideas.

learn to play the accordion study sociology

learn clothing design take a class in personal finance
learn how to repair watches take a cooking class

Example:
A: Do you want to learn to play the accordion?
B: I’d rather not. I’d prefer to take a cooking class. OR

I’d prefer not to. I’d rather take a cooking class.

1. A: Do you want to ?
B:
2. A: Would you like to ?
B:
3. A: Do you want to ?
B:
4. A: Would you like to ?
B:

B Now write responses for speaker B. Use the short answers I’d rather not or
I’d prefer not to and say what you would prefer to do.

4 Answer these questions and give reasons.

1. On your day off, would you rather stay home or go out?

I’d rather stay home than go out because
2. Would you prefer to have a cat or a bird?

3. Would you rather live in the city or the country?

4. When you entertain friends, would you rather invite them over for dinner or take them
out to a restaurant?

5. Would you prefer to see a new movie at the theater or download it and watch it at home?

44 Unit 8
5 Homeschooling

A In some countries, there are children who are educated by their

parents at home instead of by teachers at school. Do you think this is
a good or a bad idea? Write down two advantages and two disadvantages.

B Read the online newspaper article. Underline the information

that answers these questions.
1. How many children in the United States learn at home?
2. Why do some parents prefer to teach their own children?
3. How do the Gutersons choose what to teach their children?
4. What are two criticisms of homeschooling?

Parents . . . and teachers, too! Go to

All children in the United States have to receive an David Guterson and his wife teach their three children
education, but the law does not say they have to be at home. Guterson says that his children learn very
educated in a school. A growing number of parents differently from children in school. A lesson starts with
prefer not to send their children to school. Children the children’s interests and questions. If the Brazilian
who are educated at home are known as rain forests are in the news, it could start a discussion
“homeschoolers.” It is estimated that there are about how rain forests influence the climate, how
between 1.5 and 1.9 million homeschoolers in the deserts are formed, and how the polar ice caps affect
United States today. ocean levels.
Some parents prefer to teach their children at home Homeschooling is often more interesting than going to
because they do not believe that schools teach the a traditional school, but critics say that homeschoolers
correct religious values. Others believe they can provide can become social outsiders who are uncomfortable
a better education for their children at home. There are mixing with other people in adult life. Another criticism
now many websites about homeschooling, and many is that many parents are not well qualified to teach.
parents who teach their children at home use the However, most parents don’t have the time or the desire
Internet to exchange ideas and resources. Interestingly, to teach their children at home, so most children still get
results show that homeschooled children often do better their education at school.
than average on national tests in reading and math.

C What could the Gutersons teach their children if the TV news showed . . . ?
1. people without enough food to eat

2. a space robot landing on Mars

3. doctors announcing a cure for the common cold

D After reading the newspaper article, would you make any changes to the advantages and
disadvantages you listed in part A?

Lifelong learning 45
 6 Complete the sentences with by + gerund. Use not if needed.
Use the ideas in the box or your own information.

cook at home eat out go out more often study dance

eat good food exercise regularly stay home use social networks

cook at home study dance use social networks

1. A good way to enjoy the weekend is not by staying home but by going out with friends.
2. A good way to keep in touch with old friends is
3. You can make new friends
4. The best way to save money is
5. You could stay in shape
6. I stay healthy
7. One way to learn self-confidence is

7 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. Miriam shows her by volunteering to help people

with cancer. (competitiveness / communication skills / concern for others)
2. My parents’ love of art, poetry, and music taught me
from a very young age. (artistic appreciation / cooperation / perseverance)
3. I learned from my parents. They taught me the importance of being
polite to both family and friends. (creativity / courtesy / self-confidence)
4. Barbara always gets upset with people who disagree with her. I wish she would show
more . (perseverance / self-confidence / tolerance)
5. I recently joined a choir, and I love it. But you need a lot of ,
because you have to practice the same piece of music for weeks before you’re
ready to perform it! (cooperation / perseverance / volunteering)

46 Unit 8
8 Personal qualities

A Read about each student in these descriptions and choose a suitable quality for each one.

1 2 3 4

artistic appreciation cooperation creativity self-confidence

competitiveness courtesy perseverance tolerance

1. John is very good at most school subjects, but he has no interest in being “the best.”
Instead, he likes to work with others in a group to complete a job together. The world would
be a better place if everyone showed as much as John.
2. Felix finds school very hard, but no one tries harder than he does. He always spends the
whole weekend in the library trying to keep up with his studies. He shows great
.
3. Caitlin always wants to do better than everyone else. In school, she always tries to get the best
grades. Her favorite sport is badminton because she’s the best player in the school. No one
needs to teach Caitlin .
4. Andrea has more than any of her classmates. She writes
fascinating stories that show she has a wonderful imagination. She’s also very artistic and
does very interesting paintings.

B Write two similar descriptions of people you know. Either use two of the qualities you didn’t use
in part A or choose other qualities.

1.

2.

Lifelong learning 47
 9 My way

A List two methods of learning each of these skills.

1. become a good guitarist
by teaching myself
by taking lessons
2. improve my writing ability in English

3. become a more confident public speaker

my first guitar

4. learn more about personal finance

5. become skilled at auto repair

6. learn a new computer program

ten years later

B Which of the two methods in part A would you prefer to use to develop each skill?
Write sentences using would rather (not) or would prefer (not). Give reasons.
1. I’d rather learn guitar by teaching myself than by taking lessons.
I’d prefer not to take lessons because they’re expensive.
2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

48 Unit 8
 Improvements
1 Which service does each person need? Choose the correct word or phrase.

dry cleaning language tutoring

home repairs lawn mowing
house painting pet-sitting

1. lawn mowing
Marty: I have a new home and don’t have much time for yard
work. I mowed the lawn two weeks ago, and I need to cut it
again. I’d like to save money, but perhaps I’ll just have to pay
someone to do it for me.
2. home repairs

Junko: I don’t like the flowered wallpaper in my bedroom or

the dark color of the walls in my living room. I want to have
the wallpaper removed so the whole place looks bigger and
brighter with fun, modern colors everywhere.
3.
Elizabeth: Now that it’s getting colder, I need to take my
winter clothes out of storage. Some things I can wash in the
washing machine, but I should take my wool coat to that
new place around the corner.
4.
language tutoring
David: Do you know anyone who can take care of my cat?
I’m going on a two-week trip. Actually, I’d prefer someone to
come to my apartment every day to play with him and feed
him while I’m gone. Yeah, that’s a better idea!
5.
Bill: I’m so excited! I’m finally going to Quebec this summer.
I studied French in high school, but I’m not sure how much
I remember now. Do you know anyone who can help me
improve my French?
6.
Paula: I really want to move into that studio apartment I
lawn mowing
found downtown. The only problem is that there are a lot of
little things that need to be repaired. Where can I get a leaky
faucet and a broken lock repaired?

49
 2 Where can I get . . . ?

A Match the verbs in column A with the nouns in column B.

A B

check a stain 1. check my blood pressure

cut my blood pressure 2.
do my computer 3.
fix my hair 4.
print my nails 5.
remove my pants 6.
shorten my photos 7.

B First, use the items in part A to write Where can I get . . . ?

or Where can I have . . . ? questions for speaker A. Then
write responses for speaker B using your own ideas.

1. A: Where can I get my blood pressure checked?

B: You can get it checked at the King Street Clinic.
2. A:
B:
3. A:
B:
4. A:
B:
5. A:
B:
6. A:
B:
7. A:
B:

50 Unit 9
3 Where can you have these services done? Write sentences with You can have . . . .

1. You can have your hair cut at Salon 21.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

Improvements 51
 4 Feng shui goes west

A Look at the picture. How would you feel working there? Why? What about the design
and layout of the room would affect how well you work there?

For thousands of years, the ancient

Feng Shui
Within days of opening in 2008, the
art form of feng shui has played a new store was in serious trouble.
major role in Chinese life. Feng shui Shoppers were unimpressed. Within
means “wind and water,” and it is three months, the man in charge of
based on an appreciation of the opening the store in the Chinese city
relationship between people and the had been fired. What was the cause of
environment. It involves changing the Marks & Spencer’s problems? While
design of your living or working space some blame bad planning, many locals
to improve your fortune. say the building simply has bad feng
shui. The principles were not respected
Soon after a Hong Kong millionaire in building the store.
moved his company to a new
skyscraper, his business began to do In recent years, feng shui has become
badly. He called in feng shui experts, popular in many western countries
who told him that because his new where companies such as Nike,
building was round, it was like a Citibank, and Hyatt Hotels have started
cigarette – all the energy was burning to seek advice from experts. Coca-Cola’s
off through the roof. They said that headquarters in Atlanta reported an
the only thing he could do to prevent increase in profits and employee
this was to build a swimming pool on efficiency after using feng shui principles
the roof. He followed their advice, and in its new offices. So does the business
his business started to do well again. world believe in feng shui? Some people
do, but others just see it as good business.
In another case, retail giant Marks & As one real estate developer said, “I
Spencer performed poorly when it don’t have to believe in feng shui; I do
entered the Chinese market with the it because it makes me money.”
opening of its store in Shanghai.

B Read the article about feng shui. Check (✓) the true statements.
For statements that are false, write the true information.
1. Feng shui concerns the relationship between humans and the world around them.

2. According to feng shui, a round building is good for business.

3. Feng shui has been popular in western countries for several centuries.

4. Marks & Spencer used feng shui in designing its Shanghai store.

5. Coca-Cola’s headquarters reported an increase in employee efficiency after using

feng shui principles in its new offices.

52 Unit 9
5 Write two suggestions for each of these problems.

1. I never have any energy, so I can never do anything except

work. I sleep all weekend, so don’t tell me to get more rest!
Have you thought about taking an aerobics class?
Another option is improve your diet.

2. My problem is a constant backache. I just don’t know what to

do to get rid of it. I had someone give me a massage, but it
didn’t really help.
Maybe you could

3. My doctor told me to get more exercise. She strongly

recommended swimming, but I find swimming so boring!
In fact, aren’t all sports boring?
Why don’t you

4. I’m very sociable, and I have great difficulty saying no. I end
up doing things every night of the week – going to parties,
clubs, the movies. I’m so tired all the time!
It might be a good idea

5. I like to be a good neighbor, but the woman next door drives

me crazy. She’s always knocking on my door to chat. And
whenever I go out into the yard, she goes into her yard – and
talks for hours!
What about

Improvements 53
 6 Choose the correct three-word phrasal verb for each sentence.

1. I don’t know how my grandmother all the new

technology. She’s better at understanding new gadgets than I am!
(comes up with / cuts down on / keeps up with)
2. My cousin didn’t know what to do for her mother’s 60th birthday, but she finally
the idea of a surprise picnic with the whole family.
(came up with / got along with / looked forward to)
3. Judy has done it again! She only met Sam two months ago, and already she has
him. Why doesn’t she try to work out any problems?
(broken up with / gotten along with / kept up with)
4. After Pat saw her doctor, she decided to eating fast
food. She wants to lose some weight and start exercising again in order to keep
fit. (cut down on / look forward to / take care of )
5. We’re really lucky in my family because we all
each other very well. (come up with / get along with / look forward to)
6. I’ve done pretty badly in my classes this semester, so I’m not really
receiving my grades. (getting along with / looking forward to / taking care of )
7. I can’t that loud music anymore! I can’t stand hip-hop,
and I’m going to tell my neighbor right now. (cut down on / put up with /
take care of )
8. I’ve been getting sick a lot lately, and I often feel tired. I really need to start
my health. (cutting down on / keeping up
with / taking care of )

54 Unit 9
 The past and the future
1 Circle the correct word that describes each sentence.

1. Events in December 2010 led to the peaceful removal of Tunisia’s prime minister
in January 2011. (natural disaster / epidemic / revolution)
2. In 2009, a species of spider that eats plants was found in southern Mexico and
Central America. (discovery / invention / epidemic)
3. On March 11, 2004, a series of bombings on a commuter train line in Madrid, Spain,
killed 191 people and wounded 1,800. (invention / terrorist act / achievement)
4. Advances in space technology allowed a spacecraft to land on Mars in 1997.
(achievement / disaster / terrorist act)
5. Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto of Pakistan was killed after leaving a campaign rally
in December 2007. (assassination / election / revolution)
6. In 2010, a series of floods in Australia affected over 200,000 people and caused nearly
a billion Australian dollars in damage. (discovery / natural disaster / epidemic)

2 Complete the sentences. Use words from the box.

ago for from in since to

1. Jazz first became popular in the 1920s.

2. The cell phone was invented about
40 years .
3. Brasília has been the capital city of Brazil
1960.
jazz
4. The first laptop was produced 1981.
5. Mexico has been independent more
than 200 years.
6. World War II lasted 1939 1945.
7. Vietnam was separated into two parts
about 20 years. Brasília
8. East and West Germany have been united
1990.

55
 3 Nouns and verbs

A Complete this chart. Then check your answers in a dictionary.

Noun Verb Noun Verb

achievement achieve existence

assassination exploration
demonstration explosion
discovery invention
discrimination transformation
election vaccination

B Choose verbs from the chart in part A to complete these sentences. Use the correct verb tense.
1. Over the past several decades, the Indian city of
Bangalore has transformed itself into
a high-tech center.
2. In World War I, many soldiers were
against typhoid,
a deadly bacterial disease.
3. Aung San, the man who led Myanmar to
independence, was
in 1947. No one is certain who killed him.
center
4. The European Union has Bangalore, a high-tech
since 1957. There are now 27 member states.
5. Until the 1960s, there were many laws that
against African
Americans in certain regions of the United States.
6. In 1885, Louis Pasteur
a cure for rabies when he treated a young boy
who was bitten by a dog.
7. In recent years, teams of experts in countries such
as Cambodia and Angola have been safely
land mines in order to rid
those countries of these dangerous weapons. a research station in An
tarctica
8. One of the few parts of the world that has not been
much is Antarctica. The extreme climate
makes it dangerous to travel far from research centers.

56 Unit 10
4 Vaccines past, present, and future

A What are vaccinations? If necessary, scan the article to find out.

Vaccinations
For well over a thousand years, smallpox was a disease
that everyone feared. The disease killed much of the
native population in South America when the Spanish
arrived there in the early sixteenth century. By the end
of the eighteenth century, smallpox was responsible for
the deaths of about one in ten people around the world.
Those who survived the disease were left with ugly scars
on their skin.
Germany. In the following year, Napoleon opened a
It had long been well known among farmers that similar institute in Paris, France. Vaccination soon
people who worked with cows rarely caught smallpox; became a common method to protect people against
instead, they often caught a similar but much milder other viral diseases, such as rabies, and vaccines were
disease called cowpox. A British doctor named Edward sent across the world to the United States and India.
Jenner was fascinated by this, and so he studied cowpox. It took nearly two centuries to achieve Jenner’s dream
He became convinced that, by injecting people with of ridding the world of smallpox. In 1967, the World
cowpox, he could protect them against the much worse Health Organization (WHO) started an ambitious
disease smallpox. In 1796, he vaccinated a boy with vaccination program, and the last known case of
cowpox and, two months later, with smallpox. The boy smallpox was recorded in Somalia in 1977. The story of
did not get smallpox. In the next two years, Jenner vaccinations does not end there, however. There are many
vaccinated several children in the same way, and none of other diseases that kill more and more people every year.
them got the disease. In addition, many new diseases are being discovered.
News of Jenner’s success soon spread. In 1800, the The challenge for medical researchers will, therefore,
Royal Vaccine Institution was founded in Berlin, probably continue for several more centuries.

B Read the article about vaccinations. Complete the chart with the history of events
in the story of vaccinations.

Date Event

1. Early 16th century Smallpox killed much of the native population in South America.
2. End of the 18th century
3. 1796
4. 1800
5. 1801
6. 1967
7. 1977
8. Future challenge

The past and the future 57

 5 Life in 2050

A Complete these predictions about life in 2050. Use the future continuous
of the verb given. Then add two more predictions of your own.

life on the moon? By 2050, . . .

1. some people will be living

in cities on the moon. (live)
2. many people
temperature-controlled body suits. (wear)
3. most people
cars that run on fuel from garbage. (drive)
4. people
in a new Olympic event – mind reading. (compete)
5.

6.

B Complete these predictions about what will have happened

by 2050. Use the future perfect. Then add two more
predictions of your own.

By 2050, . . .

1. computers will have replaced people

as translators. (replace)
2. ties for men out
of fashion. (go)
3. scientists a cheap
way of getting drinking water from seawater. (discover)
4. medical researchers a cure
for cancer. (find)
5.

6.
a cure for cancer?

58 Unit 10
6 Write two responses to each question.

1. What will or won’t you be doing in ten years? (Use the future continuous.)
I won’t be living with my parents.

2. How will cities of the future be different? (Use will.)

Cities won’t allow cars downtown.

3. How will life in small villages in your country have changed in the next 20 years?
(Use the future perfect.)
More people will have moved back from cities to small villages.

4. How do you think the world’s weather will change during this century? (Use will.)
The weather will be warmer, and the summers will be longer.

5. What advances will scientists have made by 2050? (Use the future perfect.)
Scientists will have found a way to grow enough food for everyone.

The past and the future 59

 7 Think of four ways that technology will affect how we live and work in the next 20 years.

Example: Robots will be cleaning our homes.

1.
2.
3.
4.

8 Write two paragraphs about one of these topics or a topic of your

choice. In the first paragraph, describe the past. In the second
paragraph, describe how you think the future will be.

Topics

a music group health changes within a country

space exploration changes within a region technology

The European Union, or E.U., began as the European Economic Community in 1957. At first,
there were only six member states, including France, Italy, and West Germany. Nine other
countries joined during the next 40 years. Many European nations came together because
they wanted to avoid another world war.
The E.U. has continued to develop during the twenty-first century. In 2002, nearly all the
member states adopted the same currency – the euro. In 2004, ten more countries joined the
E.U., and two more countries, Romania and Bulgaria, joined in 2007. In the future, the nations
of the E.U. will continue to develop economic, political, and social cooperation. In the near
future, several more countries, such as Croatia, Iceland, and Turkey, will probably join the E.U.

60 Unit 10
 Life’s little lessons
1 Milestones

A Read these statements. Check (✓) the ones that are

true for you. For statements that are false, write the
true information.
Example: As soon as I got my first cell phone, I called all my friends.
The moment I got a cell phone, I called my parents. OR

I’ve never had a cell phone.

1. By the time I was three years old, I had already learned two languages.

2. Before I started school, I was carefree – I used to watch TV all day.

3. After I started taking the bus by myself, I became more independent.

4. As soon as I got my driver’s license, my parents let me drive everywhere.

5. The moment I earned my own money, I opened a bank account.

6. Once I started learning English, I quit studying other languages.

7. Until I graduated from high school, I was very unsophisticated.

8. Before I became more independent, I thought I knew more than my parents.

B Write three true statements about yourself, your family, or your friends
about how things have changed over time. Use time clauses.
1.

2.

3.

61
 2 Complete these descriptions. Use words from the box.

ambitious carefree rebellious

argumentative naive sophisticated

1. Kate is so sophisticated . She always dresses well,

she knows lots of intelligent people, and she never says anything silly.
2. I just spent a horrible evening with Kendra. She questioned and criticized
everything I said. I wish she weren’t so .
3. My sister is very . She trusts everyone and
thinks everyone is good.
4. Once I turned 16, I became less , and
my parents started to let me do what I wanted.
5. Paul is really . He wants to own his own
business by the time he’s 25.
6. I wish I could be like Celia. She’s so and
never seems to worry about anything.

3 Do you have a friend who is special to you? Write about him or her.
In the first paragraph, describe the person. In the second paragraph,
describe a particular time when the person helped you.

One of my best friends is Christine. She’s very mature

and conscientious, and she always gives me good advice.
Until I met her, I had been making some bad decisions. . . .
Christine is also very generous. She always helps her
friends when they need it. For example, the moment she
found out I was sick last winter, she came over and
visited me.

62 Unit 11
4 Turning points

A Scan the article from a sports magazine about Mercy Cherono. What lesson did
she learn very quickly?

In the coming years, she continued to win gold

medals at prestigious international
championships. She is a two-time World Junior
Champion in the 3,000-meter race, winning in
Poland in 2008, and again in Canada in 2010. She
also came in first in the 3,000-meter race at the
Mercy Cherono is one of many very 2009 Africa Junior Championships. However,
successful young athletes from Kenya. She Cherono is not just a middle-distance runner. At
was born in 1991 in the village of Kipajit. the 2009 World Cross Country Championships in
She is the oldest of six children, and some of her Jordan, she won a silver medal in the junior race.
younger siblings are also She lost to the Ethiopian
athletes. Her father, John long-distance runner
Koech, runs a training camp Genzebe Dibaba
in the village. During the because she tried to
school holidays, the camp sprint too early to the
attracts over 50 trainees. finishing line. After the
race, Cherono claimed,
Cherono started running in “I will not repeat that
primary school and mistake again.”
continued when she went to
secondary school in the The following year, at
nearby town of Sotik. At the the same cross country
age of 16, she participated race, Cherono proved
in her first international herself when she won a
event in Mombasa, Kenya. gold medal. Incredibly,
It was the 2007 the three runners-up
International Association were all from Kenya,
of Athletics Federations too. She and the
(IAAF) World Cross Country Championships. She Kenyan team came home to a hero’s welcome.
finished 23rd in the junior race, but she had Her coach was ecstatic and said, “The success of
launched herself into international athletics. In the Kenyan team was through training hard and
the same year, at the World Youth Championships determination.” And her father said, “Our child is
at Ostrava in the Czech Republic, she won a gold a disciplined girl who has always taken
medal in the 3,000-meter race, which she ran in instructions.” Perhaps one day Mercy Cherono
the championship record time of 8:53:94. will instruct future champions.

B Read the article. Look at the words and phrases in bold in the article. Write definitions or
synonyms for each word or phrase.
1. launched herself into 4. sprint
2. record time 5. runners-up
3. prestigious 6. ecstatic

C What factors mentioned in the article do you think have helped Mercy Cherono to
become a successful athlete?

Life’s little lessons 63

 5 Write sentences about your regrets. Use should (not) have.

1. I spent all my money on clothes. Now I can’t afford to take a vacation.

I shouldn’t have spent all my money on clothes.
2. I was very argumentative with my boss, so she fired me.

3. I changed jobs. Now I work in a bank. My job isn’t very interesting.

4. I bought a new TV with my credit card. Now I can’t afford the payments.

5. I studied music in school, but I’m much better at computer science.

6. I was completely rebellious when I was a student, so I got very bad grades.

7. My friend asked to copy my homework, so I let him. The teacher found out and
gave us both Fs.

8. My cousin invited me to a party. I accepted but didn’t put the date in my calendar.
I forgot all about it.

9. I was very naive when I was younger. I lent money to people, but they hardly
ever paid me back.

10. My friend asked for my opinion on her new hairstyle. I told her I didn’t like it.
Now she’s not talking to me.

64 Unit 11
6 If . . .

A Rewrite the sentences as hypothetical situations. Use the words given.

1. I should have studied English sooner. (get a better job)
If I’d studied English sooner, I would have gotten a better job.
2. We should have made a reservation. (eat already)

3. I should have put on sunscreen. (not get a sunburn)

4. You should have let me drive. (arrive by now)

5. I should have ignored your text in class. (not get in trouble)

B Write sentences describing hypothetical situations.

Use the words given and your own ideas.

Can I borrow
your cell phone No, I’m waiting
for a minute? for a call.

1. selfish If I had been less selfish as a teenager,

I would have had a better relationship with my brother.
2. ambitious

3. pragmatic

4. naive

5. rebellious

6. conscientious

Life’s little lessons 65

 7 Complete the conversation. Circle the correct time expressions
and use the correct tense of the verbs given.

Andy: I’ve made such a mess of my life!

John: What do you mean?
Andy: If I hadn’t accepted
(not accept)
a job (as soon as / before / until) I graduated,
I
(travel)
around Europe all summer – just like you
did. You were so carefree.
John: You know, I should
(not go)
to Europe. I should
(take)
the great job I was offered. (After / Before / Until)
I returned from Europe, it was too late.
Andy: But my job is so depressing! (Before / The moment / Until) I started it,
I hated it – on the very first day! That was five years ago, and nothing’s changed.
I should for another job right away.
(look)
John: Well, start looking now. I posted my résumé online last month, and five
companies contacted me right away. If I
(not post)
my résumé, no one me.
(contact)
I accepted one of the job offers.
Andy: Really? What’s the job?
John: It’s working as a landscape gardener. (Before / The moment / Until)
I saw it, I knew it was right for me.
Andy: But for me right now, the problem is that I get a very good salary and I
just bought a house. If I the house,
(not buy)
I take a lower paying job.
(be able to)
John: Well, I guess you can’t have everything. If I a better salary,
(have)
I a house, too.
(buy)

66 Unit 11
 The right stuff
1 Complete these sentences with In order for or In order to.

1. In order for a restaurant to be popular, it has

to have attractive decor.
2. a movie to be entertaining, it has
to have good actors and an interesting story.
3. succeed in business, you often
have to work long hours.
4. attract new members, a sports
club needs to offer inexpensive memberships.
5. speak a foreign language well,
it’s a good idea to use the language as often as possible.
a popular restaurant
6. a clothing store to succeed, it
has to be able to find the latest fashions.

2 Write sentences. Use the information in the box.

have talented salespeople work extremely long hours

keep up with your studies provide excellent customer service
be clever and entertaining have drama and interesting characters

1. be a successful student
In order to be a successful student, you have to keep up with your studies.
2. a clothes store to be profitable
For a clothes store to be profitable,
3. manage your own business

4. an advertisement to be persuasive

5. run a successful automobile company

6. a reality TV show to be successful

67
 3 Choose the correct word or phrase.

1. I didn’t enjoy this book on how to succeed in business. It wasn’t very

well written . (affordable / well paid / well written)
2. I learned a lot about how to run a successful bookstore from taking that class.
I found it very . (attractive / informative / knowledgeable)
3. Linda has so many interesting ideas, and she’s always thinking of new projects.
She’s very . (clever / patient / tough)
4. Rosie is a salesperson, and she’s good at her job. She’s so that
she sells three times as much as her co-workers. (unfriendly / affordable / persuasive)
5. Daniel is one of the top models in Milan. He goes to the gym every day, so
he looks really . (clever / charming / muscular)
6. For a restaurant to succeed, it has to a high level of
quality in both food and service. (keep up with / maintain / put up with)
7. If a department store improves its and looks really
fashionable, it can attract a lot of new customers. (boutique / decor / safety record)

4 Read this information about journalists. Then write a paragraph about

one of the people in the box or another person of your choice.

To be a successful journalist, you need to

be both talented and dynamic. You have to
write well and write quickly. In order to report
the news, a journalist needs to have a good
knowledge of world and current events. In
addition, you must be able to report a story
accurately.

an artist a boss a homemaker a parent a teacher

68 Unit 12
5 I like it because . . .

A For each pair of pictures, write one sentence about what you like and one
sentence about what you dislike. Give reasons using the words given.
1

I like this park because it’s clean I don’t like this park since
and there are a lot of trees. (because) (since)
2

(since) (the reason)

3

(because of ) (due to)

B Think of an example in your city of each of these places: a restaurant, a hotel,

a shopping center. Write a sentence about why you like or dislike each one.
Example: The reason I don’t like Cho Dang Gol Restaurant in my hometown
is its noisy location right by the freeway.
1.
2.
3.

The right stuff 69

 6 A business without a brand

A Scan the article about Muji. What is the company’s philosophy?

BUSINESS AS UNUSUAL
From very small beginnings over three decades
ago, Muji is now well-known for its stores in
East Asia, Europe, and North America. It is
proud to operate in a very unique way. Exactly
how does this international chain store’s
philosophy differ from that of its competitors?
The answer can be found in its full Japanese
name, Mujirushi Ryohin, which means “no brand
quality goods.” The company’s basic principle
is to provide new but simple products at “lower
than usual prices” by maximizing the use of the
most suitable raw materials available. In order
to achieve this, Muji selects the best materials
and then, in the manufacturing process, it
minimizes waste, often by recycling unused
of stores in countries as far apart as the United
materials. Another key concept at Muji concerns
States, Turkey, and China. Moreover, to keep up
using minimal packaging showing only
with the electronic shopping revolution, Muji
product-related information and a price tag.
Online enables customers to place orders from
When Muji was established in Japan in 1980, it home.
operated only in “sales corners” in department
Over the years, Muji products have won several
stores and convenience stores, such as Seibu
product design awards. For instance, in 2005,
and Family Mart. It sold 31 food items, ranging
Muji won several gold awards at the
from dried shiitake mushrooms to fruit drinks.
International Forum Design in Germany. When
There were nine items for kitchens and
the company organized its own design awards
bathrooms, such as phosphorus-free detergent
the following year, it attracted 4,758 entries
and toothbrushes. Muji expanded quickly. In
from 52 countries.
1983, the company founded its own stores and
extended its product range to include fabrics – The bottom line at Muji is to offer well-
curtains, bed linens, and clothes. It also began designed, high-quality, logo-free products at
opening shops abroad and now has hundreds tempting prices. It works!

B Read the article. Look at the words and phrases in bold in the article. Write definitions or
synonyms for each word or phrase.
1. competitors
2. basic principle
3. raw materials
4. minimal packaging
5. product range
6. the bottom line

70 Unit 12
7 Look at these advertisements and write two sentences about each one.
Describe the features and give reasons why you like or dislike the advertisements.

1
2

Example: A nice thing about the first ad is that it attracts your attention.
I like it because of the clever concept.
1.

2.

The right stuff 71

 8 Complete this crossword puzzle.
1 2

3 4

5 6

7 8

10 11 12

13

14

Across
3 For a salesperson to be persuasive, he or she has to be with words.
5 The big supermarket are causing many small local stores to close.
7 In order for sports clubs to remain popular, they must have the most
modern , such as treadmills and stair climbers.
9 To be , successful male models work out daily with trainers.
10 I don’t follow trends, so the latest in clothes don’t interest me.
12 I don’t have a favorite of clothing. Designer clothes are too
expensive, so I just buy cheap clothes that look good on me.
13 I like the family-owned shop on my street because it always has interesting
products that I’ve never seen before.
14 I don’t know why Gloria doesn’t try modeling. She is absolutely .

Down
1 For a coffee shop to make enough money to be in my neighborhood,
it has to attract young people and stay open late.
2 The Leo Jazz Club has a great new band. I’ve heard they’re very musicians.
4 Due to its boring content, Weekend Talk ran for only three months. For
a TV show to be successful on Saturday evenings, it really has to be .
6 I wouldn’t be a good because I’m not very persuasive.
8 While I was waiting in the doctor’s office, I read a fantastic new .
I liked it so much that I decided to buy it every month from now on.
11 I’m not enough to be a successful salesperson. When someone says no,
I would just accept that, but I’m sure that’s not how to make a sale!

72 Unit 12
 That’s a possibility.
1 What do you think happened? Write an explanation for each event using past modals.

1 2 3

1. He may have lost his car key.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

4 5 6

73
2 Write two paragraphs about something strange that has happened to you.
In the first paragraph, describe the situation. In the second paragraph,
give two or three explanations for what happened.

I invited six friends to a barbecue on the beach. I suggested we meet at eight

o’clock. They all said they would come and bring some food.
On the day of the barbecue, only two of my friends showed up. I guess my
other friends could have overslept, or they might have decided to do something
else. Another possibility is that they may have thought I meant 8 p.m. instead
of 8 a.m. I’m not sure what happened!

3 Answer these questions. Write two explanations using past modals.

1. They might have built it to use as a church.

2.

Why do you think the ancient

Britons built Stonehenge?

3. They could have

4. How do you think early explorers

communicated with people in
the places they visited?

5. They may have

6.
How do you think the early
Polynesians were able to
travel across vast oceans?

74 Unit 13
4 Strange creatures

A Skim the online article about a world-famous legend.

Can you think of a suitable title for it?

He has been called the “missing link”: half man, half beast. He is
huge, maybe as much as 2.5 meters tall (8 feet). His body is
covered with long brown hair, but his face is hairless. He walks
upright on two feet. He lives near the top of Mount Everest,
and he is known as the Abominable Snowman.

The legend of this strange creature is

not new. For years, local people have
reported seeing the creature they call
“Yeti” (the all-eating animal) come down
from the mountain and attack villagers.
Climbers in the 1920s reported stories of
huge footprints they saw high in the
Himalayas – footprints unlike any other
animal’s. In 1951, the explorer Eric Shipton
took photographs of enormous tracks in the
snow of Mount Everest. He assumed that
the Abominable Snowman really existed
and must have walked around in that area.

These days, a few people still believe in the Yeti. However, scientists
say there should have been more and better evidence than just
some footprints in the snow. They also suggest that the tracks
Shipton found may have been only bear tracks. However, if
anyone ever succeeds in catching an Abominable Snowman,
they may face a real problem: Would they put it in a zoo or
give it a room in a hotel?

B Read the article. Then write answers to the questions.

1. How might someone describe the Abominable Snowman?

2. Where does the Abominable Snowman live?

3. What’s another name for the Abominable Snowman?

4. In 1951, what “evidence” did Shipton find, and how did he record it?

5. Why don’t many scientists believe Shipton found tracks of the Abominable Snowman?

That’s a possibility. 75
 5 Should have, could have, would have

A What should or shouldn’t these people have done?

Read each situation and check (✓) the best suggestion.
1. Joe’s old car broke down on the highway late one night, and
his cell phone battery was dead. He left the car on the side
of the road and walked home.
He should have stopped a stranger’s car to
ask for a ride.
He could have slept in his car till morning.
He should have walked to the nearest
pay phone and called a tow truck.
2. Linda was in a park. She saw some people leave all their
trash after they had finished their picnic. She did nothing.
She did the right thing.
She should have asked them to throw away their trash.
She could have thrown away the trash herself.
3. John’s neighbors were renovating their kitchen. They made
a lot of noise every day until midnight. John called the police.
He shouldn’t have called the police.
He should have realized that they were trying
to finish the job quickly.
He could have asked them not to make any noise in the evenings.
4. Mrs. Judd wouldn’t let her children watch TV for a month
because they broke a window playing baseball.
She could have made them pay for the window.
She shouldn’t have done anything. It was an accident.
She shouldn’t have let them play baseball for a month.
5. Martha’s boss borrowed $20 from her a month ago, but he forgot
to pay her back. Martha never said anything about it.
She should have demanded her money back.
She shouldn’t have loaned it to him.
She could have written him a nice email asking for the money.

B What would you have done in the situations in part A?

Write suggestions or comments using past modals.
1. I would have called a friend to give me a ride home.
2.
3.
4.
5.

76 Unit 13
6 Nouns and verbs

A Complete the chart.

Noun Verb Noun Verb

advice advise excuse

assume predict
criticism suggestion
demand warn

B Complete the sentences using words from the chart in part A.

For the verbs, use shouldn’t have + past participle. For the nouns,
use the appropriate singular or plural form.

1. Justin shouldn’t have suggested having a beach party. It

was so dark, I stepped in a hole and hurt my ankle.

2. Bart bought an expensive ring and gave it to Millie for her

birthday. A year later, he asked her to marry him. When she said
no, he made an outrageous .
He said he wanted his ring back!

3. I my co-worker not to be late

for work so often. It was really none of my business.

4. Last year some economists said that food and gas prices
wouldn’t increase. Those
were wrong! Both food and gas are more expensive now.

5. Jill said she was late because she got caught in traffic.
Hmm. I’ve heard that before.

6. Philip I would still be

awake at midnight. I was asleep when he called.

7. My professor me to take a
course in English literature. I have absolutely no interest in it.

8. Josh me for wearing jeans

and a T-shirt to a friend’s party.

That’s a possibility. 77
7 Complete these conversations. Use the past modals in the box
and the verbs given. (More than one modal is possible.)

could have
may have
might have
must have
should have

1. A: Where’s Alex? He’s late.

B: He may have gotten (get) stuck in rush-hour traffic.
A: He’s always late! You know, he should have taken (take) the subway.
2. A: Nina never responded to my invitation.
B: She (not receive) it.
You (call) her.
3. A: Jeff hasn’t answered his phone for a week.
B: He (go) on vacation.
He (tell) you,
though – sometimes he’s very inconsiderate.
4. A: I can never get in touch with Susan. She never returns phone calls
or answers texts!
B: Yeah, I have the same problem with her. Her voice mail
(run out) of space.
She (get) a new
phone service by now.
5. A: Martin is strange. Sometimes he works really hard, but sometimes
he seems pretty lazy. Last week, he hardly did any work.
B: Well, you know, he (not feel) well.
Still, he (tell) you that he was sick.
6. A: I ordered a book online a month ago, but it still hasn’t arrived.
B: They (have) a problem with the
warehouse, but they (let) you know.

78 Unit 13
 Behind the scenes
1 Complete the conversation. Use the passive form of the verbs given.

Vera: Putting on a fashion show must be really challenging!

Isaac: Yeah, but it’s also fun. All the clothes have to be numbered (number)
so that the models wear them in the right sequence. And they also have to
(mark) with the name of the right model.
Vera: What happens if something (wear) by the wrong model?
Isaac: Well, if it doesn’t fit, it looks terrible! First impressions are very important. A lot of
clothes (sell) because they look good at the show.
Vera: Do you have to rehearse for a fashion show?
Isaac: Of course! There’s more involved than just models and clothes. Special
lighting (use), and music (play)
during the show.
Vera: It sounds complicated.
Isaac: Oh, it is. And at some fashion shows, a commentary may (give).
Vera: A commentary? What do you mean?
Isaac: Well, someone talks about the clothes as they (show)
on the runway by the models.
Vera: It sounds like timing is really important.
Isaac: Exactly. Everything has to (time) perfectly!
Otherwise, the show may (ruin).

79
 2 Choose the correct words or phrases.

1. Often, special music has to be for a film.

(composed / designed / hired)
2. A play may be for several weeks before it is shown to the public.
(shot / taken / rehearsed)
3. Designing for actors to wear requires a lot of creativity.
(scripts / sets / costumes)
4. Newspapers are to stores after they are printed.
(expanded / distributed / reported)
5. are added after the film has been put together.
(Scenes / Sound effects / Takes)

3 Complete this passage. Use the passive form of the verbs given.

1 2 3 4 5

1. Nowadays, all sorts of things are produced (produce) in factories,

including lettuce! At one food factory, fresh green lettuce (grow)
without sunlight or soil. Here is how it (do).
2. Lettuce seedlings (place) at one end of a long production line.
Conveyor belts (use) to move the seedlings slowly along.
The tiny plants (expose) to light from fluorescent lamps.
3. They have to (feed) through the roots with plant food
and water that (control) by a computer.
4. Thirty days later, the plants (collect) at the other end
of the conveyor belts.
5. They may (deliver) to the vegetable market the same day.

80 Unit 14
4 A puppet show

A Skim the article. Write the type of puppet under the correct pictures.

INTERNATIONAL PUPPETS
The first puppets are thought to have been used in India over 4,000 years ago.
Since then, different kinds of puppets have become popular around the world.
HAND PUPPETS are usually about 50 cm (20 inches) SHADOW PUPPETS are similar to rod puppets
tall. Their main feature is a large head that has a but are unique in that they are flat and much
costume with arms attached to it. These puppets are smaller – about 50 cm (20 inches). In addition,
worn like a glove. The puppeteer, who stands below they are seen by audiences in a completely
the stage, operates the puppet with his or her fingers. different way – these puppets appear as shadows
Hand puppets are widely used in European countries, on a screen that is lit from behind. They are
such as Italy, France, and Britain. controlled either from below or beside the stage.
Shadow puppets, which originally came from
ROD PUPPETS have long been used in Japan and China and Indonesia, later became popular in
Italy and are now very popular in Eastern Europe. Turkey and Greece.
They are similar in shape to hand puppets but are
much bigger – sometimes over 1 meter (40 inches) MARIONETTES are puppets that are constructed
tall. The puppeteer, who works from below the stage, from several small parts. Their height varies, and
operates the puppet with rods that are attached to it: they are moved by strings that are controlled from
a thick rod fixed to the puppet’s back, and thinner rods above. Many marionettes are hung on nine strings,
fixed to its neck, head, and arms. The puppeteer, but there are some in Myanmar that have up to 60
holding the thick rod in one hand and the thinner strings. They can be made to perform interesting
rods in the other hand, can move the parts separately. tricks, such as blowing smoke from a pipe.

1. 2. 3. 4.

B Read the article about different types of puppets. Complete the chart.

Hand puppets Rod puppets Shadow puppets Marionettes

Size
How they’re constructed

How they’re moved

Position of puppeteer

Where they’re commonly used

Behind the scenes 81

 5 Join these sentences with who or that. Add a comma wherever one is needed.

foreign correspondent junior newspaper reporter

Examples:
Foreign correspondents are journalists.
They report on a particular part of the world.
Foreign correspondents are journalists that report on a particular part of the world.
A junior newspaper reporter should be curious.
He or she is often new to journalism.
A junior newspaper reporter, who is often new to journalism, should be curious.
1. A photo editor selects only the best photos.
He or she tells the photographers what news stories to cover.

2. A website designer is a skilled artist.

He or she creates computer files with text, sound, and graphics.

3. A network installer is a skilled person.

He or she responds to calls from people with computer problems.

4. Movie extras appear in the background scenes.

They almost never have any lines.

5. TV sitcoms include actors and actresses.

They are recognized by television viewers around the world.

82 Unit 14
6 Match the definitions with the jobs.

1. a cinematographer g a. a journalist who specializes in reporting on the personal

2. a film editor lives of famous people
3. a gossip columnist b. someone who looks for places to shoot scenes in a film
4. a graphic designer c. someone that helps a movie director put together

5. a location scout the best “takes”

6. a stagehand d. a person who does dangerous scenes in a movie in

place of the main actor
7. a stunt person
e. a TV personality who invites guests to come on his or
8. a talk show host
her program
f. a person who moves sets and furniture for theater and
film productions
g. a person who operates the main camera during shooting
h. someone that creates the design for a printed work

7 Choose a job from Exercise 6 or another job you’re interested in.

In the first paragraph, describe the job. In the second paragraph,
describe what the job involves behind the scenes. Use relative
clauses in some of your descriptions.

If I worked in journalism, I’d like to be a foreign

correspondent like Julie McCarthy. These days, foreign
correspondents, who are on call 24 hours a day, often work
for both a newspaper and a broadcasting company. They
meet and interview famous people all over the world.
Behind the scenes, foreign correspondents are members of
news teams, which include technicians and camera operators.
Together, they try to report the news as soon as it happens,
and, if possible, before any competitors!

Behind the scenes 83

 8 Describe six steps in the process of renovating a restaurant.
Use the passive form of the verbs given below.

1. designer 2. builders

3. painters 4. electrician

5. delivery people 6. owner

1. First, a renovation plan is approved. (a renovation plan / approve)

2. Next, (new walls / build)
3. Then (the walls / paint)
4. After that, (new lighting / install)
5. Then (new furniture / deliver)
6. Finally, (the restaurant / reopen)

84 Unit 14
 There should be a law!
1 What should be done about each situation? Write sentences about these pictures,
giving your opinion. Use the passive form with should, shouldn’t, or ought to.

1. Leaving large items on the sidewalk 2. Eating on the subway

3. Playing loud music late at night 4. Letting dogs run without leashes

1. People shouldn’t be allowed to leave large items on the sidewalk. OR

People ought to be required to take large items to designated dumps.

2.

3.

4.

85
 2 Make recommendations about the situations in these pictures. Use the passive form
with has to, has got to, must, or mustn’t.

1 2

3 4

1. A law has to be passed to prevent people from losing their homes. OR

Something must be done to repair abandoned homes.

2.

3.

4.

86 Unit 15
3 Think of four things that you have strong opinions about. Write your opinions
and explain your reasons for them. Use passive modals.
Example: In my opinion, cell phones shouldn’t be allowed in class.
They distract students from the lesson.
1. I feel that

2. I think that

3. In my opinion,

4. I don’t think that

4 Respond to these opinions by giving a different

one of your own. Use expressions from the box.

That’s interesting, but I think . . .

That’s not a bad idea. On the other hand,
I feel . . .
You may have a point. However, I think . . .
Do you? I’m not sure . . .

1. A: Everyone should be required to study Chinese.

B: You may have a point. However, I think that English
is more useful for traveling.
2. A: People mustn’t be allowed to write unkind things about
others on social networking sites.
B:

3. A: Public transportation should be provided free of charge.

B:

4. A: I think people ought to be required to buy hybrid cars.

B:

5. A: In my opinion, all plastic containers should be banned.

B:

There should be a law! 87

 5 Getting revenge

A Skim the web posts. What is a revenge story? Why is each of these stories a revenge story?

B Read the posts. Then complete the chart.

Problem First attempt to solve it Final solution

1.

2.

3.

C Do you think getting revenge – doing something mean to someone in return – is acceptable
behavior? Why or why not?

88 Unit 15
6 Add tag questions to these statements.

1. Bullying is a serious problem, isn’t it ?

2. The city doesn’t provide enough services for elderly people, does it ?
3. You can easily spend all your money on food and rent, ?
4. Some unemployed people don’t really want to work, ?
5. Health care is getting more and more expensive, ?
6. There are a lot of homeless people downtown, ?
7. Some schools have overcrowded classrooms, ?
8. Laws should be passed to reduce street crime, ?

7 Nouns and verbs

A Complete the chart.

Noun Verb Noun Verb

advertisement advertise permission

bully pollute
improve prohibition
offense provision
outsource require

B Write eight sentences with tag questions using words

from the chart. Use four of the nouns and four of the verbs.
Examples: Bicyclists should be required to wear
helmets, shouldn’t they?
1.

2.

3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

There should be a law! 89

 8 Give one reason for and one reason against these opinions.

1. Children should be made to study a foreign language in primary school.

For: It would help children understand other cultures.
Against: I don’t think it would be easy to find enough teachers.
2. Jobs shouldn’t be outsourced to other countries.
For:
Against:
3. More tax money ought to be spent on cleaning graffiti off city walls.
For:
Against:
4. Stray animals should be cared for in animal centers.
For:
Against:

9 Complete the conversation. Use passive modals and tag questions.

Kate: You know, I just moved into this new apartment building,
and I thought everything would be really great now.
Tony: What’s the problem?
Kate: Well, yesterday, the manager gave me a copy of the
house rules. I found out that I can’t park my moped
on the sidewalk in front of the building anymore.
Tony: But people shouldn’t (permit)
to park their bikes or mopeds there.
Kate: Why not? There isn’t any other place to park, ?
I guess I’ll have to park on the street now.
Tony: I’m sorry that parking somewhere else will be inconvenient, but don’t
you agree that people shouldn’t (allow) to
block the sidewalk or the entrance to the building?
Kate: Well, you may have a point, but parking spaces for all types of cycles
need (provide) for renters here. All renters
with a car have a parking space, ?
Tony: Well, yes, you’re right. You should go to the next renter’s meeting
and discuss the issue with everyone else.
Kate: That’s not a bad idea. My voice ought (hear)
as much as anyone else’s – I think I will!

90 Unit 15
 Challenges and accomplishments
1 Complete the sentences with your own ideas about the jobs in the box.

acting in movies being a student doing volunteer work

being a parent being unemployed teaching young children

1. One of the most rewarding aspects of teaching young children is seeing them develop.
2. The most challenging thing
3. One of the rewards
4. One of the most difficult things
5. The most interesting aspect
6. One of the least interesting aspects

2 The best and worst of it

A Complete the chart with your own ideas.

Job One of the best things One of the worst things

1. social worker helping people

2. university professor grading papers
3. small-business owner making your own schedule
4. emergency-room nurse working long hours

B Write about the positive and negative aspects of the jobs in part A.
1. One of the best things about being a social worker is helping people.
One of the worst things is
2.

3.

4.

91
3 Write two paragraphs about a job you find interesting. In the first paragraph,
describe some positive aspects of the job. In the second paragraph, describe
some of its negative aspects.

small-animal veterinarian large-animal veterinarian

Being a veterinarian is both rewarding and challenging. People bring

animals with different sorts of problems into the clinic every day. One of
the best things about the job is treating and curing those animals that are
seriously sick or injured. It’s an amazing thing to be able to save an animal
and bring a smile to a pet owner’s face.
Sometimes, if an animal is very sick or badly injured, it’s not possible to
treat it successfully. The saddest aspect of the job is dealing with animals
you cannot save. It’s a terrible loss for both the vet and the pet owner.

92 Unit 16
4 Huge challenges, enormous rewards

A Scan the first paragraph of the article. What award did Médecins
Sans Frontières receive? When and why did they receive it?

Médecins Sans Frontières have to be able to deal with stress,

and you need to be able to work
independently as well as in a team.
Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF), You are not required to have medical
which means “Doctors Without qualifications. Besides medical
Borders,” was established in 1971. expertise, MSF needs the skills of
It is now one of the world’s largest technical staff such as building
organizations that provide engineers and food experts.
emergency medical relief. In 1999,
it won the Nobel Peace Prize. Its aim The reaction of volunteers returning
work on a project for six months to from MSF speaks for itself. “One of
is to help people who have suffered
a year. Many volunteers go on more my biggest challenges was organizing
badly in wars or natural disasters,
than one mission. a team to open a new hospital in a
such as earthquakes or floods.
One volunteer reports, “Working town that had had no medical care
Each year, about 3,000 people are for three years,” one volunteer said.
in politically sensitive areas with
sent abroad to work in more than 60 This volunteer said the project was a
limited resources can be frustrating,
different countries worldwide. MSF success because of the reduction of
but there is huge satisfaction in
relies on volunteer professionals but deaths and the fact that the local
making even a small or temporary
also works closely with about 25,000 people were so thankful. Another
difference to people. What better
locally hired staff. In most projects, volunteer says, “With MSF, I have had
recommendation than to say, ‘I’m
there are about seven local members the chance to travel and test my skills
about to leave on a third mission!’”
to every one foreigner. Volunteers are to the limits both professionally and
paid about $1,400 each month and What qualities and skills do you personally. The rewards can be
receive travel expenses. They usually need to become a volunteer? You enormous.”

B Read the article. What are two challenges and two rewards of volunteering?
Challenges:
Rewards:

C Answer the questions.

1. What is the aim of Médecins Sans Frontières?

2. How many countries receive foreign volunteers through MSF?

3. What is the average ratio of local staff members to foreign volunteers?

4. What personal qualities must volunteers have?

5. What kinds of experts does MSF require?

Challenges and accomplishments 93

 5 Choose the correct word.

1. It’s not good to be if

you’re an emergency-room nurse.
(courageous / rigid / upbeat)
2. If teachers are going to be successful, they have to be
.
(dependent / timid / resourceful)
3. You have to be if you
work as a volunteer.
(adaptable / cynical / unimaginative)
4. If you take a job far from your family and friends,
you have to be .
(compassionate / dependent / self-sufficient)
5. One of the most important things about working
with children is being positive and not .
(adaptable / cynical / resourceful)
6. Being a role model for troubled youths requires someone
who is strong and .
(compassionate / insensitive / timid)

6 Choose the correct prepositions.

about by for from in of

1. One of the most exciting things about

working abroad is learning about another culture.
2. By the time I’m 35, I’d like to have lived in a culture
that’s very different my own.
3. For me, the most difficult aspect
working abroad is learning a foreign language.
4. Working an organization like the
Peace Corps is very rewarding.
5. I’d like to have gotten another degree
two years.
6. I hope I’ll have gotten married the
working abroad
time I’m 30.

94 Unit 16
7 Accomplishments and goals

A Match the verbs with the nouns. Write the collocations.

(More than one answer may be possible.)

Verb Noun

buy a change 1. buy a house

get debts 2.
learn a house 3.
make a promotion 4.
meet new skills 5.
pay off someone special 6.

B Write one sentence about an accomplishment and another sentence

about a goal. Use the words in part A and your own ideas.
1. My sister and her husband have
managed to save enough money
to buy a house. I expect to have
bought a house within five years.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Challenges and accomplishments 95

 8 Personal portraits

A Write three sentences about the accomplishments of someone you

know very well. Use the present perfect or simple past.

Example:
By investing his money carefully, my neighbor
Paulo was able to retire at 40. Since then, he
has managed to set up an organization that
helps find jobs for people who are homeless.
In addition, he . . .

B Write three sentences about things the same person would like to have achieved
in ten years. Use the future perfect or would like to have + past participle.
Example:
Paulo would like to have started an organization
to provide scholarships for needy college
students by the time he’s 50. He hopes to
travel a lot, too. In fact, he hopes he’ll have
traveled all through Southeast Asia.

96 Unit 16