Running head: Telecommunication Networking

Telecommunication Networking

[Name of the student]

[Name of the institution]

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Question- 1

Solution:
(i)

Total bandwidth = 66 MHz

Channel bandwidth = 75 kHz *2 simplex channels = 150 kHz

(ii)

Total available channels = 66000/50 = 1320 channels.

(iii)

(a) N = 4, 1320/4 = 330

Question- 2

Explanation

DSL is an asymmetric technology - the speed of the "downstream" data stream (that is,

the data that is transmitted to the end user) is higher than the speed of the "upstream" data stream

(in turn, transmitted from the user to the network). It should immediately be said that one should

not look for a cause for concern here. The data transfer speed from the user (the “slower”

direction of data transfer) is still significantly higher than when using an analog modem. In fact,

it is also significantly higher than the ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network).
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Diagram

Question- 3

(i)

Hexagon is the most suitable polygon considered for the cell structure in a cellular

network as it provides easy calculation and coverage i.e. it cover the geographical region entirely
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with no overlapping. The division of geographical area into small hexagonal regions called cells.

However, it is the fundamental unit of the cellular system.

(ii)

When a hexagon is used to shape the coverage area, the bases are transmitted in the

center of the cell ("center-excited cells") or at three of the six cell stops ("corner-excited cells").

Typically, sectored directional antennas are utilized in corner excited cells and omnidirectional

antennas are used in center to center pacing cells.

Directional antennas are often used to connect two points at long distances. Directional

(directional) antennas orient the signal in one direction with a narrow but long-range beam.

Directional antennas "send" the information to a certain coverage area, at a certain angle, so its

range is greater, however outside the coverage area nothing is "heard", it cannot establish

communication between the parties. The range of a directional antenna is determined by a

combination of the dBi gain of the antenna, the transmit power of the sending access point and

the reception sensitivity of the receiving access point.

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Question - 4

Figure 1 - "List of DSL service tiers whose broadband speed (mbps) are shown as maximum data rates"
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ADSL achieves descending speeds (from the control panel to the user) of 1.5 Mbps over

distances of 5-6 km, and 9 Mbps for distances of 3 km. Maximum descending speeds (from the

user to the control panel), They range from 16-640 Kbps, on the same sections. The actual speed,

however, depends on the quality of the copper line. The distances reached are adequate to cover

95% of the subscribers.

The fact that ADSL modems incorporate the function that separates voice from data is

also very interesting for operators. In this way, only the corresponding voice traffic is delivered

to the telephone exchange, while the data traffic is directed to the corresponding data switch,

thus unloading the voice exchanges. On the other hand, end users can thus simultaneously use

the phone and, for example, access the Internet.

Question - 5

(i) TDD and FDD

LTE FDD implies the presence of two different frequency bands for receiving and transmitting

data. For example, in the most popular LTE FDD (Band 7) standard, data is received at a

frequency of 2620-2690 MHz, and transmission is at a frequency of 2500-2570 MHz. Thanks to

the use of separate frequency ranges, data is downloaded and sent in parallel and independently

of each other. In other words, your mobile device (smartphone, modem) listens and speaks at the

same time.

In turn, LTE TDD uses the same frequency range for both receiving and transmitting data.

Instead of different frequency ranges, time intervals are used here: first, your device transmits
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data to the base station, and then receives. Since the segments (slots) of receiving and sending

replace each other at a high speed, subscriber devices perceive data transmission as continuous,

although in fact it is discrete. For example, the LTE TDD standard (Band 38) used in Middle

East uses the frequency range 2570-2620 MHz.

(ii) CSMA/CD and CSMA/CA

The CSMA/CD protocol is used on wired LANs and the CSMA/CA protocol on Wireless

LANs.

CSMA/CD is standardized on "IEEE 802.3" and CSMA CA is standardized on "IEEE

802.11".

In order to prevent a transmission collision, CSMA/CD will not take steps until it occurs,

while on the other hand CSMA/CA will take steps, as the latter has no way of knowing if a

collision has occurred.

Question - 6

T-1 carrier multiplexing system

The trunk is the main transmission channel between two point on the networks: each point is a

switching node (for example, a telephone).

Initially, the T-1 multiplex structure was used in various ways to connect to the base telephone

exchanges, via a similar pair of twisted copper cables used by analog channels. The direct

probability that the trade was too far away, the broadcast program raised the mark.
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Before the T-1 digital frame, bearers are, for example, 12-channel frame numbers that control

multiple objects; each assumption was an analogous signal. The T-1 trunk was able to send 24

phone-calls at once because it was using a digital operator called Digital Signal 1 (DS-1). DS-1

is a protocol of communication for multiple bit streams of up to 24 calls, with two unusual bits:

advanced components (for timing structure) and auxiliary signals. T-1's maximum data rate is

1,544 megabits per second.

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Question - 7

Token Ring

In the Token Ring standard, as in Ethernet, the transmission line must be free for data to

travel, the difference is that, in Token Ring, each machine has a certain time to send a data

packet, there is no collisions.

The physical topology is ring-shaped, hence the name Ring, the data is transferred at 4 or

16 megabits per second.

Concept

The token-ring is a local area network (LAN ) architecture designed at the end of 60s by

IBM and patented only in 1981 and which is based on the passage token - a computer connected

to the network can only transmit data if you have this testimony, otherwise you should

wait. despite the its huge success during the 1980s, token-ring technology ended up be

deprecated in favor of Ethernet. Currently the token-ring is only used in older networks or in

situations where it is necessary for activities to be performed in real time (Nunes, 2007).
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Characteristics

 A packet with blank signs (Tokens) transits continuously on the network (ring).

 When a computer has something to send, it simply inserts the data within this “record”, including

identification, that is, for which machine the data will be addressed.

 The plugs are examined by each of the machines. If any is recipient machine, it copies the data

and “resets” the card again.

 When the card returns to the sender, he verifies that the data has reached recipient, and then

leave the circular card again, ready for more data is transmitted.

Figure 2 - "Token Ring"

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Token Bus

The token is a special format plot that contains no data and circulates from knot in knot

along the logical ring.

When a node wants to issue frames, it expects the token to be delivered to it. In

possession of the token, you can then issue plots for a limited time. When time runs out or there

are no more plots ready for broadcast, the token is sent to the next node.

Token techniques are deterministic, allowing you to establish priorities in use of the

transmission medium.

Concept

A local network that has a bus topology (stations are connected to the same shared data path), in

which the control of the Line traffic is carried out using the card passing technique. In a network

token bus, a card that determines the right of transmission circulates between stations, and each

station "captures" the token for a brief period of time during which only it can transmit

information. The card is transferred in order of priority from one station to the next station,

which is not always is, physically, the next station. In practice, the card travels through the

network in a logical circle. Token bus networks comply with IEEE standards 802.4. 

Characteristics

It has a bus topography (physical bus configuration),a ring topology . The stations are connected

to a common bus, but they work as if they were connected in a ring .

• The last node knows the address of its first and above, as well as the first node of the last

known address and its successor.

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• The station has the token or symbol has the monitoring over the medium environment and can

transmit information to another node.

• Each station has a receiver and a transmitter that functions as a signal repeater for the next

logical ring work station.

• There are no collisions.

• All stations are equally likely to cost.

• It is an effective protocol for mass production.

Figure 3 - "Token Bus"

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Question - 8

(i) Circuit-Switched Network

In a circuit-switched network, there must be a special physical cycle between source and

destination before data transmission occurs. This circuit needs persist throughout the

transmission. In the circuit-switched network:

● Circuit switching occurs at the physical layer;

● Before performing data communication, it is it is necessary for the switches to reserve

resources such as channels, buffer , processing and I / O ports;

● Data transferred between two stations is not packaged;

● No additional addressing information is needed.

Circuit switching involves three phases:

Establishing the circuit

Determining a route between stations. A channel is allocated which remains dedicated to

that connection until the circuit is disconnected.

Information transfer

Once the connection is established, data can be transmitted electronically received by the

stations involved.
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Circuit disconnection

After a certain period of time, the connection can be closed, and the allocated channel. In

circuit switching, the path allocated during the connection establishment phase remains dedicated

to those stations until one decides to undo the circuit. This means that if the traffic between the

two stations is not constant, the capacity of the physical medium will be wasted. In return, there

is a guarantee that a transmission fee is always available when stations wish to communicate.

(ii) Telecommunication networks

One of the main characteristics of a telecommunications network is the ability to provide

the information necessary to ensure the operations of the company or satisfy the personal needs

of the users.

Below are the characteristics of access to information resources distributed by sectors of

the information market. It should be borne in mind that the quality of the information received

(volume, reliability, updating) often depends not on a computer network, but on the owner of

information products.

The problem of the content of telecommunication networks is becoming increasingly

important in connection with the development trends of the global information infrastructure.

The current dozens of networks in Middle East can’t get the required number of subscribers for

self-sufficiency and stable operation. Therefore, the question arises of comprehensive user

service.

It should also be noted the problem of the quality of databases and information retrieval

systems.
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As practice shows, even a trained user is very difficult to evaluate the parameters of the

presented systems. It is regrettable to note that often the most well-known advertising systems

are not really the best, since sometimes the majority of the efforts of the information product

manufacturer are focused on organizing advertising activities, and the quality problems of the

delivered products remain in the background. Therefore, the data obtained by experienced

experts at information system contests are of undoubted interest in the choice of information

systems.

Telecommunication networks are divided into two classes:

 Universal

 Specialized

Universal systems have a wide coverage, and a high price. Specialized systems do not contain all

the possible information, so their price is lower.

It should be noted that the number of documents, often indicated in brochures, is not always a

sign of the completeness and benefits of the acquired system. Instead of the full texts of

documents, systems sometimes have brief bibliographic cards.

When creating information funds for an enterprise, a supplier company of information products

is selected that provides:

a) the most convenient terms of payment

b) low price

c) technology of updating funds

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d) warranty service system

e) documents confirming the right to sell (charter, power of attorney, rights of the developer and

an agreement with the developer or his general representative).

Foreign telecommunication networks

 ARPANET for many years (1969-1984) was the most developed global computer network. Now

- one of the largest subnets of the Internet. Focused on research tasks.

 NASA Science Internet (NSI) integrates several computer networks for space research, space

physics and other scientific fields into a common global network.

 BITNET is just like the Internet one of the oldest global computer networks. It has network

access to distributed research databases.

 EARN (Western and Central Europe) - the network includes computers of national research

centers in France, England, Italy, Germany and other countries.\

 EVnet is one of the largest European computer networks, operating since 1982, has regional

parts in almost all European countries, including the Middle East countries.

(iii)

The two parts of a telecommunication network includes Local Area Network (LAN) and

Wide Area Network (WAN).

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Local Area Network (LAN)

As a general rule, the local area network is something entirely within your own facilities

(your institution's campus, or a building, or office space, or your home), so you build it yourself,

up to a physical connection.

Due to the shorter distances required for local area networks, and also due to the focus on

connecting PCs and servers, local area networks are usually built on Ethernet and other physical

layers of the 802.3 family (and the 802.11 family) and data channels. 1000BASE-T, 1000BASE-

SX, 1000BASE-LX, etc.

Since communication outside the local network usually requires traveling long distances

and working on the existing infrastructure of telecom operators, they usually use physical and

data transfer standards that are more common in the telecommunications industry. Again, for

your convenience, carriers usually send you 802.3 families over the communication line, even if

they use the tacit, say, OC-3 and SONET / SDH.

Wide Area Network (WAN)

A WAN, on the other hand, is what links geographically diverse locations, so you'll generally

need to rent access to operator data lines or data services to create your WAN.

Due to technical barriers to reliably moving large amounts of data over long distances, WAN

links typically have less bandwidth and longer delay than LAN channels. In addition, since you

usually pay an individual carrier for a service to reduce costs, most organizations try to limit (or

at least not go crazy) the amount of data that they transmit over the global network.
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Question - 9

(i)

Designed to upgrade rather than replace the current 4G network, the technology promises

to accelerate data from 100 Mbps to 10 Gbps and beyond, which is a huge boost that makes next-

generation wireless technology competitive even with fiber inputs. faster optics.

Overall, 5G should improve mobile broadband bandwidth, capabilities, and reliability

much more than the previous generation's changes. The main operators are already developing

their 5G plans. In the USA The US, the top four carriers, AT&T, Sprint, T-Mobile and Verizon,

will launch 5G network distribution in 2019 and 2020.

The improvisations in 5G cellular phone in terms of handoff mechanism will be:

 Transmission speed of up to 10,000 Mbit / s. The 5G network would be up to 100 times faster

than current LTE mobile networks.

 Network capacity 1,000 times greater than LTE. Up to 100 billion mobile devices could be

connected worldwide.

 Extremely low latencies (pings), less than a millisecond. For example, the conditions will be

created for wireless networks of production plants, smart cities or digitally controlled medical

operations.

The 4G network meets the current needs of home users with a data transmission speed

sufficient for the use of various everyday applications, such as the transmission or exchange of

data through messaging applications. Average speed is 150 Mbit / s with peaks of 300 Mbit / s in

some cities. The introduction of 5G will represent further development of the existing network.
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The mobile Internet is an integral part of the digitization process of companies. Thus, the

5G network is the answer to the ongoing transformation in terms of data rate, network capacity,

response time, and data security. The 5G network is of central importance to the economies of

nations. The new communication standard is the engine of digitization. Technologies like

autonomous driving and the birth of real smart cities are only possible thanks to this new

network. In network traffic, for example, real-time data transmission is essential. Even in the

industry, the 5G standard is an important requirement for the industry to fully digitize its

processes.

(ii)

Horizontal Handover

Transparent horizontal handover enables wide network coverage for all supported devices

with mandatory feedback network and subscriber device compatibility. Backward compatibility

here means support for more functional core network equipment working with less functional

subscriber equipment within the scope of less functional equipment.

Vertical Handover

Seamless vertical handover enables automatic network changes, depending on the service

provided at a given point. For instance, the subscriber must seamlessly move between 2G and

UMTS networks in depending on the availability of radio coverage.

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Question - 10

Cell Splitting

In this process, a congested cell is subdivided into smaller ones( microcells). The D / R

ratio does not change and the potency of new cells needs to be reduced because sometimes the

radiation pattern of the antennas is modified i.e. down tilting. Cell division has the drawback of

locating new locations. Also complicates channel allocation. It is usually carried out once the

sectorization has been carried out .

Cell Sectorization

This technique is used from the first deployments of cell phone. It consists of using

directive instead of omnidirectional antennas, with which is achieved by reducing the C / I (there

are fewer interfering signals). The most common configurations are sectoring at 120º and 60º.

However, this method has certain disadvantages:

 Higher number of antennas required per base station.

 By reducing the 'actual' size of cells, it increases the number of handovers. There are systems

that manage to reduce the penalty of transfers between two sectors of the same BS.

 As the number of resources per cell is reduced, the efficiency (from the operators point of view).
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References

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Hsu, R.W. and Tsao, S.J., Cisco Technology Inc, 2013. Methods and systems for a customer

premise equipment to reverse the upstream speed and downstream speed of a network

connection. U.S. Patent 8,379,661.

Ohaneme, C.O., Onoh, G.N., Ifeagwu, E.N. and Eneh, I.I., 2012. Improving channel capacity of

a Cellular system using Cell Splitting. International Journal of Scientific and

Engineering Research, 3(5), pp.1-8.

Palanki, R., Khandekar, A. and Sutivong, A., Qualcomm Inc, 2014. Code division multiplexing

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Ring and Token Bus LAN Technologies. International Journal of Computer

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