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    1.1.4 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

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    anshab bedari
    Your computer uses URLs to translate human-friendly website names like "www.microsoft.com" into IP addresses that computers can understand. The DNS protocol handles this translation so you can type URLs instead of hard-to-remember numbers. When you enter a URL, your computer sends an HTTP request to the website's server on port 80. If the page exists, the server responds and the website loads in your browser. Email works similarly, using POP3 or IMAP to retrieve messages from your email server, which then routes messages to other servers using DNS translations and SMTP.

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    1.1.4 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

    Uploaded by

    anshab bedari
    16 views2 pages
    Your computer uses URLs to translate human-friendly website names like "www.microsoft.com" into IP addresses that computers can understand. The DNS protocol handles this translation so you can type URLs instead of hard-to-remember numbers. When you enter a URL, your computer sends an HTTP request to the website's server on port 80. If the page exists, the server responds and the website loads in your browser. Email works similarly, using POP3 or IMAP to retrieve messages from your email server, which then routes messages to other servers using DNS translations and SMTP.

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    fundamentals 3

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    Your computer uses URLs to translate human-friendly website names like "www.microsoft.com" into IP addresses that computers can understand. The DNS protocol handles this translation so you can type URLs instead of hard-to-remember numbers. When you enter a URL, your computer sends an HTTP request to the website's server on port 80. If the page exists, the server responds and the website loads in your browser. Email works similarly, using POP3 or IMAP to retrieve messages from your email server, which then routes messages to other servers using DNS translations and SMTP.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    16 views2 pages

    1.1.4 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)

    Uploaded by

    anshab bedari
    Your computer uses URLs to translate human-friendly website names like "www.microsoft.com" into IP addresses that computers can understand. The DNS protocol handles this translation so you can type URLs instead of hard-to-remember numbers. When you enter a URL, your computer sends an HTTP request to the website's server on port 80. If the page exists, the server responds and the website loads in your browser. Email works similarly, using POP3 or IMAP to retrieve messages from your email server, which then routes messages to other servers using DNS translations and SMTP.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    of 2

    1.1.

    4 Uniform Resource Locator (URL)


    For most people, the main purpose for getting on the Internet is web pages (but there are other
    things such as e-mail and file downloading). If you had to remember IP addresses and type those
    in, then surfing the Net would be difficult. Fortunately, you do not have to. You type in domain
    names that make sense to humans and those are translated into IP addresses. For example, you
    might type in www.microsoft.com to go to Microsoft's website.
    Your computer, or your ISP, must translate the name you typed in (called a Uniform Resource
    Locator, or URL) into an IP address. The DNS (Domain Name Service) protocol, which is
    introduced along with other protocols a bit later, handles this translation process. Therefore, you
    are typing in a name that makes sense to humans, but your computer is using a corresponding IP
    address to connect. If that address is found, your browser sends a packet (using the HTTP
    protocol) to TCP port 80. If that target computer has software that listens and responds to such
    requests (like web-server software such as Apache or Microsoft Internet Information Services),
    then the target computer will respond to your browser's request and communication will be
    established. This method is how web pages are viewed. If you have ever received an Error 404:
    File Not Found, what you're seeing is that your browser received back a packet (from the web
    server) with error code 404. designating that the web page you requested could not be found. The
    web server can send back a series of error messages to your web browser, indicating different
    situations.
    E-mail works the same way as visiting websites. Your e-mail client will seek out the address of
    your e-mail server. Then your e-mail client will use either POP3 to retrieve your incoming e-
    mail, or SMTP to send your outgoing e-mail. Your e-mail server (probably at your ISP or your
    company) will then try to resolve the address you are sending to. If you send something to
    [email protected], your e-mail server will translate that e-mail address into an IP address for
    the e-mail server at gmail.com, and then your server will send your e-mail there. Note that newer
    e-mail protocols are out there; however, POP3 is still the most commonly used.
    IMAP is now widely used as well. Internet Message Access Protocol operates on port 143. The
    main advantage of IMAP over POP3 is it allows the client to download only the email headers,
    and then the user can choose which messages to fully download. This is particularly useful for
    smart phones.
    1.1.5 MAC Addresses
    MAC addresses are an interesting topic. A MAC address is a unique address for a network
    interface card (NIC). Every NIC in the world has a unique address that is represented by a six-
    byte hexadecimal number.
    The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) is used to convert IP addresses to MAC addresses. So,
    when you type in a web address, the DNS protocol is used to translate that into an IP address.
    The ARP protocol then translates that IP address into a specific MAC address of an individual
    NIC.
    IEEE assigns the first three bytes (24 bits) of the MAC address to a vendor. This part of the
    address is known as Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI). The OUI helps professionals to
    determine the MAC address manufacturer. The remaining three bytes (24 bits) are assigned by
    the vendor. The MAC address is equal to 48 bits.
    1.1.6 Protocols
    Different types of communications exist for different purposes. The different types of network
    communications are called protocols. A Network Basics protocol is, essentially, an agreed
    method of communication. In fact, this definition is exactly how the word protocol is used in
    standard, non-computer usage. Each protocol has a specific purpose and normally operates on a
    certain port. The table below lists some of the most important protocols.

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