Revision on something we

assume you already know

Numbers

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Numbers

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Ratio
●
When one calculates the ratio (or the fraction), it
means one is performing some division of numbers
●
The result of the division is usually called the
Quotient
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(This is also the reason why the Rational number’s
symbol is Q, due to the relation between Quotient
and Ratio)
●
For example, the result of 6/2 is 3. Here, 3 is the
quotient, 6 is called the dividend and 2 is called the
divisor. In other words, 6 divides 2 to equal 3 with 0
remainder
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If it is (7/2) then the quotient is 3 with 1 as the
remainder. 4 / 39
Ratio (continue)
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Notation:
► If b/a gives an integer, we write a|b, which
pronounces as “a divides b”
► if a does not divides b, it is notated as “a∤b”
●
Examples:
► 30 = 5 x 6, which means 5 divides 30 (so does
6), 5|30 and 6|30
► But if the statement is:
❒
30 = 4 x 7 + 2, this means that 4 does not
divide 30 (neither does 7), 4∤30 and 7∤30

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Ratio - The division rules
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0 can be divided by any integer.
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Every integer can be divided by 1
●
Every integer can be divided by itself

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Ratio - The division rules
●
0 can be divided by any integer.
●
Every integer can be divided by 1
●
Every integer can be divided by itself
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Dividing by 0 is not defined.

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Greatest Common Divisor (GCD)
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Also known as the Greatest Common Factor
(GCF) or Highest Common Factor (HCF)
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The GCD of two non-zero integers is the
largest positive integers that divides the
numbers without a remainder

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 GCD - Example
●
The number 54 can be expressed as a product of two
other integers in several different ways:
► 54 = 54 x 1 = 27 x 2 = 18 x 3 = 9 x 6
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Thus the divisors of 54 are: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18, 27, 54
●
Similarly the divisors of 24 are: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
●
The numbers that these two lists share in common are
the common divisors of 54 and 24: 1, 2, 3, 6
●
The greatest of these is 6. That is the greatest common
divisor of 54 and 24 and it is written as:
► gcd (54, 24) = 6 9 / 39
More on GCD
●
Why finding GCD – reducing fractions
●
For example, gcd(42, 56) = 14, therefore:

●
Two or more positive integers that have GCD
1 are said to be relatively prime to one
another, (or “co-prime”).
●
Example: 9 and 28 are relatively prime.

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Finding GCD – The Euclidean
Algorithm
●
Many ways to find GCD. Euclidean Algorithm is one
of them.
●
Step 1: simply take the larger number, a and divide
it with the smaller number, b. Record the remainder
c.
●
Step 2: repeat the division but this time take b and
divide it with the remainder of the previous step, c.
●
Continue repeating the division (step 1 and 2) until
there is no longer remainder calculated in the
division.

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 Example (Euclidean Method)

Let’s find GCD(2322,654)

2322 = 654·3 + 360 gcd(2322, 654) = gcd(654, 360)
654 = 360·1 + 294 gcd(654, 360) = gcd(360, 294)
360 = 294·1 + 66 gcd(360, 294) = gcd(294, 66)
294 = 66·4 + 30 gcd(294, 66) = gcd(66, 30)
66 = 30·2 + 6 gcd(66, 30) = gcd(30, 6)
30 = 6·5 gcd(30, 6) = 6

Therefore, gcd(2322,654) = 6.
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The Least Common Multiple
(LCM)
●
Also called the Lowest Common Multiple or
Smallest Common Multiple
●
The LCM of two integers, usually denoted as LCM
(a, b) is the smallest positive integer that is divisible
by both a and b.
●
If either a or b is 0, then the LCM (a, b) is also 0
●
Used to determine the least common denominator
before fractions can be added, subtracted or
compared
●
The LCM of more than two integers can also be
searched because it is the smallest integer that is
divisible by each of them respectively 13 / 39
 Finding LCM using Formula
●
Steps:
1)Find the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of the numbers
2)Multiply the numbers together and divide the product of the
numbers by the GCD

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 Finding LCM using Formula
●
Steps:
1)Find the Greatest Common Divisor (GCD) of the numbers
2)Multiply the numbers together and divide the product of the
numbers by the GCD
●
Example: Find the LCM of 15 and 12
●
Step 1 : Determine the GCD of 15 and 12 which is 3
●
Step 2 : Either multiply the numbers and divide by the GCD
(15 x 12 = 180, then, 180/3 = 60)
●
OR
► Divide one of the numbers by the GCD and multiply the
answer times the other number (15/3 = 5, then, 5x12=60)
●
Therefore, the LCM (15, 12) = 60
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 Finding LCM - Example
Find LCM (6, 9, 21)
●
Firstly, Find LCM (6, 9)
► (step 1) GCD (6, 9) = 3
► (step 2) LCM (6, 9) = (6 x 9) / 3 = 18
●
Then, find LCM (18, 21)
► (step 1) GCD (18, 21) = 3
► (step 2) LCM (18, 21) = (18 x 21) / 3 = 126.

LCM (a,b) = a × b / GCD (a,b)

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Linear Equations
●
A linear equation is an algebraic equation of the
form y = mx + c
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Linear equation has only a constant and a first-
order (linear) term, where m is the slope and c is
the y-intercept.
●
Occasionally, the above is called a "linear equation
of two variables," where y and x are the variables.
●
Examples of linear equations:
y = -4x + 0.75
x=6
3x + 5y = 20
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Solving Systems of Linear
Equations
●
There are 4 common methods used for solution as
listed below:
●
Substitution Method
●
Addition/Elimination Method
●
Matrix Method – will be covered in later module
●
Graphing Method (Linear Programming) – will not
be covered in this course!

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Substitution Method – Example
----------- (1)

----------- (2)

Step 1: Use Equation (1) to substitute for y in Equation (2)

Step 2: Solve for x

Step 3: Replace the value of x to any equation and find y

Therefore, x = -4 and y = -7 19 / 39
Addition/Elimination Method –
Example

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Quadratic Equations
Quadratic Equations are equations in the
form of (Standard form):

There are 4 common methods used for solution

as listed below:
●
Factoring
●
Completing the Squares
●
Quadratic Formula
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Examples using the Factoring
Method

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Examples using the Factoring
Method

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Completing the Square Method

Instead of solving x2 + bx + c = 0 directly, we

convert the quadratic equation to a form:

where both p and q are constants.

The clue: find the magic number, (b/2)2

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Completing the Square Method
Example:

Step 1: Find the magic number

Step 2: Rearrange

Step 3: Add the “magic number to both side of the equation

Step 4: Complete the square

Step 5: Solve it!

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 Completing the Square Method
Example:

Step 1: Find the magic number

Step 2: Rearrange

Step 3: Add the “magic number to both side of the equation

Step 4: Complete the square

Step 5: Solve it!

Note: Completing the

square only works for
equations in the form:
x2 + bx + c = 0
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Quadratic Formula Method

If ax2 + bx + c = 0

The roots of the equation can be

obtained from the following formula:

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Example

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Discriminant of Quadratic
Formula
●
The term b2 – 4ac is the discriminant of a
quadratic formula.
●
If b2 – 4ac > 0, the quadratic equation gives 2
real solutions.
●
If b2 – 4ac = 0, the quadratic equation gives 1
real solution.
●
If b2 – 4ac < 0, the quadratic equation gives 2
complex imaginary solutions.

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Inequalities

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Inequalities
●
Inequalities usually have many solutions
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"Solving'' an inequality means finding all of its
solutions.
●
A "solution'' of an inequality is a number
which when substituted for the variable
makes the inequality a true statement.
●
Example 3x - 6 < 0
► Solution x<2

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Examples
●
-2 < 10 - x
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9 – x ≤ 12
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3x + 5 > 6-x
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-3x ≥ 9
●
Are 6 − x > −9 equivalent to −9 + x < −6 ?

Note: when you multiply both sides with a

negative number, you need to toggle the
sign of the inequality
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Graphing Inequalities
●
2 steps :
1)Draw a line that represent the equation
2)Shade the area represented by the inequality
●
Example : y ≤ 2x + 3
► Step 1 : draw line that represent y = 2x+3

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Graphing Inequalities
●
2 steps :
1)Draw a line that represent the equation
2)Shade the area represented by the inequality
●
Example : y ≤ 2x + 3
► Step 2 : if y is smaller than, shade below the line,
otherwise, shade above the line

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Example 2
●
Graph the solution to 2x – 3y < 6
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Step 1 : Draw a line that represents 2x – 3y = 6
► Since it is “not equal to”, we use dashed line
instead.

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Example 2
●
Graph the solution to 2x – 3y < 6
●
Step 2 : Since y is greater than, we shade above
the line

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Systems of Linear Inequalities
●
Graphing each individual inequality, and then
finding the overlaps of the various solutions.
●
Example: Find the solution for
► 2x − 3y ≤ 12 ... (1) x + 5y ≤ 20 ... (2)
●
Step 1: Draw lines that represent the equations.

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Systems of Linear Inequalities
●
Graphing each individual inequality, and then
finding the overlaps of the various solutions.
●
Example: Find the solution for
► 2x − 3y ≤ 12 ... (1) x + 5y ≤ 20 ... (2)
●
Step 2: Shade the corresponding regions like in the
case of single inequality.

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Systems of Linear Inequalities
●
Graphing each individual inequality, and then
finding the overlaps of the various solutions.
●
Example: Find the solution for
► 2x − 3y ≤ 12 ... (1) x + 5y ≤ 20 ... (2)
●
Step 3: Find the solution – the overlapping region.

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