Available online at www.sciencedirect.

com

ScienceDirect
Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118

Urban Planning and Architecture Design for Sustainable Development, UPADSD 14- 16 October
2015

Possibility and Challenge of Smart Community in Japan

Weijun Gaoa*, Liyang Fanb,c,Yoshiaki Ushifusaa,Qunyin Gud and Jianxing Rend
a
the University of Kitakyushu, hibikino 1-1,Wakamatsu,Kitakyushu,808-0135,Japan
b
Nikken Sekkei Research Institute, 3-7-1 Kanda Ogawamachi,Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 101-0052Japan
c
Graduate School of Information Technology, Kobe Institute of Computing, Kanamachi 2-2-7, Chuo,Kobe,650-001,Japan
d
Shanghai University of Electric Power, 2103 Pingliang Rd, Yangpu, Shanghai, 200090 China

Abstract

Under the Kyoto Protocol, Japan was supposed to reduce six percent of the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission. However, in the year
2012, the statistics suggested that the GHG emission increased 9% compared with the year 1990. Even with the leading energy
saving technologies and a lot of experience on handling with environmental issues, Japan still could not meet the target set by
Kyoto Protocol. The demonstration area of “smart community” suggests Japanese exploration for low carbon strategies. It is the
shift toward the emphasis on the GHG emission control in civil sector. The Japanese version of smart communities also suggests
the promotion on the use of renewable and untapped energy resource as well as the collaborative energy to be used in the district
level. Much more important than the technology itself, the concept of smart community in Japan makes the community and the
city as a whole, setting up a system of cooperation between the industry, government and residents. Taking the city of Kitakyushu
as case study, this paper introduces the current development of smart community in Japan, focusing on analyzing its potential and
challenges.

©
© 2016
2016TheTheAuthors. Published
Authors. by by
Published Elsevier Ltd.Ltd.
Elsevier This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange.
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange

Keywords: Smart community, Greenhouse gas, Distributed energy resource, Kitakyushu

1. Introduction

The Kyoto Protocol was widely known as an international act to restrict the Greenhouse Gas (GHG) emission and
2012 was the fiscal year of the first period. Under its restriction, Japan was supposed to reduce six percent of the GHG

*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +81-93-695-3234; fax: +81-93-695-3335.
E-mail address: [email protected]

1877-0428 © 2016 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Ltd. This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).
Peer-review under responsibility of IEREK, International experts for Research Enrichment and Knowledge Exchange
doi:10.1016/j.sbspro.2015.12.015
110 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118

emission, compared with 1990(Takaaki Ishii 2004), However, the statistic suggested that, even though Japan has greatly
improved its energy using efficiency and got a remarkable reward in the year 2009,its yearly GHG emission still
increased 4.2% until the year 2010(Malcolm Foster.2014). After Fukushima crisis, Japan cut down the nuclear energy.
As a result, the carbon emission in the 2012 increased by 9% compared with 1990(Ministry of the Environment,2015),.
Even with the leading energy saving technologies, Japan still could not meet the goal set by Kyoto Protocol.
The Japanese environmental policy implementation has been started from Second World War, with the booming
economy (Michio Hashimoto, 1988). The beginning stage started with the industrialization in the year 1950-1960. It
caused environmental pollution in Japan and even lead to many diseases concerning with the pollution in some cities.
In order to tackle with these problems, in the year 1967, Japan set the first environmental policy: Law for
Environmental Pollution Control. In the following year, Nature Conservation Act was released. The second stage
marked by the oil crisis in the 1970s. It led to the development of energy saving technologies. After the late 1980s,
Japanese government set energy use strategy as “Establishing a recycling oriented Society” to make good use of energy
resources.
Owning to these efforts, Japan already possessed the higher energy generation efficiency than many of the countries
in the world. However compared with other environmental pioneers, such as Germany, Japan is still weak in renewable
energy usage. Under these conditions, the new strategy established in 2009 focused on the construction of the smart
grid in Japan (Japanese Government, 2010). It is a wider range action that involves urban development, energy use
and IT technologies.
The “smart community” was emerged in the USA and the Europe. In the USA, the utility grid has problems in
reliability that the outages always happened in many cities. Therefore, the smart grid focused on the improving the
reliability of aging transmission and distribution infrastructures. The concept was put into practice in the project, Xcel
Energy’s SmartGridCityTM (Denver,2009), the world first smart community project in Boulder, Colorado. The
projects will replace half of the oil import to renewable energy resource, 3000 miles grid and fix 40,000,000 families
with meters. The government aimed to cut 14% of the GHG emission in the year 2020 and 83% in the year 2050,
compared with the year 2005. It cost almost 100,000,000 dollars including the Smart grid infrastructure, Smart meters,
MyAccount website and In-home smart devices. The research did by Soma Shekara Sreenadh Reddy Depuru(2011)
which discussed various features and technologies that can be integrated with a smart meter. David Haynes(2012)
proposed an alternative method of managing the electrical grid, using a district approach rather than centralized control
paradigm.
Compared with the USA, the European grids are more reliable. Therefore, the challenge for smart-grid is rapid
integrating of renewable resource (S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg, 2005). The European nations aim to
20% cut in greenhouse gas emissions compared with 1990 and equip 80% of the families with smart meters. Father, it
pays more attention to the local district (DOE, 2009). The eco-friendly construction of smart communities in Dutch is
an indication to hook for electric cars, solar panels, and household wind turbines. Until now, 1,100,000,000 Euro has
been invested into the “Amsterdam Smart City” program, 500 households will pilot an energy-saving system and 728
homes will be equipped with smart meters (Koji Suzuki,2009)( Mark Scott,2009). The researches about smart are
mostly about the using of renewable resource. Debora Coll-Mayora(2007) provided a general outlook of the definition
of this future in the US and the European Union, compared two approaches—GridWiseTM and SmartGrid. Ersan
Kabalcia(2012) analyzed an monitoring and metering process that concerning renewable energy source in order to
propose a solution for solar power system.
Based on experience in the USA and Europe, Japanese model of smart city also weigh on the use of renewable
energy with the demand response system, battery infrastructures and smart meters (Takashi Kamitake, 2011).
Furthermore, in Japan, the smart city concepts suggest a wider conversation in the all aspects of city infrastructure,
such as transportation infrastructure, facility infrastructure, city lifeline, energy supply infrastructure etc. In the urban
development aspect, it conveys the concept of smart growth with the Transit Oriented Development mode and compact
city. In energy system aspect, the Japanese smart city models not only focus on the energy saving potential of
distributed energy system but also weigh on its disaster resistance features. Yaser Soliman Qudaih proposed an
operational scheme for a better performance of the power distribution system in the presence of distributed generation.
An artificial intelligence technique has been introduced in form of artificial neural network (ANN) for voltage
monitoring and generation output optimization (Yaser Soliman Qudaih, 2011). As one basic facility for the
development of the renewable resource and the multiple using for the vehicles, battery infrastructure are civil and back
 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118 111

up required. Kenichi Tanaka presented a methodology for optimal operation of a smart grid to minimize the
interconnection point power flow fluctuation. This system consisted of photovoltaic generator, heat pump, battery, and
solar collector. To achieve the proposed optimal operation, it used distributed controllable loads such as battery and
heat pump (Kenichi Tanaka, 2012).
This paper firstly introduces the concepts and resent motivation of “smart community” in Japan. Further, taking the
city of Kitakyushu as an example, it introduces the related projects and its process toward smart city.

2. The “Smart community” development in Japanese

2. 1 The Japanese model of “smart community”

In Japan, the “smart community” is defined as an efficient control of electricity flow with fully utilizing IT
technology and enables various new services for power suppliers and demand side users. It is a new social system
with a network among energy resource, vehicles, homes, buildings, industries and infrastructures. The technologies
cover the effective use of electricity and renewable energy resource, the traffic system and life style. The goal of such
communities is more than the mere improvement of the living quality. Rather it is to meet the challenges of global
environment and sustainable development. Monitoring and operating under the Information and Communication
Technology (ICT), the renewable energy such as solar energy, wind turbine can offer to the families and buildings
reliably corresponding to the timely demand. The visual management can promptly optimize the network between the
energy generation and consumption.
The Japanese model of the smart community can be described as four parts: New information network (the second
internet), New energy system, New transportation system and New urban development. Among them, the new energy
system, different with the normal system, has two level systems, described in figure 1. The system in community
scale, Community Energy Management System (CEMS), which run and monitor the facilities in the community,
control the service, received energy demand and consumption information from the secondary energy system. The
secondary systems are the energy systems in the building scale, including the Home Energy Management System
(HEMS) for smart houses, Building Energy Management System (BEMS) for smart buildings and Factory Energy
Management System (FEMS) for smart factory. They directly face to the users, offer the energy to the families, offices
and even Electric Vehicles (EV), receive and send energy information to the CEMS.

Figure 1 Distributed energy system for smart community˄CEMS˅

(Source: Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry of Japan (2013). Smart Meter Review Meeting)
112 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118

2.2. The promotion of smart community in Japan

In Japan the government established the related policy and the organization to promote the development of smart
community.
(1) The Japan Smart Community Alliance (JSCA)
The Japan Smart Community Alliance (JSCA) was established on April 6, 2010 with the aim to promote the
concept of Smart Community through government-private cooperation. The smart community was incorporation
of varied technologies, thus the cooperation is necessary. JSCA was the organization, to promote the smart
communities by tackling various common issues such as deployment and research on smart grid standardization.
(2)The demonstration areas for the smart community were carried out in 2009;
There were four unique large-scale demonstration projects for the smart community in Japan, Kyoto Keihanna
District, Yokohama City, Kitakyushu City and Toyota City.
1) Kyoto Keihanna District was the co-project developed by Kyoto Prefecture, Kansai Electric Power, Osaka
Gas Kansai Science City and Kyoto University. It aimed to cut the 20% of the CO2 emission in the
residential sector and 30% of the of the CO2 emission in the transportation sector. The real practices
including: installing PhotoVoltaics (PV)on 1000 homes, EV car-sharing system; management of the coexist
electricity supply between grid, PV and the fuel cell in the houses and buildings (visualization of demand);
grant “Kyoto eco-points” for green energy usage.
2) Yokohama City was sponsored by Yokohama city, Toshiba, Panasonic, Meidensha, Nissan, Accenture. It
set the target to cut down the 30% of CO2 emission by 2025, compared with 2004. The project included:
the energy management system that integrated HEMS, BEMS, EV; PV system (27000kW); Use of heat and
unused energy; 4000 smart houses and 2000 EVs.
3) Kitakyushu City was developed together by the Fuji Electric System, GE, IBM and Nippon Steel. It aimed
to cut down 50% CO2 emission (compared with 2005). The projects included: real-time management of 70
companies and 200houses; energy management using HEMS and BEMS; energy system that coordinate
demand side management with overall power system.
4) The Toyota city project was supported by the Toyota city, Toyota monitor, Chubu Electric Power, Toho
Gas, Toshiba, Mitsubishi heavy Industries, Denso, Sharp, Fujitsu, Dream Incubator, etc. Its object was to
cut 20% CO2 emission in residential sector and 40% in transportation sector. The whole project included:
Use of heat and unused energy in addition to electricity; demand response at more than 70 homes, the
promotion of 3100 EV and the system of V to H (vehicle to house), V to G (vehicle to grid).

Figure2 The demonstration areas for the smart community in Japan

(Source: Japan Smart Community Alliance, https://www.smart-japan.org/english/index.html)
 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118 113

(3) The road map of “smart community”

The mean policies and targets for the Japanese smart community and the over sea development can be described
in the road map of “smart community”, displayed in figure 3. The road map set the road in three stages, covering from
the building level to the district level. The policies at the district level focused on pushing forward the renewable
energy, which including the two-way energy supply between the grid and the CEMS, the technologies of battery and
smart censers. For the housing, the policies shed light on the developing on the smart meters and the EV (electric
vehicles). Other office and commercial buildings aimed to the ZEB (Zero emission building).

Figure 3 Road map of “smart community”

(Source: NEDO Renewable Energy Technology White Paper, July, 2010)

3. Demonstration Project in Kitakyushu, Japan

The environmental recovery road of Kitakyushu is very typical in Japan and demonstration project of smart
community can keep pace with the Japanese smart community road map. In that case, this research selected out the
smart community in Kitakyushu as case study to estimate the low carbon potential of Japanese smart community.

3.1 The environmental recovery footprint of Kitakyushu

Kitakyushu lied in the northern part of Kyushu, the westernmost of the four main islands in the Japanese
archipelago. Historically, Kitakyushu area served as Japan’s western gateway and played a major role in the
intercourse between Japan and Asia. In 1901, the government-run Yawata Steel Company was established. Northern
Kyushu soon became one of Japanÿs four leading industrial regions and contributed greatly to the rapid economic
growth of Japan(Kenichi Imai,2009),
Kitakyushu City was created in 1963 with the merger of five neighbouring cities(Figure 6). The population of the
city is 0.99 million and jurisdictional area is 487 km2 in 2006. Kitakyushu boosted the economy by inviting heavy
industries. Kitakyushu had booted itself as a centre for the cement industry, combining high quality limestone
produced in the area and Chikuho coal. Large-scale factories sprung up in the area around Dokai Bay, forming the
framework of the Kitakyushu Industrial Zone. The period of rapid economic growth was an era of heavy chemical
industrialization and remarkable development of heavy and chemical industries, such as steel and machinery.
This boosted the economic growth at an average rate of 20% per annum till the first oil crisis in 1973. Reversibly,
this industrialization was the main source of the environment pollution, which began with the “seven colored smoke”.
114 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118

Most specially, in the 1950s and 1960s, Kitakyushu, as one of the leading heavy chemical industrial complexes,
suffered serious environmental pollution problems.
Today, the concerted effort of the citizens, universities, enterprises and city government to surmount pollution has
proved successful shown in Figure 4. Of all the large cities of Japan, Kitakyushu City, with its clean skies and blue
sea, enjoys one of the most comfortable environments. Kitakyushu City is rich in a variety of environmental
technologies as well as human resources and has a tremendous amount of expertise gained through these 30-40 years’
struggle.

(a) Concentrations of SO2, NO2 and TSP in air (b)Rate of water quality up to the standard
TSP=Total Suspended Particle
Figure 4 The environmental recovery of Kitakyushu
(Source: Kitakyushu City)

3.2 Countermeasures to improve the environment

The environmental recovery experience of Kitakyushu is different from the other place. Besides the latest
technologies to tackle with the pollution, the city set up a cooperative system between the government, industry and
the residences. In that way, it not only emphasized environment but set the system that has co-benefit the economic,
environment and the society. It can be suggested in the “Ten Principles of Environmental Action for the People in
Kitakyushu” (figure 5). The people who live, learn, and work in Kitakyushu, will adhere to these principles and take
action to ensure a successful outcome. Through realizing the importance on the creation of a sustainable society, the
people of Kitakyushu, practice and promote the following actions by all sectors of society and in all aspects of living,
learning, working and playing in Kitakyushu.

ķ Intensifying the environmental power of the city

through the laughter and strength of the people
Social

ĸ Advocating the advancement of exceptional

environmental human resources
Ĺ Valuing the significance of visible local ties
Comprehensive

Ŀ Sharing environmental information for further actions

ŀ Channeling the concept of a model environmental city

to all people of the world

ĺ Encouraging the symbiotic relationship with Ľ Stimulating the market for innovative
Environmental

Economic

all living things through a deeper environmental technology with the

understanding of nature participation of local actors
Ļ Protecting our valuable urban assets in the
ľ Advocating the use of recycled
quest for beauty
resources in socio-economic activities
ļ Reducing the urban load on the environment
 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118 115

Figure 5 Ten Principles on Environmental Action

(Source: Kitakyushu City)

3.3 The way to “Smart”ness

There were three important empirical projects in Kitakyushu stepping to the smart city, the Eco-town project,
Hydrogen town project and Smart Community Creation Project. Figure 6 displayed their location and image.

Figure 6 the Location of Eco-town project, Hydrogen town and smart community
(Source: Kitakyushu City)

3.3.1 Eco-Town Project

Kitakyushu Eco-Town is the first Eco-Town in Japan that was approved by the government in 1997. The project
is a practice to build a resource recycling-oriented society that reduces waste to zero by utilizing all waste products of
one industry as the raw material of another. The Eco-Town Center, Hibiki Recycling Complex and Comprehensive
Environmental Complex were at first the only targeted areas of the Eco-Town Project. Kitakyushu City then applied
for a change in their Eco-Town plan so that the area could be expanded into the whole Hibikinada area in 2002, and
then into the whole Kitakyushu City in 2004. The expansion intended to invite new recycling business and incorporate
the existing industries. Kitakyushu Eco-Town aims to be“Asia’s International Resource-Recycling and Environmental
Industry Base City.” The “vein industry” had been clustered as a unique regional development measure to integrate
environmental conservation with industrial promotion in the first phase of the plan (1997~2002). Kitakyushu City
formulated the second phase of the Eco-Town Plan in 2002 (2002~) shown in Figure 7. Kitakyushu developed Eco-
Town, Japan’s largest research base for the recycling industry, leading the effort in Japan to create a recycling-oriented
society, and is now promoting a Cleaner Production project, which combines increased productivity in the course of
implementing environmental measures. Kitakyushu invested 120 billion yen in its recycling industry, which created
jobs for 1,300 citizens. Presently, the Eco-Town Project has accomplished 17 facilities on the practical research and
23 industrial plants under operation, leading to the reduction of waste and minimizing CO2 emission together with
the efficient utilization of resources and energy, which are beneficial to the environment conservation and economic
development in recent years.
116 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118

Industrial infrastructure which Creation of networks of Advantage of

combines technology/human residents/businesses Hibikinada area
resources/know-how /government

Resource recycling society

Local strategies which utilize local resources

Eco-Town Project (Phase-ĉ˖1997-˗Phase-Ċ:2002-)

Figure 7 Eco-Town Project

3.3.2 Hydrogen town project

The Kitakyushu Hydrogen Town project was newly launched in January 2011, in Yahata Higashisa district,
Kitakyushu. The project marks as the world-first attempt to use a pipeline recycling the hydrogen generated in the
iron manufacturing and operating the fuel cells as an energy supply to the district. The demonstration testing is
processed jointly by Fukuoka Prefectural and city gas utilities. The 1.2 km pipeline connected with the hydrogen
station and fourteen hydrogen fuel cells that installed in buildings in this district. These fuel cells generate electricity
by combining hydrogen and oxygen.

Figure 8 the world-first hydrogen pipeline implementation in Kitakyushu

(Source: Kitakyushu, smart community)

3.3.3 Smart Community Creation Project

Including the hydrogen town project, Kitakyushu also started the Smart Community Creation Project. The
government invested 16.3 billion yen over the five-year period from 2010 to 2014. The project was developed beyond
the Hydrogen project in the same area. It had four scenarios, smart life, smart office, smart mobility and smart factories
(figure 9). Higashida district is the demonstration area of green village, Higashida district has already cut 30% of the
CO2 emission compared with the other place in the city. However, the target for the smart community was to cut 50%
of the existing emission, still 20% need to get.
 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118 117

The urban structure has been changed in the past few years under the concept of “Environmentally Growing Town”
and “Creation of a Shared Community.” Commerce, entertainment, museum and residential buildings were introduced
into this area, which made a “compact district” with mixed function. The district energy supply and generation also
suggested an indication with regional cooperation.
One of the characteristics of the project is the participation of citizens in the use of energy. It optimized the demand
and supply of regional electricity by utilizing IT technology that revolve around energy-saving station. The energy-
saving stations are the control centres responsible for operating the smart grid. On one side, the energy-saving stations
will send the energy-saving guidance according to the demand-supply situation and the customer can pick up the
information by the smart meters. On the other side, the timely energy consumption information and the solar power
generation is send back to the energy-saving stations. The advice from the smart meters can help the customers to
smooth out the energy fluctuation and improve the efficiency of energy using in the district. At the same time, the
consumers can also benefit themselves, including reduced electricity rates by using power in a “smart” manner by
introducing dynamical pricing system.

Figure 9 The Regional Energy-saving Station

(Source: Kitakyushu, smart community)

4. Conclusions

This paper introduces the resent Japanese motivation on smart community which aim to cut 50% of the CO2
emission in near future.
Compared with smart city in the USA and Europe, the Japanese smart cities suggest a wider range of concepts that
cover from urban development, transportation infrastructure, energy supply infrastructure, city lifeline and
information infrastructure. In the energy sector, it suggests great concern on the regional cooperative energy using in
district scale with introduction of distributed energy resources. Furthermore, compared with the USA and Europe, the
Japanese smart city model not only focus on the energy saving and low carbon effects but also the disaster resistance
as well. In that case, most of the Japanese smart cities consist of two models, the normal-time model and the
emergency-time model under the disaster. All the concepts and features of Japanese smart city are embodied in the
trial smart communities, covering from the building level to the district level. In the building level, it promotes the
renewable energy resource and EV using for housing, and ZEB for office and commercial. In the district level, it
conducts a two-way energy supply system between the district energy system and the grid.
118 Weijun Gao et al. / Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences 216 (2016) 109 – 118

Among the four trial areas for “smart community” in Japan, the Yahata higashida area in Kitakyushu is a
regenerated industrial area, with commercial buildings, residential buildings, office, and industrial areas. It is a much
more typical case to suggest the cooperative energy use concept, especially the cooperative energy using between civil
sectors and industrial sectors. This suggests a great potential of future smart city model in Japan.

Acknowledgements

This review paper based on many information and data from Kitakyushu, Japan Smart Community Alliance and
Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry, Japan

References

Takaaki Ishii (2004), Whether the Kyoto Protocol can be achieved: Future of CO2 regulations society, Heibonsha Publisher
Malcolm Foster(2014) , Japan's Greenhouse Gas Emissions Efforts Eroded By Fukushima Nuclear Disaster, huffingtonpost,
http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/05/04/japan-greenhouse-gas-emissions_n_1476580.html
Ministry of the Environment(2015), Carbon dioxide emissions overall, http://www.env.go.jp/earth/ondanka/ghg/2013yoin2_1.pdf , Page9
Michio Hashimoto(1988), the history of Japanese policy- environment and Japan, Japan institute of international affairs, Asahi Shimbun
Japanese Government(2010) , New Growth Strategy,
http://www.kantei.go.jp/jp/sinseichousenryaku/sinseichou01.pdf#search='%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C%E3%81%AE%E6%96%B0%E6%
88%90%E9%95%B7%E6%88%A6%E7%95%A5'
Denver(2009) SmartGridCity Becomes First Fully Functioning Smart City in the World, Reuters Press Release,Tue Sep 8, 2009
http://www.reuters.com/article/2009/09/08/idUS166296+08-Sep-2009+BW20090908
Soma Shekara Sreenadh Reddy Depuru, Lingfeng Wang, Vijay Devabhaktuni(2011),Smart meters for power grid: Challenges, issues, advantages
and status, Renewable and Sustainable Energy ReviewsVolume 15, Issue 6, August 2011, Pages 2736–2742
David Haynesa, Steven Cornsb(2012), A proposal to use real time pricing to manage the electricalgrid as a step toward distributed control,
Procedia Computer Science, Volume 8, 2012, Pages 370–375
S. Massoud Amin and Bruce F. Wollenberg(2005). Toward a Smart Grid, IEEE P&E Magazine 3(5) pp34–41 ^ U.S. Department of Energy
Retrieved 2012-06-18. .
DOE(2009), The Smart Grid: An Introduction,
http://energy.gov/sites/prod/files/oeprod/DocumentsandMedia/DOE_SG_Book_Single_Pages%281%29.pdf
Koji Suzuki(2009), Amsterdam Smart City Program, NEDO Abroad Report, NO.1053, 2009.10.21
Mark Scott(2009), Amsterdam as Smart City Going Green Fast in Holland, SPIEGEL ONLINE INTERNATIONAL newsletter
http://www.spiegel.de/international/business/0,1518,613503,00.html
Debora Coll-Mayora,Mia Pagetb, Eric Lightnerc(2007), Future intelligent power grids: Analysis of the vision in the EuropeanUnion and the
United States, Energy Policy, Volume 35, Issue 4, April 2007, Pages 2453–2465
Ersan Kabalcia, Yasin Kabalcib, Ibrahim Develic(2012), Modelling and analysis of a power line communication system with QPSK modem for
renewable smartgrids, International Journal of Electrical Power & Energy Systems, Volume 34, Issue 1, January 2012, Pages 19–28
Takashi Kamitake(2011), Smart Grid Technologies Supporting Electric Power Infrastratuce for New Era and Toshiba’s Efforts, Toshiba Review
Vol 66 No12
Yaser Soliman Qudaih, Yasunori Mitani(2011), Power Distribution System planning for Smart Grid,Applications Using ANN, ICSGCE 2011:
27–30 September 2011, Chengdu, China,
Kenichi Tanaka, Akihiro Yoza, Kazuki Ogimi, Atsushi Yona, Tomonobu Senjyu,Toshihisa Funabashi, Chul-Hwan Kim(2012), Optimal
operation of DC smart house system by controllable loads based on smart grid topology, Renewable Energy, Volume 39, Issue 1, March
2012, Pages 132–139
Koichi Sueyoshi(1994). From Sea of Death to international environmental leadership The case of Kitakyushu City. Marine Policy, Vol.18, No.2,
pp.195-198.
Kenichi Imai(2009), A Sustainable Eco-city from the Perspective of Citizens and Firms: A Case of Kitakyushu, Kaikyoken Research Report,
No13,pp189-212