Atomic Structure Form 3
Atomic Structure Form 3
Atomic Structure Form 3
Compound Mixture
Always homogeneous (each sample May be homogeneous (e.g. water
of the compound looks exactly the plus ethanol) or heterogeneous (e.g.
same and it is not possible to identify iron and sulfur)
the separate elements in it).
Cannot be split by a physical Separation is possible by physical
process. processes like evaporation
The properties are totally unlike The elements in a mixture retain
those of the elements which combine their properties. A mixture has all
together to make the compound. these properties.
Elements are always in a fixed Can have any composition e.g. 1 %
proportion (i.e. constant sulfur and 99% iron or 98% sulfur
composition) and 2% iron.
The melting points and boiling points The melting points and boiling points
are fixed. are not fixed.
ATOMIC STRUCTURE
Proton number
Nucleon number
-The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.
It is also called the mass number or the atomic mass.
e.g. 126C for carbon means that its nucleon number is 12.
Examples
37
17 Cl 17 17 20
35
17 Cl- 17 18 18
23
11 Na 11 11 12
23
11 Na+ 11 10 12
27
13 Al3+ 13 10 14
16
8 O2- 8 10 8
55
25 Mn7+ 25 18 30
55
25 Mn4+ 25 21 30
55
25 Mn2+ 25 23 30
207
82 Pb 82 82 125
207
82 Pb4+ 82 78 125
207
82 Pb2+ 82 80 125
Each element has its own atomic number so the atomic
number is used to identify each element on the periodic table.
ISOTOPES
Isotopes are atoms with the same number of protons
and electrons but different numbers of neutrons.
1) Medical use.
(a)Cobalt-60 (6027Co) produces gamma rays used in
radiotherapy to cure cancer by killing cancer cells.
(b) Tracer studies of the body.
(c) Locating tumours.
(d) Sterilising instruments.
ELECTRONIC CONFIGURATION
Examples are;
Selenium 2.8.18.6
Iodine 2.8.18.18.7
Radium 2.8.18.32.18.8.2
Each element of group O has a full outer shell. These elements are called
noble gases. Noble gases are stable (unreactive). All other elements are not
stable. They react to make their outer shells full of electrons.Hydrogen is in
group I as it has one electron in its outermost shell and it can lose one
electron tobecome stable.
Hydrogen is also in group VII asit can gain one electron to become stable.
Horizontal rows of elements are called periods.Elements in the same period
have the same number of shells.There are sevenperiods on the periodic table.
Period 4 has elements with four shells only. These elements include;
Potassium (2.8.8.1)
Calcium (2.8.8.2)
TRENDS OF THE PERIODIC TABLE
Types of oxides
Oxides change from strongly basic oxides e.g. sodium oxide and
magnesium oxide, to amphoteric oxides such as aluminium oxide,
to acidic oxides such as nitrogen oxides and sulphur oxides.
Reactivity trends
Structure of elements
Transition elements
Transition elements are between groups II and III. These
are metals with the following physical properties:
Have high densities.
Have high melting points and high boiling points.
They are hard.
Results
Halogen Water NaCl(aq) NaBr(aq) NaI(aq)
(control) solution Solution solution
Chlorine green X Colourless to Colourles
brown to grey
Bromine brown Remains X Turns
brown grey
Equations:
Cl2 + 2KBr Br2 + 2KCl Cl2 + 2NaI I2 + 2NaCl
Cl2 + 2Br- Br2 + 2Cl- Cl2 + 2I- I2 + 2Cl-
Br2 + 2KCl no reaction
Structure
Cl ClClCl
MACROMOLECULES
BONDING