Safeguarding the Saxon Heritage in Transylvania.

The PREM project final report

a cultural heritage and development project in the Transylvania Region, Romania.
Period: 2002 to 2005

a cooperation between
The Foundation for Culture and Ecology (FCE), Romania and Germany.
The Municipality of Laslea, Sibiu County, Transylvania Region, Romania.
The Town of Medias, Sibiu County, Transylvania Region, Romania.
The Mihai Eminescu Trust (MET), Romania and United Kingdom.
Riksantikvaren, Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Norway.
with the participation of INTBAU, Scandinavia & Romania
NAME OF PUBLICATION: Safeguarding the Saxon Heritage in
Transylvania. The PREM project final report.
A cultural heritage and development project in the
Transylvania Region, Romania.
PROJECT: PREM – Preparing a Romanian Village for EU
membership.
AUTHOR: Nypan, Terje
DEPARTMENT/SECTION: Technical development department, Research and
Development Section
SUMMARY: The project ran for 3 years (2002 to 2005). The
project had 3 main tracks. The first was objective was
to restore / repair 36 village houses in the
municipality of Laslea and to train craftsmen and offer
work to the local population to enhance their ability
for sustainable development and upkeep of the Saxon
built heritage which they have taken over after the
exodus of the Saxon ethnic group in 1992.
The second was to establish a model farm for
development of new crops and techniques for a
sustainable biodiversity and landscape development of
the traditional cultural landscape, the physical layout
of the valley farms to and to offer educational courses
and demonstrations to spread such techniques to the
new village populations.
Both these tracks were intended to offers employment
and to develop new avenues of income for the local
population.
The third track was to promote the conscious use of
modern planning tools to conserve and valorise the
urban cultural heritage in Medias town. The track was
a cooperation with the Municipality of Medias and lead
to 3 large scale competitions for students from all
Romanian Universities concerning proposals for
maintenance restoration of the old town in view of its
continued preservation and development to promote a
good urban historic environment.
KEYWORDS: Cultural heritage, Saxon villages, Siebenburger
Saxons, Cultural heritage and urban planning, cultural
heritage and development strategies, Transylvania,
Romania.
DATE: January 2006
NUMBER OF PAGES: 47
REG. NR.: 06/681
COPIES ORDERED AT: Riksantikvaren archive
RIKSANTIKVAREN: The Norwegian Directorate of Cultural Heritage,
P.o.box 8196, Dep. N-0034 Oslo, Norway. E-mail:
[email protected] http://www.riksantikvaren.no
Photographs: Riksantikvaren; photos by T. Nypan, unless otherwise
indicated.
Cover photo: © front page: A. Bader, Riksantikvaren. Early morning
and work has just started on the manor house in Malencrav village. The manor house
once belonged to the ethnic Hungarian Api family and was used as a summer country
residence. During the communist regime the house was used as a meeting place for the
village (Casa cultural). Parts of the house were completely redone and other parts were
torn down. This is one of the major repairs and restoration jobs done during the project
and will be used as a guest house for tourists who visit the villages.
page 2 of 47
 CONTENT
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS..............................................................................................4

1. GENERAL OVERVIEW AND SUMMARY .............................................................6

1.1 Organisation, funding and objectives. ......................................................9
1.2 Reached objectives & achievements.......................................................10
Track 1 ..................................................................................................................10
Track 2. .................................................................................................................10
Track 3. .................................................................................................................10
2. PROJECT ACHIEVEMENTS AND TASKS. ..........................................................11
2.1 Municipality of Medias ................................................................................12
2.2 Municipality of Laslea .................................................................................14
2.2.1 Laslea - Klein Lasselen...........................................................................16
2.2.2 Rondola - Rauthal ........................................................................................21
2.2.3 Noul Sasesc - Neudorf .................................................................................23
2.2.4 Malencrav - Malmkrog..................................................................................24
2.2.5 Floresti - Felsenthal......................................................................................28
2.2.6 Training ........................................................................................................30
2.2.7 Other achievements .....................................................................................34
2. FUNDING AND PROJECT MANAGEMENT ........................................................41

APPENDIX 1. DOCUMENTATION OF ALL HOUSES RESTORED /REPAIRED AND

ONGOING WORKS. .......................................................................................44
© front page: A. Bader, Riksantikvaren

Gypsy basket maker in Laslea village © Riksantikvaren

page 3 of 47
The Valchid valley on a misty day in September 2003. View of the village and the towers
of the fortified church. © Riksantikvaren

Acknowledgments

The PREM project would not have been possible or successful had it not
been for the incredible work put in by all project partners. It has also been
exceptional to experience that all the partners were willing and able to
carry the burden of extra costs incurred through unplanned challenges in
the field. This allowed the project to reach, and sometimes overreach, the
set performance objectives.

Both the Mihai Eminescu Trust (MET) and the Foundation for Culture and
Ecology (FCE) have for many years been active in this part of
Transylvania. Their knowledge of the terrain and their established contacts
were of critical value for both designing and executing the project. As both
organisations have a functioning organisation on the ground the project
could manage with extremely short lead-in times. Both organisations were
able to adjust to changing conditions on the ground as well as unforeseen
challenges that emerged. They were both willing to take on tasks that had
not been foreseen when designing the project. A special thanks to the
management and the field workers of both these foundations.

In the function as Executive agency and in-situ project management Dana

Schuster of the FCE has done a marvellous job. The bookkeeping,
accounting and reporting has been flawless. Further Mrs. Schuster also
page 4 of 47
took care of, and organised the visits of a number of delegations as well
as the organisational work connected to the two village workshops.

The Major of Medias and his staff have also done a fantastic job organising
and marketing the architecture competitions and working seminars. A
special thanks to the Head of the urban planning unit in Medias, Mr.
Magda Comsa for her untiring efforts.

INTBAU Scandinavia, and later INTBAU Romania, were brought into the
project after it had been designed. The work they put into assisting the
Municipality of Laslea has been of very high value to the project and for
the municipality. The willingness and ability of INTBAU to put in work and
to deliver high quality products for small remunerations was a valuable
asset and contributed very much to the quality of the deliverables. A
special thanks to Architect Arne Sødal and INTBAU manager Audun Engh
in this respect, as well as all the students and volunteers who participated
on a voluntary basis.

Without the specialised and untiring assistance of Mr. Sødal the quality of
the inspections of houses to be repaired could not have brought forth such
a number of practical advises and subsequent improvements in the quality
of the works.

Terje Nypan. Oslo, January 2006.

Chässburg- Sigishoara, Bergkirche detail altar © Riksantikvaren

page 5 of 47
1. General overview and summary

The project is located in the

Transylvania region, Romania,
in the 2 municipalities of
Medias and Laslea situated on
the Transylvanian high plain.
This area is part of what was
the Siebenburger Saxon
heartland for app. 800 years.

This introduction summarises

the historic developments that
have shaped the Saxon
architectural heritage.

The first group of German Map of Romania, Transylvania high plain and in red project location.
Below: The Siebenburger area, © Historiches Atlas, Suhrkamp
speaking people to migrate to Verlag, 1978
Transylvania were the Saxons
or ‘Siebenburger Sachsen’.
The Hungarian King Geza II
(1141 - 1162) invited the
Saxons to come to
Transylvania as "guests" to
defend the south-eastern
frontier and to settle in the so-
called Kings-land
(Königsboden) which were
then uninhabited and lying in
the area of Hermannstadt /
Sibiu. The project area is
located app. 2 hours car ride
from Hermannstadt / Sibiu,
which is a European Cultural
capital in 2007.

So the Saxons perforce

became free holding peasants
and townspeople directly
under the King and not subjected to a local (feudal) lord.

The Transylvanian Saxons immigrated primarily from middle Franconia

(Moselle-Franconia) and the left banks of the Rhine and Moselle rivers
(Cologne, Luttich, Aachen, Trier and Luxembourg). In 1486 the privileges
granted in the so called Andreanum, were confirmed and extended to
other Saxon settlements by King Matthias Corvinus (1458-1490). This
second grant established a basis for the so-called "University of the Saxon
Nation" (Universitas Saxonum), i.e., the whole of the Saxon settlements.
This institutions sphere of authority included the administration of justice,
page 6 of 47
the management of the Saxon economy,
and the working out of internal
regulations.

The second important element in the

Saxon culture was the free election of
their leaders. The ‘University’ was
headed by a freely elected Count of the
Saxons whose seat was in Hermannstadt
/ Sibiu. There was an elected Saxon
Assembly (Sachsentag) which functioned
both as an advisory and an executive
body.
Viscri - Deutch Weiskirch, 1280. ©
Riksantikvaren.
The Transylvanian Saxons have been
Lutherans since the Reformation.

The Saxon architectural heritage reflects

these two important and uncommon
characteristics; they were free-men
directly under the King, they had
elections at local and regional level and
an elected head of the community,
working in cooperation with an executive
elected assembly.

The fortified churches were built as a

defensive stronghold for the community.
They were the self-governed
Copsa Mare -Grosköpisch 1320-1400.
community’s equivalent of the feudal © Riksantikvaren

castle stronghold. The village structure

bears the almost unchanged imprint of the
village structure of medieval Franconia.

During the Austro-Hungarian rule the

Saxons privileges were recalled for a
period, but then reinstated again. In the
20th century the gradual disintegration of
the Saxon society began. The National
Unification Day in Romania is in honour of
the unification of Romania and
Transylvania (December 1st) in 1918. The
Treaty of Versailles placed Transylvania
under the sovereignty of Romania. But it
was only after the defeat in 1919 of the
Hungarian Soviet Republic by the
Biertan - Bierthâlm, 16th century,
Romanian army, the Treaties of St. UNESCO World heritage site. ©
Germain (1919) and Trianon (June 1920) Riksantikvaren
that the integration of Transylvania into
page 7 of 47
Romania began. The Romanian King was crowned in Alba Iulia in
Transylvania in 1922.

Present naming practises and name signs

are very confusing and not consequent. The
original historical Saxon names may
sometimes be used and sometimes not.
Sometimes multiple names are used, with
different spellings on different signs. This is
due to the territorial-administrative
reorganisations and the constant changing
of place names carried out between 1925
and 1968 whereby place names were
changed to be more Romanian sounding.
The Saxon population in Romania was
almost halved during and especially at the
end of the II World War.

The Saxon population in Romania suffered

another blow in the forced resettlement
carried out in June 1951.

When the Communist regime fell with the

execution of Nicolae Ceauşescu in December Overview of Biertan - Bierthälm,
© H. Fabini, Saxon Churces.
1989, it also initiated the final chapter of
the Siebenburger Saxons history. After the
fall of communism 90% of the Saxons decided to immigrate to Germany
and left their Transylvanian ‘homeland’.
After their exodus in the 1990 the built cultural heritage of the Saxons is
very much at risk. The vernacular architecture is threatened by years of
bad or lacking maintenance under the communist regime. Further the
houses are under threat from a wave of migration to the ‘empty’ villages.
The new inhabitants are both poor and of a different ethnic background,
which is not giving much impetus to either repair or maintenance. When
maintenance or reconstruction is undertaken, it is most often without
understanding of the structural characteristics of the house or an
understanding for the benefit of preserving the uniform harmony of the
village and the uniqueness this represents.

Consequently also the Saxon religious architecture is at risk as

congregations disappear. Most churches fall into disrepair and some are
on their way to become ruins. This is a great pity as the fortified churches
are unique in Europe.

In relation to the needs for restoring and saving some of the more
important fortified churches in the area and the majority of the vernacular
houses the goals achieved by the project can only be termed as ‘a drop in
the ocean’.

page 8 of 47
1.1 Organisation, funding and objectives.

The project was organised as 3 separate

tracks. The 3 tracks allowed the work to be
divided up between the project partners as
independent operational tasks.
1. Track 1; house restoration, maintenance
and skills training. Responsible for
operations: The Mihai Eminescu Trust
(MET), Romania and United Kingdom.
2. Track 2; sustainable cultural landscape
development and use. Responsible for
operations: The Foundation for Culture
and Ecology (FCE), Romania and
Germany.
3. Track 3. Municipal planning and cultural
heritage preservation. Responsible for
operations: Riksantikvaren, Directorate
for Cultural Heritage Norway, The
Municipality of Laslea and the Town of
Medias, Sibiu County.

Each track had a set of performance

objectives and a set funding sum. The
Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs co-
financed NOK 1.8 million, or Euro 225.000,- ,
under it’s EU Ascension Country programme.
With the partner contributions the total
project costs were budgeted to be NOK 5,2
million1. The performance objectives were:

Track 1.12-16 houses repaired or restored pr.

year or a minimum of 36 houses in
the project period. 12-16 craftsmen
trained during the project period and
establishment of permanent training
venue. Village houses. © Riksantikvaren

Track 2. Develop a farm with its buildings

complex to create a demonstration farm based on traditional land
and crop use, incorporating innovative elements building on
tradition and small scale sustainable agriculture while meeting the
need of the farm community for modernisation. First operational
year as a model farm is 2005.
Track 3. Co-operation with municipal authorities with special focus on
cultural heritage administration and overall planning issues.

1
Norwegian funding contributed, in average, to 34% of the total costs. The remaining
66% was provided by project partners
page 9 of 47
1.2 Reached objectives & achievements.

Track 1
32 houses finished. Another 15 houses
have been partially repaired or the work is
in progress. 8 training courses were held
and 31 workers trained. A training venue is
established.

Conclusion: Objectives reached.

Track 2.
Model farm Laslea. Fully renovated,
Inner Laslea valley. © Riksantikvaren
equipped, staffed and operational as of
2005. Courses and training as of 2004.

The Rose project now involves 40 farmers.

A new rose distillation plant has been
constructed and operational from 2004 (in
Danes). A second model farm with training
facilities for 10 people established in Boiou
and was opened in the fall of 2005.

Conclusion: Objectives reached.

Track 3. Medias, central sq.

3 working seminars, cum architect student Below: proposal for redesign
© Riksantikvaren
competition, organised by the municipality of
Medias. In the competitions architect and
urbanism students from all Romanian
Universities participated. The themes of the
competitions were restoration and urban
planning in the historic (intra-murals) part
of Medias. Proposals for renovation of the
following elements of the historic town were
made: central market place, major
courtyards, medieval walls and defence towers, conversion of the
monastery into a museum, parks and open squares.

In connection with a public exhibition of the student works in May the

Municipality organised a 2 day seminar on cultural heritage preservation
and urban planning. Romanian and foreign lecturers were invited and case
studies were done by the students.

In the Municipality of Laslea 2 workshops were organised by INTBAU

Scandinavia and INTBAU Romania. The first workshop concerned
development and plans for Laslea village and included open meetings with
the inhabitants, home visits with interviews etc. to elicit the views and
wishes of the local population. The second workshop focused on the wish
page 10 of 47
to develop agro tourism by offering accommodation and sightseeing in the
municipality and the close environment (which includes the 2 UNESCO
World Heritage Sites, Biertan and Sigishoara). The workshop tested hiking
routes, accommodation and developed an extensive information package
for tourists and a list of improvements to be made by the local population.
A first commercial cultural trekking tour is scheduled for the summer
2006. App. 20 Romanian and foreign students cooperated in each of the
two workshops.
Conclusion: Objectives reached; increased focus on cultural heritage as
an exploitable resource and in the planning process achieved.

Detail studies, INTBAU workshops © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

2.
Project Map of Laslea villages (red) with Mediasch and Sigishoara (1930).
© INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

page 11 of 47
achievements and tasks.

2.1 Municipality of Medias - Mediasch

Medias – Mediasch, 1736 and Piata Frans Ferdinand I. © Medias, Riksantikvaren

For the Municipality of Medias the objective was to focus on cultural

heritage and planning issues. A series of 3 seminars and architecture
competitions for students were organised. Participants were from all
Romanian Universities with Faculties of Architecture and of Urbanism.
Participants also came from local municipalities and specialised cultural
heritage agencies. The first seminar was
visited by the Minster of Culture. The
competitions were given extensive
coverage in local and regional media, were
open to the public for the 3 days. The
seminars attracted some 40-60 participants
every year.

Foreign experts were invited to lecture;

from the Maastricht University, Professor M.
Kuipers, from English Heritage, First
Conservator H. Hughes, from the Medias, old town plans. © Medias, Riksantikvaren
Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage
Head of Section G. Erlien and Senior advisor T. Nypan and from INTBAU,
Architect (MNAL) A. Sødal.

Lectures and working groups concerned town planning and historic

restoration issues, Romanian and international legal framework for
maintenance and protection of historic buildings, international experience
in revitalisation of historic town centres. The competition themes were:
2003: New design for the old market place / Central Square and the Agro-
alimentary market just outside the medieval fortification wall.
2004: Restoration and use of historic court yards, redesigning the
medieval monastery as a town museum and park.
2005: Restoration and use of medieval fortification wall, and plans for
urban integration of east tower and the western part of the wall
with a play-ground.

page 12 of 47
Results: None of the winning proposals have been executed due to lack
of funding. The municipality of Medias works to finance a yearly
Competition after the project is over. The competition proposals have lead
to a change in municipal priorities. The maintenance and protection of the
historic centre now has a strategic perspective and many elements from
the proposals have been integrated in ongoing works. This is specially the
case for the central square (Piata Frans Ferdinand I), the Cisterniencian
Monastery, the historic central back-yards, and the remains of the
medieval fortifications.

2005. Area of East tower and fortification wall. © Medias, Riksantikvaren

2004. Winning proposals for back-yard Casa Pestalorii. © Medias, Riksantikvaren

page 13 of 47
2004. Left: Proposals for museum in monastery and, Right: a back-yard with library.
© Medias, Riksantikvaren

2003. Winning proposal Central Square (Piata Frans Ferdinand): Proposal for redesign
bringing back elements from historic periods (traditional market place layout, opening of
stream passing, ruins of weighing house.
© Medias, Riksantikvaren

page 14 of 47
 2.2 Municipality of Laslea – Klein Lasselen

Map Laslea Municipality. Laslea far right. Outlying villages of Rondola and Floresti, in the
middle. Nouls Sasesc and Malencrav far left.© INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

Laslea commune has a total population of 3 300 people, of whom 1,650

are Romanian, 1 250 are Roma, about 300 are Saxon, and 42 are
Hungarian. That means that 50% of the local population is Romanian,
40% Roma and 10% Saxon. Laslea village (Klein Lasselen) has a
population of 1,485 and 394 houses, Mãlâncrav (Malmkrog) a population
of 1,022 and 444 houses, Noul Sãsesc (Neudorf) a population of 393 and
269 houses, Rondola (Rauthal) a population of 209 and 143 houses, and
the smallest village of Floresti (Felsenthal) has a population of 130 and
100 houses.

The villagers depended on the state farm for employment during the
communist period but these farms are now bankrupt and inactive. There is
little other employment available in the village apart from what is
available to a small number of skilled people such as e.g. teachers and
blacksmiths. Hence, unemployment is very high, over 50% among young
people.

Some families have one or two house cows and a little land which supply
most of their own needs and from which some derive a small income.
There is a tendency for young people to go to the cities to seek work,
which threatens the long-term survival of the villages.

This situation is aggravated by the fact that 90% of the original Saxon
population migrated to Germany after the regime change in the beginning
of the 1990-ies and subsequently the present population have no ties to
the historic tradition or social organisation of the villages.

page 15 of 47
The entry road to the municipality runs off the main road Medias-
Sigishoara, southwards for 1,5 Km. before entering the Laslea Village.
Only traffic to the village and the 4 outlying villages comes off the main
road.

The road branches of in the centre of the village, with one branch running
to Rondola (Rauthal) and Noul Sasec (Neudorf) and the other branch,
crossing the stream, to Floresti (Felsendi) and Malencrav (Malmkrog). It is
only possible to exit the Laslea valley by car via Noul Sasec or through
Laslea village to the main Medias-Sigishoara road.

The sociography of all Saxon village is characterised by a main street

based housing pattern. All houses lie vertical to the street, constituting
and unbroken front of house and wall with a gate parallel to and facing
the street.

No updated cadaster maps exist for the municipality and its villages. Such
maps were produced by the by the project during the ‘Village workshop’ in
20032.

Sociography: village and use of close lying land. © Riksantikvaren

2
These maps did not contain correct property information as this is not available. But the maps update the layout
of the village, the number of properties and the types of houses in the village. Maps from the 1930 and 40-ies
were used as a basis.
page 16 of 47
2.2.1 Laslea village

N
S

Work in Laslea was conducted in

cooperation with the Municipality. The
model farm plot was bought close to the
village centre to benefit access. The
INTBAU information office was located next
to the town hall for the same reason.
Finally the training venue, House 344, is
located at the central junction.

Top right: aerial photography of Laslea village. Left: new planning map Laslea
village. Below: Laslea village map with points of interest. © INTBAU, MET, Riksantikvaren

page 17 of 47
Development planning
In 2003 a ‘Village
Planning Workshop’ was
organised by INTBAU
Scandinavia. 20
Romanian and foreign
architects and students
participated for one
week. Both the
municipality and the
population were involved
through ‘charretes’. A
number of proposals and
mapping tools were
made for municipal
development.
Remake of Roma suburb settlement© INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

One proposal was the development of social housing at the northern entry
of the village at the entry point from the main road (see illustration
above). Presently the site is a makeshift Roma settlement. To the right, in
the drawing, a run down factory workers block, which with minor financial
means can be improved. The proposal was based on existing municipal
plan for low cost housing for the socially disabled (i.e. the Roma).

Another proposal was made for the axis from the hospital to the Casa
Cultural.

Proposal for axis from hospital to Saxon church and Casa Cultural

View towards and the hospital, the Saxon Church,

the old tower and the House of Culture (behind the
church). The planning workshop proposed
arranging the elements and minor paints and
plaster works. All measures to be achieved at low
cost.

Foto: View from Hospital to Church and

Old Tower. © INTBAU , Riksantikvaren

page 18 of 47
 As the road runs into the village the complex of the old church tower, the
Saxon church, the Casa cultural and the hospital, lies to the right. Behind
the church is a court with ruins of the older medieval church, the ruin of a
cinema and the entry to the Casa Cultural.

Proposals to upgrade and safeguard buildings; court between

Casa Cultural and 12 century fortified tower.

Right: Site of demolished church. Centre and left,

drawings proposed new complex.
© INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

For this ensemble the proposal was to restore and add a new building in place of
the demolished church. This later building would also support to the fortification
tower, which is in need of structural repairs.

The proposed new complex, with the new buildings, uses the dilapidated
court yard and could function as an extension to the ‘Casa cultural’ with
possible added activity rooms for youth, a booking service for agro-
tourism, a youth hostel, a restaurant etc. The Municipality also needs
additional office space.

None of the proposals have been realised in full. Lack of funding and tax
income is the main reasons. But many elements have been used by the
municipality in their work.

Laslea house front. © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

in Laslea the model farm was restored and work on house 344 is ongoing.
The village workshop established ties between the municipality and
INTBAU. INTBAU Romania was established and involved in building and
page 19 of 47
training works. These works lead to the opening of a small INTBAU and
MET office in Laslea towards the end of the project period.

The office has given assistance concerning building repairs and functioned
as a base for the 2005 INBAU workshop on eco-tourism and as a project
office for building works on house 344, which were started in 2005.

INTBAU office and advisory activities

Above left: INTBAU offices, next to the

Town Hall.
Right above: proposal for a Saxon type
house on an empty lot in the central
village. Matching architectural expression
used to unify ‘broken’ street front. New
construction includes state of the art
heating, sewage, water etc.

Below left, House 344 future training

centre, MET INTBAU joint restoration
works started fall 2005.
© INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

page 20 of 47
Model farm

In the spring 2003 an old farm building

complex was purchased by FCE. The
farm house was repaired / renovated on
the outside by MET. FCE renovated the
interior of the buildings, including a
meeting room. A German agricultural
expert moved in to supervise the set up
of activities. A new stable and barn was
erected in compliance with EU
guidelines. By the winter of 2003 a farm
manager had been hired and the farm Model farm from interior of court
was ready for it’s first season and for yard. © FCE, Riksantikvaren
livestock. In 2004 the farm became
operational and some courses for
farmers were held during the summer.

In 2005 the farm was fully operational3

with A schedule of courses was
operational. In 2005 the farm received
many visitors; also a television team
and a Norwegian delegation.

In the work of seeking new income to

the local farmers the model farm has
become an operational demonstration site. The mix of plants and livestock
is suited to the cultural landscape use. The potential of rose cultivation
adds to the attraction. The new rose distillation plant for rose oil
production was completed in 2004. A second model farm, with organised
professional training for 8 young farmers was opened, with the
participation from the Ministry of Culture and Education, in September
2005.

Illustrations model farm Laslea. © FCE, Riksantikvaren

2.2.2 Rondola – Rauthal

3
This implies staffed and operating with 6 cows, 5 sheep, compost production and vegetable garden.
Outlying fields also cultivated and rose production operational.
page 21 of 47
The traditional village layout spreads around the through going main
street. For water there is always a stream running through the village,
which may have streets one side of the stream or both, depending on
landscape and density of village. One task is to renovate the village to
regain as many of the original qualities. To remove excessive vegetation
and garbage from the stream opens up for duck and geese. Re-digging
the irrigation ditch between the houses and the road removes overflow of
water and ensuing damages to base of house wall. Fruit trees along the
shoulder of the ditch improve irrigation and production.

Village layout © MET

6 houses were finished restored or repaired in Rondola. One of these

houses is used as a medical cabinet for the doctor who comes once every
week. A village planning map has been produced, with house typologies.

Houses Rondola - Rauthal © Riksantikvaren

page 22 of 47
2.2.3 Noul Sasesc - Neudorf
Noul Sasesc lies at end of the upper valley. It is possible to continue from
here on a bad dirt road over the hills to the next main valley. Noul Sasesc
has rich natural gas reserves and many villagers are employed as
watchmen at the pumping stations in the hills (see picture).

Map of Noul Sasesc – Neudorf. Above: view on the hills from a pumping station
for gas. © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

page 23 of 47
7 houses were restored / repaired in Noul Sasesc. A village planning map
has been produced, with house typologies.

Houses and detail, Noul Sasec – Neudorf © Riksantikvaren

Noul Sasesc is a village developed along the river- mainly on one side and in a
valley. The landscape is interacting with the village. Noul Sasesc has typical Saxon
housing.

Ilustration of village layout and profile – Noul Sasec - Neudorf. © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

page 24 of 47
2.2.4 Malencrav - Malmkrog

Malencrav lies at the end of the lower valley. The houses on each side of
the river form a regular pattern which sit end-on to the street, painted in
a rich variety of colours like: ochre, green, blue and with distinctive
hipped roofs. The fortified church is located in top of a hill close to the
village with church and tower in a good condition. The church has a Maria
altar from the 13th century, beautiful fresco decorations and a great view
from the hill on to the village.

Restored house fronts Malencrav - Malmkrog. © Riksantikvaren

Malencrav – Malmkrog map with points of interest © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

page 25 of 47
 Illustration of village layout and profile – Malencrav - Malmkrog. © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

18 houses have been restored / repaired in Malencrav. Work on the

church and the manor house is ongoing. A village planning map has been
produced, with house typologies.

More houses have had some emergency interventions. Extensive works

have been ongoing in the project period restoring and reconstructing the
old Manor house.

Before and after. The old priest House in Malencrav; before work May 2002 and right
September 2003. © Riksantikvaren, MET

Houses Malencrav – Malmkrog © Riksantikvaren

page 26 of 47
 .

Right: Courtyard before work. Left: A finished court-yard. © Riksantikvaren

Manor
Thehouse,
ManorMalenckrav.
House,2005
Malencrav village
Working,
September 2005,
© Riksantikvaren
the staircase is
ready for repairs.
Church Malencrav © A. Bader

Right below, nearing

completion
May 2005.

Left, before work 2003. © Riksantikvaren

The fortified church

The Maria altar and the frescoes make the church in Malencrav
exceptional. The church and the artworks need a major restoration, which
would be very costly. Lacking sufficient funds some emergency works
were undertaken by MET in view of halting the decaying processes.

The roof and gutters were repaired and a new drainage channel was dug
around the outside of the church. These works have reduced the moisture
seeping in to in the church walls.

page 27 of 47
Frescoes, Malencrav church. © Riksantikvaren, MET

Malenckrav church from outside the fortification walls.

© Riksantikvaren, INTBAU

2.2.5 Floresti - Felsenthal

13 houses were restored / repaired in Floresti. Interventions were made

or are ongoing for another 4 houses, including the old church. A village
planning map has been produced, with house typologies.

The floor of the school building collapsed in the fall of 2003. The floor and
the basement were repaired and the school renovated both outside and
inside and finished in the spring 2005.

The Floresti church was totally abandoned and all fittings etc. sold as the
congregation left. The following works were carried out on the church in
the project period: Repairs of all roofs and roof beams, stabilisation of
page 28 of 47
structural damage to tower and adjacent walls, draining around church to
document fundaments and removing of rotten floor and beams.

Floresti 84.
An outlying farm, Roma tenant.
Top left: Start work, fall 2003.
Top right: state of repair, May 2004.
Bottom left: Status finished, May 2005.
© Riksantikvaren.

Houses Floresti - Felsenthal. © Riksantikvaren

page 29 of 47
 Detail plaster work house Floresti. © Riksantikvaren

page 30 of 47
 2.2.6 Training

9 training courses have been held

during the project period and 31
craftsmen have attended these
courses. This task was part of
Track 1. and the responsibility of
the MET.

‘On the job training’ has been

functional during the whole project
period. Some work on interiors etc.
could be done during the winter
period, but work and also
craftsmen employed was
concentrated to the season (April
to December). Workshops and
training was conducted by master-
Many excellent training objects available in
craftsmen from the U.K. Romanian
the villages. Training object and
architects were used. Many of the participants © MET
houses were in a very bad
condition and needed stabilising measures before any work could begin.

Training and creating employment. © Riksantikvaren

In 2005 a new programme of training was started in the spring, under the
guidance of master stonemason H. Rumbold, aided by conservation
specialist Steve Finney.

This will take the form of an international British/Romanian Diploma and

will result in the awarding of certified qualifications for plasterers,
carpenters, stonemasons, bricklayers and foremen under the aegis of the
National Heritage Training Group, the Bucharest School of Architecture
and the Romanian Government. Work on house 344 in Laslea village will
be one of the objects to be restored as part of this training project.

page 31 of 47
 A quite normal pre work condition.
Detail of cold wall at the base of the
house with overlaying brick
wall. © Riksantikvaren

The Saxon building tradition includes a vaulted cellar, an open stone wall
as foundation with burned bricks and wood as the main building materials
for the house. The outside of the bricks are plastered, decorated and
painted. As the pictures illustrate the condition of many of the houses is
such that major repair or restoration work needs to be undertaken.

To meet the needs for repairs the promotion of traditional skills are
necessary. Some such skills are traditionally exercised by the Roma. The
Roma are specialised in working tin for gutters and down pipes (see
illustration below). Skills of carpentry, plasterer, and blacksmith are also
much in demand, while educational facilities are lacking. The training
courses teach basic building skills and provide some training in other
relevant skills.

Left and centre: Traditional crafts are important to keep alive.

Right: An example of a house renovation not following the traditional volumes or lay-
out; ref. balcony, gables, windows height, width and gate construction
© MET, Riksantikvaren

The artisan training scheme has exceeded the initial target by far. The
project the following courses were organised by the MET:

page 32 of 47
- 10 craftsmen from Floresti attended a three-month official training
course and received diplomas that allow them to become self-
employed builders:
a. Masons and plasterers: Cosorean Florin, Harbada Romulus,
Zubascu Vasile, Bulboaca Mihai and Goga Viorel.
b. Carpenters: Munteanu Mirel, Zubascu Ioan, Munteanu
Alexandru, Munteanu Cosmin and Moldovan Claudiu.

- 10 workers from Floresti have received special two-day training

from British conservation expert Henry Rumbold in mortar-mixing,
dubbing and cutting out plaster, and testing plaster for faults:
Cosorean Florin, Zubascu Vasile, Zubascu Ioan, Munteanu Mirel,
Filimon Mihai, Moldovan Claudiu, Bulboaca Mihai, Munteanu
Alexandru, Munteanu Cosmin and Goga Viorel.

- In July 2005, 2 plasterers from Malancrav were

trained in the highly-skilled craft of plaster
moulding and stucco ornaments, by English
plaster specialists Philip Gaches and Richard
Taylor. The trainees were Schapes Horst and
Filip Nicolae.

- In September 2005, 3 more plasterers from

Malancrav were trained in detailed plaster
moulding and stucco ornaments by the same
trainer: Ernst Linzing, Baak Wolfgang and Baak
Hermann.

- British master carpenter Steve Finney trained 2 carpenters from

Malancrav for a week, working on particularly difficult beam repairs
on the Manor House roof: Gangal Gheorghe and Schuster Hermann.

- Henry Rumbold also taught 4 masons from Malancrav in stone

dressing and repairs, with particular focus on the entrance steps at
the Manor House: Gangal Octavian, Domokos Herman, Malincravean
Gavril and Neagu Valentin Ovidiu.

- In May 2005 two trainees and a master stonemason came from the
UK on a week trip to Transylvania for a knowledge and training
exchange programme: Christopher Ridsdale and David Duffy.

The total numbers of local craftsmen trained in different skills are 31.
This far exceeds the objectives of the project. In addition 2 trainees
from the UK have received training.

page 33 of 47
2.2.7 Other achievements

Work on quality improvement and methodological approaches.

The project partners wished to raise

the standard and planning of
maintenance and rebuilding work.

The most reoccurring problem

connected to renovation is the lack of
drainage at the base of the street side
of the house. Until 2004 no work was
invested in redoing the traditional
drainage outside the house. The
plaster at the base was also laid all the
way down to the ground, thus
absorbing and transporting moisture Design for drainage and reduction of
moisture seeping into street façade
upwards, past the base cold-stone
wall. © Riksantikvaren, INTBAU
wall. Now a gap of 5 cm. is left
between the plaster and the ground, preventing moisture absorption and
allowing aeration through the base stone wall.

Roof repairs were often lacking in quality. Work procedures have been
improved and repairs have achieved a higher degree of professionalism.
This should result in more whole roofs now being fully repaired, as
opposed to just being ‘fixed’. Similarly more attention is also being paid to
damages to the roof near the chimney as well as down-pipe and gutter
systems.

In many cases walls were plastered and painted without first tackling
structural problems and the deterioration of the bricks under the plaster
continues. This is no longer the case.

Also in the case of building renovations at the model farm and the building
of a new barn according to both traditional style and EU building
regulations, the assistance of trained architects was critical to correct a
number of faulty solutions. Such mistakes were also made by professional
Romanian private construction companies.

page 34 of 47
For the village houses an improved system for planning sequences of
interventions was needed. In cooperation with MET, a simplified work
scheme was developed4 in the form of a maintenance condition table with
indication of works to be undertaken.

Finished houses should be of category C1. with relevant interventions completed.

Intervention Staring condition Relevant interventions –

category house / property order of priority
C 1. good maintenance Only normal yearly maintenance work
condition. needed Front facades, drainage, down
pipes, gate, stucatures,
C 2. poor maintenance 1. Damaged building elements: roofs,
condition, but suffer no drainage, down pipes, gate, side
structural damages. walls, windows etc.
2. Esthetical elements: painting facades,
restoring front façade stucature.
C 3. poor maintenance 1. Repair of structural damages (fallen
condition and suffer down roof, falling out of fundaments,
from structural caving in of cellar vaults, cracking of
damages. facades and long term damages
caused by moisture and root).
2. Repair of other damaged building
elements: roofs, drainage, down
pipes, gate, side walls, windows etc.
3. Restoration of esthetical elements
(painting of facades, front façade
stucature).
C 4. in bad need of Only ‘arresting actions’ are applied. The
maintenance to arrest objective is to arrest further decay of the
the (rapid) and building fabric to safeguard house for
advanced development future repairs; i.e. C3 interventions.
of decay.

This system was used for the last 2 years of the project and made it
easier for all parties to assess resource needs and sequences of
intervention in the field. Subsequently improvements were made in the
finishing quality of the work.

Illustrations from planning: Map Neudorf and Floresti with house types indicated in colours.
© INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

4
The methodology was based on the Norwegian Standard NS 462 “Maintenance and
condition assessment of historic and protected buildings”.
page 35 of 47
Classification and intervention studies.

To be able to give advice to the population in regards to their wishes for

modernisation and changes to the Saxon houses they had taken over, it
was important to make ideal-type studies of the existing architecture. This
would allow a better understanding of what interventions on the house
would best preserve the architectural style and unity, while allowing for
modernisation and change.

This work was begun during the INTBAU workshop in September 2003,
continued in 2004 and 2005. Together with studies made by the MET
these studies will be the basis for a publication of a “Pattern book”.

Example of typoplogy and intervention studies. © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

The INTBAU participation delivered important mapping tools to the

municipality as well as package of potential village improvements. A small
donation was given by INTBAU and the Norwegian Embassy to the
Municipality for financing a water pump in the part of the village where
the Roma are concentrated and there is presently no water available.

page 36 of 47
International Conference for the Integrated Development of
Sighisoara and the Saxon Villages of Transylvania, November 2004

In 2003 the Mihai Eminescu Trust started

working to bring together initiatives in private
and public sector involved in cultural heritage
preservation, nature and cultural landscape
preservation and development in the areas of
the Saxon villages.
Based on a joint initiative of President Ion Iliescu
and HRH The Prince of Wales and a partnership
between United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) the conference was
organised at the Grand Hall of the Sighisoara
Municipality. The event was also in partnership
with the Romanian Ministry of Culture and
Religious Cults, and the Ministry for Transport
and Infrastructure.

HE Mr Ion Iliescu, the President of Romania

addressed the participants from over 50 NGOs,
government and local authorities and cultural
institutions.

The goal was to pull in investments, which

provide employment, education, training and
income, without irreversibly damaging the
unique cultural and natural heritage of the
region.

The Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage,

The FCE and INTBAU participated in the
conference.

Sighisoara © Riksantikvaren, MET

Mapping of Village profiles, cultural heritage landmarks and events:

page 37 of 47
 View of the hills from Noul Sasesc, looking east. © Riksantikvaren

In view of both promoting eco-tourism and documenting existing heritage

a mapping of cultural heritage ‘sites’ in each village was made; village
profiles. This was done by an INTBAU workshop in the spring 2005. The
same workshop hiked and mapped the old footpaths linking the villages
and designed a 4 day trip on foot from Biertan, through the Laslea villages
to Sighisoara.

Illustrations from village profile group. © Riksantikvaren, INTBAU

The accommodation possibilities were tested by the participants for future

use of tourists. A travel package was made in cooperation with a
specialised travel agency in Bucharest. The MET guesthouses will play an
important role in catering to such adventure tourism, together with the
more Spartan accommodation provided in the fortified churches.

MET guesthouse, interior. © MET

Village profiles and landmarks can be developed to a higher level og

sophistication, if one wishes.

page 38 of 47
The major problems here are 2 elements:
A: Lacking maintenance and the falling into disrepair of many of these
landmarks

B: the ongoing dilapidation of many of the traditional Saxon houses and

their typical element and the change of village architecture which takes
away much of the charm and therefore also the attraction.

A village profile and a landmark drawing © INTBAU, Riksantikvaren

The strong sides are the continued rural life style with cows returning and
leaving the villages to their pastures, the ducks, geese and hens freely
wandering in the villages, the large flock of sheep grassing in the hills and
the shepherds following them. And of course the nature and the landscape
itself, with is flora and fauna.

An in depth study of house typologies and building elements has been

prepared by MET and INTBAU, in cooperation with the University of
Dresden. The full documentation is not yet published.

page 39 of 47
Model farm nr. 2

Model farm 2. Educational farm near Boiuo, 2005. © FCE, Riksantikvaren.

During the project period the FCE were met by many demands for job
training in agriculture for young people. In view improving the quality of
farming and farm income it was decided to create a new educational farm
unit. The existing model farm in Laslea could not accommodate or feed 8
students.

The model farm in Laslea will be an integral part of the educational plan.
Students will, for periods, work and train at the Laslea farm.

The project for the school farm was financed by FCE in cooperation with
the German student association ‘Schüler Helfen Schüler’. The farm is
situated in Biou in the central valley plain, as land was available here. The
school curriculum is recognised by the Romanian Ministry of Education and
in line with EU norms for skills training courses. The school was officially
opened by representatives from Ministries and municipality in September
2005.

Opening of model farm 2 in 2005. The ritual blessing of the farm. © FCE, Riksantikvaren.

page 40 of 47
2. Funding and project management

The project recived funding from the Royal Norwegian Ministry of Foreign
Affairs in the fall of 2003, under the support program to EU ascension
countries. The funded sum was NOK 1,8 million, or Euro 225.000,-. In
addition Intbau Romania received a funding of Euro 1 500,- from the
Norwegian Embassy in Bucharest for works in Laslea and the setting up of
a local office.

Overview of costs (funding & autofinancing) PREM project

Figures in Norwegian Kroner (NOK). 8 NOK = 1 Euro
MET; house restoration & skills Euro NOK Funds in % NO funding tot
training of costs
Funding total: 105460,45 843 683,60 843 683,60
Auto finance: 469 095,63 3 752 765,00
Total budget: 574 556,08 4 596 448,60
Funds in % of costs: 18,36

Executive Agency: Euro NOK

Funding total: 13 580,00 108 640,00 108 640,00
Auto finance: 5 407,63 43 261,00
Total budget: 18 987,63 151 901,00
Funds in % of costs: 71,52

FCE; Model Farm and cultural

landscape: Euro NOK
Funding total: NOK 57 406,00 459 248,00 459 248,00
Auto finance: 18 820,50 150 564,00
Total budget: 76 226,63 609 813,00
Funds in % of costs: 75,31

RA
NDCH; municipal planning and
CH conservation: Euro NOK
Funding total 50 053,61 400 428,91 400 428,91
Auto finance 69 875,27 559 002,12
Autofinance other partners 36 182,10 289 456,80
Total budget 156 110,98 1 248 887,83
Funds in % of costs: 32,06
Total costs for the project 825 881,30 6 607 050,43
sum funding MfA in NOK 1 800 000,00 1 812 000,51
and 1500 Euro from Embassy
NOK 12 000,00
Nor MFA funding in % of total 27,43 1 812 000,00 1 812 000,51

The relation between the original budget, actual costs and funding
became:

1. Building restoration and skills training; MET. Total expected

expenditures: NOK 3.876.390,-. Applied for over the Action

page 41 of 47
 programme NOK 728.955,- or 19%. Actual expenditure NOK
4 596 448,60. Actual funding NOK 843 683,60 or 18,4%.

2. Model farm and training facilities; FCE. Total expected

expenditures: NOK 588.825,-. Applied for over the Action
programme NOK 418.095,- or 71%. Actual expenditures NOK
609 813,00. Actual funding NOK 459 248,00 or 75,3% .

3. Co-operation with municipal authorities; NDCH5, municipalities

and Intbau. Total expected expenditures: NOK 839 300,-.
Applied for over the Action programme NOK 548.660,- or 43%.
Actual expenditures NOK 1 248 887,83 Actual funding NOK
400 428,91 or 32,6%.

4. Administrative work / Executive Agency; FCE. Total expected

expenditures: NOK 123.600,-. Applied for over the Action
programme NOK 104.295,- or 84% Actual expenditures
NOK 151 901,00. Actual funding NOK 108 640,00 or 71,5%.

As the project progressed it became evident that the work in the field
would become more costly than originally foreseen. The main reasons
were caused by the following facts:
• The main reason the inflation rates in Romania have been so high as
to make any budget projected 4 years ahead loose much realism.
• The costs of professional restorations works on the Malencrav
frescoes were much higher than foreseen when an offer was made.
• The works on the Malencrav manor house became more extensive
than planned as the house was bigger than foreseen when the
original fundaments were uncovered.
• The restoration and repair works on the vernacular houses were also
more extensive than originally foreseen as the MET and the project
management wished to improve the quality of the works carried out,
with the consequences this had for budgeted expenses.
• The number of working hours for management and field work of the
Norwegian Directorate was higher than foreseen. The costs incurred
by organising the students architecture and planning competitions
were not foreseen in the original budget. In this case the extra costs
were covered through financing by the Municipality of Medias. The
Directorate reduced it funding it received from the project and
subsequently increased it’s auto financing through salaries and
overheads related to the project management.
• The costs of establishing a model farm nr. 2 for educational
purposes (with the Roma as a main target group) was not planned
for in the original budget. The costs connected to this enlargement
of the target objectives was entirely carried by FCE.

5
Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage.
page 42 of 47
Such unplanned consequences are normal in projects of this nature. The
additional costs incurred by this were in totality carried by the project
partners for that Track for which they were responsible.

In conclusion the total projects costs were budgeted at NOK 5 419 115,-
or Euro 677 390,-, but ended with a total costs of NOK 6 607 050,43,-
or Euro 825 881,30

The funding budget has been kept and is used in its totality.

The bookkeeping has been the responsibility of FCE who have carried the
responsibility of Executive Agency. The yearly accounting control and
auditing has been carried out according to Romanian law and the
Romanian accounting year. Yearly reports have been sent to the Ministry
of Foreign Affairs. The final year report with a summary of the total
project expenditures will be available in May / June 2006, according to the
projects contracts and Romanian procedures.

The funding has been kept in a “Treuhand” account under the

responsibility of the FCE. This was done to facilitate transfers to the
project partners and to Romania and to soften the inflation impacts as
well as to make the funding less prone to currency fluctuations as the
Romanian Lei ‘moves’ with the Euro.

This account is now empty6 with the exception of the accumulated bank
interest; app. Euro 3.500,-. The Directorate has made an application to
the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to use the accumulated interest. No answer
has yet come to this request.

There is need for a final inspection of the project tasks and meetings with
the project partners to look into possible continuations of their
endeavours; as written in the project application. This will be done in the
spring 2006.

6
Details will be forthcoming in the final accounting report.
page 43 of 47
Appendix 1. Documentation of all houses restored /repaired and ongoing
works.

Houses completely restored / repaired in project period

page 44 of 47
Houses completely restored / repaired in project period

page 45 of 47
Here is the full list of houses the MET has worked on during the
PREM project in the Laslea area:

2003
No. Village House Status
1. Laslea Model farm Finished
2. Malancrav Preacher’s house Finished
3. 139 (green house) Finished
4. 280 Finished
5. 276 Finished
6. Rondola Medical cabinet Finished
7. 98 Finished
8. 129 Finished
9. 92 Finished
10. Noul Sasesc 45 (blue house) Finished
11. 226 (yellow house) Finished
12. Floresti 46 (schoolmaster’s Finished
house)
13. Wenzel house Finished
TOTAL 2003 = 13 projects

2004
14. Malancrav 335 Finished
15. 276 (small blue Finished
house)
16. Catholic Church Ongoing, major
project
17. Saxon Church Ongoing, major
project
18. Noul Sasesc 67 Finished
19. 95 Finished
20. 68 Not finished
21. 173 Not finished
22. Floresti 81 Finished
23. 84 Finished
24. 76 Finished
25. Floresti school Finished
26. Rondola 9 Not finished
27. 110 Not finished
28. 117 Not finished
TOTAL 2004 = 15 projects

2005
29. Malancrav 313 Finished
page 46 of 47
 30. 327 Finished
31. 315 Finished (not
inspected)
32. 261 Finished (not
inspected)
33. Manor House Ongoing,
considered as 1
house.
34. 44 Finished
35. Floresti 49 Finished
36. 44 Finished
37. 45 Finished
38. 48 Finished
39. 55 Finished
40. 57 Finished
41. 59 Finished
42. 29 (Orthodox parish Finished (not
house) inspected)
43. 51 Not finished
44. 78 Not Finished
45. Church Ongoing,
considered as 1
house
46. 29 Finished, not
inspected
47. Laslea 344 Ongoing,
considered as 1
house
TOTAL 2005 = 18 projects
TOTAL = 47 projects of which 35 are finished, 7 unfinished but
close to completion and 5 are large, ongoing projects.

page 47 of 47