Math1011 Lecture Notes PDF

Math1011 University Mathematics I
ZHANG Haiyu Doris
The University of Hong Kong

[email protected]
ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 1 / 48

Table of Contents
I Pre-Calculus Topics
II Differential Calculus
III Integral Calculus

Table of Contents
Pre-Calculus Topics
1 Sets
2 Introduction to Probability and Statistics
3 Sequences and Binomial Theorem
4 Mathematical Induction
5 Functions and Graphs
6 Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
7 Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle

Table of Contents
Differential Calculus
8 Limits and Continuity
9 Differentiation
10 Additional Differentiation Topics
11 Curve Sketching
Integral Calculus
12 Integration
13 Methods and Applications of Integration

Chapter 1: Sets
definition
A Set is any well defined collection of objects.
The elements of a set are the objects in a set.
notation
Usually we denote sets with capital letters (such as A, B, C, S, X, Y ) and
elements with lower-case letters (for example, a, b, c, s, x, y).
For a set A:
x ∈ A : x is an element of A
x∈
/ A : x is not an element of A

Sets
Definition
Empty Set (or Null Set ): A set with no element, often denoted by φ
Universal Set: This is the set of all elements currently under consideration,
and is often symbolized by U
Subset. A ⊆ B A is a subset of B (All the members of A are also
members of B, i.e. A included in or equal to B, similar with ≤)
Proper Subset. A ⊂ B A is a proper subset of B (all the members of A
are also members of B, but in addition there exists at least one element c
such that c ∈ B but c ∈ / A , i.e. A included in but not equal to B, similar
with <)

Sets
Definition
cardinal number. |A| denotes the number of element in set A, e.g., if
A = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5}, then |A| = 5 )
Ways of Describing Sets

List all the elements, e.g., “S = {1, 2, 3}”.
Give a verbal description, e.g., “S is the set of all integers from 1 to
3, inclusive”.
Give a mathematical inclusion rule, e.g.,
“S = {x|(x − 1)(x − 2)(x − 3) = 0}”

Sets
Example 1
Is {2,3,5,7} equal to {3,2,7,5}?
- Yes, because a set is unordered.
Is {2,3,5,7} equal to {2,2,3,5,3,7} ?
- Yes, because a set contains unique elements
Is {2,3,5,7} equal to {2,3} ?
- No. {2,3}⊂ {2,3,5,7}
How many elements in the set S = {1, 2, {1, 2}, φ}?
- Four, and two of them are sets, i.e. {1,2} and φ.
Is 2 an element of the set T={0, {1,2,3}, 4,5}?
- No. Even though 2 ∈ {1, 2, 3}, 2 ∈
/ T.

Some special symbols
Symbol for the set of

N natural numbers (positive integers)
Z integers
Q rational numbers
R realnumbers
C complex numbers

Venn diagrams
A B A B

Set Operations
Union A ∪ B = {x : x ∈ A or x ∈ B}
A B

Set Operations
Intersection A ∩ B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈ B}
A B

Set Operations
Difference A − B = {x : x ∈ A and x ∈
/ B}
A B

Set Operations
Compliment A = U − A = {x : x ∈ U and x ∈
/ A}

Set Operations
Example 2
For A = {x ∈ R : |x| ≤ 3}, B = {x ∈ R : |x| > 2} and
C = {x ∈ R : |x − 1| ≤ 4}:
(a) Express A,B and C using interval notation.
(b) Determine A ∩ B, A − B, B ∩ C, B ∪ C, B − C, C − B.
Example 3
Let U = {1, 2, 3, ..., 10} be the universal set, A = {2, 3, 5, 7}, and
B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}. Determine each of the following:
(a) B, (b) A − B, (c) A ∩ B, (d) B.

Set Operations
Example 4
Describe each of the following sets by listing its elements within braces.
(a) {x ∈ Z : x3 − 4x = 0}
(b) {x ∈ R : |x| = −1}
(c) {m ∈ N : 2 < m ≤ 5}
(d) {n ∈ N : 0 ≤ n ≤ 3}
(e) {k ∈ Q : k 2 − 4 = 0}
(f) {k ∈ Z : 9k 2 − 3 = 0}
(g) {k ∈ Z : 1 ≤ k 2 ≤ 10}

Set Operations
Example 5
Determine the cardinality of each of the following sets
(a) A = {1, 2, 3, {1, 2, 3}, 4, {4}}
(b) {x ∈ R : |x| = −1}
(c) {m ∈ N : 2 < m ≤ 5}
(d) {n ∈ N : n < 0}
(e) {k ∈ Q : k 2 − 4 = 0}
(f) {k ∈ N : 1 ≤ k 2 ≤ 10}
(g) {k ∈ Z : 1 ≤ k 2 ≤ 10}

Set Operations
Example 6
Let U = {1, 2, 3} be the universal set and let A = {1, 2}, B = {2, 3} and
C = {1, 3}. Determine the following.
(a) (A ∪ B) − (B ∩ C)
(b) A
(c) B ∪ C

Chapter 2: Introduction to Probability and Statistics
Counting problems are of the following kind:

How many different 8-letter passwords are there?
How many possible ways are there to pick 11 soccer players out of a
20-player team?
Most importantly, counting is the basis for computing probabilities of
discrete events. (What is the probability of winning the lottery?)

Basic Counting Principle: The sum rule
If a task can be done in n1 ways and a second task in n2 ways, and if

these two tasks cannot be done at the same time, then there are n1 + n2
ways to do either task.
Example 7
The department will award a free computer to either a maths student or a
maths professor. How many different choices are there, if there are 530
students and 15 professors?
There are 530 + 15 = 545 choices.
Generalized sum rule

If we have tasks T1 , T2 , ..., Tm that can be done in n1 , n2 , ..., nm ways,
respectively, and no two of these tasks can be done at the same time, then
there are n1 + n2 + ... + nm ways to do one of these tasks.

Basic Counting Principle: The product rule
Suppose that a procedure can be broken down into two successive tasks. If
there are n1 ways to do the first task and n2 ways to do the second task
after the first task has been done, then there are n1n2 ways to do the
procedure.
Example 8
Two road connect cities A and B, four Connect B and C, and five connect
C and D. To drive from A, to B, to C, and then to City D, how many
different routes are possible?

Basic Counting Principle: The product rule
Generalized product rule

If we have a procedure consisting of sequential tasks T1 , T2 , ..., Tm that
can be done in n1 , n2 , ..., nm ways, respectively, then there are
n1 × n2 × ... × nm ways to carry out the procedure.

Basic Counting Principle:
Example 9
1. Jolene is on a shopping spree. She buys six tops, three shorts and 4
pairs of sandals. How many different outfits consisting of a top,
shorts and sandals can she create from her new purchases?
2. How many different license plates are there that containing exactly
three English letters?
3. How many different license plates are there that containing exactly
three English letters without repetition?

Permutations
Definition
An ordered selection of r objects, without repetition, taken from n distinct
objects is called a permutation of n objects taken r at a time. The number
of such permutation denoted n Pr
The number of a permutation of n objects taken r at a time

n!
n Pr = n(n − 1)(n − 2)...(n − r + 1) =
| {z } (n − r)!
r f actors

Permutations
Example 10
Calculate 4 P2 , 7 P3 , 4 P4 .
Example 11
1. What is the total number of possible 4-letter arrangements of the
letters m, a, t, h, if each letter is used only once in each arrangement?
2. How many 2 digit numbers can you make using the digits 1, 2, 3 and
4 without repeating the digits?
3. How many 6 letter words can we make using the letters in the word
LIBERTY without repetitions?
4. In how many ways can you arrange 5 different books on a shelf?
5. In a certain country, the car number plate is formed by 4 digits
followed by 3 letters from the alphabet. How many number plates can
be formed if neither the digits nor the letters are repeated?

Combinations
Definition
An selection of r objects, without regard to order and without repetition,
selected from n distinct objects is called a combination of n objects taken
r at a time. The number of such combinations is denoted n Cr .
The number of a combination of n objects taken r at a time

n Pr n!
n Cr = =
r! r!(n − r)!

Combinations
Example 12
Calculate 4 C2 , 7 C3 , 4 C4 .
Example 13
1. If a club has 20 members, now many different four-member
committees are possible?
2. How many triangles can you make using 6 non collinear points on a
plane?
3. A committee including 3 boys and 4 girls is to be formed from a
group of 10 boys and 12 girls. How many different committee can be
formed from the group?
4. A college promotion committee consists of five members. In how
many ways can the committee reach a majority decision in favor of a
promotion?

Combinations
Example 14
Calculate 5 C0 +5 C1 +5 C2 +5 C3 +5 C4 +5 C5 .
Try to explain
n C0 +n C1 +n C2 + ... +n Cn−1 +n Cn = 2n
Try to prove
n Cr +n Cr+1 =n+1 Cr+1

Permutations with Repeated Objects
Example 15
Consider determining the number of different permutations of seven letters
in the word SUCCESS.

The number of distinguishable permutations of n objects such that n1 are
of one type, n2 are of a second type, ..., and nk are of a kth type, where
n1 + n2 + ... + nk = n, is
n!
n1 !n2 !...nk !

Example 16
For each of the following words, how many distinguishable permutations of
the letters are possible?
1. APOLLO 2. GERM
Example 17
1. A coach must assign 15 players to three vehicles to transport them to
an out-of-town game: 6 in a van, 5 in a station wagon, and 4 in an
SUV. In how many ways can this be done?
2. An artist has created 20 original paintings, and she will exhibit some
of them in three galleries. Four paintings will be sent to gallery A,
four to gallery B, and three to gallery C. In how many ways can this
be done?

Permutations
Example 18
In how many ways can 5 English books and 4 Chinese books be put in a
row on the bookcase,
(a) if they may put anywhere?
(b) if the English books and Chinese books must be put alternate?
(c) if all the Chinese books must be put together?
(d) if no two English books be put together?

Sample Spaces
Definition
A sample space S for an experiment is the set of all possible outcomes of
the experiment. The elements of S are called sample points. If there is a
finite number of sample points, that number is denoted #(S), and S is
said to be a finite sample space.
Example 19
Two different coins are tossed, and the result (H or T) for each coin is
observed. Determine a sample space.

Events
Definition
An event E for an experiment is subset of the sample space for the
experiment. If the outcome of the experiment is a sample point in E, then
event E is said to occur.
Example 20
A coin is tossed three times, and the result of each toss is noted.
1. Describe a sample space and determine the number of sample points.
2. Determine the following events.
a. E = {one head and two tails}.
b. F = {at least two heads}.
c. G = {heads on first toss}.
Definition
Events E and F are said to be mutually exclusive events if and only if
E∩F =φ
2.4 Probability
Equiprobable Spaces
S is called an equiprobable space if all events are equally likely to occur.
If S is a finite equiprobable space, probability of E = {s1 , s2 , ..., sj } is
P (E) = P (s1 ) + P (s2 ) + ... + P (sj )
number of outcomes in E
P (E) =
number of outcomes in S

2.4 Probability
Equiprobable Spaces
S is called an equiprobable space if all events are equally likely to occur.
If S is a finite equiprobable space, probability of E = {s1 , s2 , ..., sj } is
P (E) = P (s1 ) + P (s2 ) + ... + P (sj )
number of outcomes in E
P (E) =
number of outcomes in S
Properties of Probability
0 ≤ P (E) ≤ 1
P (φ) = 0
P (U ) = 1

2.4 Probability
Example 21
Two fair coins are tossed, Determine the probability that
a. two heads occur
b. at least one head occurs
Example 22
Two dice are rolled, find the probability that the sum is 4.

2.4 Probability
Example 23
From an ordinary deck of 52 playing cards, find the probability of being
dealt a full house in a poker game. A full house is three of one kind and
two of another, such as three queens and two 10’s.
Example 24
For a random collection of 6 people, make an assumption that all years
consist of 365 days and calculate the probability that at least two of them
celebrate their birthday on the same day.

2.4 Probability
Discussion
What is the probability to win the first prize and second prize in mark six?
(The Mark Six Lottery is a 6 out of 49 lotto game which is conducted by
HKJC Lotteries Limited, a subsidiary of The Hong Kong Jockey Club. )

3.4 The Binomial Theorem
Please learn the following by yourselves (will NOT be included in the test
and final exam):
3.1 Arithmetic Sequences
3.2 Geometric Sequences
3.3 Infinite Geometric Sequences

The binomial formula (for n is integer)
(a + b)n =n C0 an +n C1 an−1 b +n C2 an−2 b2 + ... +n Cn−1 abn−1 +n Cn bn
Example 25
Using the binomial formula, expand (2x + 3)6 .
Example 26
Find the first four terms of the expansion of (x + 7)12 .
Discussion
Find the constant term and the coefficient of x6 of the expansion of
(x − x2 )10 .

The binomial Series

n(n − 1) 2 n(n − 1)(n − 2) 3
(1 + x)n = 1 + nx + x + x + ...
2! 3!
Example 27
Use the binomial series to find the first four terms of the expansion of the
function (1+m12 )3/2 .
Example 28
Approximate the value of 0.977 by use the binomial series.

Chapter4 Mathematical Induction
Principle of Mathematical Induction

For each positive integer n, let P (n) be a statement, if
(1) P (1) is true, and
(2) ∀k ∈ N, P (k) ⇒ P (k + 1) is true,
then ∀n ∈ N, P (n) is true.
Example 29
n(n+1)
Prove 1 + 2 + 3 + · · · + n = 2
Example 30
n(n+1)(2n+1)
Prove 12 + 22 + 32 + · · · + n2 = 6

Chapter4 Mathematical Induction
Example 31
1 1 1 n
Prove 2·3 + 3·4 + ··· + (n+1)(n+2) = 2n+4
Example 32
For every positive integer n, 3|(22n − 1).
Example 33
(2n)!
For every positive integer n, 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2n − 1) = 2n ·n! .

Chapter 5 Functions and Graphs (5.1-5.4)
5.1 Introduction to Functions

Example 34
Let f (x) = 3x − 7, find f (2).
Example 35
t2
Let g(t) = 2t+1 , find g(a3 ).
Example 36
Let g(x) = ax2 + x, find g(−a2 x).
Example 37
Let f (x) = 2x + 1, g(x) = x2 + 1, find f [g(a)].

5.2 More about functions
Definition: Domain and Range

For a given function, the complete set of possible values of the
independent variable is called the domain of the function, and the
complete set of all possible resulting values of the dependent variable is
called the range of the function.
Example 38
Find domain only
a. f (x) = x + 5.
√
b. f (x) = 16 x + x1 .
√
x−5
c. f (x) = x−7 .

Example 39
Find domain and range
√
a. f (x) = 2x + x + 1.
b. f (x) = |x − 3|.
√
c. f (x) = √x−2 .
6−x
d. f (x) = 3 − 4x2 .

Functions from verbal statement

Example 40
The fixed cost for a company to operate a certain plant is $3000 per day.
It also costs $4 for each unit produced in the plant. Express the daily cost
C of operating the plant as a function of the number n of units produced.

5.4 The Graph of a Function
Self-learn: 5.3 Rectangular Coordinates

Example 41
Plot the following graphs:
a. y = |x|.
1
b. y = x−2 .
Example 42
Shifting a graph:
a. Shifting a graph vertically :y = x2 ⇒ y = x2 + 2.
b. Shifting a graph horizontally y = x2 ⇒ y = (x + 2)2 .

Math 1011- Chapter 6
Exponential and Logarithmic

Functions
Table of Contents
6.1 Exponential Functions

6.2 Logarithmic Functions
6.3 Properties of Logarithms
6.4 Logarithms to the Base 10
6.5 Natural Logarithms
6.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
6.1 Exponential Functions
General Form of Exponential Function
y = a x where a > 0 and a≠1
•
Laws of Exponents
• x x =x
m n (m+n)
• x /x =x
m n (m-n)
• (xm)n=xmn
• x0=1
• x-n=1/xn
• (xy)n=xnyn and (x/y)n=xn/yn
6.2 Logarithmic Functions
General Form of Exponential Function y = logax (a > 0 and a≠1)
• y = logax is the inverse of y
= ax
• Domain: x > 0 Example 42 Graphing the
• Range: All Reals following functions:
a) log2x
• x-intercept: (1, 0)
b) log0.5x
• y-intercept: None Compare the result of the
graphs in Example 41.
Relationship between Exponential Functions
and Logarithmic Functions
Exponential Form Logarithmic Form
23  8 log 2 8  3
 12 4  16 log 16  4
1
2
5 5
1
log5 5  1
4   1
3 0
log 1  0
3
4
Example 43 Solve log4 x  32 .

Converting between
Exponents & Logarithms
• BASEEXPONENT = POWER
• 42 = 16
• 4 is the base. 2 is the exponent. 16 is the power.
• As a logarithm, logBASEPOWER=EXPONENT
• log 4 16 = 2
Logarithmic Abbreviations
• log x = log x (Common log)

10
• log x = ln x (Natural log)

e
• e = 2.71828...
6.3 Properties of Logarithms
• logb(MN)= logbM + logbN

Ex: log4(15)= log45 + log43
• logb(M/N)= logbM – logbN
Ex: log3(50/2)= log350 – log32
• logbMr = r logbM
Ex: log7 103 = 3 log7 10
• logb(1/M) = logbM-1= –1 logbM = – logbM
Ex: log11 (1/8) = log11 8-1 = – 1 log11 8 = – log11 8
Properties of Logarithms (Shortcuts)
• logb1 = 0 (because b0 = 1)
• logbb = 1 (because b1 = b)
• logbbr = r (because br = br)
• blog M = M
b
Example Assume all variables are positive. Use the
properties of logarithms to rewrite the expression
3 5
log n x y .
b zm
1
Solution log b n
3 5
x y  x y 
 log b  m 
3 5 n
z m
 z 
3 5
1 x y
 log b m
n z

 1 log b x 3  log b y 5 log b z m
n

 1 3 log b x 5 log b y  m log b z 
n
 3 log b x  5 log b y  m log b z
n n n
Example Use the properties of logarithms to write
1
2 log b m  3
2 log b 2 n  log b m 2
n as a single logarithm
with coefficient 1.
Solution 1
2 logb m  logb 2n  logb m n
3
2
2
 logb m  logb 2n  2  logb m 2 n

1 3
2
 
1 3
2
 logb m 2 n 2
m2n
3 1
2 2
 logb 2 n
3
m 2
1
 2 3
n  2
 logb  3   logb 8n3
m  m
Change-of-Base Rule
For any positive real numbers x, a, and b, where
a  1 and b  1, log b x
log a x  .
log b a
y  log a x.
Proof Let
ay  x
logb a y  logb x
y logb a  logb x
y  log
log bx
ba
 log a x  log
log bx
ba
Example Evaluate each expression and round to
four decimal places.
(a) log5 17 (b) log2 .1
Solution Note in the figures below that using

either natural or common logarithms produce the
same results.
(a) (b)
6.4 Logarithms to the Base 10
For all positive numbers x,
log x  log10 x.
ExampleEvaluate a) log12 b) log .1 c) log 53 .
Solution Use a calculator.

a) log 12  1.079181246
b) log .1  1
3
c) log  .2218487496
5
6.5 Natural Logarithms
For all positive numbers x,
ln x  log e x.
• On the calculator, the natural logarithm key is

usually found in conjunction with the e x key.
6.6 Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
• If logb m = logb n, then m = n.

If log6 2x = log6(x + 3),
then 2x = x + 3 and x = 3.
• If bm = bn, then m = n.
If 51-x = 5-2x, then 1 – x = – 2x and
x = – 1.
If your variable is in the
exponent…..
• Isolate the base-exponent term.
• Write as a log. Solve for the variable.
• Example: 4x+3 = 7
• log 4 7 = x + 3 and – 3 + log 4 7 = x
OR with change of bases:
x = – 3 + log 7
log 4
• Another method is to take the LOG of both sides.
Logarithmic Equations
• Isolate to a single log term.

• Convert to an exponent.
• Solve equation.
• Example: log x + log (x – 15) = 2
• log x(x – 15) = 2 so 102 = x (x – 15) and
100 = x2 – 15x and 0 = x2 – 15x – 100
So 0 = (x – 20) (x + 5) so x = 20 or – 5
Math1011 - Chapter 7
Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
1
Review
Find the exact values of the other five trig functions (cos θ,
tan θ, csc θ, sec θ, Cot θ) for an angle θ in standard position,
given
12
360o 5
sin    , 270    360o
o
θ
13
-5
13
270o
2
Review: Values of special angles
3
Review: Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
• Quotient Identities
• Reciprocal Identities
• Pythagorean Identities
• Even-Odd Identities
4
1. Signs of the trigonometric functions
Students
ALL
5
Example 1 : Positive, Negative or Zero?
sin 125o sin 240° sin 270° sin 300°
cos 100o cos 180o cos 300o cos 300o
tan 125o tan 180o tan 225o tan 270o
Example 2: Using the Sign

1
If cos    and θ lies in Quadrant III, find sin θ and tan θ
2
6
Example 3: Determine the Quadrant
In which quadrant is θ if cos θ and tan θ have the same sign?
In which quadrant is θ if sin θ and cos θ have the same sign?
In which quadrant is θ if sin θ and tan θ have the same sign?
In which quadrant is θ if cos θ is negative and sin θ is positive?
In which quadrant is θ if cot θ and sec θ have opposite signs?
7
2. Trigonometric Functions of Any Angle
Example 4 Coterminal angles

Which of the following angles are coterminal?
30o 480o
100o 540o
120o 330o
180o -30o
390o -180o
450o -270o
8
Reference Angles
Reference Angle: the smallest positive acute angle determined by

the x-axis and the terminal side of θ
ref angle ref angle
ref angle ref angle
Think of the reference angle as a “distance”—how

close you are to the closest x-axis.
9
Example 5: Find Reference Angle
150°
30°
225°
45°
300°
60°
10
Example 6: Using Reference Angles
a) sin 330° =
= - sin 30°
= - 1/2
b) cos 120° =
= - cos 60°
=-½
11
Using Reference Angles
c) sin (-120°)=
= - sin 60°
3

2
d) Find the exact value of tan 495o
To find the correct quadrant, find the smallest

positive coterminal angle. 495o - 360o = 135o
tan 495o = tan 135o. 135o is in Quad. II where
tangent is negative. The reference angle = 45o
tan 495o = - tan 45o = -1
12
Graph of the Sine Function
To sketch the graph of y = sin x first locate the key points.

These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the intercepts.
 3
x 0  2
2 2
sin x 0 1 0 -1 0
Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that
extends in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle is
called a period.
y y = sin x
3  1  3 5
 
2  2 2  2 2 2 x
1
13
Graph of the Cosine Function
To sketch the graph of y = cos x first locate the key points.

These are the maximum points, the minimum points, and the intercepts.
 3
x 0  2
2 2
cos x 1 0 -1 0 1
Then, connect the points on the graph with a smooth curve that
extends in both directions beyond the five points. A single cycle is
called a period.
y y = cos x
3  1  3 5
 
2  2 2  2 2 2 x
1
14
Graph of the Tangent Function
To graph y = tan x, use the identity tan x  .sin

x
cos x
At values of x for which cos x = 0, the tangent function is undefined and
its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = tan x
1. domain : all real x


x  k  k    3
2
2. range: (–, +) 2 2 x
3. period:   3 
4. vertical asymptotes: 2 2

x  k  k  
2
period: 
15
Example: Find the period and asymptotes and sketch the graph
of  y 
1 x x
y  tan 2 x
3 4 4
1. Period of y = tan x is . 

 Period of y  tan 2 x is .
2 3  1 
  , 
2. Find consecutive vertical
8  8 3 2 x
asymptotes by solving for x:  1
 ,   3 1 
   8 3  , 
2x   , 2x   8 3
2 2  
Vertical asymptotes: x ,x
4 4
3. Plot several points in    3
(0, ) x  0
2 8 8 8
1 1 1 1
4. Sketch one branch and repeat. y  tan 2 x  0 
3 3 3 3
16
Graph of the Cotangent Function
To graph y = cot x, use the identity cos
. x
cot x 
sin x
At values of x for which sin x = 0, the cotangent function is undefined
and its graph has vertical asymptotes.
y
Properties of y = cot x
y  cot x
1. domain : all real x
x  k k  
2. range: (–, +) x
   3 2
3. period:  
3


2 2 2 2
4. vertical asymptotes:
x  k k  
vertical asymptotes x   x0 x  x  2
17
Finding Exact Measures of Angles
Example 7
 3
Find all values of  , where 0    360 , when sin  
o o
18
Induction Formula
1. Symbol : determined by quadrant.
2. Function name: Odd- change
Even- No need to change
Example 8 Simplify the following trigonometric functions
Sin (180o+θ) Sin (270o+θ) Sin (360o-θ) Sin (90o-θ)
cos (180o+θ) cos (270o-θ) cos (360o+θ) cos (90o+θ)
tan (-180o+θ) tan (-270o-θ) tan (-360o+θ) tan (-90o+θ)
19
Example 9 Express the following trigonometric functions of a
positive acute angle
Sin 120o Sin 210o Sin 270o Sin 330o

cos 120o cos 210o cos 270o cos 330o
tan 120o tan 210o tan 270o tan 330o
20
Approximating
Example 10:
• Approximate the value of  , if sin   .6293

• 1. Ignore the negative and do
sin  (.6293)
1
 38.99849667
• 2. The answer is the reference angle, which we will round
to 39o
• 3. Sine is negative in QIII and QIV
• 4. 219o and 321o
21
Approximating
Example 11:
• Approximate the value of  , if sin   .6293

• 1. sin 1  (.6293)
 38.99849667
• 2. The answer is the reference angle, which we will round
to 39o
• 3. Sine is positive in QI and QII
• 4. 39o and 141o
22
Example 12:
• Find all values of
 , where 0    360 when cos  0.5299

o o
Reference angle is 58o

122o and 238o
23
3. Radians
• Central angle: An angle whose vertex is at the center of a circle

• Central angles subtend an arc on the circle
24
Radians
• One radian is the measure of an angle which subtends an arc with

length equal to the radius of the circle
25
Radians vs. Degrees
26
Radians
IMPORTANT!
• Radians are dimensionless
• If an angle appears with no units, it must be assumed to be in radians
Example 12:
• Convert each angle in degrees to radians and each angle in

radians to degrees
1 3.8 60 3 /4
360o 30o
27
Radians vs. Degrees
• Measurements of common angles
28
Arc Length
• Theorem. [Arc Length]

For a circle of radius r, a central angle of θ radians subtends an arc whose
length s is
s=rθ
WARNING!
• The angle must be given in radians
29
Arc Length
Example 13:
Problem: Find the length of the arc of a circle of radius 5 centimeters

subtended by a central angle of 1.4 radians
30
Area of a Sector of a Circle
• Theorem. [Area of a Sector]

The area A of the sector of a circle of radius r formed by a central angle of θ
radians is
A = 1
2
θ
r 2µ
31
Area of a Sector of a Circle
• Example.
Problem: Find the area of the sector of a circle of radius 3 meters formed by an
angle of 45o. Round your answer to two decimal places.
Answer:
WARNING!
• The angle again must be given in radians
32
Angular Velocity
s
Linear Velocity is distance/time: v
t

Angular Velocity is turn/time: 
t
Angular Velocity: v  r
33
Example 14:
• A person on a hang glider is moving in a horizontal circular

are of radius 90 m with an angular velocity of 0.125 rad/s.
Calculate the person’s linear velocity.
34
Chapter 8: Limits and Continuity
Chapter Objectives
• To study limits and their basic properties.

• To study one-sided limits, infinite limits, and limits at
infinity.
Chapter Outline
8.1) Limits
8.2) Limits (Continued)

8.1 Limits
• The limit of f(x) as x approaches a is the number L,
written as
lim f x   L
x a
Example 1 – Estimating a Limit from a Graph
a. Estimate limx→1 f (x) from the graph.

Solution: limf x   2
x 1
b. Estimate limx→1 f (x) from the graph.

Solution:
limf x   2
x 1
Example 2
Properties of Limits
1. limf x   lim c  c where c is a constant
x a x a
2. lim x n  a n for any positive integer n

x a
3. lim
x a
f x   g x   lim f x   lim g x 
x a x a
4. lim
x a
f x   g x   lim f x   lim g x 
x a x a
limcf x   c  lim f x 
5. x a x a
f x  lim f x 
6. lim  x a
if lim g x   0
x a g x  lim g x  x a
x a
7. lim n f x   n lim f x 
x a x a
Example 3 – Applying Limit Properties
a. lim 7  7; lim 7  7
x2 x  5
b. lim x 2  6 2  36
x 6
c. lim t 4   2   16
4
t  2
Example 4 – Applying Limit Properties
Example 5 – Limit of a Polynomial Function
Find an expression for the polynomial function,

f x   cn x n  cn 1x n 1  ...  c1x  c0
Solution:

lim f x   lim cn x n  cn 1x n 1  ...  c1x  c0
x a x a

 cn lim x n  cn 1 lim x n 1  ...  c1 lim  lim c0
x a x a x a x a
 cn a n  cn 1a n 1  ...  c1a  c0

where  f a 
lim f x   f a 
x a
Limits and Algebraic Manipulation
• If f (x) = g(x) for all x  a, then
lim f  x   lim g  x 
xa xa
x2 1
Example 7 – Finding a Limit lim
x 1 x  1
x3  1
Example 8-Finding a Limit lim
x 1 x  1
Example 9 – Finding a Limit

f x  h   f x 
If f x   x  1,find
2
lim
h 0 h
.
8.2 Limits (Continued)
• One-Sided Limits
Infinite Limits
1 1
• Examples of Infinite limits .
lim  lim  
x 0 x x 0 x
Example 1 – Infinite Limits
Find the limit (if it exists).
2 2
a. lim , lim
x  1 x  1 x  1 x  1
x2 Example 2 – Infinite Limits

b. lim 2
x2 x  4
t 2
lim 2
t 2 t  4
Example 3 – Limits at Infinity
a. lim
4
x  x  5 3
b. lim
x  
4  x 
Limits at Infinity for Rational Functions
• If f (x) is a rational function,
an x n and an x n
lim f x   lim m
lim f x   lim
x  x  bm x x  x  bm x m
Example 4 – Limits at Infinity for Rational Functions

Example 5 – Limits at Infinity for Polynomial Functions

a. lim x 3  x 2  x  2
x  


b. lim  2 x 3  9 x
x  

Example 6 – Limits for a Case-Defined Function
Math1011-Chapter 9: Differentiation
Chapter Objectives
• To compute derivatives by using the limit definition.
• To develop basic differentiation rules.
• To interpret the derivative as an instantaneous rate of change.
• To apply the product and quotient rules.
• To apply the chain rule.
1
Chapter Outline
9.1) The Derivative
9.2) Rules for Differentiation
9.3) The Derivative as a Rate of Change
9.4) The Product Rule and the Quotient Rule
9.5) The Chain Rule
2
• Tangent line at a point:
• The slope of a curve at P is the slope of the tangent line at P.
• The slope of the tangent line at (a, f(a)) is
f z   f a  f a  h   f a 
mtan  lim  lim
z a za h 0 h
3
Example 1 – Finding the Slope of a Tangent Line
Find the slope of the tangent line to the curve y = f(x)

= x2 at the point (1, 1).
• The derivative of a function f is the function denoted f’ and defined by
f z   f x  f x  h   f x 
f ' x   lim  lim
zx zx h 0 h
Example 2 – Using the Definition to Find the Derivative
If f x   x , find f ' x  .
2
f ' x  
dy d
 ( f ( x))  y'
dx dx
4
Example 3 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line
If f (x) = 2x2 + 2x + 3, find an equation of the tangent
line to the graph of f at (1, 7).
Example 5 – A Function with a Vertical Tangent Line
Find d
dx
 x .
5
9.2 Rules for Differentiation
• Rules for Differentiation:
RULE 1 Derivative of a Constant: d
c   0
dx
RULE 2 Derivative of xn: d n
dx
 
x  nx n1
RULE 3 Constant Factor Rule: d

cf x   cf ' x 
dx
RULE 4 Sum or Difference Rule
  f x   g x   f ' x   g ' x 
d
dx
6
Example 1 – Derivatives of Constant Functions
a. d 3  0
dx
b. If g x   5 , then g ' x   0.
c. If st   1,938,623807.4 , then ds

dt
0.
7
Example 3 – Rewriting Functions in the Form xn
Differentiate the following functions:

a. y  x
b. hx  
1
x x
Example 5 – Differentiating Sums and Differences of Functions
Differentiate the following functions:

a. F x   3x 5  x
z4
b. f z  
5
 1/ 3
4 z
c. y  6x 3  2x 2  7x  8
8
Example 7 – Finding an Equation of a Tangent Line
Find an equation of the tangent line to the curve

3x  2
2
y when x = 1.
x
9
9.3 The Derivative as a Rate of Change
• Average velocity is given by s f t  t   f t 
v ave  
• Velocity at time t is given by t t
f t  t   f t 
v  lim
t 0 t
Example 1 – Finding Average Velocity and Velocity
Suppose the position function of an object moving

along a number line is given by s = f(t) = 3t2 + 5,
where t is in seconds and s is in meters.
a. Find the average velocity over the interval [10,
10.1].
b. Find the velocity when t = 10.
10
• If y = f(x),
average rate of change of y
then y f x  x   f x  
  with respect to x over the
x x interval from x to x  x

dy y instantaneous rate of change of

 lim 
dx x0 x y with respect tox
Example 3 – Finding a Rate of Change

Find the rate of change of y = x4 with respect to x,
and evaluate it when x = 2 and when x = −1.
11
9.4 The Product Rule and the Quotient Rule
The Product Rule

d
f x g x   f ' x g x   f x g ' x 
dx
Example 1 – Applying the Product Rule

 
F  x   x 2  3 x 4 x  5 Find F’(x).
Example 3 – Differentiating a Product of Three Factors
y  ( x  2)( x  3)( x  4) Find y’.
12
d  f  x   g  x  f '  x   f  x g '  x 
The Quotient Rule   
dx  g  x   g x 2
Example 5 – Applying the Quotient Rule
4x2  3
If F x   , find F’(x).
2x 1
Example 7 – Differentiating Quotients without Using the Quotient Rule
Differentiate the following functions.

2 x3
a. f  x  
5
b. f  x  
4
7x 3

7
x 
4 3
5 x 2  3x 1
c. f  x    5 x  3
4x 4
13
9.5 The Chain Rule
Chain Rule: dy dy du
 
dx du dx
Power Rule:
d n
dx
 
u  nu n 1 du
dx
Example 1 – Using the Chain Rule
a. If y = 2u2 − 3u − 2 and u = x2 + 4, find dy/dx.
Example 3 – Using the Power Rule
If y = (x3 − 1)7, find y’.
14
Example 5 – Using the Power Rule
1
y 2
x 2
Example 7 – Differentiating a Product of Powers
If y  x 2  4 3x  54 , find y’.

5
15
Chapter 10
Additional Differentiation Topics
Chapter Objectives
• To develop a differentiation formula for y = ln u.
• To develop a differentiation formula for y = eu.
• To discuss the notion of a function defined implicitly.
• To show how to differentiate a function of the form uv.
• To find higher-order derivatives both directly and implicitly.
Chapter Outline
10.1) Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
10.2) Derivatives of Exponential Functions
10.4) Implicit Differentiation

10.5) Logarithmic Differentiation
10.7) Higher-Order Derivatives

10.1 Derivatives of Logarithmic Functions
• The derivatives of log functions are:
d
ln x   1
dx x
Example 1 – Differentiating Functions Involving ln x
a. Differentiate f(x) = 5 ln x.
ln x
b. Differentiate y  2 .
x
Example 2 – Differentiating Functions Involving ln u
a. Differentiate y  ln( x  1) .
2
b. Differentiate y  x 2 ln(4 x  2) .
Example 3 – Rewriting Logarithmic Functions before Differentiating
y  ln2x  5.
3
a. Find dy/dx if
 
b. Find f ’(p) if f p  ln p  12 p  23 p  34 .
Example 4 – Differentiating Functions Involving Logarithms
1  w2
a. Find f ’(w) if f ( w)  ln
w2  1
b. Find f ’(x) if f ( x)  ln 3 2 x  5
Procedure to Differentiate logbu
• Convert logbu to ln u and then differentiate.
ln b
Example 5 – Differentiating a Logarithmic Function to the Base 2
Differentiate y = log2x.
Example 6 – Differentiating a Logarithmic Function to the Base 10
Differentiate y = log(2x+1).
10.2 Derivatives of Exponential Functions
• The derivatives of exponential functions are:
a.
d x
dx
 
e  ex
b.
d u
dx
 
e e u du
dx
c.
d x
dx
 
a  a x ln a 
Example 1– Differentiating Functions Involving ex
a. Find d
dx
 .
3e x
x dy
b. If y = x , find dx .
e
c. Find y’ when y  e 2
 e x
 ln3 .
Example 2– Differentiating Functions Involving eu
a.Find e
dx

d x 2 3 x
. b. Find
dx

d x 1
e ln ( x 2  1)  .
Example 4– Differentiating an Exponential Function
with Base 4
Find
dx
 .
d x
4
Example 5 – Differentiating Different Forms
Find
d 2
dx

e  x e  2. x

10.4 Implicit Differentiation
Implicit Differentiation Procedure
1. Differentiate both sides.
2. Collect all dy/dx terms on one side and other terms on the other side.
3. Factor dy/dx terms.
4. Solve for dy/dx.
Example– Implicit Differentiation
1.Find dy/dx by implicit differentiation if y  y 3
x 7 .
2.Find dy/dx if x 3  4 xy 2  27  y 4 .
3. Find the slope of the curve x 3  y  x 2 2 at (1,2).
4.Find dp/dq if q  p  ln q  ln p .
10.5 Logarithmic Differentiation
Logarithmic Differentiation Procedure
1. Take the natural logarithm of both sides which gives ln y  ln  f  x  .
2. Simplify In (f(x))by using properties of logarithms.
3. Differentiate both sides with respect to x.
4. Solve for dy/dx.
5. Express the answer in terms of x only.
f(x) involves product, quotient, powers.

Example – Logarithmic Differentiation
2 x  5 3
1.Find y’ if y  .
x 24
x 1
2
2.Find y’ if y  xx .
3.Find y’ if y  (1  e x ) ln x .
10.7 Higher-Order Derivatives
For higher-order derivatives:
Example 1 – Finding Higher-Order Derivatives
a. If f x   6x 3  12x 2  6x  2 , find all higher-order
derivatives.
b. If f(x) = 7, find f’’’(x).
Example 2 – Finding a Second-Order Derivatives

d2y
a. If ye x2
, find .
dx 2
Example 3 – Evaluating a Second-Order Derivative
d 2y
If f x  
16
, find 2 when x  4.
x4 dx
Example 4 – Finding the Rate of change of f’’(x)
If f  x   xln x , find the rate of change of f’’(x).

Example 5 – Higher-Order Implicit Differentiation
d 2y
Find 2 if x 2  4y 2  4.
dx
Example 6 – Higher-Order Implicit Differentiation
d2y
Find 2 if y 2  e x  y .
dx
Chapter 11 Curve Sketching
Chapter Objectives
• To find critical values, to locate relative maxima
and relative minima of a curve.
• To find extreme values on a closed interval.
• To test a function for concavity and inflection
points.
• To locate relative extrema by applying the
second-derivative test.
• To sketch the graphs of functions having
asymptotes.
• To model situations involving maximizing or
minimizing a quantity.
Chapter Outline
11.1) Relative Extrema
11.2) Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval
11.3) Concavity
11.4) The Second-Derivative Test
11.5) Asymptotes
11.6) Applied Maxima and Minima
11.1 Relative Extrema
Increasing or Decreasing Nature of a Function
• Increasing f(x) if x1 < x2 and f(x1) < f(x2).
• Decreasing f(x) if x1 < x2 and f(x1) > f(x2).
Extrema
RULE 1 - Criteria for Increasing or Decreasing Function
• f is increasing on (a, b) when f’(x) > 0
• f is decreasing on (a, b) when f’(x) < 0
RULE 2 - A Necessary Condition for Relative Extrema
 f ' a   0
relative extremum  
implies
  or
at a   f ' a  does not exist

RULE 3 - Criteria for Relative Extrema
1. If f’(x) changes from +ve to –ve, then f has a
relative maximum at a.
2. If f’(x) changes from -ve to +ve, then f has a
relative minimum at a.
First-Derivative Test for Relative Extrema
1. Find f’(x).
2. Determine all critical values of f.
3. For each critical value a at which f is continuous,
determine whether f’(x) changes sign as x
increases through a.
4. For critical values a at which f is not continuous,
analyze the situation by using the definitions of
extrema directly.
Example 1 - First-Derivative Test
If y  f x   x 
4
for x  1 , use the first-derivative test
x 1
to find where relative extrema occur.
Example 2 – A Relative Extremum where f’(x) Does Not

Exist
Test y  f  x   x 2 / 3for relative extrema.

Example 3 - Finding Relative Extrema
Test y  f x   x 2e x for relative extrema.
11.2 Absolute Extrema on a Closed Interval
Extreme-Value Theorem
• If a function is continuous on a closed interval, then
the function has a maximum value and a minimum
value on that interval.
Procedure to Find Absolute Extrema for a
Function f That Is Continuous on [a, b]
1. Find the critical values of f .
2. Evaluate f(x) at the endpoints a and b and at the
critical values in (a, b).
3. The maximum value of f is the greatest value
found in step 2. The minimum value is the least
value found in step 2.
Example 1 - Finding Extreme Values on a Closed Interval
Find absolute extrema for f x   x 2  4x  5 over the

closed interval [1, 4].
11.3 Concavity
• Cases where curves concave upward:
• Cases where curves concave downward:

• f is said to be concave up on (a, b) if f ’ is
increasing on (a, b).
• f is said to be concave down on (a, b) if f ’ is
decreasing on (a, b).
• f has an inflection point at a if it is continuous at a
and f changes concavity at a.
Criteria for Concavity

• If f’’(x) > 0, f is concave up on (a, b).
• If f”(x) < 0, f is concave down on (a, b).
Example 1 - Testing for Concavity
Determine where the given function is concave up
and where it is concave down.
a. y  f  x    x  1  1
3
b. y  x 2
Example 2 – Concavity and Inflection Points
Test y  6 x 4  8 x 3  1 for concavity and inflection points

Example 3 - A Change in Concavity with No Inflection Point
Discuss concavity and find all inflection points for

f(x) = 1/x.
Example 4 – Curve Sketching
Sketch the gragh of y  2 x 3  9 x 2  12 x .

11.4 The Second-Derivative Test
• The test is used to test certain critical values for
relative extrema.
Suppose f’(a) = 0.
• If f’’(a) < 0, then f has a relative maximum at a.
• If f’’(a) > 0, then f has a relative minimum at a.
Example 1 - Second-Derivative Test
Test the following for relative maxima and minima.

Use the second-derivative test, if possible.
a. y  18 x  x
2
3
3
b. y  6 x 4  8 x 3  1
11.5 Asymptotes
Vertical Asymptotes
• The line x = a is a vertical asymptote if at least
one of the following is true:
lim f x   
x a
lim f x   
x a
Vertical-Asymptote Rule for Rational Functions

• P and Q are polynomial functions and the quotient
is in lowest terms.
P x 
f x  
Q x 
Example 1&2 - Finding Vertical & Horizontal Asymptotes
Determine vertical and horizontal asymptotes for the

graph of
x 2  4x
f x   2
x  4x  3
Horizontal and Oblique Asymptotes
• The line y = b is a horizontal asymptote if at least
one of the following is true:
lim f x   b or lim f x   b
x  x 
Nonvertical asymptote
• The line y = mx +b is a nonvertical asymptote if
at least one of the following is true:
limf x   mx  b   0 or lim f x   mx  b  0
x  x 
Example 3 - Finding an Oblique Asymptote
Find the oblique asymptote for the graph of the

rational function
10x 2  9 x  5
y  f x  
5x  2
Example 5 - Finding Horizontal and Vertical Asymptotes
Find horizontal and vertical asymptotes for the graph
y  f x   e x  1
Example 6 - Curve Sketching
1
Sketch the graph of y .
4  x2
Example 7 - Curve Sketching

4x
Sketch the graph of y .
x 1
2
11.6 Applied Maxima and Minima
• Use absolute maxima and minima to explain the
endpoints of the domain of the function.
Example 1 - Minimizing the Cost of a Fence
A manufacturer plans to fence in a 10,800-ft2 rectangular
storage area adjacent to a building by using the building as
one side of the enclosed area. The fencing parallel to the
building faces a highway and will cost $3 per foot installed,
whereas the fencing for the other two sides costs $2 per foot
installed. Find the amount of each type of fence so that the
total cost of the fence will be a minimum.
What is the minimum cost?
Example 3 - Minimizing Average Cost
A manufacturer’s total-cost function is given by

q2
c  c q    3q  400
4
where c is the total cost of producing q units. At what
level of output will average cost per unit be a
minimum? What is this minimum?
Chapter 12 Integration
Chapter Objectives
• To define the anti-derivative and the indefinite
integral.
• To evaluate constants of integration.
1
• To apply the formulas for  u du,  e du and  du .
n n
u
• To handle more challenging integration problems.
• To evaluate simple definite integrals.
• To apply Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus.
1
• To use definite integral to find the area of the
region.
• To find the area of a region bounded by two or
more curves.
• To develop concepts of consumers’ surplus and
producers’ surplus.
2
Chapter Outline
12.2) The Indefinite Integral
12.3) Integration with Initial Conditions
12.4) More Integration Formulas
12.5) Techniques of Integration
12.6) The Definite Integral
12.7) The Fundamental Theorem of Integral
Calculus
12.9) Area between Curves
3
12.2 The Infinite Integral
• An antiderivative of a function f is a function F
such that F ' x   f x  .
In differential notation, dF  f x dx.
• Integration states that
 f x dx  F x   C if only F ' x   f x 
• Basic Integration
Properties:
4
Example
1 .  5dx 7.
8.
2.
9.
3.  7 xdx
10.
4.
11.
1
5.  t
dx
1
6.  6 x 3 dx
5
12.3 Integration with Initial Conditions
Example 1 - Initial-Condition Problem
If y is a function of x such that y’ = 8x − 4 and y(2)

= 5, find y.
Example 2
6
Example 3 - Income and Education
For a particular urban group, sociologists studied the

current average yearly income y (in dollars) that a
person can expect to receive with x years of
education before seeking regular employment. They
estimated that the rate at which income changes with
respect to education is given by
dy
 100x 3 / 2 4  x  16
dx
where y = 28,720 when x = 9. Find y.
7
12.4 More Integration Formulas
Power Rule for Integration
n 1
u
 dx  n  1  C if n  1
n
u
Integrating Natural Exponential Functions
  C
u u
e du e
Integrals Involving Logarithmic Functions

1
 xdx  ln x  C for x  0
8
Basic Integration Formulas
9
Example
1. 6.
2. 7.
3. 8.
4. 9.
5. 10.
10
Example 8
11
12.5 Techniques of Integration
Example 1 - Preliminary Division before Integration
Find x3  x
a.  2 dx
x
2 x 3  3x 2  x  1
b.  dx
2x 1
Example 2
12
Example 3 - An Integral Involving bu
Find 
3 x
2 dx.
13
12.6 The Definite Integral
• For area under the graph from limit a  b,
b
 f x dx
a
• x is called the variable of integration and f (x) is
the integrand.
Example 1
Find the area of the region in the first quadrant

bounded by f(x) = 4 − x2 and the
lines x = 0 and y = 0.
14
Example 3 - Integrating a Function over an Interval
Integrate f (x) = x − 5 from x = 0 to x = 3.
15
12.7 The Fundamental Theorem of
Integral Calculus
Fundamental Theorem of Integral Calculus
• If f is continuous on the interval [a, b] and F is any
antiderivative of f on [a, b], then
b
 f x dx  F b   F a
a
Properties of the Definite Integral

b a
 f x dx   f x dx
a b
16
Properties of the Definite Integral
b
1.  f x dx
a
is the area bounded by the graph f(x).
b b
2. kf x dx  k f x dx where k is a constant.
 a
 a
b b b
3.
 f x   g x dx   f x dx   g x dx
a a a
b b
4.  f x dx   f t dt
a a
c b c
5.  f x dx   f x dx   f x dx
a a b
17
Example 1 - Applying the Fundamental Theorem
 3x 
3
a)Find 2
 x  6 dx. d)
1
b)
c)
Example 2
18
Trapezoidal Rule
• To find the area of a trapezoidal area, we have
b
a f x dx  2 f a  2f a  h   2f a  2h    2f a  n  1h  f b

h
where h  b -a / n.
19
12.9 Area between Curves
• The width of the vertical element is ∆x. The height
is the y-value of the curve.
• The area is defined as
b
 f x x   f x dx  area

a
Example 1
20
Vertical Elements
• The area of the element is
yupper 
 ylower x.
Example 3 - Finding an Area between Two Curves
21
Example 4
22
Example 5 - Area of a Region Having Two Different Upper Curves
Find the area of the region between the curves y = 9 − x2

and y = x2 + 1 from x = 0 to x = 3.
23
Example 6
24
Example 7 - Advantage of Horizontal Elements
Find the area of the region bounded by the graphs of

y2 = x and x − y = 2.
25
Chapter 13
Methods and Applications of Integration
Chapter Objectives
• To develop and apply the formula for integration by parts.

• To show how to integrate a proper rational function.
• To define and evaluate improper integrals.
Chapter Outline
13.1) Integration by Parts
13.2) Integration by Partial Fractions
13.7) Improper Integrals
13.1 Integration by Parts
Formula for Integration by Parts
 u dv  uv   v du
Example
a)  dx
xe x d)  ln y dy.
 xe
x2
ln x e) dx.
b)  x dx
 e dx.
2 2 2 x 1
c)

1
x ln x dx f) x
13.2 Integration by Partial Fractions
• Express the integrand as partial fractions
Example
4 x 2  14 x  6 6 x 2
 13 x  6
a)  x 3  2 x 2  3x dx d)
 ( x  2)( x  1) 2 dx
 2x  4
2 x  3 x  4 x  17 x  6
4 3 2
e)  3 2 dx
b)  x  2 x  3x
3 2
dx x x x
x5
2x 1
f)  2 dx
c) ( x  4) 2
 3x 2  27 dx
2x  3
g)  x 2  3x  1 dx
13.7 Improper Integrals

• The improper integral f x dx is defined as
a
 r
 f x  dx  lim  f x  dx
a
r 
a
• The improper integral f x  dx is defined as


 0 
 f x  dx   f x  dx   f x  dx
  0
Example
Determine whether the following improper integrals

are convergent or divergent. For any convergent
integral, determine its value.

1
a.  3 dx
1
x
0
 dx
x
b. e


1
c. 
1 x
dx

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Math1011 University Mathematics I

ZHANG Haiyu Doris

The University of Hong Kong

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 1 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 2 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 3 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 4 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 5 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 6 / 48

Ways of Describing Sets

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 7 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 8 / 48

Symbol for the set of

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 9 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 10 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 11 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 12 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 13 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 14 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 15 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 16 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 17 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 18 / 48

Counting problems are of the following kind:

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 19 / 48

If a task can be done in n1 ways and a second task in n2 ways, and if

Generalized sum rule

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 20 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 21 / 48

Generalized product rule

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 22 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 23 / 48

The number of a permutation of n objects taken r at a time

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 24 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 25 / 48

The number of a combination of n objects taken r at a time

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 26 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 27 / 48

n Cr +n Cr+1 =n+1 Cr+1

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 28 / 48

Permutations with Repeated Objects

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 29 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 30 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 31 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 32 / 48

If S is a finite equiprobable space, probability of E = {s1 , s2 , ..., sj } is

P (E) = P (s1 ) + P (s2 ) + ... + P (sj )

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 34 / 48

If S is a finite equiprobable space, probability of E = {s1 , s2 , ..., sj } is

P (E) = P (s1 ) + P (s2 ) + ... + P (sj )

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 35 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 36 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 37 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 38 / 48

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 39 / 48

The binomial formula (for n is integer)

(a + b)n =n C0 an +n C1 an−1 b +n C2 an−2 b2 + ... +n Cn−1 abn−1 +n Cn bn

ZHANG Haiyu Doris (HKU) Math 1011 40 / 48

The binomial Series