UNIT 9 MATRICES AND DETERMINANTS Matrices and Determinants

Structure
9.1 Introduction
Objectives
9.2 Definition of a Matrix
9.3 Types of Matrices
9.4 Operations on Matrices
9.5 Transpose of a Matrix
9.6 Trace of a Matrix
9.7 Determinant of Square Matrices
9.8 Properties of Determinants
9.9 Summary
9.10 Solutions/Answers

9.1 INTRODUCTION
The knowledge of matrices has become necessary for the individuals working
in different branches of science, technology, commerce, management and
social sciences. In this unit, we introduce the concept of matrices and its
elementary properties. The unit also discusses the determinant, which is a
number associated with a square matrix and its properties. Trace of a matrix is
also defined.
Objectives
After completing this unit, you should be able to:
 define a matrix and give examples of matrices;
 explain the types of matrices;
 know how operations on matrices are done;
 find multiplication of a matrix by a scalar;
 compute transpose of a matrix;
 find the trace of a square matrix;
 evaluate determinants find minors and cofactors of square matrices of
different orders; and
 apply properties of determinants.

9.2 DEFINITION OF A MATRIX

Let us consider the following example to arrive at the definition of a matrix:
Suppose there are three girls “Kavita, Preksha and Tanu” Kavita has 9 hundred
rupees notes, 4 fifty rupees notes and 5 ten rupees notes. Preksha has 17
hundred rupees notes, 6 fifty rupees notes and one ten rupee note. Tanu has 8
hundred rupees notes, 3 fifty rupees notes and 2 ten rupees notes.
This information can be represented as:

5
Matrices, Determinants and Column1 Column 2 Column 3
Collection of Data
  
Rs.100 Rs.50 Rs.10
Notes Notes Notes
Row 1   Kavita 9 4 5 
Row 2  Preksha  17 6 1 

Row 3  Tanu  8 3 2 

This is an arrangement of 9 (3  3) numbers in 3 rows and 3 columns. Such an

arrangement is nothing but a matrix. Let us now define a matrix as follows:
Definition of a Matrix
An arrangement of m  n elements in m rows and n columns enclosed by the
brackets ( ) or [ ] only, is called a matrix of order m  n and is generally
denoted by

 a 11 a 12 a 13 ... a 1n   a11 a12 a13 ... a1n 

a  a ... a 2n 
 21 a 22 a 23 ... a 2 n   21 a 22 a 23
 a 31 a 32 a 33 ... a 3n   a 31 a 32 a 33 ... a 3n 
 .  
. . .  or  . . . . 
 
 . . . ... .   . . . ... . 
 .  
. . .   . . . . 
 
a m1 a m2 a m3 ... a mn  a ... a mn 
 m1 a m 2 a m3
where a ij denotes the (i, j)th element of the matrix, i.e.
element of i th row and j th column is denoted by a ij .
Remark 1:
(i) A matrix is denoted by capital letters A, B, C, etc. of the English alphabets.
(ii) First suffix of an element of the matrix indicates the position of row and
second suffix of the element of the matrix indicates position of column.
e.g. a 23 means it is an element in the second row and the third column.
(iii) The order of a matrix is written as “number of rows  number of columns”
For example,
2 5 7 
(i) A =   is a matrix of order 2  3
3 8 9 
9 6 
(ii) B = 1 0  is a matrix of order 3 2
8 4 

Let us consider some examples:

Example 1: Write the order of the matrix
9 7 8 3 8 
A =  4 3 6 1  10
10 12 15 2 5 
Also write the elements a 23 , a 14 , a 35 , a 22 , a 31 , a 32 .
6
Solution: Order of the matrix A is 3 5 and the desired elements are: Matrices and Determinants
a 23  6 , a 14  3, a 35  5, a 22  3, a 31  10, a 32  12
Example 2: Write all the possible orders of the matrix having following
elements. (i) 8 (ii) 13
Solution:
(i) All the 8 elements can be arranged in single row, i.e. 1 row and 8 columns.
Or
They can be arranged in two rows with 4 elements in each row, i.e. 2 rows
and 4 columns.
Or
in four rows with 2 elements in each row, i.e. 4 rows and 2 columns.
Or
in eight rows with 1 element in each row, i.e. 8 rows and 1 column.
 the possible orders are 1 8, 2  4, 4  2, 8  1.
(ii) All the 13 element can be arranged in single row, i.e. 1 row and 13
columns.
Or
in 13 rows with 1 element in each row, i.e. 13 rows and 1 column.
 the possible orders are113, 13  1.
(i  j) 2
Example 3: Construct the matrix A = [ a ij ] 23 , where a ij 
2
a a 12 a 13  (i  j) 2
Solution: A = [ a ij ] 23 =  11 ,where a 
a 23 
ij
a 21 a 22 2

(1  1) 2 0 (1  2) 2 (1) 2 1
a 11    0 , a 12    ,
2 2 2 2 2
(1  3) 2 (2) 2 4 (2  1) 2 (1) 2 1
a 13     2 , a 21    ,
2 2 2 2 2 2
2 2 2
( 2  2) 0 (2  3) (1) 1
a 22    0 , a 23   
2 2 2 2 2
 0 1/ 2 2 
A   
1 / 2 0 1 / 2

Here is an exercise for you.

E 1) Construct A = [ a ij ] 3 2 , where a ij  i  j

9.3 TYPES OF MATRICES

On the basis of number of rows and number of columns and depending on the
values of elements, the type of a matrix gets changed. Various types of matrix
are explained as below:

7
Matrices, Determinants and Row Matrix
Collection of Data
A matrix having only one row is called a row matrix.
For example, 2 5 7 , 8 9 , 1 0 3 2 all are row matrices.

Column Matrix
A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix.
9
9   
3  5 
For example, 6  ,   ,  all are column matrices.
 2  11
7   
8
Remark 2: If a matrix has one element, e.g. A  6 , then matrix A has only
one row and only one column. So, it is both row matrix as well as column
matrix.
Rectangular Matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a rectangular matrix if m  n .
2 5 7 
For example,   is a rectangular matrix having 2 rows and 3 columns.
3 8 9 
Square Matrix
A matrix having equal number of rows and columns is called a square matrix.
For example,
 4 6
(i)   is a square matrix of order 2.
 5 3
 2 1 3
(ii) 4 5 6 is a square matrix of order 3.
3  4 8 

Remark 3: For a square matrix, there is no need of mentioning the number of

columns, e.g. in example (i) the order has been written as 2 and not 2  2 .
Diagonal Matrix
Principal Diagonal of a Matrix
If A = [ a ij ] nn be a square matrix of order n then the elements
a 11 , a 22 , a 33 , ..., a nn are called diagonal elements of the square matrix A, and
the diagonal along which these elements lie is called principal diagonal or
main diagonal or simply diagonal of the matrix A.

For example,
8 9 
(i) Diagonal elements of the matrix A =   are 8, 6.
5 6
8 9 7 
(ii) Write the diagonal elements (if possible) of the matrix A =  
6 5 2 
Here, A is not a square matrix, so writing diagonal elements of a
rectangular matrix is impossible.
8
Diagonal Matrix Matrices and Determinants

A square matrix A = [ a ij ] nn is said to be diagonal matrix if

a ij  0,  i  j
For example,
 4 0 0
(i) If A = 0 3 0 then it is a diagonal matrix because all its non-diagonal
0 0 6
elements are zero. Sometimes, we denote it by writing diag. [4, 3, 6].
 2 9
(ii) A =   is not a diagonal matrix because non-diagonal element a 12  0.
 0 5

Remark 4:
(i) For a diagonal matrix all non diagonal elements must be zero.
(ii) In a diagonal matrix some or all the diagonal elements may be zero.
Example 4: Write all the diagonal matrices of order 2  2 having its elements
only 0 or 1.
Solution: For a diagonal matrix, all the non-diagonal elements are zero.
Therefore, we are to write 0 and 1 in the diagonal elements in different ways,
i.e. 0, 0; 0, 1; 1, 0; and 1, 1.
 possible diagonal matrices with elements only 0 and 1 are given below:
0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0
0 0 , 0 1 , 0 0 , 0 1
       

Scalar Matrix
A diagonal matrix is said to be scalar matrix if all its diagonal elements are
same.
7 0 0  0 0 0 
2 0     
For example,   , 0 7 0  , 0 0 0  all are scalar matrices.
 0 2   0 0 7  0 0 0 
   
Identity Matrix
A diagonal matrix is said to be Identity or Unit matrix if all the diagonal
elements are equal to unity.
1 0 0 0
1 0 0  
1 0  0 1 0 0 
For example,   , 0 1 0 ,  all are identity (or Unit)
0 1 0 0 1  0 0 1 0
   
0 0 0 1
matrices of order 2, 3, 4 respectively.

Upper Triangular Matrix

A square matrix A = [ a ij ] nn is said to be upper triangular matrix if all the
elements below the principal diagonal are zero.

9
Matrices, Determinants and 8 0 5 0
Collection of Data 9 0 6  
2 5   0 9 3 0
For example,   , 0 5 4 ,  all are upper triangles matrices.
0 7  0 0 7 0 0 4 2
   
0 0 0 1

2 9 7 
But 0 5 8  is not an upper triangular matrix because one element below
 
2 0 9 
the diagonal line, i.e. a 31 is non zero, which is 2, in this case.

Lower Triangular Matrix

A square matrix A = [ a ij ] nn is said to be lower triangular matrix if all the
elements above the principal diagonal are zero.
3 0 0
5 0   
For example,   ,  2 6 0  , are lower triangular matrices of orders 2 and
 3 2  
 1 9 7 
3 respectively.

Null Matrix
A matrix A = [ a ij ] mn is said to be null matrix if all its elements are equal to
zero.
i.e. a ij  0,  i, j
 a null matrix is generally denoted by O.
0 0 0 0 0 
For example,  ,   , etc. are null matrices.
0 0 0 0 0 

Comparable Matrices
Two matrices are said to be comparable if they are of the same order.
For example,
2 5 3 a b c
if A =   ,B=   then A and B are comparable because both
 6 8 9 x y z
are of the same order, i.e. of order 2  3 .

Equal Matrices
Two matrices are said to be equal if
(i) they are of same order, and
(ii) the corresponding elements of the matrices are equal.

2 8  a 8 
For example, if A =   , B =  , then A = B, if a = 2, x = 5.
3 x  3 5

10
Example 5: Write orders and types of the following matrices: Matrices and Determinants

2 9   3 0 8 0 1 0
(i)   (ii)   (iii)   (iv)  
 3 4 0 5 0 8 0 1
2 5 7   3 0 0  2
 2 9 3
(v) 0 8 0 (vi) 0 5 0 (vii) 9 
    (viii) 8 9 1 5 (ix)  
     
0 0 9  0 7 6 6   6 4 5

Solution:
Order Type
(i) 2  2 Square matrix [ rows and columns are equal in number.]
(ii) 2  2 Diagonal matrix [ all the non-diagonal elements are zero.]
(iii) 2  2 Scalar matrix [ all the diagonal elements are equal and non
diagonal element, are zero.]
(iv) 2  2 Identify matrix [ all the diagonal elements are unity and non
diagonal element are zero.]
(v) 3 3 Upper triangular matrix [  all the elements below the
principal diagonal are zero.]
(vi) 3 3 Lower triangular matrix [ all the elements above the
principal diagonal are zero.]
(vii) 3 1 Column matrix [ it has only one column.]
(viii) 1 4 Row matrix [ it has only one row.]
(ix) 2  3 Rectangular matrix [ number of rows  numbers of
columns.]
Example 6:
 3 x  y  3 6 
(i) If  =  , find x, y, z.
 xy 7  z  8 4
a  5  2a b  6   2 a9 11 
(ii) If  2c 3b  2 x  = c  4  b  22 3  x  find a, b, c, x, y, z.
 
 y  1 z  3 x  2  2 2z  3 5  x 

Solution:
(i) We know that two matrices A and B are equal if
(a) their orders are same, and
(b) the corresponding elements of A and B are equal.
 on comparing corresponding elements of two matrices, we have
3=3
x+ y=6 … (1)
xy = 8 … (2)
7+ z = 4  z  3
From (1), y  6  x … (3)
Putting y from (3) in (2), we get
x (6  x )  8
 6x  x 2  8  0  x 2  6x  8  0  x 2  4x  2x  8  0
 x(x  4)  2(x  4)  0  (x  4)(x  2)  0  x  4, 2
When x = 4, y = 6 – 4 = 2 and when x = 2, y = 6 – 2 = 4
11
Matrices, Determinants and  x = 4, y = 2, z  3 or x = 2, y = 4, z  3.
Collection of Data
(ii) We know that two matrices A and B are equal if
(a) their orders are same, and
(b) the corresponding elements of A and B are equal.
 on comparing corresponding elements of two matrices, we have
a + 5 = 2  a  3
 2a  a  9  3a  9  a  3
b  6  11  b  5
2c  c  4  c  4
3b  2   b  22  4b  20  b  5
3
x  3  x  2x  3  x 
2
y 1  2  y  1
z  3  2z  3  z  0  z  0
3
x  2  5  x  2x  3  x 
2
3
 a  3, b  5, c  4, x  , y  1, z  0.
2
Here is an exercise for you.

3x  2 y z  w  1 7 
E 2) Find the values of x, y, z, w if  =  5 3 .
 3z  w x  y   

9.4 OPERATIONS ON MATRICES

In school times, a child first learns the natural numbers and then learns how
these numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied and divided. Similarly, here
also we now see as to how such operations (except division) are applied on
matrices.
These operations are explained by first giving a general formula and then
examples followed by some exercises.
Remark 5: Division of a matrix by another matrix is meaning less and hence it
is not permitted in case of matrices.
9.4.1 Addition of Matrices
Addition of two matrices A and B make sense only if they are of the same
order and obtained by adding their corresponding elements. It is denoted by
A + B.
That is, if A= [ a ij ] m n , B = [ b ij ] mn then A + B = [ a ij  b ij ] m n

For example,
 2 3 4 1 5 6
(i) If A =  , B= 2 9 8  then
7 5 1   
 2  1 3  5 4  6 3 8 10 
A+B=  = 9 14 9  .
7  2 5  9 1  8   

12
  2 3  3 6 9 Matrices and Determinants
(ii) If A =   , B=   then A + B does not make any sense because
 4 6  2 4 5
A and B are of different orders.
Properties of Addition of Matrices
If A, B, C are of the same orders over R, (i.e. elements of A, B, C are real
numbers) then
(i) A + B = B + A (commutative law)
(ii) (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (associative law)
(iii) A + O = O + A = A, where O is a null matrix. (existence of additive
identity)
(iv) For a given matrix A, there exists a matrix B of the same order such that
A + B = O = B + A.
Here B is called additive inverse of A. (existence of additive inverse)

9.4.2 Scalar Multiplication

Let A = [ a ij ] m n and k is any scalar then scalar multiplication of A by k is
denoted by kA and obtained by multiplying each element of A by k.
i.e. kA= [ ka ij ] m n

For example,
3 4  7  3 7  4  21 28 
If A =   and k = 7, then kA = 7A = 7  5 7  6 = 35 42  .
5 6     
Properties of Scalar Multiplication
If A and B are two matrices of the same order and ,  are scalars (real
numbers), then
(i)  (A + B) =  A +  B
(ii)  (  A) =    A
(iii) (  +  )A =  A +  A
(iv) 1A = A

9.4.3 Subtraction of Matrices

Subtraction of two matrices A and B make sense only if they are of the same
order, and is given by
A – B = A + (– B) = A+ (–1) B, i.e. A – B means addition of two matrices A
and – B. So, if A = [ a ij ] m n , B = [ b ij ] m n , then
A – B = [ a ij  ( 1) b ij ] m n = [ a ij  b ij ] m n

For example,
 2 4 6 2   2  6 4  2   4 2 
(i) If A =   , B=  , then A – B =  6  1 8  10 =  5 2  .
6 8  1 10    
 2 9 3 8 7 
(ii) If A =   , B=  , then A – B does not make any sense
8 4 5 6 5
because A and B are of different orders.
13
Matrices, Determinants and 9.4.4 Matrix Multiplication
Collection of Data
Let A = [ a ij ] m n and B = [ b ij ] n p be two matrices, then product of A and B is
denoted by AB and is defined only if number of columns in A = number of
rows in B and is given by
AB  C  [ c ij ] m p
where c ij  (i, j) th element of C and is equal to (i th row of A) ( jth column of B)
 b1j 
b 
 2j
 . 
=[ a i1 a i2 ... a in ]   = a i1b1j  a i2 b 2 j  ...  a in b nj
 . 
 . 
 
 b nj 
n
= a
k 1
ik bkj , i.e. sum of product of first, second, third, … elements of

i th row of A with first, second, third, … , elements of

jth column of B respectively.
You may notice that the number of rows in AB = number of rows in A, and
number of columns in AB = number of columns in B.
Let us make the above concept more clear by taking the following matrices, in
particular let
 a 11 a 12 
b b12 
A  a 21 a 22  and B =  11 .
 b 21 b 22 
a 31 a 32 
Here A is a matrix of order 3 2 and B be a matrix of order 2  2 . As number
of columns of A = 2 = number of rows of B.
 AB is defined and is given by
 c11 c12 
AB = c 21 c 22 
c 31 c 32  32

where c11 = Product of first row of A and first column of B

= Sum of product of first, second elements of first row of A with
first, second elements of first column of B respectively.
= a11b11  a12 b 21 ,
c12 = Product of first row of A and second column of B
= Sum of product of first, second elements of first row of A with
first, second elements of second column of B respectively.
= a 11b12  a 12 b 22 ,
c 21  …, etc.
Properties of Matrix Multiplication
If A, B, C are three matrices such that corresponding multiplications hold then
(1) A(BC) = (AB)C (associative law)
(2) (i) A(B + C) = AB + AC (left distributive law)
14
 (ii) (A + B)C = AC +BC (right distributive law) Matrices and Determinants
(3) If A is a square matrix of order n, then
In A  AIn  A, where I n is the identity matrix of order n.
Remark 6: Commutative law does not hold, in general,
i.e. AB  BA, in general. But for some cases AB may be equal to BA. This
has been explained below:
(i) AB may be defined but BA may not be defined and hence AB  BA in
this case.
For example, let A be a matrix of order 3 2 and B be a matrix of
order 2  4 .
Here AB is defined and is of order 3 4 .
But BA is not defined ( number of columns of B  number of rows of A).
(ii) AB and BA both may defined but may not be of same order and hence AB  BA.
For example, let A be a matrix of order be 3  2 and B be a matrix of order 2  3 .
Here as number of columns of A = number of rows of B.
 AB is defined and is of order 3 3 .
Also, number of columns of B = number of rows of A.
Hence BA is defined but of order 2  2 .
 AB  BA .
(iii) AB and BA both may be defined and of same order but even then they
may not be equal.
5 4   6 8
Let A    , B 
2 7   2 9
Here, AB and BA both are defined and are of same order.
5 4  6 8   30  8 40  36 38 76
But AB        and
 2 7   2 9  12  14 16  63  26 79
 6 8  5 4  30  16 24  56   46 80 
BA =     .
 2 9   2 7  10  18 8  63   28 71
So, AB  BA.
However, sometimes, we may observe that AB = BA.
2  3  5 3
For example, Let A    , and B   .
4 5   4 2
2  3  5 3 10  12 6  6  22 0 
Here AB       and
4 5   4 2 20  20 12  10  0 22
 5 3   2 3 10  12 15  15   22 0 
BA      .
 4 2   4 5   8  8 12  10   0 22 
Here, AB = BA.
 2 4 5 3 6 2 
Example 7: If A =  3 6 7  and B = 1 4 5  , then evaluate the following
 
 1 8 9  8 7 1
(i) 3A + 2B (ii) 2A – 3B (iii) AB (iv) BA

15
Matrices, Determinants and Solution:
Collection of Data
 2 4 5 3 6 2   6 12 15   6 12 4 
(i) 3A + 2B = 3  3 6 7 + 2 1 4 5  =  9
  18 21 +  2 8 10 
    
 1 8 9  8 7 1  3 24 27  16 14  2
 6  6 12  12 15  4   12 24 19 
=  9  2 18  8 21  10 =  7 26 31
  
 3  16 24  14 27  2   19 38 25

2 4 5 3 6 2   4 8 10  9 18 6 
(ii) 2A – 3B = 2  3 6 7  –3 1 4 5    6
 12 14   3 12 15 

 1 8 9  8 7 1  2 16 18 24 21  3
 4 9 8  18 10  6    5  10 4 
=  6  3 12  12 14  15 =   9 0  1

 2  24 16  21 18  3   22  5 21

 2 4 5 3 6 2 
(iii) AB =  3 6 7  1 4 5 
   
 1 8 9  8 7 1
 6  4  40 12  16  35 4  20  5 
=  9  6  56  18  24  49  6  30  7 
 3  8  72 6  32  63 2  40  9 
50 63 19 
= 53 55 17  … (1)
83 101 33
3 6 2   2 4 5 
(iv) BA = 1 4 5   3 6 7 
8 7 1  1 8 9 
 6  18  2 12  36  16 15  42  18
=  2  12  5 4  24  40 5  28  45 
16  21  1 32  42  8 40  49  9 
 10 64 75
=   5 68 78 … (2)
  6 66 80

9.4.5 Integral Powers of a Square Matrix

Here, we will learn how higher powers of A are evaluated. We define
A 2  A.A
A3  A 2A or A 3  AA 2
A 4  A 3 A or A 4  AA 3 or A 4  A 2 A 2
and so on
in general A p q = A p A q = A q A p .

16
Remark 7: Matrices and Determinants

(i) We define A 0  I, where I is the identity matrix of the same order as A.

(ii) (A  B)2  A 2  AB  BA  B2 .
(iii) ( A  B) 2  A 2  2AB  B 2 if and only if AB = BA.
1 2 4
Example 8: If A =   then find A .
 4 3 
1 2  1 2  1  8 2  6  9 8 
Solution: A 2  AA      =  =
4 3  4 3 4  12 8  9  16 17
 9 8   9 8   81  128 72  136  209 208
A 4  A2A 2     =  
16 17 16 17  144  272 128  289 416 417

Now, you can try the following exercises.

 4 13 7 0 
E 3) If 3X  2Y    and 2X – 3Y =   , then find matrices X
18 13  1 13
and Y.
E 4) Find AB, if defined, in each of the following cases:
1 
 3
(i) A = 5 4 , B = 2 (ii) A =   , B = 5 6
3  4

1 2 
3 4 1  3 4  (iv) A =  2 3 5 4 
(iii) A =  , B =  1 0 , B = 3 2 
 2 5 6 5 6     

 4 5
2 4 1
E 5) Evaluate the product 2 3 5 0 1   .
5 6 8
2 6 
1 0
E 6) If A =   , then find A 8 .
 2 3

9.5 TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX

Transpose of a matrix A is denoted by A' or A T and is obtained by
interchanging rows and columns of A.
2 5
 2 3 4  
For example, if A    then A' =  3 6  .
 5 6 8   4 8 
Properties of Transpose
(i) (A' )'  A
(ii) (kA )'  kA ' , where k is a scalar
(iii) (A  B)'  A'  B'
(iv) (A  B)'  A'  B'
(v) (AB)'  B' A '
17
Matrices, Determinants and Symmetric Matrix
Collection of Data
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric matrix if A'  A .
 2 5 6 2 5 6
 
For example, let A = 5 4 3 , then A '  5 4 3   A.
   
6 3 8 6 3 8 

 A is symmetric.
Skew-Symmetric Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric matrix if A '  A.
 0 5  3
For example, let A =  5 0  2  then
 3 2 0 
 0  5 3  0 5 3 

A'   5 
0 2 = –  5 0 2   A.
 3  2 0  3 2 0 
 A is skew-symmetric.
Remark 8: A square matrix A = [ a ij ] m n will be symmetric if a ij  a ji ,  i, j
and will be skew-symmetric if a ij   a ji , i, j and hence for a skew-symmetric
matrix
a ii  a ii  2a ii  0  a ii  0
That is, all the diagonal elements of a skew-symmetric matrix are zero.
 3 5
Example 9: If A =   then show that
 2 4 
1 1
(i) (A  A' ) is symmetric, and (ii) (A  A' ) is skew-symmetric.
2 2
Solution:
'
1 1   3 5  3 5 
(i) Let P = (A  A ' )    
2 2   2 4  2 4 
 
1   3 5 3  2  1 6 3  3 3 / 2
=      … (1)
2   2 4 5 4   2 3 8 3 / 2 4 
'
 3 3 / 2  3 3 / 2
P'      … (2)
3 / 2 4  3 / 2 4 
From (1) and (2)
1
P'  P  P is symmetric, i.e. ( A  A' ) is symmetric.
2
'
1 1  3 5   3 5   1   3 5  3  2  

(ii) Let Q = (A  A' )        
2 2   2 4   2 4   2   2 4 5 4  
 
1  3  3 5  2 1  0 7  0 7 / 2
=    
2  2  5 4  4 2  7 0   7 / 2 0 
 

18
 ' Matrices and Determinants
 0 7 / 2
 0  7 / 2  0 7 / 2
Q'   =
7 / 2      Q
 7 / 2 0   0   7 / 2 0 
1
 Q is skew symmetric, i.e. ( A  A' ) is skew symmetric.
2
Remark 9:
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
A= A  A  A  A' A  A'  ( A  A' )  ( A  A' )  P  Q
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

i.e. A = P + Q, where P is symmetric and Q is skew symmetric.

i.e. every square matrix can be expressed as a sum of a symmetric and a skew-
symmetric matrix.

9.6 TRACE OF A MATRIX

In this section we will define trace of a matrix.
Trace of a square matrix A = [ a ij ] nn is denoted by tr (A) and is defined as
tr (A) = sum of diagonal elements of the matrix.
i.e. tr (A)  a11  a 22  a 33  ...  a nn

2 3 5 
For example, if A = 6 8 4  then tr (A)  2  8  (3)  7.
9 1  3

Properties of Trace of a Matrix

If A = [ a ij ] nn and B = [ b ij ] nn then
(i) tr (A + B) = tr (A) + tr (B)
(ii) tr (kA) = k tr (A) , where k is a scalar
(iii) tr (AB) = tr (BA)
Remark 10: tr (AB)  tr (A) tr (B)
Here is an exercise for you.

8 7 
E 7) (i) Find trace of the matrix A, where A =  
5 6 
(ii) Find trace of the matrices I2 , I3 , In .

9.7 DETERMINANT OF SQUARE MATRICES

Determinant is a number associated with each square matrix. In this section, we
will deal with determinant of square matrices of order 1, 2, 3 and 4.
Determinants of square matrices of order greater than 4 can be evaluated in a
similar fashion.
9.7.1 Determinant of a Square Matrix of Order 1
If A  [ a 11 ] be a square matrix of order 1 then determinant of A is given by
A  a11  a11.

19
Matrices, Determinants and For example,
Collection of Data
(i) If A  5 then A  5  5.

(ii) If A   3 then A  3  3.

Remark 11:
(i) A is read as determinant of A, do not read it modulus of A, i.e.
if A   8 then A  8  8.
But in case of modulus 8  (8)  8.

(ii) The context in which we are using will clear whether it represents
modulus or determinant.
9.7.2 Determinant of a Square Matrix of Order 2  2
a a12  a 11 a 12
If A   11 then A   a 11a 22  a 21a 12
 a 21 a 22  a 21 a 22

Let us take an example:

Example 10: Evaluate the following determinants:
a b 3 5 x2 x2 1
(i) (ii) (iii)
c d 8 9 x x 1
Solution:
a b
(i) = ad – bc
c d
3 5
(ii) = 27 – 40 = –13
8 9

x2 x2 1
(iii) = x 3  x 2  ( x 3  x)  x 2  x
x x 1

Now, you can try the following exercise.

E 8) Find x in each of the following cases:
x 7 x x2
(i) 0 (ii) 0
9 x2 15 5

9.7.3 Determinant of a Square Matrix of Order 3  3

Before evaluating, the determinant of order 3  3 , let us define the minors and
cofactors of a square matrix as follows:
Minors and Cofactors
Minor
If A  [ a ij ] nn be a square matrix of order n then minor of (i, j) th element a ij is
denoted by M ij and is defined as

20
M ij = determinant of sub matrix of order n – 1 obtained after deleting ith row Matrices and Determinants

and jth column from A.

Example 11: Find the minor of each element of the following matrices:
  3 4  2
2 5 
(i)   (ii)  6 5 7 
4  7 
 8 9 1 
Solution:
2 5 
(i) Let A =  
4  7 
Let M ij denotes the minor of (i, j) th element of the matrix A, i, j = 1, 2.

 Determinant obtained after deleting first 

 M 11   7  7  
 row and first column of matrix A  7 
Similarly, M 12  4  4, M 21  5  5, M 22  2  2

  3 4  2
(ii) Let A =  6 5 7 
 8 9 1 
Let M ij denotes the minor of (i, j) th element of the matrix A, where
i, j = 1, 2, 3.
5 7  After deleting the first row and 
 M11   5  63  58
9 1 first column from A. 

6 7  After deleting the first row and 

M12   6  56  62
8 1 second column from A. 
Similarly,
6 5
M13   54  40  94
8 9
4 2
M 21   4  18  22
9 1
3  2
M 22   3  16  19
8 1
3 4
M 23   27  32  5
8 9
4 2
M 31   28  10  38
5 7
3 2
M 32   21  12  9
6 7
3 4
M 33   15  24  39
6 5
21
Matrices, Determinants and Cofactor
Collection of Data
If A  [ a ij ] nn be a square matrix of order n then cofactor of (i, j) th element
a ij of matrix A is denoted by C ij and is defined by
Cij  (1)i  j M ij, where M ij denotes the minor of (i, j) th element of the matrix A.
Example 12: Find the cofactor of each element of the following matrices:
  3 4  2
2 5 
(i)   (ii)  6 5 7 
4  7   8 9 1 

Solution:
2 5 
(i) Let A =  
4  7 
Let C ij denotes the cofactor of (i, j) th element of the matrix A, i, j = 1, 2.
 C11  ( 1)11 M11  ( 1) 2 ( 7)  7 [Using Example 11 (i)]
Similarly,
C12  ( 1)1 2 M 12  ( 1) 3 ( 4)  4
C 21  ( 1) 21 M 21  ( 1) 3 (5)  5
C 22  (1) 2 2 M 22  (1) 4 (2)  2
  3 4  2
(ii) Let A =  6 5 7 
 8 9 1 
Let C ij denotes the cofactor of (i, j) th element of the matrix A, then
C11  (1)11 M11  (1) 2 (58)  58 [Using Example 11 (ii)]
Similarly,
C12  ( 1)1 2 M 12  ( 1) 3 (62)  62
C13  ( 1)13 M13  ( 1) 4 (94)  94
C 21  (1) 21 M 21  (1) 3 (22)  22
C 22  ( 1) 2  2 M 22  ( 1) 4 ( 19)  19
C 23  (1) 2 3 M 23  ( 1) 5 (5)  5
C 31  ( 1) 31 M 31  ( 1) 4 (38)  38
C 32  ( 1) 3 2 M 32  ( 1) 5 ( 9)  9
C 33  ( 1) 33 M 33  ( 1) 6 ( 39)  39

Here is an exercise for you.

E 9) Find minor and cofactor of the elements a 12 , a 23 , a 31 , a13 where
 5 6  2
A  [ a ij ] 33 =  3 8 9 
 7 10  4 

22
Now, we discuss the determinant of a square matrix of order 3  3. Matrices and Determinants
 a 11 a 12 a 13 
If A  a 21 a 22 a 23  then
a 31 a 32 a 33 
a 11 a 12 a 13
A  a 21 a 22 a 23 = Sum of products of the elements of any line (row or
a 31 a 32 a 33
column) with their corresponding co-factors.
Let us expand along first row (R 1 ) , we have
A = a 11 (co-factor of a 11 ) + a 12 (co-factor of a 12 ) + a 13 (co-factor of a 13 )

a 22 a 23 a 21 a 23 a 21 a 22
= a 11  a12  a13
a 32 a 33 a 31 a 33 a 31 a 32
= a11 (a 22a 33  a 32a 23 )  a12 (a 21a 33  a 31a 23 )  a13 (a 21a 32  a 31a 22 )
Remark 12:
(i) We can expand the determinant along any row or column, we will get the
same value.
(ii) When we expand a determinant along any row or column we attach + or –
sign with each term containing the product of elements of a row (or
column) and its corresponding minor. Pattern of +, – signs is shown as
under.
  
  
  
We put + at (1, 1) position and then alternatively– and + are placed,
provided either we can move along row or column (we cannot walk
diagonally).
(iii) There is no hard and fast rule, to choose a row or column to expand a
determinant. But if we choose that row or column which contains
maximum number of zero, it will reduce a lot of our calculation work.
Example 13: Evaluate the following determinants:
3 2 1 2 1 2 3 1 2
(i) 5 4 6 (ii) 1 2 2 (iii) 0 9 6
3 1 7 2 2 1 0 5 4

Solution:
3 2 1
(i) Let   5 4 6
3 1 7
Expanding along R 1 (first row)
 = 3(28 – 6) –2(35 + 18) –1(5 + 12) = 66 – 106 – 17= – 57

23
Matrices, Determinants and 2 1 2
Collection of Data
(ii) Let   1 2 2
2 2 1
Expanding along R 1 (first row)
 = 2(2 – 4) –1(1 – 4) + 2(2 – 4) = – 4 + 3 – 4= – 5
3 1 2
(iii) Let   0 9 6
0 5 4
 it contains maximum 
Expanding along C1 (first column)  number of zeros. 
 
 = 3 (36 – 30) – 0 + 0= 18
Here is an exercise for you.

 1 2 4
E 10) If A =  3 5 1  then show that A  0.
 2 4 8 

9.7.4 Determinant of Square Matrices of Order 4 4 and of

Higher Order
The procedure of expanding the determinant of order 4 or more is the same as
we discussed in case of order 3 3 .
1 2 3 4
2 1 3 5
Example 14: Evaluate  
6 4 2 7
4 8 9 5
Solution: Expanding along R 1 , we get
1 3 5 2 3 5 2 1 5 2 1 3
 1 4 2 7 2 6 2 7 3 6 4 7 4 6 4 2
8 9 5 4 9 5 4 8 5 4 8 9

Expanding each determinant of order 3  3 along R 1 , we get

  1[1(10  63)  3(20  56)  5(36  16)]  2[2(10  63)
 3(30  28)  5(54  8)]  3[2(20  56)  (1)(30  28)  5(48  16)]
 4[2(36  16)  ( 1)(54  8)  3(48  16)]
 (53  228  260)  2(106  6  230)  3( 152  2  320)  4(104  46  192)
 541  260  498  1368
 589
Remark 13:
(i) If A is square matrix then determinant of A is unique.
(ii) If A is not a square matrix then determent of A does not exist.

24
9.8 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS Matrices and Determinants

In Sec. 9.7 of this unit you have become familiar about how to expand the
determinants of orders 1, 2, 3, or of higher order. But as you have seen that it
requires lot of calculations and is a time consuming process. To avoid such
calculations and to reduce the time of evaluation, we will use properties of
determinants.
In this section, we will discuss some properties of the determinants. We shall
give the proofs of these properties only for determinants of order 3 3 . But
remember that these properties hold good for all orders of the determinants. Let
us discuss these one by one. Our way to move further is that, first we list all the
properties and then some examples will be solved to get the idea how these
properties are used and useful.
P 1 A '  A , i.e. determinants of a matrix and its transpose are equal.
a b c 
Proof: Let A   x y z  … (1)
 
 l m n 

a b c
A  x y z
l m n
Expanding along R 1
A  a ( ny  mz)  b( nx  lz)  c( mx  ly ) … (2)
From (1), we get
a x l 
A'  b y m 
 c z n 
a x l
 A'  b y m
c z n
Expanding along R 1
A '  a(ny  mz)  x(bn  cm)  l(bz  cy)
 a (ny  mz)  bnx  cmx  lbz  cly
 a (ny  mz)  b (nx  lz)  c(mx  ly) … (3)
From (2) and (3), we get
A'  A

P 2 If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant are interchanged, then sign
of determinant is multiplied by (–1).
a b c
Proof: Let   x y z … (1)
l m n
Expanding along R 1
  a (ny  mz)  b(nx  lz)  c(mx  ly) … (2)

25
Matrices, Determinants and Let us interchange the first and second rows of the given determinant we have
Collection of Data a new determinant  1 (say) as
x y z
1  a b c
l m n
Expanding along R 1
1  x(bn  cm)  y(an  cl)  z (am  bl)
 bnx  cmx  any  cly  amz  blz
 a (ny  mz)  b(nx  lz)  c(mx  ly)
 [a (ny  mz)  b(nx  lz )  c(mx  ly)]
  [Using (2)]
Remark 14: Here we interchanged R 1and R 2 . In fact we can interchange any
two rows or any two columns, result remains the same in each case.
P 3 If any two rows or columns of a determinant are identical then value of the
determinant vanishes.
a b c
Proof: Let   a b c, where R 1 and R 2 are identical
x y z
Expanding along R 1 , we get
  a (bz  cy)  b(az  cx )  c(ay  bx )  abz  acy  abz  bcx  acy  bcx = 0
P 4 If each element of a row (or a column) of a determinant is multiplied by a
scalar k (say), then value of the new determinant is k times the original given
determinant.
a b c
Proof: Let   x y z
l m n
Expanding along R 1
  a (ny  mz)  b(nx  lz )  c(mx  ly) … (1)
ka b c
Here, the elements of first column of 
Let 1  kx y z  have been multiplied with k. 
kl m n  

Expanding along R 1
1  ka (ny  mz)  b(knx  klz )  c(kmx  kly)
 k[a (ny  mz)  b (nx  lz )  c(mx  ly)]  k … (2) [Using (1)]
From (1) and (2)
1  k
Hence proved
Remark 15: This property implies that if there is some factor common in all
elements of any line then we can write it as the factor of the whole determinant.
5a b c a b c
For example, 5 x y z  5x y z
5l m n l m n

26
P 5 If each element of a row (or column) of a determinant is expressed as a Matrices and Determinants
sum of two (or more) terms, then the determinant can be expressed as the sum
of two (or more) determinants.
a  b c
Proof: Let   x y z , then expanding along R1 , we get
l m n
y z x z x y
  (a   )  ( b  )  (c   )
m n l n l m
 y z x z x y   y z x z x y 
 a b c      
 m n l n l m   m n l n l m 
a b c   
 x y zx y z
l m n l m n

P 6 If to each element of any row (or column), we add some scalar multiple of
another row (or column) and some other scalar multiple of some other row (or
column), the value of determinant remains unaltered.
a b c
Proof: Let   x y z … (1)
l m n
a b c
and 1  x y z
l  ka m  kb n  kc
where  1 is obtained from  by operating R 3  R 3  kR 1
i.e. k times R 1 has been added to R 3 .
a b c a b c
1  x y z  x y z [Using property 5]
l m n ka kb kc
a b c  U sin g (1) and taking k 
kx y z common from third 
 
a b c rows of second determanant 
 R1 and R 2 are identical and 
   k (0 )    0 =  so using property 3 
 
Hence proved
Remark 16: If operations of the type R i  R i  kR j are used more than one
in a single step then keep it always in mind that row which has been affected in
one operation cannot be used in other operation.
For example,
(i) R 1  R 1  2R 3 , R 2  R 2  5R 1 is not allowed because R 1 has been
affected by first operation, so it cannot be used in second operation in the
same step.
(ii) R 1  R1  3R 3 , R 2  R 2  2R 3 , etc. are allowed.

27
Matrices, Determinants and P 7 If all the elements of any line (row or column) are zero then value of the
Collection of Data determinant vanishes.
0 0 0
Proof: Let   x y z , then evaluating along R 1 , we get
l m n
  (0)(ny  mz)  (0)(nx  lz)  (0)(mx  ly)  0  0  0  0
Example 15: Evaluate the following determinants:
a b bc ca 3 5 2 1 1 1
(i) bc ca a b (ii) 8 9  17 (iii) a b c
ca a b bc 3 6 3 bc ca ab

3 x xyz 2 3 30 1 x x2
(iv) 3 y xyz (v) 5 4 54 (vi) 1 y y2
3 z xyz 6 1 42 1 z z2

a b c 1 1 1 2x  3 x x
(vii) b c a (viii) x y z (ix) x 2x  3 x
3 3 3
c a b x y z x x 2x  3

Solution:
a b bc ca
(i) Let   b  c c  a a  b
ca a b bc
Operating C1  C1  C 2  C 3
0 bc ca
  0 c  a a  b = 0 [all elements of C1 are zero, so using P7.]
0 a b bc

3 5 2
(ii) Let   8 9 17
3 6 3
Operating C1  C1  C 2  C3
35 2 5 2
  8  9  17 9  17
3 6 3 6 3
0 5 2
= 0 9  17 = 0 [all the element of C1 are zero, so using P7.]
0 6 3
1 1 1
(iii) Let   a b c
bc ca a b
Operating R 3  R 3  R 2

28
 1 1 1 Matrices and Determinants

 a b c
a bc a bc a bc
Taking (a + b + c) common from R 3
1 1 1
  (a  b  c) a b c  (a  b  c)(0) = 0 [ R 1 and R 3 are identical.]
1 1 1
3 x xyz
(iv) Let   3 y xyz
3 z xyz
Taking 3, xyz common from C1 and C3 respectively
1 x 1
  3xyz 1 y 1 = 3xyz (0) = 0 [ C1 and C 3 are identical.]
1 z 1
2 3 30
(v) Let  5 4 54
6 1 42
Taking 6 common from C 3
2 3 5
65 4 9
6 1 7
Operating C 3  C3  C1  C 2
2 3 0
  6 5 4 0 = 6 (0) = 0[ all the elements of C 3 are zero, so using P7.]
6 1 0
1 x x2
(vi) Let   1 y y 2
1 z z2
Operating R 2  R 2  R 1 , R 3  R 3  R 1
1 x x2 1 x x2
  0 yx y 2  x 2  0.( y  x ) ( y  x ).1 ( y  x )( y  x )
0 zx z2  x 2 0.( z  x ) (z  x ).1 (z  x )(z  x )
Taking y – x, z – x common from R 2 , R 3 respectively
1 x x2
  ( y  x )(z  x ) 0 1 yx
0 1 zx
Operating R 3  R 3  R 2

29
Matrices, Determinants and 1 x x2
Collection of Data
  (y  x)(z  x) 0 1 yx
0 0 zy
1 x x2
 (y  x)(z  x) 0 1 y x
0.(z  y) 0.(z  y) 1.(z  y)
Taking (z – y) common from R 3
1 x x2
  ( y  x )(z  x )(z  y) 0 1 yx
0 0 1
Expanding along C1 , we get
  ( y  x )(z  x )(z  y)1(1  0)  0  0
 ( x  y )( y  z)(z  x )
a b c
(vii) Let   b c a
c a b
Operating C1  C1  C 2  C 3
a bc b c
  a bc c a
a bc a b
Taking (a + b+ c) common from C1
1 b c
  ( a  b  c) 1 c a
1 a b
Operating R 2  R 2  R 1 , R 3  R 3  R 1
1 b c
  ( a  b  c) 0 c  b a  c
0 a b bc
Expanding along C1
  (a  b  c)1{(c  b)(b  c)  (a  b)(a  c)}  0  0
 (a  b  c)[ bc  c2  b 2  bc  (a 2  ac  ab  bc)]
 (a  b  c)(ab  bc  ca  a 2  b 2  c 2 )
1 1 1
(viii) Let   x y z
x3 y3 z3
Operating C 2  C 2  C1 , C 3  C 3  C1
1 0 0
 x yx zx
x3 y3  x 3 z2  x3

30
 Taking y – x, z – x common from C 2 , C3 respectively Matrices and Determinants

1 0 0
  ( y  x )(z  x ) x 1 1
x3 y 2  x 2  xy z 2  x 2  zx
Operating C 3  C 3  C 2
1 0 0
  ( y  x )(z  x ) x 1 0
x3 x 2  y 2  xy z 2  y 2  x (z  y)
1 0 0
 ( y  x )( z  x ) x 1 0
x3 x 2  y 2  xy (z  y )(z  y  x )
Taking (z – y) (x + y + z) common from C 3
1 0 0
  ( y  x )(z  x )(z  y)( x  y  z) x 1 0
x3 x 2  y 2  xy 1
Expanding along R 1
  ( y  x )(z  x )(z  y)(x  y  z)[1(1  0)  0  0]
 ( x  y )(y  z)(z  x )(x  y  z )

2x  3 x x
(ix) Let   x 2x  3 x
x x 2x  3

Operating C1  C1  C 2  C 3

4x  3 x x
  4x  3 2x  3 x
4x  3 x 2x  3

Taking 4x + 3 common from C1

1 x x
  (4 x  3) 1 2 x  3 x
1 x 2x  3

Operating R 2  R 2  R 1 , R 3  R 3  R 1

1 x x
  (4 x  3) 0 x  3 0
0 0 x 3

Expanding along C1

  ( 4 x  3)[1{( x  3) 2  0}  0  0]  ( 4 x  3)( x  3) 2

31
Matrices, Determinants and Now, you can try the following exercise.
Collection of Data
E 11) Prove the following
ab 1 c(a  b )
(i) bc 1 a (b  c)  0 [Without expanding]
ca 1 b (c  a )

x y z
(ii) x2 y2 z2  (x  y)(y  z)(z  x)(1  xyz)
3 3 3
1 x 1 y 1 z
[Using properties]
ab c c
(iii) a bc a  4abc [Using properties]
b b ca

9.9 SUMMARY
In this unit we have covered following topics:
1) Definition with examples of a matrix.
2) Types of matrices with examples.
3) Operations on matrices.
4) Integral powers of a square matrix.
5) Trace of a matrix.
6) Determinant and its properties.

9.10 SOLUTIONS/ANSWERS
 a 11 a 12 
E 1) A  [a ij ]32  a 21 a 22  , where a ij  i  j
a 31 a 32 
a11  1  1  0  0, a12  1  2  1  ( 1)  1, a 21  2  1  1  1,
a 22  2  2  0  0, a 31  3  1  2  2, a 32  3  2  1  1
0 1 
 A  1 0
2 1 

E 2) We know that two matrices A and B are equal if

(a) their orders are same, and
(b) the corresponding elements of A and B are equal.
 on comparing corresponding elements of two matrices, we have
3x – 2y = –1 … (1)
z+w=7 … (2)
3z – w = 5 … (3)
x+ y= 3 … (4)

32
 Equation (1) + 2  equation (4) gives Matrices and Determinants
3x – 2y = –1
2x + 2y = 6
5x =5
x = 1
Putting x = 1 in (4), we get
1 + y= 3  y= 2
(2) + (3) gives.
4z = 12  z = 3
Putting z = 3 in (2), we get
3+w=7 w 4
 x = 1, y = 2, z = 3, w = 4.
 4 13
E 3) 3X+ 2Y =   … (1)
18 13
7 0 
2X – 3Y =   … (2)
 1  13
Equation (1)  3  2  equation (2) gives
 4 13 7 0 
9X + 6Y + 4X – 6Y = 3   2 
18 13  1  13
12 39  14 0  26 39
13X =    =  
54 39  2  26 52 13
1  26 39   2 3
X   [By scalar multiplication property]
13 52 13   4 1
Putting this value of X in (1), we get
2 3  4 13
3  + 2Y =  
 4 1 18 13
413 2 3
 2Y   3
13 4 1
18
413   6  9  2 4 
=   =
13  12  3  6 10
18
1  2 4   1 2 
Y   [By scalar multiplication property]
2  6 10  3 5 

 2 3  1 2 
X    and Y =  .
4 1  3 5
E 4) (i) Order of A is 1 2 and order of B is 3 1.
 number of columns in A  number of rows in B.
 AB is not defined.
(ii) Number of columns in A = number of rows in B = 1.
 AB is defined and is given by
 3 3  5 3  6  15 18 
AB =  5 6    
 4 4  5 4  6 20 24

33
Matrices, Determinants and (iii) AB is defined and is given by
Collection of Data
1 2 
3 4 1    3  12  5 6  16  6  20 28
AB =   3 4    
2 5 6  

 2  15  30 4  20  36 47 60
5 6 
(iv) AB is defined and is given by
2 3 5 4 10  9 8  6  19 14
AB =     
1 0 3 2  5  0 4  0  5 4 

 4 5
 2 4 1 2 4 1
E 5) 2 3 5 0 1     8  0  10 10  3  30  
5 6 8 5 6 8
2 6 
 2 4 1
 18 43  
 5 6 8
 36  215 72  258 18  344
= 251 330 362

1 0 1 0 1  0 0  0 1 0
E 6) A 2  AA      
2 3 2 3 2  6 0  9  8 9 
1 0 1 0  1  0 0  0   1 0 
A4  A 2A2      
8 9 8 9 8  72 0  81 80 81
 1 0  1 0 
A8  A 4 A 4    
80 81 80 81
 1 0 00   1 0 
   
80  6480 0  6561 6560 6561
E 7) (i) tr(A) = sum of diagonal elements = 8 + 6 = 14
(ii) We know that in an identity matrix, all the diagonal elements are
unity.
 tr (I 2 ) = 1+ 1 = 2 [ I 2 is identity matrix of order 2  2 ].
Similarly, tr (I 3 )  1  1  1  3 , tr(In )  1  1  1  ...  1  n.
 
n times

x 7
E 8) (i)  0  x ( x  2)  63  0
9 x2
 x 2  2 x  63  0  x 2  9 x  7 x  63  0
 x (x  9)  7( x  9)  0
 (x  9)(x  7)  0  x  7,  9

x x2
(ii)  0  5x  15x 2  0
15 5
 15x 2  5x  0  5x (3x  1)  0  x  0,1/ 3

E 9) Let M ij and C ij denote the minor and cofactor of (i, j) th element in the
matrix A respectively then
3 9 5 6
M12   12  63  51 , M 23   50  42  8
7 4 7 10
34
 6 2 Matrices and Determinants
M 31   54  (16)  54  16  70
8 9
3 8
M13   30  56  86
7 10
C12  ( 1)1 2 M12  ( 1)3 ( 51)  51 , C 23  ( 1) 2 3 M 23  ( 1) 5 (8)  8
C 31  ( 1) 31 M 31  (1) 4 (70)  70
C13  (1)13 M13  ( 1) 4 ( 86)  86
1 2 4
E 10) A   3 5 1
2 4 8
Expanding along R1
A  1( 40  4)  2( 24  2)  4( 12  10)  36  52  88  0
ab 1 c(a  b) ab 1 ac  bc
E 11) (i) L.H.S. = bc 1 a (b  c)  bc 1 ab  ac
ca 1 b(c  a ) ca 1 bc  ab
Operating C3  C3  C1
ab 1 ab  bc  ca
L.H.S.  bc 1 ab  bc  ca
ca 1 ab  bc  ca
Taking ab + bc + ca common from C 3
ab 1 1
L.H.S.  (ab  bc  ca ) bc 1 1
ca 1 1
 (ab  bc  ca )(0) = 0 = R.H.S. [ C 2 and C 3 are identical.]
x y z
(ii) Let   x 2 y2 z2
1  x 3 1  y3 1  z 3
x y z x y z
 x2 y2 z  x2
2
y2 z2 [Using property 5]
3 3 3
1 1 1 x y z
Taking x, y, z common from C1, C2 , C3 of the second determinant
respectively.
x y z 1 1 1
2 2 2
 x y z  xyz x y z
1 1 1 x2 y2 z2
Operating R 1  R 3 on first determinant
1 1 1 1 1 1
  (1) x 2 y2 2
z  xyz x y z
x y z x2 y2 z2
Operating R 2  R 3 on first determinant
35
Matrices, Determinants and 1 1 1 1 1 1
Collection of Data
  (1)(1) x y z  xyz x y z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
1 1 1 1 1 1
1 x y z  xyz x y z
x2 y2 z2 x2 y2 z2
Taking determinant common from both terms
1 1 1
  (1  xyz ) x y z
x2 y2 z2
Operating C 2  C 2  C1; C3  C3  C1
1 0 0
  (1  xyz ) x yx zx
x2 y2  x2 z2  x 2
Taking y – x , z – x common from C 2 , C3 respectively
1 0 0
  (1  xyz )( y  x )(z  x ) x 1 1
x2 xy zx
Operating C3  C3  C 2
1 0 0
  (1  xyz )( y  x )(z  x ) x 1 0
x2 xy zy
Expanding along R 1
  (1  xyz )( y  x )(z  x )[1{(z  y)  0}  0  0]
 (1  xyz )(y  x )(z  x )(z  y)  (x  y )(y  z)(z  x )(1  xyz ) = R.H.S.

ab c c
(iii) L.H.S = a bc a
b b ca
Operating R 1  R 1  R 2  R 3
0  2b  2a
L.H.S.  a b  c a
b b ca
Operating C 2  C 2  C1 , C3  C3  C1
0  2b  2a
L.H.S.  a b  c  a 0
b 0 ca b
Expanding along R 1
L.H.S. = 0  (2b)[a (c  a  b)  0]  (2a )[0  b(b  c  a )]
 2ab(c  a  b)  2ab(b  c  a )  2ab(c  a  b  b  c  a )
= 2ab(2c) = 4abc = R.H.S.
36