Contrastive Analysis

Generalized formatives

 Feature groups: in Italic

 Features: no font style

1. The Noun formative

[ (+NP), +N, {noun class}, +/sg, +/count, {gender}, {case}, +/animate, +/human]

noun class { proper, common, mass, collective, abstract }

gender { masculine, feminine, neuter, common, collective, gender of animation }

case { subjective, objective, analytic case, { genitive } }

genitive [ +synthetic, +analytic, + double, +phrasal, {distribution}, {meaning} }

distribution { {attributive}, predicative }

attributive [ +preposed ]

meaning { {qualifying}, classifying }

qualifying {possessive, origin, partitive, measure, subjective,

objective}

example: “Here are some new questions for Bush’s defense secretary.

Bush’s [ +NP, +N, +proper, +sg, count, +masculine, +genitive, +synthetic, +attributive,
+preposed, +qualifying, +possessive, +animate, +human ]

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Table 1: Clause constituents

TIP KL. SUBJEKT VERBAL OBJEKT KOMPLEMENT ADVERBIJAL

SV She laughed.
SVO She enjoys parties
SVK She became independent
SVA She was in the garden
SVOO She gave me a glass
SVOK She considered this book very expensive
SVOA She must put it upstairs

Table 2: Noun class and number

Noun Class SINGULAR PLURAL

Proper John -
- the Alps
Common table tables
Mass butter -
wine wines
Collective cattle -
committee committees
Abstract luck -
wish wishes

Table 3: Central pronouns

Pronoun PERSON

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class 1st p.s. 2nd ps 3rd p.s. 1st p.pl 2nd p 3rd p.p
Personal I YOU H SHE IT WE YOU THEY ONE, SO =
E indefinite
personal pron.
Reflexive - - - - - - - - ONESELF =
generic
reflexive pron.
Possess. mine yours - hers - ours your theirs -
s

Table 4: Peripheral pronouns

PRONOUN CLASS REFERENCE

ANIMATE ANIMATE BOTH
Demonstrative others - -
Relative who, whoever - that
Interrogative who - -
Universal everybody, everything every one
everyone
Indefinite somebody, something, -
someone, anybody, anything,
anyone any one
Negative nobody nothing no one
none

Table 5: Secondary determiners

DETERMINER CLASS FORM

Personal -
Reflexive -
Possessive my, your, her, its, our, your, their
Demonstrative another
Relative whose
Interrogative -
Universal every
Indefinite -
Negative no

Table 6: Pronouns and secondary determiners (mixed forms)

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PRONOUN FORMS
CLASS
Reflexive myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves,
themselves
Possessive his
Demonstrative this, that, these, those,
such, the same, (an)other(s) = semi-pronominal
Relative what, which, whichever, whatever
Interrogative what, which, whose
Universal everybody’s, everyone’s, each, all
Indefinite somebody’s, someone’s, anybody’s, anyone’s,
some, any, either, both
Negative nobody’s, no one’s, neither

2. The Pronoun formative

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[+Pronoun, {pronoun class}, {person}, {number}, {gender}, {case}, {type of
pronominalization}, +/animate, +/human]

pronoun class { {personal}, {reflexive}, possessive, {demonstrative}, relative,

interrogative, universal, indefinite, negative }
personal { + indefinite }
reflexive { +generic }
demonstrative { + semi-pronominal }

person { 1st, 2nd, 3rd }

number { singular, plural }

gender { masculine, feminine, neuter, common }

case { subjective, objective, analytic case, { genitive } }

genitive [ +synthetic, {distribution}, {meaning} }

distribution { {attributive}, predicative }
attributive [ +preposed ]
meaning { {qualifying}, classifying }
qualifying {possessive, origin, partitive, measure, subjective,
objective}

type of pronominalization { { +anaphoric, +cataphoric}, ({+specified, +unspecified}) }

example: “I saw Richard the other day. Well, he really is a fool”.

he [ +Pronoun, +personal, +3rd person singular, +masculine, +subjective case,

+anaphoric pronominalization, +animate, +human ]
3. The Determiner formative

5
[+Determiner, +secondary, {determiner class}, {person}, {number}, {gender},
{distribution} ]

determiner class { possessive, {demonstrative}, {relative}, interrogative, universal,

indefinite, negative }
demonstrative { + semi-pronominal }
relative {+indefinite}

person { 1st, 2nd, 3rd }

number { singular, plural }

gender { masculine, feminine, neuter }

distribution [ +attributive, { +preposed, +postposed } ]

example: “His house looks decrepit.”

his [ +Determiner, +secondary, +possessive, +3rd person singular, +masculine,

+attributive, +preposed]

4. The Article formative

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[ +Determiner, +primary, {definiteness}, {reference} ]

definiteness { definite, indefinite }

reference { {specific}, classifying }

specific { (situational, general, direct anaphoric, indirect anaphoric, cataphoric,

sporadic, logical, linguistic) }

example: “The hands of the clock were broken.”

The [ +Determiner, +primary, +definite, +specific reference, +cataphoric reference]

IMENICE, ZAMJENIČKI OBLICI I ČLAN

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jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:

1. L1: Their new acquaintance was received with more than politeness.
L2: Dočekali su novog poznanika više nego učtivo.

2. L1: The sky being spread with this palled screen and the earth with the darkest
vegetation, their meeting-line at the horizon was clearly marked.

L2: Kako je nebo bilo pokriveno tim blijedim zastorom a zemlja najtamnijim
rastinjem, dodirna crta na horizontu bila im je jasno označena.

3. L1: After this the letters LSD were written at the foot of the page.
L2: Poslije toga na dnu stranice su napisana slova LSD.

4. L1: Nothing disturbed the stillness of the cottage save the chatter of a knot of
sparrows on the eaves.
L2: Ništa nije remetilo tišinu kućice osim brbljanja nekog jata vrabaca pod
strehom.

5. L1: He considered it rather unwise to break the news at once.

L2: Smatrao je da nije baš mudro da odmah saopšti vijesti.

6. L1: There was tenderness in the lad which made him forget his resolution to punish
her.
L2: Kod dječaka je bilo nježnosti koja ga natjera da zaboravi svoju odluku da je
kazni.

7. L1: He was a good mixer and in three days he knew everyone on board and everyone
said that his father had done very badly to his children.

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 L2: Taj je bio veoma društven, za tri dana poznavao je svakog na brodu i svi su
govorili da njegov otac nije bio dobar za svoju djecu.

8. L1: Nothing could be more becoming to your complexion that that pale lipstick.
L2: Ništa bolje ne pristaje Vašem tenu od onog nježnog ruža.

9. L1: These men should be thanked, but he didn’t know the correct words for the
occasion.
L2: Trebalo je da ovim ljudima izrazi svoju zahvalnost, a nije znao prave riječi za
takvu priliku.

10. L1: She goes out whenever you make a remark.

L2: Ona izlazi kadgod napravite neku primjedbu.

11. L1: She inflicted it on herself.

L2: Navukla je tu bijedu sebi na vrat.

5. The Adjective formative

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[ +Adjective, {distribution}, (+Intensifier), {meaning}, {degree} ]

distribution { {attributive (only)}, predicative (only) }

attributive (only) { preposed, postposed }

meaning { descriptive, classifying }

degree { ({form of comparison}), {type of comparison} }

form of comparison { synthetic, analytic, suppletive }

type of comparison { positive (only), relative comp/sup of superiority,

absolute comp/sup of superiority, comp/sup of inferiority }

example: “She is sad.”

sad [ +Adj, +predicative, +descriptive, +positive ]

6. The Number formative

[ +Number, {number class}, {distribution}, {number} ]

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number class { cardinal, ordinal, decimal, fraction, multiplicative, frequentative,
approximative }

distribution { {attributive}, predicative }

attributive { preposed, postposed }

number { +/ sg }

example: “Eight people survived the crash.”

Eight [ +Number, +cardinal, +attributive, +preposed, +sg ]

QUANTIFIERS

Table 7: Closed class quantifiers

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 POSITIVE COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

MANY MORE MOST

A GOOD MANY - -
A GREAT MANY - -
MUCH MORE MOST
LITTLE LESS LEAST
A LITTLE MORE MOST
FEW FEWER FEWEST
A FEW - -
SEVERAL - -
ENOUGH - -

Table 8: Open class quantifiers for countable nouns

BASIC FORM
A GREAT (GREATER, GREATEST) NUMBER OF
A LARGE (LARGER, LARGEST) NUMBER OF
A SMALL (SMALLER, SMALLEST) NUMBER OF
A GOOD NUMBER OF
COLLECTIVE FORM
A NUMBER OF
A BUNCH OF (flowers)
A COMPANY OF (boys)
A GROUP OF (girls)
A PACK OF (cards)
A PAIR OF (shoes)
A PARCEL OF (books)
A RANGE OF (items)
A SET OF (teeth)

Tables 9, 10, 11, 12: Open class quantifiers for uncountable nouns

BASIC FORM
(A) LARGE QUANTITY / QUANTITIES OF

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(A) SMALL QUANTITY / QUANTITIES OF
(A) LARGE AMOUNT / AMOUNTS OF
(A) SMALL AMOUNT OF
A GREAT DEAL OF
A GOOD DEAL OF
A GOOD BIT OF

GENERAL PARTITITVE QUANTIFIERS

AN ARTICLE OF (belief, clothing, furniture)
A BALL OF (wool)
A BIT OF (meat, rice, a shock)
AN EAR OF (barley, corn, wheat)
A FIT OF (anger, coughing, laziness)
A HEAD OF (cattle)
AN ITEM OF (merchandise, news)
A PIECE OF (bread, paper)
A SHEET OF (paper)
A SPELL OF (coughing, sneezing, work)
A VOLLEY OF (laughter, oats, shot)

TYPICAL PARTITIVE QUANTIFIERS

AN ACT OF (kindness)
AN ARMFUL OF (wood)
A BAR OF (chocolate)
A BOTTLE OF (wine)
A BOWL OF (salad)
A BUNCH OF (herbs)
A LOAF OF (bread)
A LUMP OF (sugar)
A MOUTHFUL OF (food)
A PANG OF (jealousy)
A ROAST OF (meat)
ASCRAPE OF (butter)
A SLICE OF (salami)
A TURN OF (work)

MEASURE PARTITIVE QUANTIFIER

AN ACRE OF (land)
A CUPFUL OF (sugar)
A DECADE OF (poverty)

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A DOZEN OF (eggs)
A FEET OF (wallpaper)
A FORTNIGHT’S (holiday)
A GALLON OF (petrol)
AN INCH OF (fabric)
A LITER OF (oil)
A MILE’S (walk)
AN OUNCE OF (coffee)
A PINT OF (beer)
A POUND OF (butter)
A SPOONFUL OF (medicine)

7. The Quantifier formative

[+Quantifier, {countability specification}, {quantifier class}, {degree}, {distribution}]

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countability specification { for countable nouns, for uncountable nouns,
for countable and uncountable nouns }

quantifier class { closed class, {open class} }

open class { [ +for count nouns ] basic form, collective form

[ +for uncount nouns ] basic form, {partitive quantifier} }

partitive quantifier { general, typical, measure }

degree { positive (only), comparative, superlative }

distribution { {attributive}, predicative }

attributive { preposed, postposed }

example: “ The gentleman over there consumes large amounts of vodka.”

large amounts of [ +Quantifier, +for uncountable nouns, +open class, +basic form,
+positive, + attributive, +preposed ]

PRIDJEVI, BROJEVI I KVANTIFIKATORI

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jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:

1. L1: The shining church turned cold and dark , the streams forgot to smile and the
gloom of winter dwelt on everything.
L2: Sjajna crkva postade hladna i tamna, potoci su zaboravili na smijeh i
turobna zima obavi sve.

2. L1: The house was small but convenient enough and quite nicely furnished with
solid worthy stuff that suited her honest soul.
L2: Bila je to mala ali sasvim zgodna kuća prilično lijepo namještena
masivnim pristojnim stvarima koje su bile u skladu sa njenom poštenom dušom.

3. L1: In the Bosnian crisis the Twelve failed to define clearly what they actually
wanted to achieve.
L2: U bosanskoj krizi Dvanaestorica nisu uspjeli da jasno definišu šta oni upravo
žele da postignu.

4. L1: Not many are unemployed. One fourth are housewives, one third are under
sixteen and one eighth have retired or are incapacitated.
L2: Nije ih mnogo zaposleno. Jednu četvrtinu čine domaćice, jedna trećina je mlađa
od šesnaest godina, a jedna osmina su penzioneri ili nesposobni za rad.

5. L1: Because of the large number of pilgrims in 1735, work started on a new church
which was consecrated in 1772.
L2: Zbog velikog broja poklonika 1735. godine započeta je izgradnja nove crkve
koja je osvećena 1772.
6. L1: A knot of police surrounded the covered strecher, which they lowered
carefully down the stairs.
L2: Grupa policajaca je okruživala prekrivena nosila koja su pažljivo
spuštali niz stepenice.

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 FINITE VERB PHRASE

Table 13: Simple finite verb phrase

TYPE OF PHRASE TERM ELEMENTS OF FORMS

17
 PHRASE
1 Present simple form PLAY / PLAYS
2 Preterit simple form PLAYED

Table 14: Complex finite verb phrase – combination of time and aspect
TYPE OF TERM AUXILIARY LEXICAL FORMS
PHRASE VERB VERB
3 – P Pe Present perfect present of verb past participle HAS PLAYED
HAVE
4 – Pa Pe Past perfect preterit of verb past participle HAD PLAYED
HAVE
5 – P Pr Present present of verb present IS PLAYING
progressive BE participle
6 – Pa Pr Past preterit of verb present WAS PLAYING
progressive BE participle
7 – P Pe Pr Present perfect present perfect present HAS BEEN
progressive of verb BE participle PLAYING
8 – Pa Pe Pr Past perfect past perfect of present HAD BEEN
progressive verb BE participle PLAYING

Table 15: Complex finite verb phrase – combination of modality and aspect
TYPE OF TERM MODAL LEXICAL FORMS
PHRASE VERB VERB
9 i 10 – M P Modal present modal present WOULD /
infinitive WILL PLAY
11 i 12 – M Pe Modal perfect modal perfect WOULD /
infinitive WILL HAVE
PLAYED
13 i 14 – M Pr Modal modal progressive WOULD /
progressive infinitive WILL BE
PLAYING
15 i 16– MPePr Modal perfect modal perfect- WOULD /
progressive progressive WILL HAVE
infinitive BEEN
PLAYING

Table 16: Complex finite verb phrase – combination of time, aspect and
passive

TYPE OF TERM AUXILIARY LEXICAL FORMS

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PHRASE VERB VERB
17 – P Pas Present passive present of verb past participle IS PLAYED
BE
18 – Pa Pas Preterit passive preterit of verb past participle WAS PLAYED
BE
19 – P Pe Pas Present perfect present perfect past participle HAS BEEN
passive of verb BE PLAYED
20 – Pa Pe Pas Past perfect past perfect of past participle HAD BEEN
passive verb BE PLAYED
21 – P Pr Pas Present present past participle IS BEING
progressive progressive of PLAYED
passive verb BE
22 – Pa Pr Pas Past past past participle WAS BEING
progressive progressive of PLAYED
passive verb BE
?23 – PPePrPas Present perfect present perf. past participle HAS BEEN
progr. passive progr. of verb BEING
BE PLAYED
?24 – Past perfect past perf. past participle HAD BEEN
PaPePrPas progr. passive progr. of verb BEING
BE PLAYED

Table 17: Complex finite verb phrase – combination of modality, aspect and passive
TYPE OF TERM MODAL LEXICAL FORMS
PHRASE VERB VERB
25 i 26 – M Pas Modal /future modal present WOULD /
passive infinitive WILL BE
passive PLAYED
27 i 28 –M Pe Modal / future modal perfect WOULD/WILL
Pas perfect. passive infinitive HAVE BEEN
passive PLAYED
?29 i 30 –M Pr Modal modal progressive WOULD/WILL
Pas progressive infinitive BE BEING
passive passive PLAYING
?31 i 32 – M Modal perfect- modal perfect- WOULD/WILL
Pe Pr Pas progressive progressive HAVE BEEN
passive infinitive BEING
passive PLAYING

8. The Verb formative

[+VP, {morphological structure}, {finititude}, {tense}, {aspect}, {mood}, {voice},

{meaning}, {person}, {number}, (+/ transitive), (+/ reflexive), (+ negative),
(+irregular)]

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morphological structure { simple VP, complex VP}

finititude { { finite }, { non-finite } }

finite { {copula}, lexical verb }

copula { of being, of remaining, of becoming }

non-finite { {Infinitive}, {Participle}, {Gerund} }

Infinitive { {infinitive class} }

[ (+Present) ]
infinitive class { to-infinitive, bare-infinitive }

Participle { {participle form}, {relatedness} }

participle form { Present, Past }
relatedness { related, unrelated, absolute }

Gerund [ (+Present) ]

tense { present, past }

aspect { [ finite] { (perfective) + (progressive) }

[+ finite] {Present/Past Perfect, Present/Past Progressive, Present/Past Perfect
Progressive } }

mood { (indicative), {mood} }

mood { {imperative}, {subjunctive}, {future} }
imperative [+simple]
subjunctive { {+formulaic, +mandative}, {+Present, +Past} }

voice { {active}, {passive} }

active [ (+middle) ]
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 passive { {passive class}, ({agentivity}) }
passive class { central, {peripheral}, mutative }
peripheral { semi-passive, pseudo-passive, notional passive }
agentivity { agentive, non-agentive }

meaning { basic, habitual, relative }

person { 1st, 2nd, 3rd }

number { singular, plural }

FINITNA GLAGOLSKA FRAZA, KOPULE I VRIJEME GLAGOLA

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jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:
21
1. L1: He always returned to London with the tremulous eagerness of a lover
who has been separated a long time from his mistress.
L2: U London se uvijek vraćao sa ustreptalim žarom ljubavnika koji je dugo bio
odvojen od svoje dragane.

2. L1: Whenever an Anglo-Saxon poet wants to put into words his ideal of a good
society he speaks of gold.
L2: Kadgod neki anglosaksonski pjesnik hoće riječima da izrazi svoj ideal dobrog
društva on govori o zlatu.

3. L1: There isn't any night-club in the world you can sit in for a long time unless you
can at least buy some liquor.
L2: Nema tog bara na svijetu gdje možete poduže da sjedite a da ne kupite bar neko
piće.

4. L1: We accordingly went and there I readily engaged in the office of pointing out to
my friend the certain evils of such choice.
L2: Krenemo mi tako i tu ja sa velikom govorljivošću uzimam na sebe da svom
prijatelju ukažem na sigurne loše posljedice takvog izbora.

Table 18: Nonfinite verb forms

INFINITIVE GERUND PARTICIPLE
ACTIVE FORMS:
1) Present PLAY PLAYING PLAYING
ASPECTUAL F. HAVE HAVING PLAYED HAVING
2) Perfective PLAYED PLAYED
3) Progressive BE PLAYING - -
4) Perfective – HAVE BEEN ? HAVING BEEN HAVING BEEN

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 progressive PLAYING PLAYING PLAYING
PASSIVE FORMS
5) Present / BE PLAYED
Progressive BEING PLAYED BEING PLAYED
6) Perfective HAVE BEEN HAVING BEEN HAVING BEEN
PLAYED PLAYED PLAYED
7) Past - - PLAYED

Table 19: Types of nonfinite infinitive clauses:

TYPE OF FINITE VERBAL OBJECT COMPLE- ADVER –

CLAUSE CLAUSE MENT BIAL
SV I expect them TO COME.
SVO They wanted us TO LEARN economics.
SVC John supposed
the stranger TO BE friendly.
SVA It’s great for
everybody TO BE here.
SVOO It’s best for TO GIVE him a call.
you
SVOC John prefers the
me TO MAKE difference clear.
SVOA He got her TO PUT the car in the
garage.

Table 20: Types of nonfinite clauses with past participle

TYPE OF VERBAL OBJECT COMPLE- ADVER –

CLAUSE MENT BIAL
(S)Vp/(S)VaO When
questioned,
(S)VpK/(S)VaOK Considered works of art,
(S)VpA/(S)VaOA Kept in the fridge,
(S)VpO/(S)VaOO Allowed unusual
priviledges,

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 NEFINITNA GLAGOLSKA FRAZA

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jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:

1. L1: It was very conveniently designed to obviate the necessity for every member of
the family to have a room to himself. .
L2: Bilo je vrlo zgodno udešeno da se izbjegne potreba da svaki član porodice ima
zasebnu sobu.

24
2. L1: To have been stable at the start and so display a curiously increasing
radioactivity was much worse.
L2: To što je on u početku bio ispravan a zatim počeo da ispoljava sve jaču
radioaktivnost bilo je mnogo gore.

3. L1: The figure in the portrait seemed to be leaning backwards a little from the
surface of the canvas.
L2: Figura na portretu izgledala je kao da se naginje malo unazad od površine
platna.

4. L1: She was older now and knew for certain fact that despite Mary's snickering it
wasn't in the least uncommon.
L2: Sada je starija i sasvim sigurno zna da bez obzira na to što joj se Meri
podrugivala to nije nimalo neobično.

5. L1: She sat down resolving within herself to draw no limits in the future.
L2: Ona sjede i donese odluku u sebi da ubuduće ne postavlja granice.

ASPEKATSKI OBLICI GLAGOLSKE FRAZE

Table 21: Meaning of aspectual verb forms

MEANING FORMS
PsPe PPe PsPr PPr PsPePr PPePr
BASIC MEANING:
- Continuative: + + + + + +
- Resultative: + + + - + -
- Experience: + - - - - -
- Indefinite: + - - - - -
- Recent past: + - - - - -
- Succeeding: - - - + - -
- Simultaneous: - - - + - -
- Finished: - - - + - -
- Ingressive: - - - + - -
- Limited duration: - - - + - -

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HABITUAL MEANING: + - + + + +
RELATIVE MEANINGS:
- Future: + + + + + +
- Modal: - + + + + +
- Descriptive: - + + + - -
- Passive: - - + - + -
- Indirect speech: - + - + - +

Ps = present
Pe = perfect
P = past
Pr = progressive

ASPEKATSKI OBLICI GLAGOLSKE FRAZE

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jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:

1. L1: It is very unlucky but as I have actually paid the visit we cannot escape the
acquaintance now.
L2: To je vrlo nezgodno ali pošto sam ga već posjetio sada više ne možemo izbjeći to
poznanstvo.

2. L1: Just as the grown-up world is forever seeking new arts, new ideas, so children
want change.
L2: Baš kao što svijet odraslih stalno traga za novim umjetnostima, novim idejama,
tako i djeca žele promjenu.

3. L1: She was still wondering what would hapen next, when the kettle began to sound
its mournful note.

26
 L2: Ona se još uvijek pitala šta će se sledeće desiti, kada čajnik poče da ispušta svoj
tužni zvuk.

4. L1: I have been making the tour of the park as I generally do every year.
L2: Obilazila sam cijeli park kao što to činim svake godine.

5. L1: He didn't want her attention drawn to the fact that he had been standing outside
looking up at the window.
L2: Nije želio da privuče njenu pažnju i da ona vidi da je stajao napolju gledajući u
njen prozor.

6. L1: It is the first time I have had silver in my hand.

L2: Ovo mi je prvi put kako držim srebrni novac u ruci.
GLAGOLSKI NAČIN

Forms of modal verb phrase

MODAL PRESENT WILL / WOULD PLAY

MODAL PERFECT WILL / WOULD HAVE PLAYED
MODAL PROGRESSIVE WILL / WOULD BE PLAYING
MODAL PERF. PROGR. WILL / WOULD HAVE BEEN PLAYING
MODAL PASSIVE WILL / WOULD BE PLAYED
MODAL PERF. PASIV WILL / WOULD HAVE BEEN PLAYED

27
Table 22: Meaning of modal verbs

Meaning WILL WOULD CAN COULD MUST NEED USED

SHALL SHOULD MAY MIGHT OUGHT DARE TO
INTRINSIC
MODALS: WILL WOULD CAN COULD - - -
Volition SHALL SHOULD - - - -
Insisting WILL WOULD - - - - -
Intention WILL SHOULD - - - - -
Wish - WOULD MAY - - - --
- - - MIGHT - -
Permission - - CAN COULD - - -
- - MAY MIGHT - -
Obligation - - - - MUST - -
SHALL SHOULD - - OUGHT -
EXTRINSI
C WILL WOULD - - MUST - -
MODALS: - SHOULD - - OUGHT -
Probability
Habit, cha- WILL WOULD CAN COULD - - USED
racteristic - - - - - - TO
Possibility - - CAN COULD - - -
SHALL - MAY MIGHT - -
Capacity WILL WOULD - - - - -
Ability - - CAN COULD - - -

28
 - - MAY - - -
Necessity - - - - MUST NEED -
Conclusion WILL WOULD - - - - -
Impatience - - CAN COULD MUST - -
- - - MIGHT - -
Perception - - CAN COULD - - -
Emotions - SHOULD - - - - -
Hypothesis - WOULD - COULD - - -
- SHOULD - MIGHT - -
Daring - - - - - DARE -

Semi-modals
BE ABLE TO, BE ABOUT TO, BE APT TO,
BE BOUND TO,
BE CERTAIN TO,
BE DESTINED TO, BE DUE TO,
BE GOING TO,
BE LIKELY TO, BE MEANT TO, BE OBLIGED TO,
BE SUPPOSED TO, BE SURE TO, BE WILLING TO,
HAVE TO

Modal idioms
HAD BETTER, HAD RATHER,
WOULD RATHER, WOULD SOONER, WOULD AS SOON,
MAY / MIGHT AS WELL,
HAD BEST,
BE TO,
HAVE GOT TO.

Table 23: Meaning of semi-modals and modal idioms

MEANING SEMI-MODALS AND MODAL IDIOMS

Permission BE ALLOWED TO, BE PERMITTED TO
Possibility and ability BE ABLE TO
Obligation HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, BE BOUND TO, BE CERTAIN TO,
BE SURE TO
Necessity HAVE TO, HAVE GOT TO, BE BOUND TO, BE CERTAIN TO,

29
 BE SURE TO
Volition BE GOING TO, BE WILLING TO, BE OBLIGED TO,
WOULD RATHER, WOULD SOONER
Non-obligatory obligation BE SUPPOSED TO, HAD BETTER
Non-obligatory necessity BE LIKELY TO, BE SUPPOSED TO
Future BE GOING TO, BE TO, BE ABOUT TO, BE DUE TO,
BE DESTINED TO
Other meanings TEND TO, BE LIABLE TO, HAPPEN TO

8.1 The Modal VP formative

[+VP, +modal VP, +finite, ({aspect}), ({voice}), {reference}, {person}, {number}, (+/
transitive), (+/ reflexive)]

aspect { (perfective) + (progressive) }

voice { {active}, {passive} }

active [ (+middle) ]
passive { central, {peripheral} }
peripheral { semi-passive, pseudo-passive, notional passive }

reference { past, present, future }

person { 1st, 2nd, 3rd }

number { singular, plural }

8.1.1 The modal verb formative

[ +Verb, +modal, { +central, +peripheral }, { meaning } ]

meaning { source: Gramatika EJ }

8.1.2 The non-finite verb formative

[ +Verb, +Infinitive, +bare, (+Present), ( {aspect} ), ( {voice} ), (+/ transitive), (+/

reflexive)]

aspect { (perfective) + (progressive) }

30
voice { {active}, {passive} }
active [ (+middle) ]
passive { central, {peripheral} }
peripheral { semi-passive, pseudo-passive, notional passive }
8.2 The semi-modal formative

[+VP, +semi-modal, {finititude}, ({mood}), ({aspect}), ({meaning}), {person},

{number}, ({ reference })]

finititude { finite, { non-finite } }

non-finite { {Infinitive}, {Participle}, {Gerund} }

Infinitive { {infinitive class} }
[ (+Present) ]
infinitive class { to-infinitive, bare-infinitive }
Participle { {participle form}, {relatedness} }
participle form { Present, Past }
relatedness { related, unrelated, absolute }
Gerund [ (+Present) ]

mood { {imperative}, {subjunctive} }

imperative [+simple]
subjunctive { {+formulaic, +mandative}, {+Present, +Past} }

aspect { [ finite] { (perfective) + (progressive) }

[+ finite] {Present/Past Perfect }

meaning { source: Gramatika EJ }

person { 1st, 2nd, 3rd }

number { singular, plural }

31
reference { past, present, future }

8.3 The modal idiom formative

[+VP, +modal idiom, +finite, {person}, {number}, ({meaning}), ({ reference })]

person { 1st, 2nd, 3rd }

number { singular, plural }

meaning { source: Gramatika EJ }

reference { past, present, future }

32
 GLAGOLSKI NAČIN

vježbanja

Analizirajte i uporedite elemente rečenica, klauza i fraza u primjerima iz dva

jezika u pogledu njihove forme i funkcije. Posebno detaljnije analizirajte elemente dva
jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:

1. L1: It looked as though he were going to content himself with giving his uninvited
guest board and loging.
L2: Izgledalo je kao da će se zadovoljiti time što će dati stan i hranu svom nezvanom
gostu.

2. L1: I won't have him shouting at me every time he gets in a spot and cannot find his
way out of it.
L2: Neću da dopustim da se izdire na mene svaki put kada zapadne u nepriliku i ne
može da se izvuče iz nje.

3. L1: If the exchange shall become less favourable, most of our overseas students will
have to leave.
L2: Ako devizni kurs postane manje povoljan, većina naših stranih studenata će
morati da ode.

4. L1: Not because I shouldn't, not because I wouldn't, not because I couldn't, simply
because I was the laziest girl in town.
L2: Ne zato što nije trebalo, ne zato što ne bih htjela, ne zato što nisam mogla,
prosto zato što sam bila najlenja djevojka u gradu.

33
5. L1: I think I must turn homeward again, as the inn must not be left long in charge of
the lad and the mate only.
L2: Moram da idem kući jer ne smijem duže da ostavim krčmu samo na momku i
djevojci.

MONOTRANZITIVNI GLAGOLI

Objekti monotranzitivnih glagola su direktni objekti. Ovdje postoji

više mogućih kombinacija, u zavisnosti od toga šta vrši funkciju direktnog
objekta:
M1: Glagol + imenička fraza sa mogućnošću pasivizacije:
He wrote the letter. On je napisao pismo.
The letter was written. Pismo je napisano.
They backed him up. Oni su ga podržali.
The managment paid for his air Uprava je platila troškove njegovih
fares. avionskih karata.
They looked down on him. Oni su ga prezirali.

M2: Medijalni glagol + imenička fraza bez mogućnosti pasivizacije

(pošto medijalni glagoli izražavaju stanje)
He lacks confidence. Njemu nedostaje samopouzdanje.
She resembles her father. On liči na svog oca.
He prided himself on his son. Ponosio se svojim sinom.

M3: Glagol + THAT-klauza

They believe that God exists. Oni vjeruju da Bog postoji.
They suggested that we should stay.Oni su predložili da mi ostanemo.
I regret that she worries so much. Žalim što se ona brine oko toga.
I wish (that) she came here. Volio bih da ona dođe.

M4: Glagol + WH-relativna klauza

34
 Can you say which way we are Možete li da kažete kojim putem idemo?
going?

M5: Glagol + WH-infinitivna klauza

He learned how to sail a boat. On je naučio da vozi čamac.
M6: Glagol + TO-infinitiv bez izraženog subjekta
She didn't bother to feed the baby. Ona se nije brinula da nahrani bebu.

M7: Glagol + TO-infinitiv sa izraženim subjektom

They don't like the house to be Oni ne vole da im je kuća prazna.
empty.

M8: Glagol + participska / gerundivna klauza bez izraženog S

Your shoes need mending. Tvojim cipelama je potrebna popravka.

M9: Glagol + participska / gerundivna klauza sa izraženim S

I hate his driving my car. Ne volim da on vozi moja kola.

DITRANZITIVNI GLAGOLI

Objekti glagola sa dva objekta, obično sinonimi i antonimi glagola

GIVE i glagola komunikacije, mogu biti:

D1: Glagol + IO + DO / DO + IO / DO + DO
He gave the girl a dol. On je dao djevojčici lutku.
He gave a doll to the girl. On je dao lutku djevojčici.
They taught the boys Latin. Oni su učili dječake latinski.
(samo sa glagolima ASK, ENVY, HIT, KISS, LEAD, STRIKE, TAKE, TEACH)

35
 D2: Glagol + DO + IO (PO)- transformisani IO u PO
Glagol + DO / IO + PO
Glagol + PO + PO / Glagol + DO + PO + PO
Mary told the secret only to her Meri je rekla tu tajnu samo svom mužu.
husband.
Mary told only John about the Meri je rekla samo Jovanu o toj tajni.
secret.
They supplied blankets for the Oni su obezbjedili ćebad za beskućnike.
homeless.
It developed from a small club Od malog kluba on se razvio u veliku
into a mass organization. organizaciju.
We are paying $100 to the garage Mi plaćamo 100 dolara garaži za te
for the repairs. popravke.

Neki predloški glagoli se javljaju sa direktnim objektom koji sa predlogom

obrazuje idiomatsku cjelinu:
They took notice of the event. Zapazili su taj događaj.

D3: Glagol + IO / PO + THAT-klauza

John convinced me (that) he was Džon me je ubijedio da je u pravu.
right.
She demanded of me that I came Tražila je od mene da dođem rano.
early.

D4: Glagol + IO + Relativna / Upitna WH-klauza

John asked me what time the Džon me je pitao u koliko sati će se
meeting would end. završiti sastanak.

D5: Glagol + IO + WH-infinitivna klauza

The instructor taught us how to sail. Instruktor nas je učio kako da plovimo.
D6: Glagol + IO + TO-infinitivna klauza

36
 I told John to see a doctor. Rekao sam Džonu da ode ljekaru.

SLOŽENA PRELAZNOST GLAGOLA

Za ove glagole je karakterističan jedan objekt i komplement tom

objektu. To mogu biti sledeći oblici koji se javljaju uz objekt:
S1: Objekt + pridjev
They painted the house light grey. Okrečili su kuću u svjetlo sivo.
That music drives me mad. Ta muzika me izluđuje.

S2: Objekt + imenička fraza

They appointed him President of On su ga postavili za predsjednika
the Board. Upravnog odbora.

S3: Objekt + TO-infinitivna klauza

The police reported the traffic to Policija je izvjestila da je saobraćaj gust.
be heavy.

S4: Objekt + BARE-infinitiv

We must make the public take Mi moramo da natjeramo javnost da nas
notice of us. primjeti.

S5: Objekt + sadašnji particip

Mary watched John mending the Meri je posmatrala Džona kako popravlja
lamp. lampu.

S6: Objekt + prošli particip

37
 I would like my soup reheated. Volio bih da se moja supa podgrije.

Table 24: Verb complements

M MONOTRANSITIVE B BITRANSITIVE S COMPLEX

1 NP 1 IO + DO 1 O + AdjP
2 NP-middle verbs 2 IO/DO + PO 2 O + NP
3 THAT-clause 3 IO/PO + THAT-cl.
4 WH-relative clause 4 IO + WH-relat. cl.
5 WH-infinitive clause 5 IO + WH-infin. cl.
6 TO-infinitiv with subject 6 IO + TO-infin. cl. 3 O + TO- infinitive
7 TO-infinitiv without subj. 4 O + BARE-infinitive
8 Present part. with subject 5 O + Present participle
9 Present part. without subj. 6 O + Past participle

38
 PRELAZNOST GLAGOLA – KOMPLEMENTACIJA I
STANJE / ROD GLAGOLA

vježbanja

Analizirajte i uporedite elemente rečenica, klauza i fraza u primjerima iz dva

jezika u pogledu njihove forme i funkcije. Posebno detaljnije analizirajte elemente dva
jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:

1. L1: When a woman has five daughters she ought to give over thinking of her own
beauty.
L2: Kada žena ima pet odraslih kćeri ona treba da prestane da misli na svoju ljepotu.

2. L1: I knew how to appeal to her mother's feeling although I've never had any
children of my own.
L2: Znala sam kako da pokrenem materinska osjećanja iako sama nikad nisam imala
djece.

3. L1: He wanted her to know once and for all that he wasn't scared of anything.
L2: Htio je da ona jednom za svagda utuvi da se on ničega ne boji.

5. L1: He was being watched by many eyes through the spy-hole.

L2: Posmatrale su ga mnoge oči kroz špijunku.

39
ZNAČENJA POJEDINAČNIH KOORDINATIVNIH VEZNIKA

1) Veznik AND ima najopštije značenje i upotrebu. Jedini uslov za

vezu dvije klauze je njihova logička veza. Pri vezivanju dvije klauze druga
može u odnosu na prvu imati sledeća značenja:
a) posledica / rezultat (consequence / result):
He heard the explosion AND On je čuo eksploziju I pozvao policiju.
phoned the police.
b) nastavak / redosled događaja (sequence):
I washed the dishes AND I dried Oprala sam sudove I onda ih obrisala.
them.
c) kontrast (contrast):
John is secretive AND Mark is Džon je tejanstven A Mark je iskren.
d) iznenađenje – prva klauza ima koncesivno značenje (concessive):
She tried hard AND she failed. Ona se jako trudila, A nije uspjela.
e) sličnost – druga klauza ima slično (similar) značenje prvoj:
A trade arangement should be no Trgovinski ugovor ne bi rebalo da bude
problem AND a cutural exchange problem, A i kuturna razmjena se može lako
could be easily arranged. uspostaviti.
f) dodavanje (addition) – druga klauza se dodatak prvoj:
He has long hair AND he often On ima dugu kosu I često nosi farmerke.
wears jeans.
g) komentar (comment) druge klauze na prvu klauzu, ili njeno
objašnjenje:
There's only one thing to do now - Sada treba uraditi samo jednu stvar, A to je
AND tha's to apologize. izviniti se.
h) prva klauza može biti uslov (condition) za drugu klauzu:
40
 Work hard AND you'll get your Radi mnogo I dobićeš nagradu.
reward.

2) Veznik OR ima sledeća značenja:

a) alternativa, izbor (alternative):
Take this book OR that one! . Uzmi ovu ILI onu knjigu!.
b) aproksimacija (approximation):
The shirt cost 15 OR 16 £. Taj košulja je koštala 15 ILI 16 funti.
c) korekcija (correction) onoga čto je u prvoj klauzi:
They are enjoying themselves, OR Oni se lijepo zabavljaju, ILI (bar) izgleda da
they appear to be ejoying themselves. se lijepo zabavljaju.
d) negativni uslov (negative condition):
Give me some money OR I'll shoot. Daj mi nešto novca ILI ću pucati.

3) Veznik BUT ima značenje kontrasta koji može da implicira nešto

neočekivano, ili odricanje u vezi sa sadržajem prve klauze. Ovo značenje
imaju i veznici : YET, STILL, HOWEVER, NEVERTHELESS, IN SPITE OF,
DESPITE, NOTWITHSTANDING.
She did not waste her time, BUT Ona nije gubila vrijeme, VEĆ je mnogo
studied hard. učila.
4) Veznik NOR je odrični aditivni prilog i ima značenje and not pa se
uzima kao sličan koordinatoru. Javlja se poslije odrične prve klauze i mogu
ga zamjeniti koordinatori AND i BUT pa zato ne spada u prave
koordinatore:
She does not smoke NOR drink. Ona ne puši NITI pije.
5) Veznik NEITHER, odnosno prilog, ima negativno značenje (and
not) i osobine priloga NOR:
They were not slow to understand Oni nisu sporo razumjevali, A NISU NI
NEITHER did they fail to note the propustili da primjete važnost praznika.
significance of the seasons.

41
9. The conjunction formative

[+Conjunction, { {+coordinate}, + subordinate}, {meaning}]

coordinate { coordinator, semi-coordinator, quasi-coordinator, correlative }

meaning { source: Gramatika EJ }

example: "As the dictionary is new, it should be of considerable value."

As [ +Conjunction, +subordinate, +reason ]

42
 VEZNICI

vježbanja

Analizirajte i uporedite elemente rečenica, klauza i fraza u primjerima iz dva

jezika u pogledu njihove forme i funkcije. Posebno detaljnije analizirajte elemente dva
jezika koji su u datim rečenicama podvučeni i opišite njihov međusobni odnos:

1. L1: Even the gate manifested no sympathizing movement to the words and that
circumstance determined me to accept the invitation.
L2: Čak ni kapija ne učini prjateljski pokret na te riječi i ta me je okolnost navela da
prihvatim poziv.

2. L1: It was decades since he had dined anywhere in London save at his club or a
private house.
L2: Već decenijama nije večerao nigdje u Londonu osim u svom klubu ili u nekoj
privatnoj kući.

3. L1: He made no noise or movement, yet the wolf seized from its howling and tried to
sense his presence.
L2: On nije ni šušnuo niti napravio ni najmanji pokret, a vuk je ipak prestao da zavija
i pokušao da nanjuši gdje se on nalazi.

4. L1: That he could be a Napolenon or a Bizmark was obvious.

L2: Bilo je očigledno da bi on mogao da bude neki Napoleon ili Bizmark.

5. L1: Women, when flattered, become haughty.

L2: Žene, kada im se laska, postaju uobražene.

43