Work-Measurement KEC
Work-Measurement KEC
Work-Measurement KEC
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INTRODUCTION
2
INTRODUCTION
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USES OF WM
To compare the efficiency of alternative methods. Other
conditions being equal, the method which takes the least time will
be the best method.
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TOOLS USED IN TIME STUDY
Stop watch
Time study board
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TECHNIQUES FOR WM
Time study
Work sampling
Synthesis from standard data
Pre-determined motion time system
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TIME STUDY
A WM technique for:
1. Recording the times and rates of working for the
elements of a specified job carried out under
specified conditions,
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STEPS IN TIME STUDY
Deter • Allowances
mine
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SELECTING A JOB FOR TIME STUDY
New one not previously carried out.
A change in material or method of working.
A complaint has been received about the time standard for an
operation.
A particular bottleneck operation.
Prior to the introduction of an incentive scheme.
Investigate the utilization of a piece of plant, the output is low,
or which appears to be idle for an excessive time.
To compare the efficiency of two proposed methods.
The costs of a particular job appears to be excessive.
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QUALIFIED WORKER
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OBTAIN AND RECORD
Selection of operator
Identification details i.e part number, name,
machine, feed, material spec, operator details
Working conditions
Work positions
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BREAKING THE JOB INTO ELEMENTS
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REASONS FOR BREAKDOWN OF JOB
For each job, a detailed breakdown of the complete job into
elements is necessary. Because….
To separate productive work (or effective time) from
unproductive activity (or ineffective time).
To enable different types of elements to be identified and
distinguished, so that each may be accorded the treatment
appropriate.
To enable elements involving high fatigue to be isolated and
to make the allocation of fatigue allowances more accurate.
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TYPES OF ELEMENTS
A repetitive element is an element which occurs in every work
cycle of the job.
An occasional element does not occur in each work cycle of the
job, but which may occur at regular or irregular intervals. e.g.
machine setting.
For a constant element, the basic time remains constant
whenever it is performed. e.g. switch the machine on.
A variable element is an element for which the basic time varies
in relation to some characteristics of the product, equipment or
process, e.g. dimensions, weight, quality etc. e.g. push trolley of
parts to next shop.
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TYPES OF ELEMENTS
A manual element is an element performed by a worker.
A machine element is automatically performed by a power-driven
machine (or process).
A governing element occupies a longer time than any of the other
elements which are being performed concurrently. e.g. boil kettle
of water, while setting out teapot and cups.
A foreign element is observed during a study which, after analysis,
is not found to be necessary part of the job. e.g. degreasing a part
that has still to be machined further.
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RECORDING TIME FOR ACTIVITIES
Cumulative timing
The watch runs continuously throughout the study.
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RECORDING TIME FOR ACTIVITIES
Flyback time
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TIME STUDY: RATING
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FACTORS AFFECTING RATE OF WORKING
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RATING FACTOR
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WORK CONTENT
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ALLOWANCES
A contingency allowance is a small allowance of time which may
be included in a standard time to meet legitimate and expected
items of work or delays, precise measurement of which is
uneconomical because of their infrequent or irregular occurrence.
Contingency allowance could be no more than 5%, and should
only be given where the contingencies cannot be eliminated and
are justified.
Tool breakage, power failures, obtaining tools and gauges from
stores.
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Relaxation allowance is an addition to the basic time intended to
provide the worker with the opportunity to recover from the
physiological and psychological effects of carrying out specified
The amount of the allowance will depend on the nature of the job.
Typical values of relaxation allowance are 5% for men and 7%
for women.
Meeting personal needs.
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OTHER ALLOWANCES
Start-up / shut-down allowance
Cleaning allowance
Tooling allowance
Set-up / change-over allowance
Reject / excess production allowance
Learning / training allowance
Policy allowance is an increment, other than the bonus increment,
applied to standard time to provide a satisfactory level of earning
for certain level of performances under exceptional conditions.
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STANDARD TIME
Now, we can add all the constituents to arrive at the standard time
for a job.
Standard time = observed time * rating factor + relaxation allowance
+ work related contingency allowance + delay related contingency
allowance.
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REST ALLOWANCES
1. Constant allowance
(A) Personal allowance ……………... 5
(B) Basic fatigue allowance ………… 4
2. Variable allowances:
(A) Standing allowance ……………… 2
(B) Abnormal position
(i) Awkward (bending) ………… 2
(ii) Very awkward (lying,
stretching) …………………… 7
Figure S10.1
REST ALLOWANCES
(C) Use of force or muscular energy in
lifting, pulling, pushing
Weight lifted (pounds)
20 …………………………………… 3
40……………………………………. 9
60……………………………………. 17
(D) Bad light:
(i) Well below recommended…. 2
(ii) Quite inadequate……………. 5
Figure S10.1
REST ALLOWANCES
Figure S10.1
TIME STUDY EXAMPLE
Allowance factor = 15%