#EthicsOnlineClass 4/16/2020 11:31:50 AM

Lawrence Kohlberg’s Six Stages Moral

Development
1. Pre-conventional Morality
✔ Morality is externally controlled.

✔ Rules imposed by authority figures are conformed to in order to avoid punishment

or receive rewards.

2. Conventional Morality
✔ This is the stage at which children learn about rules and authority.

3. Post conventional Morality

✔ A person has learned that there is a difference between what is right and what is
wrong from a moral perspective, and what is right and what is wrong according to
rules.

✔ hence, sa lahat ng stages, dapat makapunta tayo sa level 3.. andun kasi yung
higher level of thinking..

I asked you to make your reaction about the case of the security guard.

please dont forget your assignment aboutthe guard..submit it once the class resumes..

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emotion and moral decision making, moral

Now, our topics:
character, moral agent, and neuroscience of moral
decision making

moral agent vs. moral character.

Moral agent
✔ Taong gagawa ng decision na hindi kasama ang personal bias nya kahit sino pa
ang affected…dapat impartial - wala kang papaburan, duon ka lang sa tama at
sa ethical.
 eg. Kung alam mo naman niloloko ka lang ng kasingtahan mo (bute nga
sanyo!!) at ikaw need mo na mag desisyon, aba use your brain…set aside
yung mga idea na, “mahal ko kasi sya, titiisin ko ang lahat kahit ako lang

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ang nagmamahal, kahit unfair sa part ko eh ok lang” in decision making,

duon ka sa tama, alangan mag stay ka pa eh niloloko ka nga tapos muka
pang virus yung jowa mo.. gets nyo?

✔ Someone who is concerned impartially with the interests of everyone affected by

what he or she does; who carefully sifts facts and examines their implications..
ang word yan.. IMPARTIALITY.. tapos yang impartiality na yan ay mababanggit
yung dun sa minimum requirements of moral / ethical judgment..

Ex. if your are one of the panelists or judge in a contest, you should be
impartial….wala ka dapat kilingan or kampihan.. Alam nyo bakit nagkaka
problem tuwing instrams, kasi may hinala tayo na yung judge eh hindi
impartial..kasi lagi kong sinasabi, dapat ang judge ay tiga labas ng school
para walang duda about the person’s impartiality..

Moral character
✔ Kabuuan ng “IKAW” about your qualities..behavior, attitude, beliefs, decisions at
etc… kung anong uri kang tao. Para bang “OVER ALL PERSONALITY MO"

✔ Moral character is more on your….rational and qualities.

Eg. handa ka parin bang Gawin ang tama kahit walang nakatingin sayo?
Anong gagawin mo sa isang situation kung saan pag pinili mo ang
isang bagay eh maapektuhan ka pero yung ang tama.. sa mga ganung
situation mo makikita ang character ng isang tao..

Like ako.. may mga decision ako sa buhay na kinaayawan ako ng

iba, pero anong magagawa ko kung yun ang kailangan kong gawin kong
decision…now naipakita ko sakanila na ako yung taong hindi mo
masusuhulan or mauuto at lalong ako kung taong hindi ipipilit ang sarili
sa taong ayaw sakin!!!!! :)

✔ refers to the assemblage of qualities that distinguish one individual from another..
“sum of one’s moral habits and dispositions.”

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✧ hence, moral agent refers to the person while moral character refers to the
person’s total characteristics..

✧ yung isa ay yung tao at yung isa ay yung pagkatao ng isang tao.

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nuero-science of decision making/The

Neuroscience of Moral Decision Making
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or Moral Judgment by using the Trolley

Problem..
TROLLEY PROBLEM
✔ Duon sa trolley problem, ikaw yung andun sa switch kung saan may parading na
train pero may masasagasaan syang 5 na tao pag tinuloy yung riles kung saan
papunta yung train, wala silang alam lahat na may masagasaan, pero if you turn
the switch maiiba kung pupuntahan ng train pero may isang mamatay lang..

✔ (trolley problem, andun sa switch kung saan may parating na train at pag tumuloy
sa nya the train would kill 5 people but if you turn the switch, youll save the 5 but
1 will die.. so there is the dilemma na…)

Sa trolley problem may dalawang silat na philosophy na applicable.. utilitarianism at

deontology

1. Utilitarianism

✔ Pasimuno nyan ay sila Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill nung 19th
century.. Ang punto nila eto.. ethical actions are those that provide the
greatest balance of good over evil for the most number of people.

✔ Utilitarianism: “Lesser evil for greater good”

✔ Philosophy na..ang decision mo ay dapat nakabase dun sa idea na…piliin mo kung

DECISION KUNG SAAN KONTI ANG MAAPEKTUHAN PERO MAS MADAMI
ANG MAKIKINABANG.

✔ "LESSER EVIL but GREATER GOOD”

✔ Ang idea ay... the greatest good for the greatest number but lesser evil,
yung ang moral decision..

✔ Ang basis mo kung moral yung decision mo eh yung effects ng decision mo...ilang
ang nakinabang...ilan ang mas natulungan, ilang na nailigtas mo... kung mas
madami yung natulungan, nasave mo...moral decision yun…

✔ Ang equation ng utilitarianism ay.. greater good and lesser evil.

✔ Ang decision mo ay parang, mas maraming advantages kesa disadvantages, pero

ang problema dito… paano kung yung decision naman na madaming advantages
eh maling decision naman?? Ang sabi ng utilitarianism..huwag ka mag alala,
moral decision parin yan kasi madaming mabuteng dulot naman yung decision
mo.

Eg. May jowa ka, ang problema, alam mo na niloloko ka ng jowa mong
mukang virus, pero sya ang nagsusustento sayo at buong family mo…
gusto mong hiwalayan pero FINANCIALLY DEPENDENT KA
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SAKANYA, wala kang work.. ano den decisión mo? Sabi ng

utilitarianism, mas Tamang piliin na décision kung saan mas madaıing
makikinabang or masasave, may masasakripisyo pero hayaan mo lang,
ang daming makikinabang..

2. Deontology
✔ morality of an action depends on the nature of the action, i.e., harm is
unacceptable irrespective of its consequences.

✔ Morality of an action depends on the nature of the action..

✔ Kung baga, forget the advantages and the benefits, ang basehan kung moral o
hindi ay kung action mismo../ kahit wala benefit pero kung eto ang tamang gawin
eto ang dapat mong gawin..

E.g, Balik tayo sa jowa mong mukang virus, financially dependent ka , wala
kang work, literal na wala kang pera, may sakit ka, may gamot ka need
as your maintenance, anak mo baby palang, need ng gatas,
nakasalalay sakanya pera ng mga family at anak mo, pero may kabit at
worse, minomolestya ni anak mo, now anong decision mo?

Sabi ng deontology, no need mag isip, kahit magutom kayo, decide

kung anong tama.. hindi advantages or disadvantages ang basis ng
decision mo, dun ka sa nature ng action mismo… mere fact the
minomolestya nya anak mo, Himalayan agad..yan ang deontology.

✔ Regardless of the number of benefits, it does not matter because the basis
whether or not moral yung decision o ginawa mo ay yung action mismo..

✔ Yung "robinhood complex" ay salungat sa deontology.. db nagnanakaw si

robinhood then ibibigay nya sa mga mahihirap yung pera...mukang tama nga
naman kasi daming makikinabang pero ang punto natin, ay kahit ano pang
sabihin mo..ang pagnanakaw ay mali.

✔ Ang mali ay mali kahit madaming nakinabang pa jan..

✔ Ang equation ng deontology ay.."Let justice be done thought the heaven falls"

✔ Para bang.. kahit gumuho pa ang mundo at bumagsak ang langit, kung yun ang
hinihingi ng hustisya...dapat ibigay natin..

✔ "Let justice be done THOUGH the heaven falls"

Eg.. kahit gaano mo pa kamahal yung kaibigan mo kung alam mong sya
gumawa ng krimen...aba dapat mong isuplong... Magnakaw ba naman
ng tilapia para dinner nya now eh alam naman nating masama
magnakaw..

Dun sa tanong nuon.. kung ano dapat mong gawin kung ikaw andun sa switch? It is a
personal choice mo..(Sino ba yung nagtanong nun? -mag yes sir ka kung ikaw..)
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It is really a good question, good mind iho.. but to answer that question, ikaw mamili..
utilitarian ka ba or deontological? Why? (Sagot ka, explain your answer kahit konti lang)

Meaning.. utilitarianism yung pursuation ng decision mo. Pero remember pag ginawa mo
yun..sinadya mong iswitch para luhimis yung train at mamatay lang yung isa.. db ganun? The
problem..sinadya mong gawin to kill only one person, it is killing..killing is wrong db? Yang
ganyan ko reason deontology naman..kasi dun ka mismo sa nature of the act or the act itself.

Walang mali.. nasa moral dilemma ka eh. Just a matter of defending yourself but be
ready with the consequences.. remember, moral development..stage 6. You are willing to
uphold justice or what do you think is right and ready to face the consequences..

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✧ hence, UTILITARIANISM is on the consequences while DEONTOLOGY is on

the act itself.

✧ eto ang famous lines...

Deontology : “Let justice be done though heavens fall.”

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two systems that affect or

Experts say that there are

influence of moral judgment.. ( THE

NUERO-SCIENCE OF MORAL JUDGMENT..)
✔ While we believe that emotion is connected with our heart, it is not true at
all… our heart doesn’t give us the emotion.. ok? We just use heart
figuratively..

✔ -Experts say that emotion affects our moral judgment..

✔ However, that does not apply pag MORAL AGENT ka… db pag moral agent ka
dapat set aside ang biases at emotions mo.. dun ka lang sa facts, DAPAT
IMPARTIAL KA. (impartial..patas ka lang, dun ka lang sa tama, wala kang
kikiligan..)

✔ I will assume alam nyo ang MRI..yung parang scan nya yung brain mo then
makikita yung mga electrical activities..

✔ There are proofs and researches that say.. totally, it is our part that help us decide,
pero ang tanong, anong part ng brain..

✔ SCIENTIFICALLY AS PROVEN BY EXPERTS, HEART is never involved in our

decision making..it is solely our BRAIN

✔ In our brain, there are two parts that you need to remember, the PRE FRONTAL
CORTEX and AMYGDALA..
✔ First system is the rational system and the next is the emotional system..

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1. Rational System

❖ Pre frontal cortex

✔ nasa likod ng nuo part mo…

✔ Ano ang function nyan.. science says, it is responsible for EXECUTIVE

FUNCTION ng brain natin..

✔ Ano ang executive function..madami yan pero ang pinaka connected ay yung
function na.. "abilities to differentiate among conflicting thoughts,
determine good and bad, better and best, same and different at…

✔ the ability to suppress urges that, if not suppressed, could lead to

socially unacceptable outcomes

✔ Meaning…yan yung part ng brain natin na tumutulong satin na alamin ang

tama sa mali at pigilan ang sarili natin ng gumawa ng hindi tama..

✔ PRE FRONTAL CORTEX is responsible for our executive judgment.. in

knowing what is right from wrong and helping us suppress our URGES,
DESIRES and socially unacceptable behavior..

✔ meaning.. the PRE FRONTAL CORTEX IS OUR RATIONAL PART of the

brain..

✔ now, According to mammalian brain anatomy and psychology, the

PREFONTRAL CORTEX is responsible for Executive function..

✔ hence, eto yung nagsasabi satin kung ano ang tama sa mali, dapat gawin sa
hindi dapat gawin.. yung PFC ang pumipigil satin na gawin ang hindi tama o
hindi kaaya aya…

✔ kaya dapat malakas ang PFC natin..kung sinabi na nga ng PFC mo na mali
yan pero ginawa mo parin, ang ibig sabihin nun..may mali sa utak mo..

◆ theory of cognitve development (Jean Piaget)

✔ habang tumatanda tayt may corresponding development din dapat cognitive

natin..

✔ So ang assumption natin, pag 18 ka na ay mejo mas tama na ang decision mo,
mas matured ka na..mas alam mo na.. meaning expected na pag 18 ka na,
your cognition has developed na..

✔ In connection sa cognitive development, it is expected na habang tumatanda tayo

dapat madevelop natin yan… so while growing up mas alam na natin ang tama
sa mali at mas nagiging mas tama na decision natin..

✔ Accdg to U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Brain research

indicating that prefrontal cortex brain development is not complete until
near the age of 25. ..
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✔ So meaning… sana daw, sana.. fully develop na pre frontal cortex natin pag nag
25 na tayo.. pero syempre hindi lahat tama DECISION kahit 30 na
sila..bakit??? KASI NGA HINDI NA DEVELOP YUNG PRE FRONTAL
CORTEX… now paano ba nadedevelop yun?? SIMPLE..experience and
EDUCATION.

2. Emotional System
✔ Nasaan ang role ng emotion or feelings in decision making or moral
judgment,, dito na papasok si AMYGDALA…

❖Amygdala

✔ Kung ang pre frontal cortex ay nasa likod ng nuo part natin, ang
amygdala naman nasa lower center part ng brain natin… maliit lang
yan… pero yung cortex, halos buong part ng nasa likod ng nuo natin…

✔ scientifically 3 parts ang cortex, pero hayaan nyo… basta remember that
cortex.. at ang amygdala, maliit lang…

✔ responsible sa EMOTIONAL RESPONSES natin

◆ so meaning… pag nasa situation ka, like moral dilemma, 2 parts of brain ang
mag wowork… yung cortex at amygdala.. ETO NA NGAYON ANG
CLINCHER...sino dapat ang mas masunod….ang cortex o ang amygdala…
ano sagot: ideally, syempre dapat ang cortex… pero dahil minsan malakas
ang emotion mo..malakas si amygdala, natabunan si cortex, nakakagawa ka ng
decision without thinking properly…so ang decision mo ang EMOTION
BASED…

✔ Ang problema, pag emotion based..you forgot to be impartial or rational

sometimes.. db nga ang sabi natin.. pag pabigla bigla ang decision mo ay
baka hindi tama ang decision mo, kailangan mo muna pag isipan…

✔ "Don't promise when you're happy, Don't reply when you're angry, and
don't decide when you're sad.” dont do it kasi emotion based yun… baka
nadala ka lang ng emotion mo…

✔ "Don't respond while in the heat of emotion!"

✔ Meaning, sabi ng experts, nakita nila sa MRI na pag nag dedecide ang
tao, gumagana ang CORTEX at AMYGDALA natin.. at nakita din nila, na
yung mga nagdecide out of emotion, mas nanaig ang AMYGDALA
NILA…

E.g, db alam nyo naman na may wife ako, tapos ang asawa ko ay
pwedeng sumali sa fliptop isabuhay sa ganda ng mga bars nya,
wordplay, at rebut nya :) hahahaha

at im sure karamihan sanyo… magagaling din sa bars lalo kayo

mga babae…mga nadadala ng emotion( galit, inis) pag
nagdedecide,, hence..may mga nasasabi kayo na hindi napagisipan
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ng husto, so minsan nakakasakit pero minsan hindi naman

sinasadya kasi nga nadala ng AMYGDALA...

so ako ang diskarte ko lagi… hindi pwedeng dalawa kami

magtatalo at puro emotion lagi..pag nagsasalita sya, i keep silent
then i tell her, kumalma sya..then hahayaan ko sya hanggang sa
mapagod sya then marealize nya, pagod na pala sya magsalita..
thats the time na magsasalita ako..meaning pinabababa ko ang init
ng ulo nya.. the we lay the facts then dun kami mag aagree at
decide.. kung mali ako, i say sorry…kung mali sya.. e d i say sorry
parin :)

now you may ask..sir bakit ikaw parin magsorry kung mali sya..
ganito kasi yan… alam nyo pag mahal mo ang isang tao, youll not
condemn the person, rather youll help the person to correct his or
her mistake :)

✔ "Don't promise when you're happy, Don't reply when you're angry, and
don't decide when you're sad.” at mas lalong… "Don't respond while in
the heat of emotion!"

◆ remember, use your rationality in speaking, behaving and deciding…

mahalaga ang emotion but most of the times we need to be rational.

✔ yes, tama ka, pero pwede ka naman maging RATIONAL at the SAME TIME
EMOTIONAL.. however, in that situation, rationality should prevail over
EMOTION..

✔ remember ha, hindi naman lahat ng emotion based decision is mali… i hope
that is clear but the point is, be sure lang na naging IMPARTIAL KA at
RATIONAL din… at be ready with the consequences of the action...

E.g, i hope wala akong masaktan dito but for discussion purposes
only… BAKIT MAY MGA MAG ASAWA ANG GUSTO NG
MAKIPAG HIWALAY SA ASAWA NILA??? simple.. kasi nung
nagkasal sila…masyadong nagmadali at nilamon ng
emotion..they forgot to think well… (HINDI KO SINASABI NA
LAHAT GANITO ANG SITUATION PERO MADAMI)

akala nila sapat ng MAHAL NILA YUNG ISANG TAO…. you

know in marriage, it is never about love only, remember that,
there are many factors you need to consider..

✔ Amygdala is a PART OF LYMBIC SYSTEM…

There are famous four parts of the LIMBIC system..

1. Amygdala: responsible for emotional responses

2. Thalamus: relaying of sensory information

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3. Hippocampus: memory conversion

4. Hypothalamusre

✔ Responsible for homeostasis or equilibrium of the body.

✔ parang regulator or tiga balanse ng katawan natin..

E.g, parang ganito…pag napansin ni Hypothalamus na may

mali sa heart beat natin, ang sasabihin nya...“oh sino yung
tangang nagpabilis or bagal ng takbo ng puso ng taong
to???” pag nadetermine nya ang cause ng irregular heart
beat, ang gagawin nya, uutusan nya mag adjust yung
certain body part/s na ayusin yung heart beat..

✔ it is The portion of the brain that maintains the body’s internal

balance.

✔ Hypothalamus is responsible for hormone called Oxytocin.

❖Oxytocin

✔ A hormone that is Also known as LOVE or CUDDLE

HORMONE..

✔ why called as LOVE or CUDDLE HORMONE becuase

it was medically found out that When people hug or
kiss a loved one, oxytocin levels increase..

✔ Researchers in 2012, found that couples in the first

stages of romantic attachment had significantly higher
levels of oxytocin.. and xytocin’s possible
relationship-enhancing effects such as : trust, gazing,
empathy, positive relationship memories and fidelity…

✔ OXYTOCIN is also released during sexual activity and

linked to the intensity of orgasms. (please be matured
here)

✔ MEANING… if you are KILIG, LANDI AT INLOVE.. ang

may pakana nyan ang nag hypothalamus nyo kasi nag
release ng OXYTOCIN…

✔ hence, the MORE OXYTOCIN you have the MORE

MALANDI you are :)

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✧ Two Systems that influence our Moral Judgments:

✧ Moral decision making is governed by both reason and emotion.

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1. explicit, rational system and

2. implicit, emotional system

✧ pre frontal is responsible for executivev judgment while amygdala for

EMTIONAL RESPONSES…

✧ In decision making hindi pwedeng puro emotion lang ha, you can may use emotion
or both PRE FRONTAL CORTEX and AMYGDALA function at the same in moral
judgment but you must know how to balance the two…

✧ may kinalaman ba ang emosyon sa decision natin lalo sa moral judgment… of

course there is….

✧ using the trolley problem, Philosopher Joshua Greene put people in an fMRI
machine to measure their brain activity while they pondered various trolley-
problem scenarios..

ibig sabihin tinignan nila using FMRI kung anong part ng brain natin ang may
response nung sinasagot ng mga respondents nila ang trolley problem… nakita
nila ang nag rerespond ang PFC at amygdala…

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two requirements / minimum requirements

for moral/ethical judgment..
1. Rationality (Reason)
✔ Rationality is reasonableness.. a rational man is a reasonable man. When
you can think logically, systematically and fairly… great chance, you are a
rational being..

✔ dito tayo nagkakaproblema din now.. madaming tao ang may utak ang
problema hindi nagagamit sa tama ang utak… bakit? kasi kulang sa logic,
understanding, comprehension and so on...

E.g, minsan meron pang mga taong hindi marunong tumanggap ng idea ng
iba, ayaw tanggapin na mali sila, narrow minded at minsan,
sadyang….delayed ang development ang cortex..

- logical thinking matters… example: when asked, which is heavier,

1kg of nails or 1kg of cotton? ang sagot syempre..WALA! SAME SILA
1kg eh!

✔Proponents say that there are guides on one’s conduct by REASON

1. Moral judgments must be backed by good reasons �
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2. Morality is first and foremost a matter of consulting reasons. �

3. The right act is "where the weight of reason lies."

4. Best idea is one that has reason on its side.

5. Morally right thing to do is determined by what there are as the best

reasons for doing.

✔ If you observe, REASON is always present…

✔ hence, you have to see and weight which is reasonable… MOST

REASONABLE.

✔ always look, kung gagawin ko to, anong dahilan… anong mga

rason ko, anong mga bagay ang nagbibigay ng RASON PARA
YUNG ANG GAWIN KONG DESISYON…then weight it.

✔ hence, hindi mo pwedeng sabihin…GINAWA KO YUNG KASI WALA

LANG, TRIP KO LANG….. if ginawa mo yung without any
reason, meaning you failed to use one of the requirements of
moral judgment…hence, the action and the consequence
could not be categorized as moral action.

E.g, “BAKIT MO NAMAN SINAPAK YUNG TAO?” sagot mo….

WALA EH TRIP KO LANG….. so tayong mga nakarinig nun,
pwede natin sabihin… “ah kulang sa prefrontal cortex yung tao
na yun, hindi nag isip muna kung tama ba gagawin nya."

“BAKIT MO NAMAN BINALIKAN PA EH NILOLOKO KA

LANG NUN?” sagot mo…. WALA MAHAL KO SYA HANDAAN
AKONG TIISIIN ANG LAHAT.. so tayong mga nakarinig nun,
pwede nating tuktukan ulo nung kaibigan natin para matauhan
at mareset yung prefrontal cortex nya :)

alugin nyo ulo baka nagha-hang PFC nya.. :) pero kasi

minsan..dahil mahal na mahal mo yung tao, we tend to forget to
think rationally…instead, WE RISK FOR LOVE, WE GAMBLE
FOR LOVE.. well anyway, where is the beauty in love if we do
not take the RISK :)

2. Impartiality
✔ analyze the facts, weight the facts, without biases or emotion….then decide.

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remember, rationality and impartiality… mahirap yan gawin sa pang araw araw
natin pero we shall at least do it..actually we shall do it always..

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now lets test your logical thinking..

Here is the story of a young girl. At her mother’s funeral, she saw an unknown young
man. He was charming, really the man of her dreams. She madly fell in love with him.
After a couple of days the young girl killed her own sister.

Question: What motive did she have to do it?

Baka kasi kaya niya pinatay yung kapatid niya dahil iniisip niya na kapag pinatay niya
rin yung kapatid niya magpapakita ulit yung lalaki na nakita niya sa funeral ng mama
niya

The 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model

✔ They say, this the model before we make a judgment..or so we could arrive at
MORAL judgment.. may procedure daw, hindi pwedeng decide ng decide o
banat ng banat tapos hindi pinag iisipan… MAY TAMANG PROSESO lalo na
kung yung decision mo ay maraming maaapektuhan..

✔ 7 step for moral judgment: assumes that the person is in MORAL DILEMMA..
(alam nyo na ha kung kailan mo masasabing ikaw ang nasa isang moral
dilemma)

1. Gather the facts.

✔ what are the matters and details or the background of the issue that may ask
for moral judgment.. REMEMBER, you must know all the facts… dito palang
malalaman mo na agad kung nasa moral dilemma ka na o hindi

E.g, after knowing the facts, nakita mo na youre NOT in moral dilemma,
hence no need to proceed to use this model.. example, kung ang issue
mo lang naman ay “ang sarap humiga lang...PAPASOK BA AKO NOW?
OO OR HINDI???” susmio… moral dilemma ba yan?

✔ now, if you think youre in a moral dilemma, then proceed with second step..

2. Determine the Ethical issues.

✔ ETHICAL OR MORAL ISSUE.. not issue ng kapitbahay mong
maka-umaaaaaaaaaaa..

✔ Ethical interests are stated in terms of legitimate competing interests or

goods. The competing interests are what creates the dilemma.

E.g, hence, ethical issues are those that will put you in moral dilemma.. eg. “
IPALAGLAG KO BA TONG BATA or HINDI?"

✔ clearly that is an ethical or moral issue..”ABORTION” thats now the issue.

3. Choose principles which have a bearing on the case.

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✔ after determining the issue, proceed to step 3.. Determine what Virtues /
Principles have a bearing on the case: identify the competing values or the
principles that you need to consider in making decision..

✔ hence, tignan nyo, ano ano yung mga paniniwala, nakasanayan, magandang asal,
tradisyon, batas at iba pa na maaapektuhan pag namili ka na ng desisyon..

eG. abortion, when you decide to abort the baby, what values, principles, and
laws will be violated?

4. List the alternatives.

✔ Isipin nyo lahat at kung pwede, list all the alternatives for you to have better
judgment.. ang problema kasi sa iba, nag dedecide agad without knowning that
there could be still other possible and better decisions..

E.g, abortion uli… think, “bakit mo ba gusto ipa abort?” there could be many
reasons ha… pero lets say, gusto mo ipaabort kasi baka hindi mo
mabuhay at mabigay yung needs ng anak mo lalo nat INIWAN KA NG
JOWA MONG MUKANG VIRUS AT HINDI KA KASI SUMUNOD SA
SINABI NI SIR ARCIE NA “QUARANTINE HINDI LANDIIN"

kung ang fear mo lang eh yung baka hindi mo mabigay needs nya, ang
tanong “IS ABORTION THE ONLY SOLUTION to your PROBLEM?"

list the alternatives, like.. 1. ask for support from the father, 2.
support from the parents and inlaws 3. ipa adopt mo sa mga ibang
walang baby..

5. Compare alternatives with principles.

✔ Compare the Alternatives with the Virtues / Principles

✔ Sa mga alternatives mo, ANO DUN ANG MAY PINAKA TAMANG VALUES,
PRINCIPLES OR VIRTOUS… meaning, ANO DUN ANG PINAKATAMA base
sa values, principles, and laws...

6. Assess the Consequences.

✔ What is your decision, CONSIDER THE CONSEQUENCES of you possible
decision,..

✔ REMEMBER, newton third law of motion: For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction. in every action in life there is always a reaction: we
call it consequence. the consequence may be good or bad… but be ready
to face and bear the consequences. A PERSON MUST BE RESPONSIBLE
FOR HIS DECISIONS.

✔ hence, take the alternatives and work out the positive and negative
consequences of each. Estimate how beneficial each POSTIVE and
NEGATIVE consequence is - some might have greater weight than others.
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7. Make a decision.
✔ Remember since you are in a moral dilemma, Ethical or moral decisions
rarely have pain-free solutions - it might be you have to choose the solution
with the least number of problems / painful consequences.

✔ hence, kahit ano man ang decision mo..meron at meron at meron masagaan or not
so nice consequences, hence be ready to face it…

example: nung sinabi ng asawa ko na want nyo mag abroad, it was a huge
sacrifice for us.. ano yung moral dilemma ko nun?? simple.. "what is the
sense of marriage if we will not live in the same roof."

so we made a decision.. now we have to face the consequences…

positive and negative meron, may advantages and disadvantages..

___________________________________________________________________

gerenal rule, the The 7-Step Moral Reasoning Model ONLY APPLIES if you are
in a MORAL or ETHICAL DILEMMA..

___________________________________________________________________

lets start, i hope everyone is aware already regarding the extension of lockdown.. until April
30… the govt needs to do it, it is really a sacrifice but it for the benefit of the many… parang
ganito yan, “one step backward but two steps forward” sakripisyo muna tayo ng konti pero
after this makakabawi tayo ng mas madami pa..

on that note, this will be your additional requirement, to be submitted when class
resumes.. i will want you to use the "7 step guide for moral judgment” regarding the
Extended ECQ. ( NOTE: it should be comprehensive and substantial…watching news
will suffice to gather enough information)

i want you to do it, step by step… eg. STEP 1:, STEP 2, and so on…make it presentable.

yellow paper, written, no erasure.. MAYORANG EXCITED I am asking you to text your
classmates regarding this requirement. hindi nyo need ng internet jan.. news lang
pwedeng pwede na. i hope that is clear.

the moral dillema: “whether or nor extend the enhanced community quarantine"

ok we start, our last topic for midterms is the ETHICS as to Aristotle and St. Thomas
Aquinas.

hence for this time, our approach shall be more philisophical and analytical.. we shall avoid
hasty statements based on mere opinion. My dear Oxytocin, remember this, while it is true that
the constitution guarantess freedom of speech, such freedom shall be used with accountability.
You may criticize anything or anyone (pero sana huwag naman), eg, you may criticize the
government and assert the you are just exercising your freedom speech but such criticism shall
be bsaed on ANALYSIS, CONCEPTS, DOCTRINE, EVIDENCE, SCIENCE, FACTS, LAWS or
TRUTH.

Dear Oxytocin, avoid statements that are based on mere opinion, be responsible. dont be like
your kapitbahay na kung ano ano lang sinasabi.. act and speak as educated human..
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Frameworks and Principles Behind our

Moral Disposition Frameworks� (Aristotle
and St Thomas aquinas” and we also discussed the
basic concept of Philosophy as a discipline.

Ethics according to ARISTOTLE and ST

THOMAS AQUINAS
❖Philosophy

✔ Conceptually, philosophy is “the study and pursuit of facts which deal with
the ultimate reality or causes of things as they affect life.” Hence, if you
study philosophy..your are investigating for the reality or for the TRUTH.

E.g, perhaps some of you have asked yourselves, “BAKIT GANITO DAMING
PAGSUBOK NA DUMADAAN SAKIN? ANO BA TALAGANG RASON
AT KAILANGAN AKO PA MAKADANAS NG MGA ‘TO” or you may
simple ask: “BAKIT BA AKO NABABUHAY?” when you say those
question…you are looking for an answer: the TRUTH BEHIND
EVERYTHING. those are philosophical questions..

eg. “BAKIT KO BA SYA PAKAKASALAN?” yan..hence, you are looking, what

is the philosophy or the ULTIMATE TRUTH ABOUT MARRIAGE or
MARRYING SOMEONE. “BAKIT KO BA SYA PAKAKASALAN?”.. well
the main answer: BECAUSE OF LOVE. hence, the philosophy of
marriage is LOVE.

oh yan ha malinaw… papakasalan mo kasi MAHAL mo.. HINDI MO

PAPAKASALAN KASI MAYAMAN SYA..KASI POGI SYA, KASI
MAGANDA SYA, KASI MAKAKA AHON NA KAYO SA KAHIRAPAN.

so let me test you ladies muna… sagot yung may mga opinion, dont worry all answers are
neutral naman ha: What if nabuntis ka (but no love at all). It was not planned, you did it
because of the heat of the moment. the question: magpapakasal ka ba kayo sa lalake na
yun??

thanks for your the response, all answers are correct. BUT REMEMBER ha, newston third
law of motion: in every action, there is opposite action. BE READY FOR THE
CONSEQUENCES OF YOUR DECISION.

✔ actually there is also the philosophy of freedom and decision but lets talk about it
later. So i hope at least may idea na kayo what is philosophy…. remember this,
you search for truth. though sometimes truth hurts, we should accept the
truth.
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pero kung ako yun, hindi ako magpapakasal, IDK… kasi ayoko masyado sumugal sa pag ibig,
mahirap na baka matalo kung sugal ng sugal.. LIGAWAN NYA MUNA AKO tapos paramdam
nya muna sakin ng totoo sya, responsible at gumagana pre frontal cortex nya :)

1. Aristotle
✔ one the great greek philosophers.. Socrates, Plato then Aristotle.

✔ Aristotle believes that: Virtue ethics focuses on the MORAL QUALITY of

individuals, or HOW TO BE A GOOD PERSON.. and he further adds that: in
order to become a VIRTUOUS PERSON one must develop a VIRTUOUS
CHARACTER.

✔ Aristotle’s philosophy regarding VIRTUE ETHICS.

✔ “The ultimate purpose in studying ethics is not as it is in other inquiries, the

attainment of theoretical knowledge; we are not conducting this inquiry in
order to know what virtue is, but in order to become good, else there would
be no advantage in studying it.”

✔ He said: A virtuous person is a happy person. When we do something, we

always have some end in view - our FINAL END, goal or aim, our TARGET
TO ACHIEVE. So what is this final end, which is our target? Aristotle names
it as : ‘Eudaemonia’

❖ “Eudaemonia” means… Happiness, Well-being or Flourishing. hence

we go back to the first premise: A VIRTUOUS PERSON IS A HAPPY
PERSON.

✔ Everyone wants to be happy. “Eudaemonia… Happiness, Well-being or

Flourishing is the end, our final goal. yan ang ibig sabihin nya in general…

✔ but the next questions: WHAT IS HAPPINESS? and HOW CAN I ACHIEVE
HAPPINESS?

✔ simply telling: Happiness is not possible without virtues. hence, before can a
person achieve happiness, that person should posses first VIRTUES.

✔ how to achieve HAPPINESS? this is the process.. A person should develop

Good thoughts, then this thoughts should be translated into Good Actions,
the these Good Actions should be repeatedly done to be Good Habits, then
the accumulation of Good habits will be part of the person’s Good
Character then that is the final requirement to achieve HAPPINESS..

✔ in simple illustration: Good thoughts to Good Actions to Good Habits to

Good Character to HAPPINESS.

✔ the problem of some, dun palang sa first stage mejo wala na agad, SOME
PEOPLE LACK OF GOOD THOUGHTS.. and even they have, they DONT put
it into actions, and if put into actions, they dont always do it.. so the
process ends in the ACTIONS.. they dont become a habit.
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Eg: Discipline is a good example of good thought, it is actually a

concrete example of virtue. Hence, discipline is a virtue.

The problem, many Filipinos lack Discipline. They have the thought
of Discipline but do they really do it?? If they do, do they always
behave disciplined or THEY ARE DISCIPLINED ONLY WHEN THERE
ARE EYES OR CCTVs?

✔ A virtuous person is a happy person. The final end of what we are doing is
called as ‘Eudaemonia’

good evening people, i hope everyone is doing fine! same rule, stay at home, no message
unless I ask for response. I hope you dont forget your assignments, submission is on the
resumption of class.. please be noted that as per instruction of our University, there is no
“automatic passing of students.” A passing grade has to be earned.

while it is true that we are still under ECQ, such circumstance cannot be used to automatically
pass a student.. please be noted that CSU is a University that enjoys “ACADEMIC
FREEDOM” as guaranteed by the Constitution. Dont be deceived by a random “smart-aleck”
who spits rights of students and so on without knowing the whole concept. Sa akin kayo
magtanong ha, hindi sa mga kung sinong lamanlupa. ok?

__________________________________________________________________________

We also reminded everyone that we have to philosophical and analytical in our

succeeding discussions. the three points we made last discussion, are: Virtue Ethics
as to (1) Aristotle: Telos, (2) Virtue as Habit and (3) Happiness as Virtue.. and as
to "Aristotelian Virtue Ethics�, these are the key concepts: (1) Ergon (function),
(2) Eudaimonia (flourishing), (3) Arête (excellence or virtue) and (4) Phronesis
(practical or moral wisdom)

we have mentioned last meeting the two key concepts: Eudaimonia (flourishing),
and Arête (excellence or virtue).. we said that accdg to Aristotle: "in order to
become a virtuous person one must develop a virtuous character.”� actually
he even argued that.. "The ultimate purpose in studying ethics is not the
attainment of theoretical knowledge; we are not conducting this inquiry in
order to know what virtue is, BUT in order to become GOOD."

hence we dont study this just to become an “intellectual monster”… we study

ethics to become a virtuous person. Remember, as said by King Martin Luther:
the true goal of education is intelligence and character.

___________________________________________________________________

✔ Aristotle argued that the final goal, end, or objective of human function is
“eudaemonia�” or Happiness, Well-being or Flourishing. So when one
does what one is supposed to do, one feels fulfillment. In other words,
when one is what one is supposed to be, one is happy - there is happiness
HOWEVER, in modern understanding happiness connotes something which
is SUBJECTIVELY DETERMINED.�
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E.g, ngayon, eto ngayon ang problema…yung happiness na sinasabi ni

Aritstole ay hindi yung ordinaryong happiness na nasa isip
natin..nagkakaron ng kamalian ang madami sa definition of happiness
na yan.. it has become subjectively determined, kung baga..yung
happiness na yun hindi yung parang: may bagong iphone tapos binili ka
ng parents mo, then nung nakuha mo na eh masaya ka na or nag date
kayo ng jowa mo tapos dahil mejo malandi ka kinilig kilig ka hanggang
pagtulog ayun masaya ka.... hindi ganung happiness ang ibig natin
sabihin dito. When aristotle said happines or eudaemonia it means..
Eudaimonia is a moralised, or "value-laden“ concept of happiness,
something like "true“ or "real" happiness or "the sort of happiness worth
seeking or having.“

✔ REMEMBER THIS: "a human life devoted to physical pleasure or the

acquisition of wealth is not eudaimon, not real happiness but a wasted life"

E.g, ang problema natin ngayon: WE EQUATE HAPPINESS WITH

MATERIAL POSSESSION or WEALTH. My apology but let me be
brutally frank, many are so materialistic now.

eto nakikita kong problema ng mga self proclaimed Millennials now:

(1) Materialistic, (2) Self entitled and (3) Vain.. I hope hindi kayo
ganyan… eto pa, meron yung iba, binabase nila yung happiness nila sa
dami ng LIKES na makukuha nila sa FB.. tsk tsk very wrong.

✔ So ano ba talaga punto ni Aristotle dun sa Happiness na yun, he said Eudaimonia

involves virtuous life�. he said, the human arete or virtue is activity of the
soul in accordance with virtue (over a lifetime) and the quality that seems
distinctively human is the use of reason.

✔ meaning, it there is one thing that is exclusively for HUMAN only, that is the
USE OF REASON. Ano den ibig sabihin nyan…ganito yan, yung pag gamit
nalang ng utak natin ang naghihiwalay sa TAO sa mga HINDI TAO, kung hindi pa
natin gagamitin..ano nalang den pinagkaiba natin sa hayop or halaman db??
Nakita mo classmate mo, hindi nag isip o kaya ayaw gamitin utak, sa
philosophy..baka isa lang syang talbos ng kamote na nag anyong tao!!!! KAINIS
hahahaha

✔ sabi nga ni Aristotle: “The function of man then is activity of soul [thinking well
and doing well] in accordance with reason.”

✔ so with the question: What is the function of human beings?

the answer: "it is the ACTIVITY OF SOUL in ACCORDANCE WITH REASON

or AT LEAST NOT WITHOUT REASON.�"

✔ moral lesson: HUMANS MUST USE REASON. ok? gamitin natin utak natin
ha..huwag kayong tutulad dun sa "alam na nga nyang COVID POSITIVE sya eh
namasyal pa sa ospital.. tsk tsk
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✔ remember this: Happiness is not possible without virtues�. HENCE,

VIRTUES are necessary to achieved Eudaimonia�. Rememver pa ba yung
process to achieve HAPPINESS? yung Good thoughts then Good Actions
then Good habits then Good Character then Happiness…

✔ remember, good actions should be habitually repeated to become GOOD

HABITS…then it would be your character na. Virtue is something that is
practiced and thereby learned. Nobody can learn virtue overnight.. hindi
yan yung tinuro sayo tapos bukas virute mo agad, no… it takes repetition
to become your virtue.

example... yung study habits nyo… yung mga matyatygang magbasa at mag
aral, yan, that is something not learned overnight… kung baga,
matagal at paulit ulit mong ginawa bago naging parte ng sistema
mo na yan..

✔ ngayon, dito mejo magkakatalo tayo… Aristotle said: ”People have a natural
capacity for good character, but it must be developed through constant
practice. “ but some say, HUMANS ARE EVIL BY NATURE. some say,
HUMANS ARE LIKE EMPTY SHELL, it is neither good or evil.

✔ sabi ni aristotle, innate DAW sa TAO ANG MAGING MABUTE..pero dapat

mapagyabong… INNATELY MABAIT DAW TAYO. DAW ha…. DAW… MABAIT
DAW KAYO… TAYO...

so this is my question, lahat sasagot ha, isang sentence lang…

saan kayo mas naniniwala.. A. Humans are innately GOOD. B. Humans are innately EVIL. or
C. Humans are neither good or evil.

Let me process your answer:

Many of your answered A. Your argument is..we are just influenced by the environment.
Actually that is correct but please be noted that we cannot use the environment to justify our
wrong doings ha.

Eto ngayon mejo controversial... Some said we are innately good because we are created in
the likeness of God...you answered based on your faith. That's correct ha. But this is the clash
point..we cannot hastily use bible or any holy scripture when we enter in the world of
philosophy.

Again, your faith is correct ha.. pero eto ang complication pag sa philosophy.. bible is the last
argument you may use in philosophical discourse.. Ang gulo db? Ewan ko ba bakit pinag
aaralan pa natin eh magulo na nga :)

A. all babies have innate goodness, maaaring maimpluwensyahan ng environment Kaya

nagbabago ang ugali nito.

According nga Kay Aristotle humans are born as Amoral creatures, we develop our morality as
we grow.

Correct. Hence, his point is this... We have the capacity to be Good.. meron tayong
kakayahan maging mabuteng tao.
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Dun sa sumagot ng B. Iba philosophy basis nya... Tama.. dun sa C. yan..same tayo, sakin, we
are neither good nor bad But We can be GOOD OR BAD, it is our choice which way we take...

"The Aristotelian Mean known as the Golden Mean”

✔ The Virtuous (right) Conduct as a Mean between Two Vices of
Excess… for Aristotle, Virtue is a “golden mean” between the extremes of
excess and deficiency, it is the proper balance between two extremes.. ano
yung two extremes??? eto yung..(1) DEFICIENCY / kulang at (2) EXCESS /
sobra..

example.. Courage is the golden mean regarding the feeling of fear�: hence,
DEFICIENCY / kulang..too little fear� is RASHNESS and EXCESS /
sobra.. too much fear�is COWARDICE.

✔ “LAHAT NG KULANG AT SOBRA AY MASAMA”

E.g. YUNG SAPAT LANG.. So pag nagmahal ka… YUNG SAPAT LANG..
HUWAG KULANG HUWAG SOBRA…pero ang tanong, paano mo
malalaman kung KULANG O SOBRA na?????? haisss buhay…. :)

E.g, as to self appraisal (kung paano tignan ang sarili mo) pag ang baba ng
tingin mo sa sarili mo…feeling of inferiority, pag sobrang taas ng tingin
mo sa sarili mo.. vanity. PERO PAG SAKTO LANG… PROPER
PRIDE..

✔ remember dun sa golden mean or Aristotelian Mean�.. aristotle refers to the

proper balance..

✔ wrap up: Edaimonia is a moralised, or "value-laden“ concept of happiness,

something like "true“ or "real" happiness or "the sort of happiness worth
seeking or having.“� and not the happiness referring to accumulation of
physical possesion or wealth..

✔ virtues are necessary to be genuinely happy..

E.g, oh mga kapatid, sa pagmamahal yung sakto lang ha, huwag ibigay ang
lahat lahat… remember self love is necessary :) huwag din kulang baka
maging selfish love na yun :)

2 kinds of virtue
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