Eastern Michigan University

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Senior Honors Theses Honors College

2016

A Complete Clarinet Recital

Sara N. DeDona

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A Complete Clarinet Recital
Abstract
A senior recital performance was given as a culmination of my musical studies through my undergraduate
program. Many of the research hours arc in the form of practice hours dedicated to the performance. This
written portion of the thesis documents research about selected literature and performance implications.

The methodology includes extensive research about the music that is included in the clarinet recital, as well as
discussion about repertoire selection and interpretation. The historical aspects of the pieces and composers
are other important factors that define the practice and performance of the pieces.

Degree Type
Open Access Senior Honors Thesis

Department
Music and Dance

First Advisor
Prof. Sandra Jackson

Second Advisor
Dr. David Pierce

Keywords
music, education, ensemble, composer, sonata

This open access senior honors thesis is available at DigitalCommons@EMU: http://commons.emich.edu/honors/494

 A COMPLETE CLARINET RECITAL

By

Sara N. DeDona

A Senior Thesis Submitted to the

Eastern Michigan University

Honors College

in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for Graduation

with Honors in Music Education from the School of Music & Dance

Approved at Ypsilanti, Michigan, on this date U\'( ·,\ Lu\ '1....Q\',.

 2

Table of Contents

Abstract 3

Cantilene, Louis Cahuzac .................................................................. 4

Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, Francis Poulenc ........................................ 7

"Riffs"from Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs, Leonard Bernstein .......................... 11

Duo Sonata, Gregory Wanamaker ........................................... ............. 14

Freebirds, Scott McAllister ............................................................... 16

Reflection of Senior Recital ....................................................... ........ 20

Senior Recital Poster . .. ............................................... .......... ...... ..... 22

Senior Recital Program .................... ............... . ................................. 23

Senior Recital Program Notes ....... ...................................................... 24

Bibliography ......... ............... . .............................. ........................... 27

 3

Abstract

A senior recital performance was given as a culmination of my musical studies through

my undergraduate program. Many of the research hours arc in the form of practice hours

dedicated to the performance. This written portion of the thesis documents research about

selected literature and performance implications.

The methodology includes extensive research about the music that is included in the

clarinet recital, as well as discussion about repertoire selection and interpretation. The

historical aspects of the pieces and composers are other important factors that define the

practice and performance of the pieces.

 4

Cantilene, Louis Cahuzac

French composer Louis Cahuzac, clarinetist himself, performed many pieces with

a variety of composers such as Debussy, Stravinsky, and Hindemith. He studied under

the great Cyrille Rose, principal clarinetist of the Paris Opera and composer of the

reputable 32 Etudesfor clarinet and 40 Studiesfor Clarinet. Cahuzac also served as a

conductor for several radio orchestras in southern France. He has composed a multitude

of works for clarinet, including solos (notably, the unaccompanied Arlequin), etudes,

duets, and small chamber pieces.

Cantilene is noted for its simplicity: it is simple in form, simple in harmony, and

simple in melody. It has a musical form of ABA, meaning the main material is presented

in the first and third section with a section in between that is related to the material but

differs in melody. The harmony is written using the subdominant, dominant, and tonic

chords repeatedly throughout the piece. The closest translation of the title comes from the

Italian term "cantilena", meaning "melody" or "song", altogether indicating the style to

be lyrical and relaxed. It is a short piece that is a single movement in length. Originally

written for clarinet and orchestra, this reduction for clarinet and piano is the most

commonly performed version.

Louis Cahuzac had recorded some of his own pieces for clarinet, and I was

excited to take a look at his version of Cantilene. I listened with the assumption that his

recording has the purest intentions of how the piece is supposed to sound, since none

other than the composer himself is performing. I admired his use of ntbato and the way

that he shaped the phrases of the lyrical lines. I also noticed that there were some
 5

rhythmic differences in a certain passage of the work, places he added an extra flourish of

notes in the space of a fraction of a second. This piece is all about time and the ebb and

flow of the melody; it is a sort of dance between the c1arinet and the piano, both working

together to pull back and push forward at different sections of the music for dramatic

effect.

Taking those points into consideration, this short selection is whimsical and

simple, and the beauty is found in its simplicity. A melody is derived in the first few

measures of the piece and is delicately ornamented throughout. The sweetness of the

piece highlights the sweetness of the clarinet; the performer has many opportunities to

emphasize emotional qualities through personal interpretation and making stylistic

decisions. At one point, I had to also accommodate intuitive decision making where it

seemed appropriate.

I had originally desired to perform this piece from memory. Having ample

opportunities to perform it in student recitals on and off campus and in my private

practice, I still doubted my memory when it was under pressure. The possibility of not

giving my best performance far outweighed the desire to play from memory. I decided to

have the sheet music with me for every performance. After many hours of devoted

practice, I did not necessarily need to look at it anymore, and it enabled me to look away

from the written notation as I played. By not having to read all the notes, I was free to

play with emotion and without inhibition. Even after practice and technical preparation,

there were many other musical aspects to consider; such as when to slow down the

musical line, at which point to raise the dynamic level, or which fraction of a second to
 6

emphasize a particular note. All of those detailed features began to fall into place once I

could focus on playing rather than reading the sheet music. That is one of the seemingly

unexplainable aspects about music and the human connection that I have found to be

miraculous in my musical studies.

 7

Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, Francis Poulenc

Francis Poulenc (1899-1963) was introduced to music through the piano at age

five by his mother. At his father's request, he attended conventional schooling before

planning to go on to study at a conservatory. Both of his parents died when Poulenc was

in his teenage years, which changed the direction of his career. He studied under Ricardo

Viii.es, a Spanish pianist and active performer, who acted as his mentor and directed him

to composition and further piano study. Given the opportunity to meet other musicians

and artists through Viii.es, he studied the works of many composers of his day, such as

Stravinsky, who inspired him to begin writing compositions around 1914. It wasn't until

1917 that Poulenc's first piece was premiered at the Theatre du Vieux Colombier in Paris.

He first began to battle depression in the 1920s, which he would continue to experience

throughout his life. In 1963, he died of a sudden heart attack in his apartment in Paris.

Sonata for Clarinet and Piano was one of three sonatas for woodwinds (the other

two being for oboe and bassoon) that Poulenc wrote later in his life but didn't live to see

them finished. Written in 1962, these were some of the very last pieces he ever

composed and they represent the culmination of his compositional style. Commissioned

by Benny Goodman, the Sonata was supposed to have been premiered by Poulenc

himself. Since he died before it was published, Leonard Bernstein, pianist, and Benny

Goodman, clarinetist, premiered the piece in 1963. It was dedicated to Poulenc's dear

friend and composer, Arthur Honegger.

Today, Poulenc's Sonata for Clarinet and Piano is recognized as a standard piece

of repertoire. It fit well into my recital as a representation of the contemporary style of

 8

clarinet music. After Poulenc's long and prominent career, this piece was positively

received at its premiere, especially since Benny Goodman was the performer. Poulenc

wrote in such a unique style that it is a great piece to study jazz and nco-classical

techniques. Also, the beauty of his music is admired by many avid listeners. Many of his

pieces tend to include certain signature elements of his, including bitonality and jazz

techniques. Following the traditional format of a sonata, there are three movements:

Allegro tristamente, with a dramatic, middle-slow section; Romanza, gentle and

mournful; and Allegro co11Juoco, a bright and energetic finale.

As a well-known piece in the clarinet world, any performance of Poulenc's

Sonata for Clarinet and Piano is held to high expectations. Since it has been in existence

for decades, there are many professional recordings that clarinetists have created that set

the standard for the level of musicianship. It is a common practice technique to develop

an instrumentalist's own sound by mimicking techniques from other professional

musicians; in this way, listening exercises are vital to performing artists. To stay true to

the composer's intent of the music, it is often beneficial to trust other artists who inspire

through great performance and therefore act as role models for less-experienced players.

This was the case as I prepared this piece, and in listening to a diversity of reference

recordings, I was able to develop an aural idea for their specific nuances. Primarily, I

listened to the beautiful, rich, dark tone ofAnthony McGill, principal clarinetist of the

New York Philharmonic, in his recording of the three movements of Poulenc's Sonata. In

October of 2015, I had the amazing opportunity to meet Anthony McGill in person and

hear him play at a masterclass hosted by University of Michigan School of Music,

 9

Theatre and Dance (see fig. 1). Creating a personal connection with a role model I had in

my career field was inspiring to say the least, and I was also able to gain insight on his

own methods of practice through his lecture. His performance at the masterclass truly

exemplified a mastery of clarinet technique and showcased elements of musicality that I

constantly strive for throughout my many hours of practice. I took his model of bold,

passionate, and skilled musicianship and used it to drive my future practicing. My

practice method for Sonata consisted primarily of repetition of technical passages and

application of emotional drive. I had performed select movements of the Sonata in 2013

in a clarinet studio recital, which helped provide a foundation for more extensive study in

2015. After hours of research and individual practice, my dedication culminated with my

highest quality performance of Poulenc's Sonata during my senior recital.

 10

Figure I: Sara DeDona (right) with Anthony McGill (center.)

Source: Jackson, Sandra. EMU Clarinet Students with Antho,�v McGill. 2015. Ann Arbor, MI.
 11

"Riffs"from Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs, Leonard Bernstein

Leonard Bernstein was an American pianist, composer, and conductor. Widely

known for his scoring of West Side St01y, he was a notable composer for Broadway and

wrote a number of works for orchestra, chorus, and chamber groups. His style is drawn

from earlier American musicals along with 20th century composers Stravinsky,

Shostakovich, and Mahler. Bernstein's education included music study at Harvard on

piano and the Curtis Institute of Music for conducting and piano. His compositional style

is marked by his taste for jazz harmonies, odd groups ofnotes in five or seven, shifting

time signatures, and lyrical melodies.

Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs was composed in 1949 with the intention that Woody

Herman, jazz performer and big band leader, would premier it with his ensemble. Since

Herman's group disbanded before the piece was completed, it took a number ofyears

until the first performance ofthe piece. It eventually was presented on October 16, 1955

on a live broadcast ofthe television program Omnibus with Benny Goodman as featured

soloist accompanied by jazz ensemble. Benny Goodman was one ofthe greatest

clarinetists and jazz musicians ofall time, often called the "King of Swing" as a big band

leader and performer. Each ofthe three movements features a different section of the

ensemble: Prelude for the brass, Fugue for the saxophones, and Riffs for the ensemble

featuring the solo clarinetist. Bernstein takes ideas from the c1assical world, such as the

musical form fugue, and transforms them into an improvisational and genuine-sounding

jazz piece. There is an additional orchestral version ofthis piece as transcribed

.. by Lukas
 12

Foss that was premiered by the Jerusalem Symphony Orchestra with clarinetist Richard

Stoltzman in 1997.

Bernstein had also composed Sonata for Clarinet and Piano, published in 1942,

which is another core piece ofrepertoire in the clarinet literature. Compared to Prelude,

Fugue, and Riffs, the Sonata was written very early on in Bernstein's career. His later

pieces, including Riffs, seem more distinguishable as he incorporates unique

compositional techniques that fuse the classical and swing-jazz worlds ofmusic together.

This selection was originally made between the Director of Bands at EMU, Dr.

Mary Schneider, and myself. She planned for the 2015 fall concert program for the EMU

Wind Symphony to include pieces inspired by jazz. This piece provided a great musical

challenge in order to achieve a high level performance, thus making it worthy ofa

meaningful experience. I was ecstatic to receive an email from her in August inviting me

to play the solo clarinet part accompanied with jazz ensemble for the concert. I quickly

accepted and purchased the solo clarinet sheet music for Riffs, the movement of Prelude.

Fugue and Riffs that features the clarinet, to use for practice. After many days and weeks

of individual practice time, all members of the ensemble spent hours ofrehearsal together

preparing for the performance. For my senior recital, I performed the reduction for

clarinet, piano, and percussion. This required additional rehearsal time and placed more

responsibility on all three individuals to be able to perform soloistically within a

small-group arrangement.

As the featured soloist for this piece, I had the outstanding opportunity to perform

both on the Wind Symphony concert and the EMU Jazz Ensemble's concert that fall.
 13

Playing as an invited soloist is such a wonderful opportunity to grow as a musician, but it

also provides a challenge to balance with an entire ensemble and conductor (rather than

blending as a regular ensemble member). Bernstein's music often includes tricky

technical details, with odd numbers of beats per measure and awkward entrances for

instrumental parts, which I had to be prepared for in rehearsal. I spent months ahead of

time on independent practice of my solo part. Listening to recordings online, I sought to

imitate the exact nuances of Benny Goodman, the American jazz clarinetist, or

Alessandro Carbonare, an Italian professional clarinetist. In doing so, it elevated my own

playing and helped me give the performance I desired.

On my recital, Riffs added elements ofjazz to my selection of literature. I studied

jazz performance through participation in Jazz Ensemble and Jazz Combos throughout

my five years of college and I have a great passion for performing jazz literature. This

piece allowed me to have fun with a style that allows for looseness and flexibility, which

is something that is not applicable to all genres of music literature. To achieve the proper

style of Riffs that the composer intended, I used vibrato, glissandos, and pitch bending to

create a showy, flashy, and vibrant performance. It took months of practice to develop

mastery of those skills.

 14

Duo Sonata, Gregory Wanamaker

Gregory Wanamaker, currently a Professor of Composition at the Crane School of

Music at SUNY Potsdam, is quickly becoming a world-renowned composer of music

literature. Duo Sonata was written for clarinet and saxophone and published in 2002.

Wanamaker specifically dedicated the piece for two brilliant musicians: Tim McAllister,

professor of saxophone at the University of Michigan, and Alan Woy, clarinetist and

Professor Emeritus at Crane School of Music. Duo Sonata made its way into my life

through a colleague, Daniel Goethals, who is a fellow music education student and

saxophonist. Written for alto saxophone and clarinet, it was a perfect musical fit for our

instrumentation and a challenge to our musicianship. We researched and tested several

other duets but found Duo Sonata to be the most exciting and riveting. On this program,

this selection represents the creation of new music and the need for support of current

composers; this works to expand the diversity of repertoire available to musicians.

In four movements, this piece takes the players and listeners through a journey,

quite literally; the titles of the movements are Departure, Elegy, Scherzo, and Arrival.

Each movement takes on a unique character, connecting to the core of human emotions

and invites the listener to be invested with the musical story that is being told. It is a piece

whose compositional techniques are as much a part of the portrayal as the emotional

interpretation. Departure begins in a flurry of notes, is rhythmically demanding, and

relies on complete connection between the two performers in accuracy of timing. At

points, the melody is written in both the saxophone and clarinet parts, except that they are

displaced by one beat from each other, which requires a strong sense of musical
 15

independence in order to achieve the desired effect. We had audience members come up

to us after various performances of the piece and note the beauty of Elegy, the second

movement, which is known to bring listeners to tears. Based on Wanamaker's reaction to

the September l J 1h tragedy, this movement is reminiscent of a character lamenting a

personal loss. Its form is irregular and free, with moving passages being passed back and

forth between the two performers.

The third movement, Scherzo, is based on the concept of polymctcr; in this case,

the ratio of 2:3. At any point, the two performers are in different musical meters in a

sense that the subdivision of the pulse is either in triple or duple, but the players do not

ever have the same subdivision at the same time. In live performance, the distinct tones

of the alto saxophone and clarinet become so intertwined that it is nearly

indistinguishable whose voice is whose, which is a feat that creates a stunning effect. The

final movement, Arrival, is based on a blues style and is technically challenging because

each player is meant to play when the other is not. We spent numerous hours studying the

score, practicing our parts individually, then rehearsing our parts together. As a result of

our research, Daniel and I were able to truly perform it well when we were also able to

feel the groove rather than put thought into it. This piece truly showed me the importance

of reliance and trust in another musician as well as developing an emotional connection

with the music.

 16

Freebirds, Scott McAllister

From a technical standpoint, Freebirds is the most difficult piece I had ever

played in my co11egiate career. It certainly stretched my own clarinet technique in

multiple facets. In listening to the piece, it is an exciting yet extremely intimidating work,

which is one of the reasons why it is so enticing, especially for those musicians who are

up for a cha1lenge. In terms of range, I had to practice extending up into the stratosphere

of clarinet altissimo, learning alternate fingerings for one of the highest notes possible to

play on the clarinet (a C that lies above five ledger lines above the staff). I had also been

dealing with a physical ailment, tendonitis in my wrist, which was severely inflamed by

any fast, repetitive motion on clarinet. This entire piece consists of fast, repetitive motion;

therefore, I had to alter my practice techniques and often take breaks from practice since

it became dangerous to my health.

I had the fortunate opportunity to meet Dr. Scott McAllister when he was invited

to our campus in October of 2014 for a clarinet studio masterclass and as guest composer

for the EMU Wind Symphony (sec fig. 2). In preparation of his arrival, I had studied and

practiced many hours through the course of the fall semester to be able to perform a

couple of his pieces: Devil Sticks, a clarinet quintet; Bling Bling, solo for clarinet with

piano; Freebirds, clarinet duet with piano accompaniment; and Gone, a piece for wind

ensemble transcribed from his clarinet concerto. A fantastic composer that writes

literature for wind ensembles and orchestras, Dr. McAllister is Professor of Composition

at Baylor University. He holds degrees in clarinet performance and composition from

Florida State University and composition at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice
 17

University. An avid clarinetist and composer at a young age, he dedicated his life solely

to composing after a car accident in adulthood impeded his ability to perform. Much of

his literature is written for clarinet.

Figure 2. Dr. McAllister with Sara DeDona, Alexander Music Building, Ypsilanti, MI.
Personal photograph by author, 2014.

I was able to work directly with Dr. McAllister and received feedback on our

performances of his pieces. I gained insight into his inspiration and intent for pieces

along with his enthusiasm toward younger musicians performing his work. He noted in

particular that many of his works for clarinet are at a high level of difficulty; however, he
 18

saw more and more young students, such as undergraduate collegiate students,

performing his work. He pointed out his passion for young bands, mentioning his

composition for band, POPCOPY (Rated Teen) that has three movements titled "Bieber

Fever", "Molly on the Floor", and "#Twerk" that appeals to the younger generation. Dr.

McAllister's music tends to include many similar motives in his works, which I noticed

throughout the pieces I performed on clarinet. He explained these were often based off of

riffs he would invent while practicing clarinet in his youth. Amusingly, he loved to annoy

his sister as she talked on the phone by playing high notes, which made their way into his

later published compositions.

McAllister finds great inspiration from American culture and folk music; notably,

Led Zeppelin, rock, and country music. He incorporated sounds that are fast, loud, and

aggressive into Freebirds, which is based off of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird". In

McAllister's Freebirds, the clarinet duo imitates the battling guitar soloists. [n my senior

recital, I performed the version that is accompanied by piano. There are available

publications for two clarinets with wind ensemble as well as orchestra. I spent hours

practicing and performing Freebirds with Jeremy Gdaniec, a colleague in my clarinet

studio who was also enticed by this piece. We took the opportunity to perform this not

only on both of our senior recitals, but also for the 2015 EMU Concerto/Aria

Competition, at which we were awarded Honorable Mention for our performance.

My selection of Freebirds for performance on my senior recital represents the

amazing opportunities I was fortunate to come across throughout my collegiate music

career. Collaborating with fellow talented musicians, working with current composers,
 19

perfonning exciting music, being challenged by pieces that push my own limits and help

me grow into a better musician, and celebrating the tremendous amount of private

practice through public perfonnance.

 20

Reflection of Senior Recital

This ..Complete Clarinet Recital" was my representation ofclarinet throughout its

many years of existence as well as my own pathway through collegiate music studies. I

was able to incorporate a variety ofstyles, genres, and musical eras through my selection

of repertoire. I was able to collaborate with fantastic musicians who were vital to the

success ofm y recital: Steven Brancaleone, piano ; Jeremy Gdaniec, clarinet ; Daniel

Goethals, alto saxophone; Melinda Haithcock, piano; and Caleb Lucido, percussion.

Musicians can be an interesting group ofpeople with a diversity ofpersonalities, and I

have had the fortune of working with many who have taught me that the social

connection is just as crucial as the musical competence. I have learned to have patience,

empathy, and flexibility when taking on a project such as this recital. Most importantly,

I 've had the fortune of having an amazing mentor, Sandra Jackson, Assistant Professor of

Clarinet, as my instructor for five years. Her guidance has directed me towards numerous

performance opportunities that have inspired my passion for music and learning. She

gave me the tools to be able to perform at a high level ofmusicianship, and I am humbled

to have been her student.

There are many implications of this recital on my future teaching career.

Throughout my training for a Bachelor of Music Education, 1 have concluded that music

education is a broad term that is loosely applied. In choosing this career path, I had to

reflect on what music education is and how it has developed m y person and influenced

the lives of those around me. Much ofthe preparation for my senior clarinet rec ital

consisted oftime spent on the technical aspects of how to perform music ; however,
 21

achieving a high level ofperformance incorporates much more than just technique. The

study of music is truly a study of language. This universal language has the power to

speak emotionally, spiritually, and in ways for which we have no other words. In the

process of taking music written decades or even centuries ago, bringing it to life, and

sharing it with other human beings, is something incredible. Music education is about the

power of sharing, collaborating, expressing individuality, connecting on an emotional

level, and exposing creativity. Students learn from teachers, as I have from my mentor,

Professor Sandra Jackson, among many others at Eastern Michigan University. Teachers

learn from students, as I am every day while completing my student teaching assignment.

This entire process has taught me that all this - dedicating years ofmy life to creating

something beautiful, sharing that passion with others, involving a multitude ofpeople

through collaboration in performance, selecting a variety ofrepertoire from composers

throughout the world - is worth it. With these values I have pursued to live by, I am

excited to see what the future holds for me.

22
 23

EASTERN
MICHIGAN UNIVERSITY
SCHOOL of MUSIC & DANCE

SARA DEDONA, CLARINET

MELINDA HAITHCOCK, PIANO
IN COLLABORATION WITH
STEVEN BRANCALEONE, PIANO
JEREMY GDANIEC, CLARINET
DANIEL GOETHALS, SAXOPHONE
CALEB LUCIDO, PERCUSSION
NOVEMBER 22, 2015 • 2:00PM • ALEXANDER RECITAL HALL
PROGRAM

Cantilene Louis Cahuzac (1880-1960)

Sonatafor Clarinet and Piano Francis Poulenc (1899-1963)

1 Allegro tristamente
II. Romanza
III. Allegro con fuoco
Sam DeDona, clarinet
Melinda Haithcock, piano

"Riffs"from Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs Leonard Bernstein 0918-1990)

Sara DeDona, clarinet

Ste\•en Brancaleone. piano
Caleb Lucido, percussion

INTERMISSION

Duo Sonata Gregory Wanamaker (b. 1968)

I Departure
IL Eleg1·
!II. Scherzo
J\'. Arrival (Blues)
Sara DeDona, clarinet
Daniel Goethals, saxopftone

Freebirds Scott McAllister (b. 1969)

Sara DeDona, clarinet

Jeremy Gdcmiec. clarinet
Melinda Haithcock, piano
Presented 111 partialfulfillment of the requirementsfor the degree Bachelor ofMusic Education.
Sara DeDona is a student ofProfessor Sandra Jackson.
 24

A Clarinet Senior Recital by Sara DeDona

Program Notes

Ca11tile11e Louis Cahuzac ( 1 880-1960)

Louis Cahuzac was a composer of French origin. A clarinet player himself, he performed
many pieces with a variety of composers, working with Debussy, Stravinsky, and
Hindemith. He studied under the great Cyrille Rose, principal clarinetist of the Paris
Opera and composer of the reputable 32 Etudesfor clarinet and 40 Studies for Clarinet.
Cahuzac also served as a conductor to several radio orchestras in southern France.
Cantilene is noted for its simplicity: it is simple in form (ABA), simple in harmony
(subdominant, dominant, tonic), and simple in melody. The term "cantilena" translates as
"melody" or "song" from Italian, altogether indicating the style to be lyrical and relaxed.

Sonatafor Clarinet and Piano, Francis Poulenc ( 1 899- 1 963)

Francis Poulenc, born in Paris, grew up as a pianist and composer. He was known at an
early age for his simple melodies and later noted for producing accessible music with
wonderful lyricism. His version of the modern French style of music included clarity,
simplicity, and freedom. In his own words, Poulenc stated, "I am a musician without a
label."
The Sonatafor Clarinet and Piano was written in 1962 in memory of Arthur Honegger, a
Swiss composer and friend. This was part of a series of instrumental compositions that
was never finished in Poulenc's lifetime. He left behind three woodwind sonatas,
including those written for oboe and flute. The clarinet sonata had its premiere
performance in 1 963 by Benny Goodman and Leonard Bernstein in New York. It opens
with a playful and vibrant theme in Allegro tristamente, settles into a chant-like calmness
in Romanza, and finishes with a flurry of interjected rhythms in Allegro confuoco.

"Riffs"from Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs, Leonard Bernstein ( 1 918-1990)

Leonard Bernstein was an American pianist, composer, and conductor. Widely known for
his scoring of West Side Story, he was a notable composer for Broadway and wrote a
number of works for orchestra, chorus, and chamber groups. His style is drawn from
from earlier American musicals along with 20th century composers Stravinsky,
Shostakovich, and Mahler. Bernstein's education included music study at Harvard on
piano and the Curtis Institute of Music for conducting and piano. His compositional style
is marked by his taste for jazz harmonies, odd groups of notes in five or seven, shifting
time signatures, and lyrical melodies.
 25

Prelude, Fugue, and Riffs was premiered in 1955 on a television program with Benny
Goodman as featured soloist. Each movement features a different section of the
ensemble; Prelude for the brass, Fugue for the saxophones, and Riffs for the ensemble
featuring the solo clarinetist-Bernstein takes ideas from the classical world, such as the
fugue, and transforms them into an improvisational and genuine-sounding jazz piece.

Duo Sonata, Gregory Wanamaker (b. 1968)

Gregory Wanamaker is currently Professor of Composition at the Crane School of Music
at SUNY Potsdam. With performances by world-renowned instrumentalists, his literature
is becoming accepted into the staple repertoire for musicians. Duo Sonata is a
four-movement work that was written in 2002 for saxophonist Tim McAllister and
clarinetist Alan Woy.
"I. Departure is a highly chromatic and rhythmically driven movement in sonata
form. Opening with a fast unison passage {introducing the two instruments as if
they together were one), they separate - dancing in homorhythmic passages ­
only to return to the opening phrases in octaves.
2. Elegy is strictly white-note aeolian and freely rhythmic. Perhaps more
importantly, it was composed very quickly as a reaction to the tragedy of
September 11, 200 I . It has since been rescored for string orchestra, string quartet,
wind ensemble and saxophone quartet.
3. Like Departure, the Scherzo opens with the clarinet and saxophone in unison
silences only to find themselves simultaneously presenting simple motivic ideas
in a 2 vs. 3 polymeter.
4. Unlike the previous movements, the groove presented in Arrival (Blues)
requires the performers to consider those points "when not to play," as Al Woy
humorously put it. It is a fast blues (proportional to the 12-bar format) with a
contrapuntal development."
-Gregory Wanamaker

Freebirds, Scott McAllister (b. 1969)

Dr. Scott McAllister currently serves as Professor of Composition at Baylor University.
McAllister has degrees in clarinet performance and composition from Florida State
University and composition at the Shepherd School of Music at Rice University. An avid
clarinetist and composer at a young age, he dedicated his life solely to composing after a
car accident in adulthood impeded his ability to perform. Much of his literature is written
for clarinet; other notable pieces are arranged for wind ensembles and orchestras.
 26

McAllister finds great inspiration from American culture and folk music ; notably, Led
Zeppelin, rock, and country music. He incorporates sounds that are fast, loud, and
aggressive into Freebirds, which is based off of Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Free Bird". In
McAllister's Freebirds, the clarinet duo imitates the battling guitar soloists.
 27

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