747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Limitations Chapter L
Operating Limitations Section 10

General
This chapter contains:
• Airplane Flight Manual (AFM) operational information
• Non-AFM operational information.
• Company information.
Information is included if:
• operationally significant
• required by FAA Airworthiness Directive
• required by another regulatory requirement
Information is not included if it is:
• incorporated into FCOM normal, supplementary, or non-normal procedures,
with a few exceptions
• shown on a placard, display, or other marking
Operational information listed in this chapter that must be memorized (memory
items) are marked with a (#) symbol. They meet the following criterion - flight
crew access by reference can not assure timely compliance, e.g.c severe turbulence
penetration speeds. They need only be memorized to the extent that compliance is
assured. Knowing the exact wording of the limitation is not required.
Assuming that the remaining items are available to the flight crew by reference,
they do not need to be memorized.

Airplane General
Operational Limitations
Runway slope +/- 2%
#Maximum Takeoff and Landing Tailwind 15 knots
Component
Maximum Operating Altitude 45,100 feet pressure altitude
#Maximum Takeoff and Landing Altitude 10,000 feet pressure altitude
#Maximum Field Elevation 9,500 feet
#Maximum speed operating in Reduced 0.90 Mach
Vertical Separation Minimum (RVSM)
Airspace

March 20, 2015 EVA AIR L.10.1

Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Non–AFM Operational Information

#The turbulent air penetration speed is 290 to 310 KIAS/.82 to .85M, whichever
is lower.
The maximum takeoff and landing crosswind is 30 knots (not limiting).
Do not operate HF radios during refueling operations.
#Do not operate the weather radar in a hangar or within 50 feet of any fuel spill.

Note: The hangar restriction does not apply to the weather radar test mode.

Altitude Display Limits for RVSM Operations

Standby altimeters do not meet altimeter accuracy requirements of RVSM
airspace.
The maximum allowable in flight difference between Captain and First Officer
altitude displays for RVSM operations is 200 feet.

The maximum allowable on-the-ground altitude display differences for RVSM

operations are:

Max Difference Max Difference

Field Elevation Between Between
Captain & F/O Captain or F/O &
Field Elevation

Sea Level to 35 feet 75 feet

5,000 feet
9,500 feet 40 feet 75 feet

L.10.2 EVA AIR March 20, 2015

 Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

EVA Crosswind Limitations

Crosswind Limits
Runway Friction Value
Braking Action (kts)
Condition (μ)
T/O L/D
#Dry / Damp #30 #30
#Wet #25 #30
Good >0.4 25 30
Wet
Medium to Good 0.39 to 0.36 25 30
Medium 0.35 to 0.30 15 25
Contaminated or
Medium to Poor 0.29 to 0.26 15 20
Slippery
Poor 0.25 to 0.20 15 15
Icy Runway (High
risk of Unreliable < 0.20 - -
hydroplaning)

Note:
(1) Wind component includes gust value. The PIC may at his discretion reduce his own
crosswind limit for particular approach.
(2) Reduce landing crosswind limit by 5kt on wet and contaminated runway when using
asymmetric reverse thrust.
(3) The wet runway crosswind limit should be used only if the braking action / friction value
is not known. Otherwise refer to the limit for the value given.
(4) If no brake action or friction available and runway is declared by tower as following
condition:
Standing water / Slush : Takeoff 15 kts ; Landing 20 kts
Dry Snow : Takeoff 15 kts ; Landing 25 kts
Note: Confirm with ATC if neither braking action nor runway conditions information
provided.
(5) When runway width or cleared runway width is less than 45 meters (148 feet), reduce
maximum landing crosswind component by 10 knots.

March 20, 2015 EVA AIR L.10.3

Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Door Mounted Power Assists and Escape Slides

For passenger and special freighter airplanes, main and upper deck door emergency
power assists and evacuation slide systems must be armed with the mode select
lever in the AUTOMATIC position prior to taxi, takeoff, and landing whenever the
upper deck cabin is occupied.
For the freighter, the upper deck escape slide must be in the forward locked
position during taxi, takeoff, and landing whenever the upper deck cabin is
occupied.

Airspeed Limitations
Design Maneuvering Speed (VA)
Note: The Maneuvering Speed at which application of full available aileron,
rudder or elevator will not overstress the airplane.

Note: Avoid rapid and large alternating control inputs, especially in combination
with large changes in pitch, roll or yaw (e.g. large side slip angles) as they
may result in structural failure at any speed, including below VA.

L.10.4 EVA AIR March 20, 2015

 Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Weight Limitations
Maximum Taxi Weight

Basic 395,986 Kilograms Alternate: Passenger 318,875 Kilograms

Freighter 357,430 Kilograms

Maximum Takeoff Weight

Basic 394,625 Kilograms Alternate: Passenger 317,513 Kilograms
Freighter 356,070 Kilograms
Alternate maximum takeoff weights placarded on flight deck.

Maximum Landing Weight

Passenger (B-16410 - B-16412)
285,763 Kilograms
Freighter (B-16481 - B-16483, B-16401, B-16402, B-16406, B-16407, B-16462)
295,742 Kilograms

Maximum Zero Fuel Weight

Passenger (B-16410 - B-16412)
242,671 Kilograms

Special Freighter (B-16401, B-16402, B-16406, B-16407, B-16462)

276,691 Kilograms

Production Freighter (B-16481 - B-16483)

288,031 Kilograms

Note: For B-16481~B16483, there is a special linear relationship between

ZFW and TOW. When ZFW increases linearly from 276,691 to 288,031
kgs, MTOW will decrease linearly from 394,625 to 367,863 kgs.

March 20, 2015 EVA AIR L.10.5

Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Air Systems
Cabin Pressurization
Maximum differential pressure 9.4 psi
(relief valves)
Maximum allowable cabin pressure 0.11 psi
differential for takeoff and landing

Autoflight
AFDS
#Use of aileron trim with autopilot engaged is prohibited.
The autopilot must not be engaged below a minimum engage altitude of 250 feet
AGL after takeoff.
The autopilot must be disengaged before the airplane descends more than 50 feet
below the MDA unless it is coupled to an ILS glideslope and localizer or in the
go–around mode.
For single channel ILS approaches, the autopilot must be disengaged before the
airplane descends below 100 feet AGL.

Non-AFM Operational Information

Do not use FLCH on final approach below 1,000 feet airport field elevation.

Autothrottle
#For all manual landings, autothrottle must be disconnected by 50ft radio altitude.

Automatic Landing
#Maximum allowable wind speeds when landing weather minima are predicated
on autoland operations:
#Headwind #25 knots
#Tailwind #15 knots
#Crosswind #25 knots
#The maximum glideslope angle is 3.25 degrees.
#The minimum glideslope angle is 2.5 degrees.
#Automatic landings may be made with flaps 25 or 30 only.

L.10.6 EVA AIR March 20, 2015

 Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Communications
VHF Radios
B-16401 - B-16462
With an operational ACARS system, the use of center VHF radio is not approved
for ATC voice communications.
ACARS (As installed)
The ACARS is limited to the transmission and receipt of messages which will not
create an unsafe condition if the message is improperly received, such as the
following conditions:
• the message or parts of the message are delayed or not received,
• the message is delivered to the wrong recipient, or
• the message content may be frequently corrupted.
However, Pre-Departure Clearance, Digital-Automatic Terminal Information
Service, Oceanic Clearances, Weight and Balance, and Takeoff Data messages
can be transmitted and received over ACARS if they are verified per approved
operational procedures.
Air Traffic Control Datalink
ATC clearance data received through the FMC which can only be viewed on the
flight deck printer must be independently verified with the originating ground
station.

Engines, APU
Powerplant: GE Model CF6-80C2B1F

Engine Fuel System

The maximum tank fuel temperature for Jet A, Jet A–1, JP–5, or JP-8 is 54°C
(130°F).
The maximum tank fuel temperature for Jet B or JP-4 is 43°C (110°F).

In-flight tank fuel temperature must be maintained at least 3°C above the fuel
freezing point of the fuel being used. The use of Fuel System Icing Inhibitor
additives does not change the minimum fuel tank temperature limit.
The use of JP-4 and Jet B fuels is prohibited in revenue operations.

March 20, 2015 EVA AIR L.10.7

Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Engine Limit Display Markings

Maximum and minimum limits are red.
Caution limits are amber.

Engine EGT/Time Limits

Operating Condition Temperature Time

#Takeoff or #960 °C #5 minutes
Multi-engine in-flight start
#Maximum Continuous #925 °C #Continuous
#Starting #870 °C #Maximum transient
for 40 seconds
#Ground Starting or Single #750 °C #Unlimited
engine inflight start
CAUTION: During Single engine inflight start, if EGT approaches 750 °C,
fuel control switch must be placed in CUTOFF.

Engine Ignition
Continuous ignition must be on encountering:
• heavy rain
• severe turbulence
• volcanic ash
• icing conditions
• standing water or slush on runway
Note: Continuous ignition is automatically provided when nacelle anti–ice is on.

Engine Oil System

#Minimum oil pressure is 10 psi.
#Maximum oil temperature for continuous operation is 160°C. Transient
operation is limited to 175°C for a maximum of 15 minutes.

Reverse Thrust
#Intentional selection of reverse thrust in flight is prohibited.
#Backing the airplane with use of reverse thrust is prohibited.

L.10.8 EVA AIR March 20, 2015

 Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Starter Limits
Maximum continuous operation - 5 minutes.
30 seconds cooling for each 1 minute period of starter operation.
After 2 consecutive 5 minute starter cycles, cool for 10 minutes prior to further use.
Note: The starter should not be re-engaged above 20% N2.
Note: Pneumatic valves (e.g. engine anti-ice or bleed isolation) should not be cycled
during engine start.

Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)

Non-AFM Operational Information
APU start cycle restrictions are:
Between starts TR wait: Battery wait:
1 and 2 1 minute 1 minute
2 and 3 10 minutes 1 minutes
3 and 4 75 minutes 75 minute

If the TR should overheat with the start source switch in TR, starting power is
transferred to the battery and the start continued on battery power. Any further
start attempts with an overheated TR are inhibited.

A failure of the TR, other than an overheat, does not provide automatic switching
to the APU battery. Under these conditions, moving APU Start Source switch to
BATTERY removes the TR from the starting circuit and allows APU starting on
battery power.

March 20, 2015 EVA AIR L.10.9

Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

Flight Management, Navigation

QFE Selection
B-16401 - B-16481

QFE operations are prohibited.

VNAV Selection
Non-AFM Operational Information
#If leveling off within 2000 feet after changing altimeter setting from QNE to
QNH, or QNH to QNE, do not use VNAV to execute the level-off if QNH is less
than 29.70 in/1006 hPa. After the level-off is complete, VNAV may be
re-engaged.

Airplane Structure
Flight Controls
Avoid rapid and large alternating control inputs, especially in combination with
large changes in pitch, roll, or yaw (e.g. large side slip angles) as they may result
in structural failure at any speed, including below V A.
Flap Operation
Do not extend flaps above 20,000 feet.
Non-AFM Operational Information
Use of speedbrakes in flight with flaps extended past 20 is not recommended.
Ground wind limits for all doors:
• 40 knots while opening or closing
• 65 knots while open

Warning Systems
GPWS - Look-Ahead Terrain Alerting
Do not use the terrain display for navigation.
The use of look-ahead terrain alerting and terrain display functions is prohibited
within 15 nm of takeoff, approach or landing at an airport or runway not contained
in the GPWS terrain database. Refer to Honeywell Document 060-4267-000 for
airports and runways contained in the installed GPWS terrain database.

L.10.10 EVA AIR March 20, 2015

 Limitations –
Operating Limitations
747 Flight Crew Operations Manual

TCAS
Pilots are authorized to deviate from their current ATC clearance to the extent
necessary to comply with a TCAS II resolution advisory (RA).

Miscellaneous
Auxiliary Power Unit (APU)
#The DC power main battery switch must remain in the ON position during all APU
operations including the 60-second cooldown period following shutdown.

Window Heat
Window heat must be ON for all normal flight conditions.

March 20, 2015 EVA AIR L.10.11