Python

Variable
x = 5
y = 'john' #"john" /"""j """

Python data types

Text Type: str

Numeric Types: int, float, complex
Sequence Types: list, tuple, range
Mapping Type: dict
Set Types: set, frozenset
Boolean Type: bool
Binary Types: bytes, bytearray, memoryview

Get the data type

x = 5
print(type(x)) # output int

number datatype

int # x = 1
float # x = 0.25
complex # x = 1jw32

Python Casting
x = int(2.8) # x is 2
x = float(2.8) # x is 2.8
x = str(2) # x is '2' string

Python arithmetic operators

+, - , *, / , % , ** # (x ** 5) x*x*x*x*x, // # 15 // 2 = 7

list # list = ['ab', 'cd']

tuple # tuple = ('ab', 'cd')
set # set = {' ', ' '}

print(list)
print(tuple)
print(set)

dictionary
thisdict = {
"brand": "Ford",
"model": "Mustang",
"year" : 1964
}
print(thisdict)

if....else

Equals: a == b
Not Equals: a != b
Less than: a < b
Less than or equal to: a <= b
Greater than: a > b
Greater than or equal to: a >= b

a = 33
b = 200
if b > a
print("b is greater than a")

a = 200
b = 33
if b > a:
print("b is greater than a")
elif a == b:
print("a and b are equal")
else:
print("a is greater than b")

While Loop

i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1 # same as i = i + 1 or i++

#With the break statement we can stop the loop even if the while condition is true:
i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
if i == 3:
break
i += 1

#With the continue statement we can stop the current iteration, and continue with
the next:

i = 0
while i < 6:
i += 1
if i == 3:
continue
print(i)

#With the else statement we can run a block of code once when the condition no
longer is true:

i = 1
while i < 6:
print(i)
i += 1
else:
print("i is no longer less than 6")

Python For Loops

A for loop is used for iterating over a sequence (that is either a list, a tuple, a
dictionary, a set, or a string).

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)

for x in "banana":
print(x)
# Exit the loop when x is "banana":

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
print(x)
if x == "banana":
break

# Example
Exit the loop when x is "banana", but this time the break comes before the print:

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

for x in fruits:
if x == "banana":
break
print(x)

# Creating a Function
In Python a function is defined using the def keyword:

# create function
def my_function():
print("Hello from a function")

my_function() # call the function

#Parameters
Information can be passed to functions as parameter. Parameters are specified after
the function name, inside the parentheses. You can add as many parameters as you
want, just separate them with a comma.

def my_function(fname):
print(fname + " Refsnes")

my_function("Emil")
my_function("Tobias")
my_function("Linus")

# output will be Emil Refsnes

def my_function(country = "Norway"):

print("I am from " + country)

my_function("Sweden") # I am from Sweeden

my_function("India")
my_function() # I am from Norway
my_function("Brazil")

def my_function(food):
for x in food:
print(x)

fruits = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"]

my_function(fruits)

def my_function(x):
return 5 * x
print(my_function(3))
print(my_function(5))
print(my_function(9))

def my_function(child3, child2, child1):

print("The youngest child is " + child3)

my_function(child1 = "Emil", child2 = "Tobias", child3 = "Linus")

Create a Class

Python is an object oriented programming language.

Almost everything in Python is an object, with its properties and methods.

A Class is like an object constructor, or a "blueprint" for creating objects.

To create a class, use the keyword class:

class MyClass: # declaration of class

x = 5

p1 = MyClass() #declaration object MyClass

print(p1.x)

Python Inheritance

Inheritance allows us to define a class that inherits all the methods and
properties from another class.

Parent class is the class being inherited from, also called base class.

Child class is the class that inherits from another class, also called derived
class.

Create a Parent Class

Any class can be a parent class, so the syntax is the same as creating any other
class:

Example

Create a class named Person, with firstname and lastname properties, and a
printname method:
class Person:
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
self.firstname = fname
self.lastname = lname

def printname(self):
print(self.firstname, self.lastname)

#Use the Person class to create an object, and then execute the printname method:

x = Person("John", "Doe")
x.printname()

Create a Child Class

To create a class that inherits the functionality from another class, send the
parent class as a parameter when creating the child class:
Example

Create a class named Student, which will inherit the properties and methods from
the Person class:
class Student(Person):
pass

Now the Student class has the same properties and methods as the Person class.
Example

Use the Student class to create an object, and then execute the printname method:
x = Student("Mike", "Olsen")
x.printname()

Add the __init__() Function

So far we have created a child class that inherits the properties and methods from
its parent.

We want to add the __init__() function to the child class (instead of the pass
keyword).

Note: The __init__() function is called automatically every time the class is being
used to create a new object.
Example

Add the __init__() function to the Student class:

class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
#add properties etc.

When you add the __init__() function, the child class will no longer inherit the
parent's __init__() function.

Note: The child's __init__() function overrides the inheritance of the parent's
__init__() function.

To keep the inheritance of the parent's __init__() function, add a call to the
parent's __init__() function:
Example
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
Person.__init__(self, fname, lname)

Now we have successfully added the __init__() function, and kept the inheritance of
the parent class, and we are ready to add functionality in the __init__() function.
Use the super() Function

Python also has a super() function that will make the child class inherit all the
methods and properties from its parent:
Example
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
super().__init__(fname, lname)

By using the super() function, you do not have to use the name of the parent
element, it will automatically inherit the methods and properties from its parent.
Add Properties
Example

Add a property called graduationyear to the Student class:

class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname):
super().__init__(fname, lname)
self.graduationyear = 2019

In the example below, the year 2019 should be a variable, and passed into the
Student class when creating student objects. To do so, add another parameter in the
__init__() function:
Example

Add a year parameter, and pass the correct year when creating objects:
class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname, year):
super().__init__(fname, lname)
self.graduationyear = year

x = Student("Mike", "Olsen", 2019)

Add Methods
Example

Add a method called welcome to the Student class:

class Student(Person):
def __init__(self, fname, lname, year):
super().__init__(fname, lname)
self.graduationyear = year

def welcome(self):
print("Welcome", self.firstname, self.lastname, "to the class of",
self.graduationyear)

If you add a method in the child class with the same name as a function in the
parent class, the inheritance of the parent method will be overridden.