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Removal Of Chromium From Electroplating Wastewater By Simple Chemical

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 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

Removal Of Chromium From Electroplating Wastewater By

Simple Chemical Treatment And Ion Exchange
Mahmood M. Barbooti*, Nagham A. Ageena** & Manal A. Tooma**
Received on:24/3/2008
Accepted on:29/6/2008
Abstract
Wastewater from metal plating works was treated with lime - water
suspensions at relatively small concentrations with continuous stirring.
Experiments were designed to allow a direct contact of lime suspension
with the wastewater constituents for a period of time followed by settling
and filtration through a sand filter. The heavy metal content could be
precipitated efficiently from the mother liquor by two mechanisms: reaction
with calcium ions to yield calcium chromate and the precipitation of the
chromium hydroxides in the alkaline medium. Various parameters were
studied to reach the optimum conditions for the removal of chromium from
the wastewater. It appeared that reasonable removal of chromium (80 –
85%) could be achieved with lime: wastewater ratio of 40 mg/ L and 50 min
contact time. After the removal of most of the chromium from wastewater,
the level of the pollutant needed to be reduced to the acceptable limit by
passing water through ion exchange column. This final treatment gave
treated water samples with chromium levels as low as 0.6 - 1.3 mg/L.
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻬﺭﺒﺎﺌﻲ ﺒﺎﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠ‬
‫ﺔ ﻭﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻵﻴﻭﻨﻲ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴﻁ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﻴﻤﻴﺎﺌﻴ‬

‫ﺍﻟﺨﻼﺼﺔ‬

‫ﺓ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺒﺎﻀﺎﻓﺔ ﺘﺭﺍﻜﻴـﺯ ﺼـﻐﻴﺭ‬ ‫ل ﺍﻟﻁﻼﺀ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻴ‬ ِ ‫ﻥ ﺃﻋﻤﺎ‬

 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺘﻡ ﺨﻼل ﺍﻟﺒﺤﺙ ﺍﻟﺤﺎﻟﻲ ﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺍﻟﻨﺎﺘﺠﺔ‬
‫ﻤﺎﺡ ﺒﺎﺘﺼﺎل ﻤﺒﺎﺸـﺭ ﺒـﻴﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴـﺎﻩ‬‫ﺕ ﻟﻠﺴ‬ ‫ﻤ ﹾ‬‫ﺼﻤ‬ ‫ ﺍﻟﺘﺠﺎﺭﺏ‬.‫ﺱ ﻤﻊ ﺍﻟﺘﺤﺭﻴﻙ ﺍﻟﻤﺴﺘﻤﺭ‬ ‫ﺀ ﺍﻟﻜﻠ ﹺ‬ ‫ﻕ ﻤﺎ‬
 ‫ﻨﺴﺒﻴﹰﺎ ﻤﻥ ﻋﺎﻟ‬
‫ﺏ‬
 ‫ﻥ ﺘﺭﺴـﻴ‬  ‫ﺢ ﺭﻤﻠـﻲ َﺃ‬‫ﺘﻘﹾﺭ ﺜﻡ ﺘﻡ ﺘﺭﺸﻴﺤﻬﺎ ﺨﻼل ﻤﺭﺸ‬ ‫ﺴ‬  ‫ﺘ‬ ‫ ﺘﺭﻜﺕ ﻟ‬،‫ﺱ ﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻌﻴﻨﺔ‬ ‫ﻕ ﺍﻟﻜﻠ ﹺ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻭﻋﺎﻟ‬
‫ـﻊ ﺃﻭﻜﺴـﻴﺩ‬‫ ﺘﻔﺎﻋـل ﻤ‬:‫ ﺍﻻﻭﻟﻰ‬:‫ﺍﻟﻤﺤﺘﻭﻯ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺩﻨﻲ ﻟﻠﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺍﻥ ﻴﺤﺼل ﺒﻜﻔﺎﺀﺓ ﺠﻴﺩﺓ ﻭﻓﻕ ﺁﻟﻴﺘﻴﻥ‬
‫ ﺘﻤﺕ‬.‫ﻱ‬ ‫ﻁ ﺍﻟﻘﻠﻭ ﹺ‬  ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻹﻨﹾﺘﺎﺝ ﻜﺭﻭﻤﺎﺕ ﺍﻟﻜﺎﻟﺴﻴﻭﻡ ﻭﺍﻟﺜﺎﻨﻴﺔ ﻤﻥ ﺨﻼل ﺘﺭﺴﻴﺏ ﻫﻴﺩﺭﻭﻜﺴﻴﺩ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻭﺴ‬
‫ﺔ‬ ‫ﻥ ﺍﺯﺍﻟـ‬ ‫ﺭ ﺒﺄ‬ ‫ ﻭ ﻅﻬ‬.‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬
 ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ‬ ‫ﻭل ﺇﻟﻰ ﺃﻓﻀل ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﻹﺯﺍﻟ‬‫ﻭﺼ‬ ‫ﻔﺔ ﻟﻠ‬‫ﺨ ﹶﺘﻠ‬ ‫ﻤ ﹾ‬ ‫ﺩﺭﺍﺴﺔ ﻤﺅﺜﺭﺍﺕ‬
‫ ﺍﻟﻰ‬CaO ‫ﺤﺴﺏ ﺍﻟﻅﺭﻭﻑ ﺍﻻﺘﻴﺔ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬: (80‐85  %) ‫ﺱ ﻫﻲ‬ ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﺒﻘﺩﺭ ﻤﻘﺒﻭل ﻭﺍﻟﺘﻲ ﻴﻤﻜﻥ ﺒﻠﻭﻏﻬﺎ ﺒﺎﻟﻜﻠ ﹺ‬
‫ ﺘﻡ ﻀﺨﻬﺎ‬،‫ﻥ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬  ‫ﻤ‬ ‫ﺔ ﺃﻏﻠﺏ ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ‬ ‫ ﺒﻌﺩ ﺇﺯﺍﻟ‬.50min ‫ ( ﻭﻟﻔﺘﺭﺓ ﺯﻤﻨﻴﺔ‬40mg/L) ‫ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ‬
‫ ﻟﻘﺩ ﺨﻔﻀﺕ ﺍﻟﻤﻌﺎﻟﺠﺔ ﺍﻷﺨﻴﺭﺓ ﻨﺴﺒﺔ‬.‫ﻁ ﻟﻠﺤﺼﻭل ﻋﻠﻰ ﻤﺴﺘﻭﻯ ﺇﺯﺍﻟﺔ ﺍﻓﻀل‬  ‫ﺩ ﺍﻟﺘﺒﺎﺩل ﺍﻵﻴﻭﻨﻲ ﺍﻟﺒﺴﻴ‬ ‫ﺨﻼل ﻋﻤﻭ‬
.(0.6‐1.3 mg/L) ‫ﺍﻟﻜﺭﻭﻡ ﻓﻲ ﺍﻟﻤﻴﺎﻩ ﺍﻟﻌﺎﺩﻤﺔ ﺇﻟﻰ ﺤﻭﺍﻟﻲ‬

Introduction stainless steel, staining glass, tanning leather,

Chromium and its compounds are used for anodizing aluminum, and brick formation.
various purposes like the manufacturing of Electroplating is among the industries in which
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

chromium is used widely. In addition to are used and it was concluded that, when a
decorative plating, hard chrome plating is used method is viable in one case they are
to improve the surface properties. Chromium marginally acceptable in another [1, 2]. Jing et
exists in all oxidation states from (III) to (VI) al [5] described the preparation of nano-
but only the trivalent and hexavalent Cr particles for the adsorption of heavy metals
compounds are of practical importance. The from wastewater utilizing the highly modified
Cr(III) is usually the most stable state of surface area of the particles.
chromium in nature and its salts are generally
insoluble in water in the pH range of 4-11. The Chemical precipitation using lime or magnesia
Cr (VI) is a known carcinogen and a designated is another attractive method for the removal of
hazardous pollutant [1]. Contrarily, trivalent chromium from industrial waste-water [6, 7].
chromium in small doses is essential for good Huang [8] used a fluid sand bed with a
health. Lack of chromium in a human is simultaneous injection of carbonate solution to
associated with certain types of diabetes, raise pH to induce nucleated precipitation of Cr
cardiovascular diseases, and nervous system on the sand surface. The removal efficiency
disorders [2]. In general, Cr(VI) compounds was 65 to 75% for Cr (VI). Two mechanisms
are more toxic than Cr(III) since it can pass are involved, general, 25% of the metal
through the cell membrane with greater ease removal is attributed to co-precipitation
and its compounds are also more oxidative. (forming CuCrO4) and the remaining 75% by
The toxic manifestations of chromium adsorption.
exposure are apparently determined by the Ion exchange systems generally demonstrate
bioavailability and biochemical interactions of the highest hydraulic capacity per dollar
specific chromium compounds, rather than by invested. Ion exchange units employ
chromium per se [3]. Chromium is present in cylindrical columns of short or tall design,
the wastes from five of the main steps in the filled with polymeric beads with a chemical
electroplating process, namely, etching, pre-dip affinity for either cations (metallic) or anions.
chrome, chrome tank, drag and the final rinse As the rinse is passed through the column
[4]. Sludge contaminated with chromium and packing (resin bed) the desired ions are
other metals are known to be toxic. They are extracted from the flow together with other
also known to be a valuable commodity. ions of similar charge, which may also be
The wastewater treatment methods vary present in the stream. The flow must eventually
depending on the pretreatment limits placed on be interrupted and the resin bed regenerated.
incoming effluent. In most cases the When ion exchange is applied to metal
characteristics of the wastewater will be high in recovery, the metal values obtained from the
metals, cyanides, and pH. In chrome plating, regeneration process may not be suitable for
the use of a coagulant or flocculent, such as return directly to the plating bath.
inorganic salt or polymer will create a solid Concentration and pH adjustment are
sludge containing the metals which settles at frequently required before reuse. Much of the
the bottom of the holding container. The regeneration rinse waters are too dilute or
resulting hydroxide sludge will then be otherwise unsuitable for reclaim; they will
dewatered and sent for disposal. The sludge often require treatment in the wastewater
was used to recover (extract) metals to improve system prior to discharge.
the economy of the method. Thus, the metallic Experimental
waste turns from a hazardous landfill item to Laboratory Experimental Units:
useful metal, avoiding the cost of dumping into The experimental unit for the chemical
a hazardous landfill, while supporting the cost treatment consists of a water bath of (60× 40 ×
of purchasing virgin chromium. 16 cm); a magnetic stirrer; a 3-neck round
Chromium is reduced chemically prior to bottom flask of 1-L capacity, a thermometer
treatment or recovery. Many reduction methods and magnetic stirrer. The water bath was
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

employed only for studying the effect of initiated for various periods of time.
temperature on the removal efficiency and Meanwhile, samples of the water were taken at
removed in others. Thus, it was not shown in 10-min intervals and saved for chromium
the schematic diagram of the experimental set analysis. After 80 min, the stirring was stopped
up. and the samples were allowed to settle for 30
The lab scale sand filter was prepared by min. A yellow precipitate was formed and the
placing screened and washed red sand (Kerbala color of the solution was greatly reduced. A
Sand) in a 15-cm wide Büchner funnel over sand filter was prepared in a Buchner funnel to
beds of fine and course gravels. The washing of aid the removal of the precipitate. The yellow
the sand was essential to remove soluble precipitate was entirely collected on the surface
sulfates from the sand. The washings were of the sand and the clear solution was taken for
tested by treatment with barium chloride until analysis and to be further purified by ion
being free from soluble sulfates (no barium exchange method.
sulfate precipitate). However sand filter Results And Discussion
designs are very common in industry and Preliminary experiments
companies utilize large area of land to Many preliminary experiments were carried out
construct the filter. The bottom of the filter is to reach the best performance within the
tilted to facilitate the flow of the filtered water designed work. The lime - water suspensions
towards on of the ends of the sand filter facility was among the important points studied. When
to end up with a pipe leading the water to the the lime was suspended in water immediately
next stage of purification. before addition to the wastewater, the removal
The filtrate was further purified by passing of chromium from wastewater was limited.
through columns packed with cation and anion Meanwhile, lime was suspended in water and
exchange resins. The purification conditions stirred for reasonable time (e.g. 15-30 min)
are: Column length, 80 cm; column diameter, before addition to the wastewater. It gave
3.0 cm; resin type, Duolite A-20 and flow rate, improved chromium removal results. The
1.0 L/min. previous soaking and stirring of calcium oxide
Chemical Analysis: in water resulted in complete disintegration and
The determination of chromium in the water of the lime particles and rather certain degree
samples were carried out by atomic absorption of swelling. This expanded the surface area of
spectrophotometer model SP 9-01 supplied the particles. The higher surface area of the
from Buck, England (Ministry of Environment, particles improves both the dissolution of lime
Central Laboratories, Baghdad). The operating and the chemical reactivity of calcium
conditions were as specified by the manu- hydroxide produced therein [9].
facture. The chemical composition of the solid The process of removal and recovery of
products was done by X-ray diffraction using a chromium values from the electroplating
Philips P.W- 1840 Diffractometer (Material factory wastewater comprised contacting the
Research Center, Jadiriyah, Baghdad). The acidic solution containing sulfate ion and
activation energy was 40 KV at 20 mA. The trivalent chromium ion with at least about 4
Cu-kα line was used (1.54 Ǻ). For pH millimoles of CaO against 3 millimoles of
measurements, the universal pocket meter Cr(III). This aided acid neutralization to a pH
multi line P4, which consists of a pH combined value adequate for the formation of an
electrode with temperature probe Sen Tix 41 amorphous, dense solid, grainy, easily settable
was used. precipitate. The water remaining after
Procedure separation of the precipitate contains less than
For the optimization, 500-mL aliquots of 50 mg/lit chromium which is close to some
Wastewater were placed in a reaction vessel reported results [10]
and various portions of lime water suspension The wastewater was treated with the lime-
of increasing volume were added and stirring water suspension at various ratios of CaO
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

suspension to the wastewater ratios to reach the Two factors seem to act on the removal
optimum amount of the lime necessary for the mechanism: precipitation as chromium
best removal of chromium. The results of the hydroxide and the precipitation as a calcium
first set of experiments are given in Table 1. chromate compound. The chromium hydro-
The best of the set was the 200 mg/L, where xide solubility is affected by the pH of the
the chromium content of wastewater could be solution [4].
reduced to 25-30% of the original value. Fig. 1 At the end of mixing (after 80 min.) the
shows the profile of chromium contents with chromium removal efficiency was plotted
mixing time at the high lime: wastewater ratios. against the lime: wastewater ratio and the
After 40 min of mixing the 200 mg/L system results are shown in Fig. 3. It is clear that the
attained the chromium level given by the 600 best removal efficiency occurs between 30 and
mg/L after 60 min. Thus, the increase of CaO 80 mg CaO / L WW and the highest was
contents lowered the stability of the preci- attained at 40 mg/L. Lime amounts lower than
pitates. Such an effect is related to the increase 40 mg/L were not enough to bring about the
of pH of the solution. The lowest (200 mg/L) required stoichiometry of the formation of
ratio gave the best chromium removal possi- calcium chromate nor allowed pH to raise to
bility within this range. The high CaO content the level required for the precipitation of
is expectedly associated with increase of pH of Cr(OH)3. Meanwhile, lime amounts higher than
the solution. Consequently the solubility of the 100 mg/L means that CaO exceeds the
chromium hydroxide increases and hence the stoichiometric value to give the chromate and
removal efficiency of chromium is lowered [2]. at the same time raises the pH to much high
The mixing time is important in determining values at which the Cr(OH)3 is soluble
the removal efficiency. The chromium concen- returning thereby chromium to solution [2].
tration decreases slowly down to the lowest Filtration
value after 50 minutes of mixing and remains Water emerging from the sedimentation basin
almost constant. Thus, it was not necessary to is routed to the top of the filtration sand bed.
continue the mixing further. The filtration unit traps those particles that did
Another set of experiments was carried out not settle in the sedimentation basin (because
using low (≤ 100 mg/L ratios). The results are they were too small) or did not have sufficient
shown in Table 2. With these smaller ratios of time to settle and were carried along with the
lime: wastewater the removal could be highly effluent out of the precipitation basin.
improved and the chromium contents of Precipitates of faint yellow sludge containing
wastewater were reduced down to 15-18%. Fig. calcium chromate and chromium hydroxide
2 shows the effect of treatment time on the settle and stick on top of the sand bed. Water
chromium removal efficiency from WW using passes through the bed free of the metal ions
the low lime: wastewater ratios. It appeared load and hence became colorless. The first
that the removal efficiencies were much better appearance of the filtered water reflects how
than those obtained in the high range treatment. successful the treatment was after the designed
The chromium contents of the treated time. Filtration completes the metal treatment
wastewater decreased down to about 15% of process. The pH of the water discharged from
the original value. The best removal efficiency the sand filter was higher than the acceptable
can be obtained at a ratio of 40 mg/L. Thus, value for disposal and thus it has to be adjusted
higher lime contents do not improve chromium with calculated amount of mineral acid to be
removal. The mechanism of the removal, reused.
therefore, is not only a precipitation process. Depending on the pH of the reaction, the
The pH of the effluent increases slowly with basicity of the chrome salt produced will vary:
increasing the addition of CaO to 200 mg/L. At pH values less than 2.0, Cr2(SO4)3 is
The PH increased up to a value of 7.35 at 30 oC formed;
and a mixing period of 50 min. At pH 3.0 - 4, Cr4(OH)6(SO4)3 is formed;
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

Compounds such as cyanide or ammonia can

At pH 6.5, Cr(OH)3 is formed. inhibit precipitation of metals, and limit their
At pH (8.0 - 9.9), Cr(OH)3 is virtually insoluble removal to the point where discharge limits can
[11]. be exceeded [12].
As filtration progresses and more metal However, the present, rather simple, treatment
hydroxides and other solids clog the filter compares well with the results of Rao [13],
material, pressure drop through the filter rises who reported an efficient recycling of unused
and some solids may pass through the filter. chromium as well as water with electro-dialysis
When either of these two situations occurs, the technique using Selemion AMV and CMV
filter must be backwashed by reversing the membranes and a prototype electro-dialysis
flow of water through the filter. This backwash cell. Besides, it resulted in improved sludge
water is sent back to the rapid mix tank for properties in comparison with the system
mixing with the incoming water since it adopted by the European countries [14] which
contains a significant concentration of solids uses soda ash or some other alkali is added to
from the dislodging that has occurred. promote the combination of the tanning agent
The filtrate, therefore, showed some chromium with skin substance.
contents which is still higher than the Conclusions
permissible limits. The final chromium 1. Treatment of electroplating wastewater
removal was aided by ion exchange with lime is a simple and cost effective
purification. After passing through the ion method to strip off chromium in a sand
exchange columns, the atomic absorption filter.
analysis of the samples showed chromium 2. During the chemical treatment, the
levels of 0.6 - 1.3 mg/L. However, only minor operation pH increases and aids the
differences could be noticed in the results of removal efficiencies to exceed 85%
analysis of the wastewater samples treated by which is higher than the reported
the various amounts of lime-water suspension. removal efficiency [10].
Sludge Treatment 3. Two mechanisms are found to
The solids produced in the sedimentation stage contribute to the chromium co-
(and possibly solids from filtration) are denoted removal: reaction with CaO to give
as a sludge and periodically removed. In insoluble CaCrO4, and precipitation of
diatomaceous earth and fiber filters, the entire Cr(OH)3 due to increase of pH.
filter media (diatomaceous earth, filter 4. The presence of other substances in the
cartridge) is dumped with the captured metal wastewater of electroplating bath like
hydroxide solids. This sludge may be sent to a cyanide and ammonia retarded the
dewatering stage to remove excess water and precipitation of the metal ions
leave only solids. The water from the dewa- completely.
tering stage may not be completely free of 5. Further treatment with ion exchange
metals and should be piped to the rapid mix resins is necessary in order to make the
tank. treated wastewater comply with the
The sludge now contains the precipitated metal effluent standards.
hydroxide solids, made up of identifiable References
quantities of heavy metals, which are regulated [1].Nunno, T.; Palmer, S; Arienti, M. and
according to state and federal guidelines. The Breton, M., "Waste Minimization in the
solids produced from heavy metal wastewater Printed Circuit Board Industry - Case
treatment must then be disposed of as a Studies", US Hazardous Waste Eng., R & D
hazardous waste. EPA/600/S2-88/008 Mar. 1988
Incomplete removal of chromium is not a [2].Ayres, D. M., Davis A. P. and Gietka, P.
drawback of the method but a result of the M., "Removing Heavy Metals from Waste-
presence of substances in the wastewater.
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

water", Engineering Res. Cent. Rep., Univ [9].Barbooti, M. M.; Al-Rikabi, B.;
Maryland, Aug. 1994 Ramadhan, H., and Mahmood, S., Proc. 1st
[3].Chang, L. Y., Chrome Reduction and Conf. Chemical Industries, Baghdad, 2002.
Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater - A [10]. Hemming, D., Hahn, R.E., Robinson
Pollution Prevention Approach”, WM’01 J.R. and John, W., Recovery of chromium
Conference, February 25-March 1, 2001. values from waste streams by the use of
[4].Anderer, F., Yang, D and Lee, J. H., alkaline magnesium compounds. U.S. Pat.
Hazardous Waste Management, in "The No. 4108596, 1978.
Chromium Plating Process", Illinois Inst. [11]. Eckenfelder, W. W., Jr., “Industrial
Technol., Chicago, Illinois 60616. Water Pollution Control”, McGraw-Hill, Inc.,
[5].Jing, W. U.; Manchi, L. O. and Chen, 1966.
G.H., US Pat. 60/752,883, 23 Dec 2005. [12]. Cotton, F.A. and Wilkinson, G.,
[6].Barbooti, M. M. ; Zablouk, M. A. and Al- "Advanced Inorganic Chemistry", 4th Edn.
Zubaidi, U., "recovery of chromium from Wiley, 1980.
waste tanning liquors by magnesium oxide", [13]. Rao, J. R., J. Membrane Sci., 469 (2002)
in press. 215-224.
[7].Ismaeili, A; Alireza, M. and Reza, V., [14]. Poncet, T: “Sludge Landfill Model Site
Amer. J. Appl. Sci., 2(10) (2005) 1471-3. Manual”, UNIDO, Vienna, 1978.
[8].Huang, J. C. , Nucleated Precipitation for
Heavy Metal Removal and Resource
Recovery, Science Council of Asia, May 12th,
2005

Table 1: Variation of chromium concentration in the treated wastewater at different

lime concentrations (HIGH) with treatment time
Lime Treatment time, min.
concentration, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
mg/L
200 343 230 172 159 143 127 115 115 115
400 343 250 210 179 152 135 121 121 121
600 343 283 240 198 185 167 143 143 143
Table 2: Variation of chromium concentration in the treated wastewater at different
lime concentrations (LOW) with treatment time
Lime Treatment time, min.
concentration, 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
mg/L
20 343 190 155 140 121 114 100 100 100
40 343 128 105 88 78 68 63 53 53
60 343 180 168 151 138 120 106 87 87
80 343 172 151 139 128 116 100 78 78
100 343 160 147 128 117 95 86 67 67
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

360
340 Ca(OH)2 Conc.
CHROMUM CONCENTRATION (ppm)

320 200 mg/L

300 400 mg/L
600 mg/L
280
260
240
220
200
180
160
140
120
100
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
MIXING TIME (Min)
Figure 1: Chromium removal profiles for the high Lime : WW range.
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

350
Ca(OH)2 Conc.
CHROMUM CONCENTRATION (ppm)

300 20 mg/L
40 mg/L
60 mg/L
250 80 mg/L
100 mg/L
200

150

100

50

0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
MIXING TIME (Min)
 
Figure 2: Chromium removal profiles for the low Lime : WW range.
 Removal Of Chromium From Electro-Plating
Eng& Tech. Vol. 26, No.11, 2008 Wastewater By Simple Chemical Treatment And
Ion Exchange

90
CHROMUM REMOVAL EFFICNCY %

85

80

75

70

65

60

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

mg LIME /LWW RATIO
Figure 3: Chromium removal efficiency at various Lime: WW ratios.

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