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PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL
ENGINEERING
by WALDO V. LYON
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Title: PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
Author: WALDO V. LYON
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PROBLEMS
IN
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
BY
WALDO V. LYON
* i
INSTRUCTOR IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE

OF TECHNOLOGY
NEW YORK
McGRAW PUBLISHING COMPANY
239 WEST 39TH STREET
1908
COPYRIGHT, 1908,
BY THE
McGRAW PUBLISHING COMPANY
Stanhope ipress
F. H. GILSON COMPAMY
BOSTON, U.S.A.
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
OF
PREFACE
THIS
collection of problems has been prepared for the use of
students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, but as
the book be used in other technical schools it seems best to
may
state what ground the problems are intended to cover. At
the Institute the book will be used by the third year students
in Electrical Engineering, and by the third and fourth year
students in the courses of Civil, Mechanical, Mining and Chem-
ical Engineering. The work in these courses includes the
theoretical elements of direct and single-phase alternating cur-
rents and the theory and operation of direct-current generators
and motors. The problems are for the most part what would
be called theoretical, although whenever it is possible they apply
to some practical engineering question. In many cases certain
constants have been exaggerated in order to emphasize some
particular point.
At the beginning of each chapter there is a brief statement of
the fundamental principles which the problems illustrate. The
problems in each chapter and in each section of Chapters XII
and XIII have been arranged approximately in their order of
difficulty. Many problems which would otherwise be of con-
siderable length have been divided and numbered separately.
A large number of simple problems have been included which
are suitable for the more elementary courses given to the students
in Civil, Mechanical, Mining and Chemical Engineering.
been thought best to print the answers to these problems
It has
separately. Teachers alone can obtain them from the author.

In conclusion the author wishes to mention the name of
Mr. C. H. Porter, Instructor in Electrical Engineering, to whom
credit is duefor inaugurating and developing the present system
of problem work given in the Department of Electrical Engineer-
ing at the Institute*
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
September, 1908.
iii
196449
CONTENTS.
CHAPTER PAGE
I. RESISTANCE (49 PROBLEMS) 1
The comparison and calculation of the resistance of electrical

conductors of constant dimensions.
II. OHM'S LAW (55 PROBLEMS) 8

Its application to various problems in direct-current measure-
ments.
III. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS (57 PROBLEMS) 18

Their application to simple problems and to the finding of the
current distribution in networks.
IV. ENERGY AND POWER (60 PROBLEMS) 32

Calculation of losses, the efficiencies of transmission lines.
All-day efficiency of transmission for variable loads.
V. DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS AND MOTORS (114

PROBLEMS) 44
The fundamental laws and their application calculation;
of
losses and efficiencies from such data as might be taken in
experimental work.
VI. RESISTANCE (14 PROBLEMS) 66

Calculation of the resistance of conductors which have vari-
able dimensions.
VII. FORCE AND POTENTIAL (79 PROBLEMS) 69
Application of the general laws to problems in magnetic, elec-

trostatic, and electromagnetic phenomena.
VIII. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (49 PROBLEMS) 80

Calculation of inductance and the energy of the field for
simple cases.
IX. ELECTROSTATIC FIELD (55 PROBLEMS) 89

Calculation of capacity and energy of simple systems,
v
vi CONTENTS
CHAPTER PAGE
X. VARIABLE CURRENTS, RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE
(79 PROBLEMS) 101
Constant e.m.fs. impressed on circuits having inductance
and resistance. Energy of the field, generated e.m.f,, rise
and fall of the current.
XI. VARIABLE CURRENTS, RESISTANCE AND CAPACITY (83

PROBLEMS) 114
The charge of condensers with constant and variable impressed
e.m.fs., and their discharge through resistance. Energy of

field, rate of charge, rise and fall of the current.
XII. ALTERNATING CURRENTS: SIMPLE HARMONIC FUNC-

TIONS (273 PROBLEMS) 125
The combination of alternating e.m.fs. and currents and the
general laws relating to such currents. An extended applica-
tion of these laws to series and parallel circuits involving
resistance, inductance and capacity.
XIII. SYMBOLIC METHOD: COMPLEX NOTATION (163 PROB-

LEMS) 169
An extended application of this method to single-phase series
and parallel circuits.
XIV. NON-SINUSOIDAL E.M.Fs. AND CURRENTS (96 PROB-

LEMS) 197
Wave analysis and calculation of phase relation, equivalent
sine waves, amplitudes, etc., of non-sinusoidal waves.
INTRODUCTION
IN the training of students for the engineering professions,

it is certainly fundamental that they should be taught to think
straight. Given a certain set of conditions, it becomes necessary
to determine from these the essential process to be followed,
and then to follow this process logically to the desired result.
Consecutive, logical thought is, then, the foundation for success-
ful engineering work. One of the great disadvantages of the
purely lecture method of instruction as compared with that by
recitations is that the instructor and not the student uses that
intellectual power which he is so fortunate as to possess.
But even using the system of instruction by recitations, it
is absolutely essential to the securing of the best results in
educational work, that students should be required to solve a

large number of well selected problems. Where possible these
problems should naturally be as closely related to the real prob-
lems of engineering as is consistent with the knowledge of the
student. It is oftentimes out of the question, however, to
give undergraduates the problems arising in certain particular

pieces of engineering work, owing to their lack of experience and
to the fact that many problems in engineering depend for their
successful solution upon a knowledge and use of non-technical
features and principles. The fact, then, that a problem is more
or less remotely connected with some engineering reality cannot
in all cases be urged as a reason for its not being given in the
educational training of undergraduate students. If a problem
calls for the analysis of certain definite conditions, the bringing
into play of the information possessed by the student and bearing
on these conditions, and a certain logical thinking essential to
the securing of the result, it may be of considerable benefit even
though the assumed conditions have no real counterpart in engi-
neering work. In this statement it is of course understood that
problems which are puzzles merely are without value for purposes
of sound training;.
It seems also desirable that the problems should be in a sense
graded according to difficulty. Students are frequently seriously

and unnecessarily discouraged by being confronted with problems
of exceptional difficulty before they have secured the facility
viii INTRODUCTION
and confidence which come from experience in applying the

information which they have secured in their regular training.
In much of the engineering work the accuracy of the slide
rule is sufficient, and it is desirable -that all students should be
required to perform the calculations by means of this labor-
saving device. Too often is it the case that the work is carried
on using the methods of arithmetic or an unnecessary precision
is had from the use of logarithm tables of five and six places. It
is highly important that students should possess a proper under-
standing of the principles of precision which apply to the data

given in any problem.
Since electrical engineering concerns itself largely with the
generation, transmission and distribution of energy, it seems
wise in any set of problems to insist strongly upon the energy
relations involved. It is frequently true that students go through
correctly with the calculations associated with some particular

set of conditions without in the least understanding the energy
relations involved and the energy results achieved in conse-
quence of the proper carrying out of each individual step.
The use of large numbers of problems in the work in Electrical
Engineering has been for many years a feature of the instruction
at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and the admirable
collection of problems which Mr. Lyon has produced illustrates
particularly well the general character of the work required in the
Junior year of the Electrical Engineering Course. The consider-
able variety, the sequence so far as difficulty is concerned, and the
large number of problems, together with the brief introductory
statement of fundamental principles involved in their solution,
render this collection eminently satisfactory for purposes of
instruction.
H. E. CLIFFORD.
MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY,
September, 1908,
CORRECTION SHEET
CHAPTER I.
Page 2, line 8. Insert after ohm: that the diameter i
approximately 0.1 inch.
CHAPTER III.
Page 22, problem Insert after battery:

19, line 5. whose
e.m/^js-'lS volts arid internal resistance 1 ohm.
Page 23sFig. 7: The distances in this Fig. should be read so
that the junction point is 0.5 mile from the station, the
40-ampere car is 2 miles from the junction point, and the
x^?0-ampere car is 1.5 miles from the junction point.
Pages 25-28, Figs. 9 to 16 inclusive. The voltages refer to those
at the power stations in every case.
c^ CHAPTER IV.
Page 36, Fig. 26. Change 116 volts to 115 volts.
/^ CHAPTER V.
Page 62, problem 99, last line. Insert after constant: and
tljat the voltage across the mains at the balancer is 220
^volts under all conditions.
Pages 63 and problems 102 to 108 inclusive. Understand
64,
that the power loss in the field windings means the power
loss in the entire field circuit.
fc ^-"" CHAPTER XII.

2
1 I
Page 127, Equation (2), third term should be - - cos 2 cut
Page 131,/psebtem 12, line 2. Should be: i3

= 68 sin (ajt + 90)
Page 140, Droblem 80, line 3. Change 25-cycle to 60-cycle
Page 144rf5roblem 105, line 3. Change 3.8 amperes to 3.4
amperes.
Page 159, prfoblem 207, last line. Change capacity to condensive
reactance.
_ CHAPTER XIII.
Page 180, problem 71, last line. Insert after current: in the
second case.
CHAPTER XIV.
Page 203, problem 52, line 2. Change 157 to 314.
PEOBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
CHAPTER I
RESISTANCE
THE
resistances of ordinary electrical conductors vary directly
as their length and inversely as their cross-section. That is,
R oc
A.
.
If V and W represent the volume and weight of the
conductor the following proportionalities may also be written:
Rt, ,
If the proper constants are used these proportionalities may be

written in the form of equations :
and
where k' = k
V W = density of conductor.
-?*
Since the constants k, k*, and k" are the resistances of conductors
of unit dimensions they are known as the specific resistances, or
the resistivities, of the material, k is usually expressed as ohms
per centimeter cube or as ohms per mil-foot, k per centimeter
cube is the resistance between the opposite faces of a centimeter
cube; k per mil-foot is the resistance of a wire one foot long and
No-no. In| all problems marked with an asterisk (*) the approximate method
for calculating the resistance given in Chapter I should be used.
2 PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
of one circular mil cross section, that is, 0.001 inch in diameter.
Since the cross sections of circular conductors vary as the squares-
of their diameters the circular milage of a wire is the square of the
diameter expressed in thousandths of an inch.
There a convenient method for obtaining the approximate
is
resistance of copper wire of the Brown and Sharpe gage. It is

based on the fact that the resistan.ce of 1000 feet of No. 10 wire
M. i -
i
1K*1 *V*eu*- %<*rp |r9 x.M'?< iv
isapproximately 1 ohmând that the weight is approximately
31.5 pounds. For every third number of smaller wire the
resistance doubles and for every third number of larger wire the
resistance is halved; thus No. 13 has a resistance of 2 ohms per
1000 feet, No. 16 a resistance of 4 ohms per 1000 feet, and No. 4
a resistance of 0.25 ohm per 1000 feet. The resistance of the
second and third numbers is 1.26 and 1.59 respectively times
the resistance of the first. Thus the resistance of No. 17 is 5.04
ohms and of No. 18, 6.36 ohms per 1000 feet.
The resistance of the majority of electrical conductors increases
with the temperature, and with pure metals this increase is about
0.4 per cent per degree centigrade above zero.
Rt= R (1 + a*),
R =#
tl (1 4- a^).
If R (resistance at deg. cent.) is eliminated from these equa-

tions the difference in temperature (^ - t) is found to be
The formula recommended by the American Institute of Elec-

trical Engineers for calculating the rise in temperature in
electrical apparatus by resistance measurements is
&-0 - (238.1 +
PROBLEMS
1. No. 12 copper wire (diameter = 0.0^08
If the resistance of
inch) is 1.59 ohms per thousand feet, what is the resistance of

five miles of No. 00 trolley wire (diameter = 0.365 inch)?
2. the density of aluminum is 0.097 pound per cubic inch,

If
what will be the cost of 10 miles of 750,000 circular mil aluminum

cable at 30 cents a pound?
RESISTANCE 3
3. the resistance of No. 6 copper wire (diameter = 0.162

If
inch) is 0.394 ohm per thousand feet, what is the resistance per
mile of 500,000 circular mil copper cable?
4. A copper rod 1.27 centimeters in diameter and 1.362 meters
long has a resistance of 0.000182 ohm. What is the resistance of
10 miles of No. 8 copper wire which has a diameter of 0.1285
inch?
6. An aluminum rod 0.673 inch in diameter and 1.243 meters
long has a resistance of 0.000148 ohm. What is the resistance of
3 miles of 750,000 circular mil aluminum cable?
6. Two
solenoids are exactly alike in every particular except
that one is wound with German silver wire and the other with
lala wire. The resistivity of the German silver wir is22 times
that of copper, while the resistivity of /a/a wire is 29 times that
of copper. If the resistance of the first coil is 47 ohms, what is
the resistance of the second?

7. A
No. 0000 copper feeder 0.460 inch in diameter is to be
replaced by an aluminum one of the same length and resistance.
If the conductivity of aluminum is 62 per cent that of copper,
what will be the circular milage of the aluminum feeder?
8. A copper bar 1.87 centimeters in diameter has a resistance
of 0.000150 ohm. What will be its resistance when drawn into
No. 24 wire (diameter = 0.0201 inch)?
9. The
resistance of a copper rod 1 inch in diameter and 10
feet long is 0.000102 ohm. What will be its resistance when
drawn into a wire 0.1 inch in diameter?
10. A
copper rod 0.75 inch in diameter and 15.1 feet long has
a resistance of 0.000274 ohm. What will be its resistance when
drawn into a wire 18.0 kilometers long?
11. An aluminum
conductor 10 feet long and 1 inch in diam-
eter has a resistance of 0.000165 ohm. How many feet per ohm
are there in 250,000 circular mil aluminum cable?
12. A
conductor 50 feet long weighing 20 pounds has a resist-
ance of 0.00395 ohm. What is the resistance of a conductor of
the same material 200 feet long weighing 10 pounds?
13. For No. 12 copper wire there is 0.0802 ohm per pound
and for No. 20 there are 3.28 ohms per pound. If the diameter
of No. 12 is 0.0808 inch, what is the diameter of No. 20?
.4 PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
14. A
copper bar 5 meters long weighing 20 kilograms has a
resistance of 0.000195 ohm. What will be its resistance when
drawn into No. 24 wire which is 0.0201 inch in diameter? Copper
weighs 0.32 pound per cubic inch.
15.the specific resistance of copper is 1.62 microhms per
If
centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is its resistivity per mil-foot

at this temperature?
16. If the resistance of German silver is 215 ohms per mil-foot,

what is its resistance per meter-gram? The specific gravity of
German silver is 8.5.
17. the specific resistance of copper is 1.62 microhms per

If
centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is its resistance per inch

cube at this temperature?
If
centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is the resistance of a copper
wire 5 kilometers long and 4 millimeters in diameter at this
temperature?
19. the resistance of aluminum is 2.74 microhms per centi-
If
meter cube, what is the resistance of 5 miles of 460,000 circular
mil aluminum cable?
If
centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is the resistance of a copper

conductor 5 miles long and 0.46 inch in diameter at this tem-
perature?
21. the resistance of aluminum is 16.5 ohms per mil-foot,
If
what will be the resistance of 5 miles of 250,000 circular mil
aluminum cable?
22. the resistance of copper is 10.2 ohms per mil-foot, what
If
is the resistance of a copper bar 0.512 inch square and 3.674 feet
long?
23.the specific resistance of copper is 0.145 ohm per meter-
If
gram at deg. cent., what will be the resistance, at this tem-

perature, of 10 miles of No. 8 copper wire which weighs 50 pounds
per 1000 feet?
24. the resistance of copper is 1.70 microhms per centimeter
If
cube at 20 deg. cent., what is the resistance of 3 miles of 250,000
circular mil copper cable at this temperature?
RESISTANCE 5
25. the resistance of German silver is 3.5 ohms per meter-

If
gram, what will be the resistance of 1250 feet of No. 20 German

silver wire weighing 3.93 pounds?
26. the specific resistance of copper is 0.145 ohm per meter-

If
gram at deg. cent., what will be the resistance of 10 kilometers

of wire 2.5 millimeters in diameter at this temperature? The
specific gravity of copper is 8.9.
27. the specific resistance of mercury is 94 microhms per

If
centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is the resistance, at this
temperature, of the mercury contained within a glass tube 1.327
meters long and 0.42 millimeter in diameter?
28. the resistance of copper is 10.2 ohms per mil-foot, what
If
is the resistance of a copper tube which has inner and outer radii
of 0.5 and 0.75 inch respectively and a length of 5.24 feet?
29. A copper tube has an inner diameter of 1 inch and a thick-

ness of 0.25 inch. If the thickness of the tube alone be increased
to 0.375 inch increasing the outer diameter,
by by what per cent
will the resistance of the tube be affected?
30. A
copper rod 0.82 inch in diameter has a resistance of
0.000087 ohm. A copper tube of the same length has a thickness
of 0.25 inch. What should be the outer diameter of the tube in
order that it may have the same resistance as the rod?
31. the resistance of aluminum is 0.0745 ohm per meter-
If
gram and its density is 0.097 pound per cubic inch, what will be
the resistance of 10 miles of 500,000 circular mil aluminum
cable?
No. 30 lala wire has a resistance of 3005 ohms per 1000
32.
feet and there are 3450 feet per pound. What is its resistance
per meter-gram?
33. The resistance of German silver wire is 215 ohms per mil-
foot. If No. 16 German silver wire (diameter = 0.051 inch)
costs 75 cents a pound, what will be the cost of a coil of No. 16
wire whose resistance is 40 ohms? The density of German silver
is pound per cubic inch.
0.31
34. The resistance of lala wire is 50 microhms per centimeter

cube and its specific gravity is 8.4. If double silk covered No. 30
wire (diameter = 0.01 inch) costs $4.50 per pound, what will
a coil of this wire having a resistance of 10,000 ohms cost?
35. A
copper rod having a length of 3 feet 2.84 inches and
an average diameter of 0.405 inch has a resistance of 0.000201
ohm. What is the resistance of copper per mil-foot at this tem-
perature? per centimeter cube?
36. An aluminum
bar with an average cross section of 0.185
square inch and a length of 2.956 feet has a resistance of
0.000207 ohm. What is the resistance of aluminum per mil-
foot at this temperature? per centimeter cube?
37. A
copper wire having a length of 27.42 feet and an aver-
age diameter of 0.0508 inch has a resistance of 0.110. What
is the resistance of copper per mil-foot at the same temper-
ature? If the specific gravity of this wire is 8.9, what is the

resistance of copper per meter-gram at this temperature?
38. A portion of an electrical circuit is composed of 3 coils in

series. From the following data find its resistance.
RESISTANCE 7
* 45. How many feet per ohm are there of No. 28 lala wire
which has a resistivity of about
29 times that of copper?
46. At deg. cent, an aluminum rod 0.914 meter long and
1.57 centimeters in diameter has a resistance of 0.000123 ohm.
What is the resistance of aluminum per mil-foot at 20 deg. cent.?
The temperature coefficient is 0.4 per cent per degree centigrade.
47. The resistance of copper at 15 deg. cent, is 1.68 microhms
per centimeter cube. What is the resistance of 5 miles of No.

10 copper wire (diameter = 0.102 inch) at 85 deg. fahr.? The
temperature coefficient is 0.004 per degree centigrade.
48. The resistance of the field ofa shunt generator at the room
temperature of 62 deg. fahr. is 32.7 ohms. What is its tempera-
ture when the resistance is 36.9 ohms?
49. The
cold resistance of the armature of a generator (at
20.5 deg. cent.) is 0.046 ohm. After running under load the
resistance becomes 0.052 ohm. What is the rise in temperature?
CHAPTER II
OHM'S LAW
IF the current has the same value at every point in an electric

circuit it is numerically equal to the resultant e.m.f. acting on
the circuit divided by the resistance of the circuit. In the pre-
ceding sentence the word "circuit" may mean a complete, or
closed, electric circuit or it may be applied to a part of the com-
plete circuit. The resultant e.m.f. is the algebraic sum of all
the e.m.fs. acting on the circuit. For series circuits the cur-
rent is the same at all points and the total resistance is the sum
of the resistances. For circuits in parallel the impressed e.m.f.
is the same for the branches, and if there are no other e.m.fs.
all
acting in any of them the currents will divide inversely as the

resistances. The total current supplied to a number of parallel
circuits is evidently equal to the sum of the currents in the
several branches.
The e.m.f. of a battery is the potential difference at
its terminals when there is no current through it. If the
battery is energy a part of its e.m.f. is used to
delivering
supply the ohmic drop due to the current through the resist-
ance of the battery itself and thus the potential difference
at the battery terminals is reduced as the current output
increases. If a battery is receiving energy, for example a
storage battery which is being charged, the voltage impressed

on the battery terminals must be sufficient to balance the
e.m.f. of the battery and to supply the ohmic drop necessary
to maintain the charging current through the resistance of the
battery.
In the problems involving measuring instruments the resist-
ances of the voltmeters and ammeters are assumed to be con-
stant, and thus their deflections are proportional to the currents
through them.
OHM'S LAW 9
PROBLEMS
* 1. Whatthe resistance of 5 miles of No. 0000 feeder in
is
parallel with the same length of No. 00 trolley wire?

2. A slide wire of 10 ohms resistance is connected between the
points M
and N. Across what portion of this wire must a re-
sistance of 5 ohms be placed so that the total resistance between
M and N
shall be 5 ohms?
3. A number of resistances are connected as shown by Fig. 1.

Find the resistance between the points A and B.
4. A storage battery whose e.m.f is 25 volts and internal
.
resistance 0.5 ohm is connected to a circuit whose resistance is

4 ohms. What current does the battery supply? What is the
voltage impressed on the circuit?
5. A
battery whose e.m.f. is 6 volts delivers 2 amperes to a
resistance of 2.7 ohms connected across its terminals. What is
the battery resistance?
6. The open-circuit potential difference of a storage battery
is 6.6 volts. This battery will maintain a current of 3 amperes at
a potential difference of 5.85 volts. What is the battery resist-
ance?
7. Two batteries whose e.m.fs. are 6.3 volts and 10.5 volts
and whose internal resistances are 0.15 ohm and 0.2 ohm respec-
tively are connected in series with a circuit of 2 ohms resistance.
What be the value of the current? If they are connected in
will
series and in opposition what will be the value of the current?
8. A battery whose e.m.f. is 10 volts and internal resistance

1 ohm has connected across its terminals two coils in parallel of
5 ohms and 10 ohms resistance. What is the potential difference
at the battery terminals?
9. A
storage battery whose e.m.f. is 18 volts will maintain a
current of 8.8 amperes through a resistance of 1.95 ohms con-
nected across its terminals. What current will
it supply if this
circuit be replaced by one having a resistance of 1.14 ohms?

10. A
battery whose e.m.f. is 6.3 volts is supplying 1.15
amperes at 5.75 volts to a coil having a resistance of 5 ohms.
What current would exist through a coil of 5 ohms resistance
placed in parallel with the first?
11. A
storage battery which gives 32.5 amperes on short cir-
cuit will supply a current of 7.5 amperes to a resistance of 1.2
ohms connected across its terminals. What is the e.m.f. of the
battery?
12. A
storage battery whose internal resistance is 0.18 ohm
has a resistance of 12 ohms permanently connected across its
terminals. This battery is supplying a current of 5 amperes at
7.8 volts to another resistance which is connected 'across its
terminals. What is the e.m.f. of the battery?
13. Two batteries whose e.m.fs. are 10 volts and 15 volts
and whose internal resistances are 1 ohm and 2 ohms respectively
are connected in parallel to a circuit to which each is supplying
energy. If the current through the first battery is 2 amperes
what is the total current supplied?
14.two batteries which will each supply a current of 25
If
amperes on short circuit are connected in series in conjunction

with a resistance of 2 ohms, a current of 5 amperes will be estab-
lished through the circuit. If the batteries are connected in
series but in opposition with the same resistance only 2 amperes
will exist through the circuit. What are the e.m.fs. and internal
resistances of the batteries?
15. Each a storage battery has an e.m.f. of 2.1 volts
cell of
and a resistance of 0.12 ohm. Will the battery supply more

current to a circuit whose resistance is 0.09 ohm when the cells
are connected in series or in parallel? For what resistance in
the external circuit will the battery supply the same current for
the series as for the parallel connection?
16. A battery whose e.m.f. is 17 volts and internal resistance
0.21 ohm is supplying 8 amperes to a circuit consisting of a coil
OHM'S LAW 11
of 2.4 ohmsin parallel with an unknown resistance. What is the

value of this unknown resistance?
17. A battery whose internal resistance is 0.18 ohm is supply-
ing current at a potential difference of 7.2 volts to two coils in
parallel. If the resistance of the first is 0.93 ohm and the current
through the second is 4.6 amperes, what is the current through

the battery? What is the battery e.m.f.?
18. A
battery whose internal resistance is 0.5 ohm supplies
3 amperes to a circuit consisting of two coils of 1 ohm and 2 ohms
resistance in parallel. What would be the potential difference
at the battery terminals if an additional coil of 5 ohms resistance
were placed in parallel with the other two?
19. Given a battery whose e.m.f. is E and internal resistance
RB, and two coils of R x and R y ohms resistance. For what value
of R x will the current through Ry be the same whether the
coils are connected in series or in parallel across the battery
terminals ?
20. Given a battery of 10 volts e.m.f. and 1 ohm internal

resistance and two coils of 5 and 10 ohms resistance. Will the
potential across the 10-ohm resistance be greater when the coils
are connected in series or in parallel across the battery terminals?
21. In problem 20 what additional resistance must be inserted
in series with the battery so that the potential across the 10-ohm
resistance will be the same for the series as for parallel connection
of the 5 and 10-ohm coils?
22. A
storage battery whose internal resistance is 0.3 ohm is
connected in parallel with a resistance of 21 ohms across 110- volt
mains. the total current supplied
If is 32 amperes, what is the
e.m.f. of the battery?
23. What resistance must be connected in series with a storage

battery whose e.m.f. is resistance 0.24 ohm
21 volts and internal
so that a charging current of 5 amperes will be established through
the battery when connected across 110-volt mains?
24. Two resistances of 5 and 10 ohms are connected in parallel
across an unknown voltage. If the total current is 35 amperes
what is the current through each? What is the unknown voltage?
26. When two resistances are connected in series across 110-
volt mains they take a current of 3 amperes. If they are con-
nected in parallel across the same voltage the total current is 20
amperes. What are the resistances?
26. A copper tube which has an inner diameter of one inch and
a thickness of one-sixteenth inch is filled with mercury. If the
resistance of the copper tube alone is 0.000085 ohm what is the
resistance of the combination? The specific resistance of mer-
cury is 59 times that of copper.
In problem 26 if a potential difference of 1.2 millivolts is
27.
applied to the ends of the copper tube filled with mercury, what
will be the value of the current? What will be the current den-
sity in the copper? in the mercury?
* 28.
Twenty incandescent lamps each taking approximately
0.5 ampere are installed at a distance of 110 feet from 112-volt
mains. What is the smallest size wire that should be run from
the mains to the lamps in order that the potential at the lamps
may not fall below 109 volts?
Fig. 2
29. A number of resistances are connected as shown in Fig. 2.

The resistance R x between the terminals A and B is of unknown
value. The currents through R and R are 5 and 2 amperes
l 2
respectively. the internal resistance of the battery is 0.9 ohm

If
what is its e.m.f.? What is the value of the unknown resistance
K?
R^
= 2.0 ohms.
R2
= 1.4 ohms.
#3
= 0.7 ohm.
R 4
= 0.3 ohm.
R = 6.5 ohms.
B UNIVERSITY
j
\CîFRg^/
OHM'S LAW 13
30. Two batteries B l

and B
are supplying energy to a circuit
2
as shown in Fig. 3. Their internal resistances are 0.4 ohm and

1.0 ohm respectively. The currents in three of the branches are
Scrmjty
A/WW H
/5 amjo
*,
to amp.
Fig. 3
indicated in the figure. What are the battery e.m.fs. and what
is the unknown resistance R X 1
R,= 0.2 ohm.

R = 0.2 ohm.
2
#3 = R = R 5 4
1 ohm.
31. An unknown connected between the trolley

resistance is
and the rail of an electric road which is operating at a potential

of 550 volts. If the midpoint of this resistance is connected to
the rail by a 20-ohm coil there will be a current of 5 amperes
through the latter. What is the unknown resistance?
32. Two
voltmeters whose resistances are 17,238 ohms and
5,212 ohms are connected in series across 180 volts. What will
each instrument read?
33. Two
voltmeters having full scale deflections of 150 and 50
volts and resistances of 17,136 and 5,364 ohms respectively are
connected in series with an extension coil of 7,500 ohms resist-
ance across 220-volt mains. What will each instrument read?
34. A 150-scale voltmeter 17,527 ohms is
whose resistance is
connected in series with an unknown high resistance across 220-

volt mains. If the voltmeter reads 138.5 volts what is the value
of the unknown resistance?
35. In order to measure a difference in potential in the neigh-
borhood of 500 volts a resistance coil of 3000 ohms is connected
between the points and across one-third of this coil is connected a

voltmeter of 3000 ohms resistance. If the voltmeter reads 138
volts, what is the potential between the given points?
36. measure a potential difference in the neigh-
It is desired to
borhood of 600 volts. Only two voltmeters are available, having
ranges of 150 volts and 500 volts respectively. They are used
in series and the reading of the first is 146 volts. The resistance
of this voltmeter is 15,389 ohms and of the other, 48,151 ohms.
What the total potential difference? If the resistance of the
is
first voltmeter had been 18,151 ohms, would the measurement

have been practicable?
The only available apparatus for measuring a potential
37.
difference known to be a little greater than 127 volts is a 15-scale
voltmeter of 1,564 ohms resistance, and two coils of 10,000 and
1,000 ohms respectively. The voltmeter can be read to 0.01
volt. What method of measurement will give the best precision?
If the potential difference is 132 volts what will the voltmeter
read?
In problem 37 what is the greatest voltage that can be
38.
measured? If the potential difference w ere approximately 120
r
volts what method would give the best precision?

In order to measure a trolley voltage of about 600 volts
39.
with a voltmeter having a 150-volt scale and a resistance of
7,547 ohms, a high resistance of 25,000 ohms is connected from
the trolley to the rail and the voltmeter connected across a
section of it having a resistance of 10,000 ohms. If the volt-
meter reading is 139.5 volts what is the trolley voltage? Could
the 25,000-ohm resistance have been used as an extension
coil?
In problem 39 if the voltmeter had been one having a high

40.
resistance, say 15,126 ohms, across what portion of the 25,000-
ohm resistance would it have been necessary to connect it in
order that it might have read the same, viz., 139.5? Could the
25,000-ohm resistance have been used as an extension coil with
this voltmeter?
41. a 25-ampere ammeter which has a

It is desired to use
resistance of 0.002 ohm with a shunt to give a full scale
deflection of 100 amperes. What shunt resistance should be
used?
OHM'S LAW 15
42. The resistance of a millivoltmeter and

connecting leads
its
is 1 ohm and its full scale deflection is 50 millivolts when used
with the leads. What is the resistance of an extension coil

with which the instrument will give a full scale deflection of
150 volts? of 50 volts?
43. In problem 42 the connecting leads of the millivoltmeter
if
have a resistance of 0.1 ohm what is the actual voltage across the
terminals of the instrument when the pointer registers 30 milli-
volts? What shunt resistance should be used when the instru-
ment, with its leads, is to be used as an ammeter to give a full
scale deflection of 50 amperes? of 100 amperes?
44. It is desired to measure a current of constant value in the
neighborhood of 25 amperes, the only available apparatus being
a 10-scale ammeter, a 5-scale ammeter, and a shunt of unknown
resistance. When the first ammeter and shunt are connected
in parallel in the circuit the instrument reads 7.54 amperes and
when the other ammeter is used in parallel with the shunt it
reads 4.16 amperes. If the resistance of the ammeters be 0.0025
ohm and 0.005 ohm respectively what is the current in the
circuit?
45. To increase the range of a 50-scale ammeter whose resist-
ance is 0.0005 it is shunted with a resistance of 0.0003 ohm. If
the instrument reads 43.2 amperes what is the total current in
the circuit?
46. Adirect reading millivoltmeter when connected in series
in a circuit indicates the current in milliamperes. What is its
resistance?
47. A low resistance,R, is measured with a 25-scale ammeter

(7) and a 50-scale millivoltmeter (E) as shown by the full lines
in Fig. 4. The resistances of the instruments are 0.001 and 1.0

ohm respectively. If the ammeter reads 18.6 amperes and the
voltmeter 47.3 millivolts what is the value of R1
48. In problem 47 if the voltmeter had been connected out-
side of the ammeter, as shown by the dotted line, and the instru-
ments had read as before, what would have been the value of Rl
jji
49. In problems 47 and 48 if it be assumed that R = which
method of connecting the voltmeter will give the more accurate

result? What is the percentage error for each method?
50. A
high resistance, R, is measured with a 50-scale milli-
ammeter (/) and a 150-scale voltmeter (E), as shown by the
full lines in figure. The resistances of the instruments are
Fig. 5
1 ohm and 17,587 ohms respectively. If the ammeter reads

42.1 milliamperes and the voltmeter 137.4 volts what is the
value of #?
TjjT
51. If it be assumed that R = which method of connecting
the voltmeter, inside or outside of the ammeter, will give the

better precision when measuring a resistance of about 10,000
ohms? a resistance of 0.001 ohm? For an idea of the com-
parative resistances of the instruments see problems 47 and
50.
52. A car at the end of a 5-mile trolley line takes 75 amperes.

The station voltage is 550 volts and the trolley wire is No. 00,
which has a resistance of 0.42 ohm per mile. What is the shortest
length of No. 0000 feeder that can be run from the station in
parallel with the trolley to give a maximum drop of 80 volts to
this car? The resistance of No. 0000 copper wire is 0.259 ohm
per mile.
OHM'S LAW 17
53. Two banks of 110- volt incandescent

lamps are connected
in series across 220-volt mains. There are 25 lamps in parallel
in one bank and 15 lamps in parallel in the other. If the normal
current taken by each lamp across 110 volts is 0.9 ampere and its
resistance is assumed constant, what will be the voltage across
each set of lamps for this unbalanced condition?
54. At the end a transmission line which has a total resist-
of
ance of 0.092 ohm there is a constant load of 200 lamps in parallel
with a motor load which takes a current that varies from zero to
200 amperes. The normal current taken by one lamp across
110 volts is 0.46 ampere and its resistance may be assumed con-
stant. If the station voltage is 120 what will be the extreme
voltages at the load?

55. In problem 54 over what range must the station voltage
be adjustable so that the voltage at the load may be kept constant
at 110 volts under all conditions of motor load?
CHAPTER III
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS
KIRCHHOFF'S laws are a development and extension of Ohm's

law. They have a wide application in direct and alternating
currents, and similar principles are useful in determining the
fluxes in some magnetic circuits and the distribution of charges
in systems of condensers. They may be stated as follows:
I. At any junction the algebraic sum of the currents is zero;
that is, the sum toward a junction equals
of the currents directed
the sum of the currents directed away from the junction.
II. In any closed electric circuit the algebraic sum of the
impressed e.m.fs. and the reactive e.m.fs. equals the algebraic
sum of the dissipative voltages. For steady direct currents this
may be simplified as follows: In any closed electric circuit the
algebraic sum of the impressed e.m.fs. equals the algebraic sum
of the ohmic drops.
In applying these laws to the solution of problems involving
electric circuits the following simple conventions will be found
very useful:
1. Place one arrow on each branch to show the direction of
the current assumed in that branch. This arrow may be placed

at will. Then at any junction the currents towards the junction
will be called positive and those away from the junction will be
called negative. The algebraic sum of the currents at any junc-
tion is zero. If in the solution of a problem the value of a current
is positive the arrow shows the actual direction of the current,
on the other hand, if the value of the current is negative the

actual direction of flow is opposite to the direction of the arrow.
2. Indicate by plus ( + ) and minus ( ) signs the direction
in which each e.m.f. acts or is assumed to act. When passing

through an e.m.f. from to + (a rise in voltage) call it positive,
and when passing through an e.m.f. from -f to (a fall in
voltage) call it negative. When passing through a resistance
in the assumed direction of the current (a fall in voltage) call the
18
KIBCHHOFF'S LAWS 19
ohmic drop negative, and when passing through a resistance in a

direction opposed to the assumed direction of current (a rise in
voltage) call the ohmic drop positive. The algebraic sum of all
the voltages thus taken around any closed circuit is zero.
A similar convention may be applied to the solution of magnetic
circuits. The solution thus obtained will not be exact on account
of the magnetic leakage which always occurs to a greater or
lesser extent, but it will probably give an indication of the actual
condition.
Whenthese laws are applied to the solution of problems in-
volving networks of condensers, each condenser should be treated
as a source of e.m.f. and its terminals marked accordingly. A
further extension of the first law is also necessary. About any
insulated junction the charges must all be of the nature of induced
charges and their algebraic sum must be zero.
If all these conventions are strictly adhered to the solution
of problems will be greatly facilitated.
PROBLEMS
1. Two batteries whose e.m.fs. are 10 volts and 15 volts and
whose internal resistances are ohm 1 ohms respectively
and 2
have their positive terminals connected to one end of a coil of
5 ohms resistance and their negative terminals connected to the
opposite end. What current is each battery supplying to this
resistance?
whose internal resistances are 1 ohm and 2 ohms respectively
have their positive terminals connected to one end of a variable
resistance and their negative terminals connected to the opposite
end. For what value of this variable resistance will the currents
through the batteries be the same?
In problem 2 for what value of the variable resistance will
3.
the current through one of the batteries be zero?

whose internal resistances are 1 ohm and 2 ohms respectively
have their positive terminals connected to one end of a slide
wire of 10 ohms resistance. The negative terminal of the first
battery attached to the extreme end of the slide wire, while the
is
negative terminal of the second battery may be connected by a

slider to any point on the For what position of the
wire.
slider will the current through the first battery have its greatest
value?
5. An arranged as in problem 4. For
electrical circuit is
what position of the slider will the current through the second
battery have its greatest value? its least value?
whose internal resistances are 1 ohm and
2 ohms respectively
are connected in series in conjunction to a resistance of 10 ohms.
A resistance of 5 ohms is now connected between the middle
point of the 10-ohm resistance and the battery terminals which
are in direct contact. What is the current in each part of the
circuit?

whose internal resistances are 1 ohm and 1.5 ohms respectively
have their positive terminals connected to one end of a variable
resistance and their negative terminals to the opposite end.
For what value of this resistance will the heat generated in it be
a maximum?
In problem 7 for what value of the variable resistance
8. will
the output of the 5-volt battery have its greatest value?
In problem 7 for what value of the variable resistance
9. will
the output of the 10-volt battery have its greatest value?
whose internal resistances are 3 ohms and 1 ohm
respectively
are connected in series in conjunction to a slide wire of 10 ohms
resistance. A
resistance of 5 ohms is now connected between
the battery terminals which are in direct contact and a point on
the slide wire. For what point of contact on the slide wire will
the current through the 5-ohm resistance be zero? What is the
current through each battery for this case?
In problem 10. for what point of contact on the slide wire
11.
will the current through the 5-ohm resistance have its greatest
value? What is this greatest current?
whose internal resistances are 3 ohms and 1 ohm respectively are
connected in series in opposition to a slide wire of 10 ohms. A
resistance of 5 ohms is now connected between the battery termi-
KIRCH HOFF'S LAWS 21
nals which are in direct contact and a point on the slide wire.
For what point of contact on the slide wire will the current
through the 5-ohm resistance have its least value? What is the
current through each battery for this case?
13. In problem 12 for what point of contact on the slide wire
will the current through the 5-ohm resistance have its greatest
value? What is this greatest current?
Three dissimilar batteries have e.m.fs. of 10, 15, and 20

14.
volts and internal resistances of 5, 3, and 2 ohms respectively.
Their positive terminals are connected to a point A and their
negative terminals to a point B. Find the current through each
battery and the potential difference between A and B.
15. Two batteries A B
having e.m.fs. of 5 volts and
and
20 volts and internal resistances of 1 ohm and 2 ohms respec-
tively are connected in parallel between points a and b. The
e.m.fs. of both act from a to b. A third battery C is also
connected between a and b and its resistance is 5 ohms. Find
its e.m.f. in order that the power loss in Q may equal the com-
bined power loss in A and B.

16. Three batteries whose e.m.fs. are 10, 15, and 20 volts and
whose internal resistances are 1, 2, and 3 ohms respectively
have their positive terminals connected together. The negative
terminals of the first two batteries are connected to the ends
of a slide wire of 10 ohms resistance, and the negative terminal
of the third battery is connected, through a resistance of 5 ohms,
to a point on the slide wire by means of a slider. For what
position of the slider will the current through the third battery
have its greatest value?
In problem 16 for what position of the slider
17. will the
current through the third battery have its least value?
Three batteries whose e.m.fs. are 10, 15, and 20 volts
18.
and internal resistances 1, 2, and 3 ohms respectively have their
positive terminals connected together. The negative terminals
of the first and third are connected to the ends of a slide wire of
10 ohms resistance, and the negative terminal of the second is
connected, through a resistance of 5 ohms, to a point on the
slide wire by means of a slider. For what position of the slider
willthe potential difference across the terminals of the second
battery have its greatest value? its least value?
19. Two batteries whose e.m.fs. are 10 volts and 20 volts
and whose internal resistances are 2 ohms and 3 ohms respec-
tively have their positive terminals connected together, and their
negative terminals connected to the. ends of .a slide wir.e of ,10
A
ohms resistance. A xi,- J u , _,
third battery
V* its
i i _
negative
**
*V<*"^
terminal
*M
? -
.
JL^
okm
^has
connected to the positive terminals of the other two and its
positive terminal connected, through a resistance of 5 ohms,
to the slide wire by means of a slider. For what position of the
slider will the heating loss in the 5-ohm resistance have its
greatest value?
20. In problem 19 for what position of the slider will the
heating loss in the 5-ohm resistance have its least value?
21. A trolley road in the
form of an oval 5 miles long has two
cars on it taking 100 amperes and 50 amperes as shown in
Fig. 6. The trolley wire is No. 00, having a resistance of 0.41
ohm per mile, and a No. 0000 feeder having a resistance of

0.26 ohm per mile is carried from the station (S) to a point (A),
a distance of 1.5 miles. If the resistance of the rail return is
neglected and the station voltage is 550, what is the voltage at
each car?
22. In problem 21 if the resistance of the rail return is 0.05
ohm per mile, what is the voltage between the trolley wire and
the rail at each car?
23. A trolley road extends for a distance of 5 miles out from
a 550-volt power station. The trolley wire is No. 00, which has
a resistance of 0.41 ohm per mile, and a No. 0000 feeder, which
has a resistance of 0.26 ohm per mile, is run in parallel with the
trolley wire for a distance of 3 miles out from the station. The
latter is tied to the trolley wire every quarter of a mile. The
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 23
resistance of the rail return is 0.04 ohm per mile. There are
two on the line; the first, taking 80 amperes, is 2 miles
cars out
from the station, and the other, taking 60 amperes, is 4 miles
from the station. What is the voltage at each car?
24. The map of a trolley line is given in Fig. 7, and there are
cars taking current at the points indicated. The trolley wire is
rcctmp ^-^7 ? ^S
t.Smt/jf osmi.
so amp.
Fig. 7
No. 00, having a resistance of 0.41 ohm per mile, and three
No. 0000 feeders, having a resistance of 0.26 ohm per mile, run
from the station ($), the first to the point A, a distance of 1 mile,
and the others to points B and C, one mile on either side of
the station. The latter two are connected to the trolley wire
every quarter of a mile. If the station voltage is 550 and the
resistance of the rail return is neglected, what is the voltage at
each car?
25. In problem 24 if the resistance of the rail return is 0.04
ohm per mile, what is the voltage between the trolley wire and
the rail at each car?
so amp.
26. The map a small trolley road is given in Fig. 8, and

of
there are five cars taking current as indicated. The trolley is all
No. 00, having a resistance of 0.41 ohm per mile, and there are
two No. 0000 feeders (resistance per mile = 0.26 ohm), one a
mile long carried from the station (S) across the loop to a point A,
and the other running along the main line 2 miles to the right
and 1 mile to the left of the station. The latter is tied to the
trolley wire every quarter of a mile. If the resistance of the rail

return is 0.04 ohm
per mile and the station voltage is 550, what
is the voltage between the trolley wire and the rail at each
car?
27. A trolley road is in the form of a loop 9 miles long, and the
character of the country is such that on leaving the station a
car takes 50 amperes for the first 3 miles, 90 amperes for the
next 3 miles, and 20 amperes for the remaining 3 miles. Three
cars run around the route at regular intervals (3 miles apart).
If the resistance of the trolley wire is 0.41 ohm per mile and the
resistance of the rail return be neglected, when and at what
point will the voltage of the trolley have its least value? If the
station voltage is 600 what will be this lowest voltage? If the
resistance of the rail return is 0.05 ohm per mile what will be
the lowest trolley voltage?
28. A
5-mile trolley road receives energy from a 550-volt
power station which is situated at one end of the road. The
trolley wire is No. 00 and a No. 0000 feeder is run from the
station to a point 3 miles out on the line. The latter is connected
to the trolley wire only at each end. The trolley wire has a
resistance of 0.41 ohm per mile, the feeder 0.26 ohm per mile, and
the rail return 0.04 ohm per mile. There are two cars, each
taking 80 amperes, which start at the same time from the ends
of the line and run toward each other at the same speed. What
is the lowest voltage that exists between the trolley and the rail?
At what point and when does the trolley voltage have this
minimum value?
29. problem 28 the No! 0000 feeder is tied to the trolley
If in
every half mile and the cars are running as stated, what is the
lowest voltage that exists between the trolley and the
At what point and when does the trolley voltage have this
minimum value?
. 30. A
single-track trolley road extending 4 miles from the
power station has a No. 00 trolley wire (resistance = 0.41 ohm
per mile) and a No. 0000 feeder (resistance
= 0.26 ohm per mile)
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 25
which extends 2 miles out from the station. This feeder is tied
to the trolley wire every half mile. There are two cars, one a
mile and three-quarters from the station taking 90 amperes, and
another at the end of the line taking 100 amperes. If the
station voltage is 550 and the resistance of the rail return is
neglected, what is the voltage at each car?
31. The circuits of a trolley road are arranged as in problem 30.
There is a constant load of -%K amperes at the end of the line. At
what point between points one and a and two miles from
half
the station will the voltage at a car taking 90 amperes have its
least value?
32. A trolley road is in the form

of a loop 9 miles long. The
trolley wire is No. 00, and there are 3 miles of No. 0000 feeder
extending from the station across the loop to a point on the line
4 miles (by rail) from the station. There are three cars running
around the loop 3 miles apart, and each car takes 60 amperes
continuously. The resistance of No. 00 trolley wire is 0.41 ohm
per mile, of No. 0000 feeder 0.26 ohm per mile, and the resistance
of the rail return is 0.035 ohm per mile. If the station voltage is
550 what is the lowest voltage out on the line? At what point
and when will the trolley voltage have this least value?
33. The plan of a 230-volt 3-wire distribution system is given
in Fig. 9. The normal current taken by each lamp across 110
volts is 1.0 ampere. Assuming that the resistance of the lamps
is constant, what is the voltage across each set?
0.2 ohm o
O.35 Ohm -
T~
,5 lamps
"? K ao/amp*
/;
t/svo/fs 15/amoa :?
0.35
-3-
115 voJts
as lamp*
Fig. 9 Fig. 10
In problem 33 if a fuse in the neutral conductor at A is

34.
blown and the resistance of the lamps is assumed constant, what
will be the voltage across each set?

in Fig. 10. The normal current taken by each lamp across 110
volts is 1.0 ampere. Assuming that the resistance of the lamps
is constant, what is the voltage across each set?
In problem 35 if a fuse in the neutral conductor at A is
36.
In problem 35 if a fuse in the neutral conductor at B is

37.

in Fig. 11. The normal current taken by one lamp across 110
volts is 1 ampere, and may be assumed constant.
its resistance
M a series motor which is run intermittently. On starting this
is
motor takes 100 amperes, but while running at full rated load it
takes 60 amperes. What will be the voltage across the lamps
when the motor is starting, running at full load and disconnected
from the line? This method of putting the lamps all on one side
and the motor on the other is a very bad arrangement. See
problem 39.
p. 1 5 ohm
O is ohm -
VOlts f?n/nm**
/ llSvofts
a/5 ohm
i is volts IM\ trsvotts
o /s ohm
Fig. 11 Fig. 12
39. The system given in problem 38 is rearranged as shown in

Fig. 12. The lamp load has been divided, half -of it on each side,
and the 110-volt motor has been replaced by a 220-volt motor
which takes 50 amperes on starting and 30 amperes while running
at full ratedload. Assume that each lamp has thesame resistance
as given in problem 38. What
be the voltage across each
will
set of lamps when the motor is starting, running at full load and
disconnected from the line? This is the best distribution of the
given load. See problem 38.
40. The plan of an energy distribution system is given in
Fig. 13. There are two lamp loads at the points indicated. The
KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 27
normal current taken by one lamp across 110 volts is 0.48 ampere
and its resistance may be assumed constant. If the station
voltage is 118 what is the voltage at each load?
o.i ohm
na so /ampi
I
Fig. 13
41. In problem 40 replace the load of 50 lamps by a series

motor. On starting this motor takes 50 amperes, but when
running under full load the current is 30 amperes. What are
the voltages at the 80-lamp load when the motor is starting,
running at full load and disconnected from the line?
42. The plan an energy distribution system is given in
of
Fig. 14. There are lamp loads taking current at the points
O.i 5 ohm 0.05 o.os
'&*#&.
44. problem 43 the motor load at
If in M
is replaced by a load
of 200 lamps what will be the voltage at the lamps? Each lamp
takes a normal current of 0.52 ampere at 110 volts and its resist-
ance may be assumed constant. The station voltages are given
in problem 43.
o. os ohm
o.os
Fig. 15
45.In Fig. 15 if there are also 100 lamps connected in parallel

with the motor load at M, what will be the extreme range of
voltages at the lamps under the following conditions The normal :
current taken by one lamp across 110 volts is 0.52 ampere and
its resistance may be assumed constant. The current taken by
the motor load varies from to 200 amperes. The station
voltages are as given in problem 43.
so
amp
o. 04 ohm 0.02
IIQ volts
-IOO-*
amp.
Fig. 16
46. The plan an energy distribution system is given in

of
Fig. 16, which shows two loads taking current as indicated. The
system is fed from two stations which are connected in parallel
and whose voltages are 116 and 118, as indicated. What is the
voltage at each load?
KlfiCHHOFF'S LAWS 29
47. A station voltmeter is connected to a 550- volt d. c. circuit

as shown in Fig. 17. The total resistance of the transmission
Fig. 17
line is R . R
a low resistance connected in series with the line,
is
and a high resistance (r t + r 2 ) is connected across the line. The

voltmeter resistance is r. If the current taken by the voltmeter
is negligible compared with the load current show that the
only,
voltmeter will indicate the voltage at l
the load L if r and r 2
are in the correct ratio. What is this ratio in terms of R
and RO?
the voltmeter has a 60-volt scale and a resistance of 5,680
If
ohms, and if the line resistance R is 0.20 ohm and R is 0.024

ohm, what must r 1 and r 2 be so that the voltmeter will be direct
reading (i.e. voltmeter reading of 50 indicates 500 volts at the
load)?
48. Upon the middle member
magnetic circuit each part
of a
of which has a cross section of 5 square inches and a length
as shown in Fig. 18, there is a coil of 50 turns which carries
U a
1
'-
*
o.s in.
air-gap.
Fig. 18
VS>
11 amperes. Assume that p equals -t200 for the iron, and
neglect all leakage except across the given air gap. What is
the flux density in each of the three parts of the magnetic
circuit?
49. A magnetic circuit iscomposed of three parts, on two of
which are wound coils A and B, of 30 and 50 turns respectively.
The cross section of the magnetic circuit excepting the middle
member is 4.5 square inches. The cross section of the middle
member is 6.5 square inches. (See Fig. 19.) The coils A and
Fig. 19
B are in series carrying and are wound so as to pro-

6.5 amperes,
duce magnetic fields that oppose each other on their mutual
circuit (in conjunction relative to the middle member). Assume
that /* equals 1100 and neglect all leakage. What is the flux
density in each part of the magnetic circuit?
In problem 49 what would be the new flux distribution if
60.
an air gap 0.35 inch long were cut in the middle member?
51. Three condensers are arranged as shown in Fig. 20. What
is the ultimate charge on each?
Three condensers are arranged as in Fig. 20. What is the

52.
total energy of the system before and after the points A and B
are short-circuited?
3O YO/fe
si
Fig. 20 Fig. 21

KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS 31

CHAPTER IV
ENERGY AND POWER
ENERGY the capacity which a system possesses for doing

is
work. The practical electrical unit of energy is the joule. It is

the work that one coulomb of electricity will do when supplied
at a difference in potential of one volt. Power is the rate at
which energy is supplied to, or by, a system. The practical
electrical unit of power is the watt.one coulomb per second,
It is
that is, one ampere, supplied at a difference in potential of one
volt. The kilowatt-hour and the kilowatt are the commercial
units of energy and power respectively. The kilowatt-hour is
5
36 X 10 joules and the kilowatt is 1000 watts.
Power being determined by the product of potential and
current is expressed as P = EL This expression for power
is often conveniently transformed by means of Ohm's law to
E 2
P = P R or P = -~- The equivalent resistance, R, is the ratio
of the voltage impressed on the circuit to the current in the

circuit. It may or may not be the real ohmic resistance of
the circuit.
The efficiency of the ratio of the output to the
any system is
input, or it may be conveniently considered as the ratio of

the output to the output plus the losses. The loss in a battery
or a transmission line, for example, is given by the square
of the current into the resistance of the battery or the line.
The rate at which heat is radiated by a body is proportional to
the area of the radiating surface and to the difference in tempera-
ture between the surface and the surrounding medium. If the
heat is generated by an electric current we may write the
following equation which holds after a state of equilibrium is
reached, provided the difference in temperature (T l T2)
is small: PR = KA (T l -T 2 ).
K
the rate at which heat
is is
radiated per unit area per difference of one degree.

32
ENERGY AND POWER 33
PROBLEMS
1. A battery whose e.m.f is 10 volts and internal resistance
.
1 ohm is supplying current to a circuit of 4 ohms resistance.

What is the power loss within the battery? What is its effi-
ciency for this output?

2. A
storage battery which has an open-circuit potential of
6.5 volts delivers 2 amperes at 6.1 volts to a resistance coil
connected across its terminals. What per cent of the power
delivered to the coil is wasted within the battery?
3. What is the maximum output that can be obtained from
a battery whose e.m.f. is 6.3 volts and whose short-circuit
current is 14.2 amperes?
4. A battery whose e.m.f. is 10.5 volts and whose internal
resistance is 0.5 ohm
supplying current to a variable resist-
is
ance placed across its terminals. For what value of this

resistance will the output of the battery have its greatest value?
What the battery efficiency for this output?
is
5. If the greatest output that can be obtained from an 8.4-
volt storage battery is 50 watts what will be its output when a

resistance of 4 ohms is connected across its terminals? What is
its efficiency for this output?
whose internal resistances are 1 ohm and
respectively 2 ohms
are connected in series in conjunction with a variable resistance.
For what value of this resistance will the combined output of
the batteries have greatest value?
its What is this output?
What is the power loss in each battery? What is their combined
efficiency?
7. In problem 6 if the batteries are connected in series, but
in opposition, to the variable resistance, what is the greatest
output of the combination? For this condition of maximum

output what is the output of the 15-volt battery, and what is
the power loss in each battery?

8. If the batteries in problem 6 had been connected in
parallel to the variable resistance what would have been
their maximum output? What would have been the power
loss in each battery? What would have been the efficiency of
each battery?
9. Across the terminals of a storage battery which has an
e.m.f. of 8.7 volts and an internal resistance of 0.3 ohm there
is permanently connected a resistance of 7 ohms. If another
coil of unknown resistance connected in parallel with the
is
7-ohm coil the potential difference at the battery terminals is

7.9 volts. What power is the unknown resistance taking?
In problem 9
10. if the unknown resistance takes a current
of 3 amperes what is the potential difference at the battery
terminals?
In problem 9 what is the greatest power that the
11. coil of
unknown resistance can take from the battery?
12. the selling price of energy is 10 cents per kilowatt-hour
If
what will it cost per day to operate an electric heater that takes
4.3 amperes at 110 volts for 10 hours each day?
13. A
small storage battery which has an average e.m.f. of
6.1 volts and a resistance of 0.2 ohm while charging is connected
in series with a suitable resistance across 110-volt mains. The
battery charged at a rate of 4 amperes for 15 hours. If the
is
price of energy is 15 cents per kilowatt-hour what does it cost to

charge the battery? What would it cost to charge two such
batteries in series at the above rates of charge and cost?
In problem 13 what part of the energy taken from the

14.
mains is wasted in the series resistance wlien one battery is being
charged? when two batteries are being charged?
15. the safe carrying capacity of No. 10 bare copper wire
If
is 50 amperes what is the safe carrying capacity of No. 00 under
the same conditions?

16. the safe carrying capacity of No. 4 bare aluminum
If
wire is 45 amperes what is the safe carrying capacity of No. 6
copper wire insulated with 0.1-inch weather-proof insulation?
Assume that the conductivity of aluminum is 62 per cent of that
of copper at the upper temperatures, that the coefficient of radia-
tion of the insulation is 1.3 that of aluminum, and also that the
allowable temperature rise of the insulated wire is 70 per cent
of that of the bare conductor.
17. A wire whose temperature coefficient

coil of resistance
is 0.0004 per degree fahrenheit above 75 degrees will reach an
ultimate temperature of 150 deg. fahr. if connected across 110

ENERGY AND POWER 35
volts. To what temperature the impressed voltage

will it rise if
is increased 30 per cent? The surrounding air is kept at a constant
temperature of 75 deg. fahr.

18. A
certain alloy has a specific resistance of 525 ohms per
mil-foot at 75 deg. fahr., and a temperature coefficient of 0.0004
per degree fahrenheit above 75 degrees. A
resistance coil of this
material consisting of 130 feet of No. 10 wire (diameter = 0.102
inch) coiled in an open spiral is connected across 110-volt mains.
The temperature of the surrounding air is kept constant at
75 deg. fahr., and the wire radiates heat at the rate of 0.01 watt
per square inch per difference in temperature of 1 deg. fahr.
What will be the ultimate temperature of the coil? At what
rate is energy being supplied to the coil?
19. A resistance No. 30 lala wire (diame-

coil of 10.8 feet of
ter = 0.01 inch) is heated to a temperature of 1100 deg. fahr.
when connected across 110 volts. No. 30 /a/a wire has a
resistance of 3000 ohms per 1000 feet at this temperature. At
what rate must energy be supplied from 110-volt mains to a
coil of No. 10 /a/a wire (diameter = 0.1 inch) to maintain it at
the same temperature?
20. A
cylindrical tank, 6 feet in diameter, filled to a depth of
4 feet 6 inches with water, is in a room which is kept at a constant
temperature of 20 deg. cent. there is also some means for keeping
;
the water at a uniform temperature. Experiment shows that

if the water is heated to 47.2 deg. cent, and then allowed to cool
the temperature decreases sensibly uniformly to 45.1 deg. cent,

in 2 hours and 30 minutes. Design the most economical (least
weight) heating coil of /a/a wire which when immersed in the
tank and connected across 115 volts will keep the water at a
constant temperature of 47 deg. cent. The resistivity of /a/a
wire is 29 times that of copper, and the allowable current for
No. 10 /a/a wire under these conditions (temperature, etc.)
may be taken as 15 amperes. The chosen wire should be of a
stock number (B and S. gauge) and its size may be calculated by
the approximate method.
21. The plan of a 3-wire 230-volt distribution system is given
in Fig. 25. The lamps each take 0.5 ampere. Find the resist-
ance of one lamp in each set and the total sejl? expended in
each set of lamps.
22. The plan of a 3-wire 230- volt distribution
system is given
in Fig. 26. Draw the potential diagram showing the drop in
each of the feeders, and find the impressed voltage at each load.
0.3 ohm 02 O.I ohm O.s.
/S lamps /o amp 20 crm/o.
ss/amjos 20 amp. ioamp.
O.I
Fig. 25 Fig. 26
23. A 3-wire has lamp loads applied at

230-volt system
points as shown in Fig. 27. Each lamp takes 0.5 ampere and
its candlepower varies approximately as the 6th power of the
o./s ohm
ENERGY AND POWER 37
B t
and B 2
are two storage batteries each of 51 cells in series
(2.1 volts, electromotive force and O.Odlohm internal resistance
per cell). Find the voltage at each of the lamp loads.
25. The plan of a 3-wire 230-volt system is shown in Fig. 29.
Calculate the voltage at each lamp load. What will be the
effect of breaking the neutral conductor at A.
o.j ohm o.e
SO
is amp. jo crmjo.
o.s o.J
Fig. 29
In problem 25 assume that the effective resistances of

26.
the lamp loads remain constant. What will be the voltage at
each load if the neutral conductor is broken at Bl
27. In problem 25 assume that the effective resistances of the
lamp loads remain constant. What will be the voltage at each
load if the neutral conductor is broken at C?
28. A
550-volt station delivers 200 amperes to a consumer
over a line which has a resistance of 0.30 ohm. What power
does the consumer take from the line?
29. A
230-volt generator supplies energy over a short line
which has a resistance of 0.54 ohm to a constant load of 15
kilowatts. the existing line is replaced by one with conductors
If
having double the cross-section, by what per cent will the

efficiency of transmission be increased?
* 30. A 230-volt
generator supplies energy over a short line
which has conductors of No. 10 wire to a constant load of 12 kilo-
watts. the potential difference at the load is 214 volts with
If
what size conductors must the existing line be replaced to raise
the potential difference at the load to 220 volts?
* 31. A load of 10 kilowatts is to be delivered at a 190 point
feet from a 230-volt generator. What is the smallest size of
conductors that can be used if the lowest allowable potential
difference at the load is 215 volts?
* 32. A 10-horsepower 220-volt motor which has an efficiency of
88 per cent at full load and
20-candlepower incandescent
fifty
lamps are installed at a distance of 150 feet from a 230- volt
generator. The lamps take 0.3 ampere each at 230 volts and
their resistance may be assumed constant. What is the smallest
size conductors that should be run from the generator to the load
so that the potential at the load will not fall below 220 volts
when the motor is delivering 10 horsepower and the lamps are
all burning?
A
600-volt station supplies energy to a trolley line which
33.
has a resistance of 0.41 ohm per mile. What will be the
voltage at a car taking 70 amperes 2 miles from the station?
What per cent of the power delivered by the station to the line
is received at the car?
34. A 550-volt station delivers energy to a trolley line of
0.41 ohm resistance per mile. There is a single car 2 miles out
from the station which is taking 90 horsepower from the line.
What is the line loss?

35. A 230-volt power station delivers energy to a load taking
200 amperes over a 0.5 mile transmission line having conductors
of 500,000 circular mils cross-section. What is the load in
kilowatts? What is the efficiency of transmission? Assume
that the resistance per mile of conductor is 55,000 -f- circular
mils.
In problem 35 if an additional load of 50 kilowatts is to
36.
be delivered at the same point, what size of conductors must
be run in parallel with the line already constructed in order
that the combined efficiency of the transmission shall be 90 per
cent?
* 37. A
factory receives 25 kilowatts from a 600-volt power
station 0.4 mile away over a line of No. 2 copper wire. Find
the potential difference at the factory.
38. What is the maximum rate at which energy can be
transmitted to a point 3 miles distant from a power station if the
station voltage is 600 and the total line resistance 0.5 ohm per
mile? What is the efficiency of transmission?
39. Two power apart are connected by
stations 2 miles
feeders which have a resistance of 0.05 ohm per mile. The
voltage of one station is 550 and of the other 560. Where
ENERGY AND POWER 39
should a load which connected across the feeders and whose

is
equivalent resistance is 1 ohm be placed so that it will absorb

the maximum possible power?
40. If the maximum
rate at which energy can be trans-
mitted from a 600-volt station over a line whose resistance is
0.3 ohm
per mile to a certain mill is 100 kilowatts, what will be
the transmission efficiency when 25 kilowatts are received at
the mill?
41. A
600-volt power station is delivering 150 kilowatts to a
transmission line whose resistance is 0.25 ohm. What is the
load at the end of the line? What is the efficiency of trans-
mission?
42. A
600-volt power station is to be located on the line
between two factories, 2 miles apart, to one of which it delivers
150 amperes and to the other 200 amperes. If the circular
milage of the line conductors is 300,000 find the location of the
station for maximum efficiency of transmission.
43. A distribution system consists of two copper conductors
between which connected a uniformly distributed load that
is
takes current at the rate of 100 amperes per mile of line. The
length of the line is 2.5 miles, the total current is 250 amperes,
the voltage at the generator end is 600, and each conductor has
a cross-section of 220,000 circular mils. Find the voltage at a
point on the line "x" miles from the generator. Find the
rate at which a given portion of the line between points x^
and x 2 is delivering energy.
44. At the end of a transmission linehaving a resistance of
0.32 ohm there is floated a storage battery of 246 cells. Each
cellhas a normal e.m.f. of 2.1 volts and an internal resistance of
0.0012 ohm. The station voltage is 550 volts. What current
will the battery supply when there is a single load of 300
amperes at the end of the line? What will be the voltage

at the load?
45. A 600-volt power station supplies energy to a transmission
line of 0.8 ohm resistance at the end of which is floated a
storage battery whose e.m.f. is 520 volts and internal resistance
1.2 ohms. When there is a single load of 150 amperes at the
end of the line what proportion of it is supplied by the
battery?
46. In problem 45 if the power taken at the end of the
line is 75 kilowatts what will be the current supplied by the
battery?
47. At the end of a transmission line having a resistance of
0.46 ohm there is floated a storage battery each cell of which has
a normal e.m.f. of 2.1 volts and an internal resistance of 0.0024
ohm. If a constant load of 250 amperes is taken at the end of
the line how many cells are required to keep the voltage
at the load 85 per cent of the station voltage, which is 550
volts?
.48. A
transmission line having a resistance of 0.15 ohm runs
from a 550-volt power station (operating continuously) to a load
taking 600 amperes for 10 hours each day. There is a storage
battery floated continuously across the line at the load. Each
cell of this battery has a constant e.m.f. of 2.1 volts and an inter-
nal resistance of 0.0004 ohm. How many cells should be used

in order that the total charge (current X time) shall be 5 per cent
greater than the total discharge of the battery? What current

willthe battery supply to the load? What will be the voltage at
the load? What is the load on the station when the battery is
charging?
49. A
9-mile trolley line which receives its power from a 600-
volt station has a storage battery whose e.m.f. is 500 volts and
whose internal resistance is 1.5 ohms floated at the end of the
line. The No. 00, which has a resistance of 0.41
trolley wire is
ohm per mile, and the resistance of the rail return is 0.04 ohm
per mile. A single car taking a constant current of 80 amperes
is running on the line. What is the voltage at this car when it is
5 miles from the station?
50. In problem 49, with a single car taking 80 amperes at the
end of the line, compare its voltage with what it would be if the
storage battery were disconnected.
51. Two factories 3 miles apart are supplied with energy from
a 600-volt power station situated 1 mile from the one taking the
larger current and 2 miles from the other. The first factory takes
300 amperes from the line and the second 200 amperes. The
amount of copper for the transmission lines is limited to a total
weight of 40,000 pounds. What should be the size of the con-
ductors for each line in order that the resultant efficiency of
ENERGY AND POWER 41
transmission may be a maximum? What is the maximum

efficiency?
Resistance per mile of conductor = -
Weight per mile of conductor = ^-

o2.o
wherein A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor in

circular mils.
52. In problem 51 what should be the size of the conductors

for each line in order that the voltages at the loads may be the
same? What is the resultant efficiency in this case?
53. A factory running
10 hours per day is supplied with power
from a constant potential 600-volt station over a transmission
line of 0.24 ohm resistance. The
load begins with 50 amperes
at 7 a.m. and increases uniformly to 250 amperes at 9 a.m., at
which time it becomes constant and remains so until 12 m.
From 12 to 1 the factory is shut down. Between 1 and 4 p.m.
the load is constant at 250 amperes, and it then increases uni-
formly to 350 amperes at 6 p.m., when the factory shuts down
for the day. What is the all-day efficiency of transmission?
54. An over-compounded generator delivers power over a
transmission line of 0.15 ohm resistance to a load which varies
between zero and 450 amperes during the day. The no-load
generator voltage is 525 volts and the full-load current is 500
amperes. What must be the percentage rise in voltage from
no load to full load to exactly conipensate for the line drop and
thus supply constant voltage at the load?
55. The voltage of an over-compounded generator rises from
500 volts at no load to 550 volts at full load of 250 amperes.
This generator supplies energy over a line of 0.25 ohm resistance
to a load that increases uniformly from 50 amperes to 250 during
the first 2 hours of the day, then remains constant at 250 amperes
for 5 hours, and then decreases uniformly to zero during the last
3 hours. What is the total line loss per day? What is the all-
day efficiency of transmission?
56. The voltage of an over-compounded generator rises from
500 volts at no load to 550 volts at full load of 500 amperes.
This generator supplies power over a line of 0.15 ohm resistance
to a load that increases uniformly from zero to 200 kilowatts

during the first 4 hours of the day and then remains constant for
the remaining 6 hours. What is the all-day efficiency of trans-
mission?
57. A 600-volt
power station delivers energy to a transmission
line of 0.5 ohm resistance at the end of which is floated a
storage battery whose e.m.f. is 530 volts and internal resistance

1.2 ohms. What is the maximum power that can be taken from
the line halfway between the station and battery?
58. A 600-volt power station feeds a trolley line 8 miles long at
the end of which floated a storage battery whose e.m.f. is
is HH
volts and internal resistance i ohms. A
single car is running on
the line and is taking a constant current of 60 amperes. If the
combined resistance the trolley and rail return is 0.46 ohm per
of
mile how far will the car be from the station when its voltage has
its least value?
59. Deduce the equation connecting the rate at which energy is
delivered and the distance to which it will pay to transmit it under
the following conditions The energy is delivered at a constant
:
rate for 10 hours a day and 300 days a year. The selling price of
energy at the station is 7 cents per kilowatt-hour. The selling
price of energy at the point of delivery is 10 cents per kilowatt-
hour. The voltage at the station is 600 and the line efficiency is
90 per cent. Copper costs 20 cents per pound. The cost of the
line exclusive of copper is $500 per mile, and 18 per cent of the
total cost of the line must be allowed annually for interest and
depreciation. Using the equation deduced above find the maxi-
mum distance to which it will pay to transmit 100 kilowatts, and
the minimum power it will pay to transmit a distance of 2 miles.
What will be the cost of the line in each case?
60. Power transmission problem. Data of costs:
Station and equipment $120 per kilowatt.
Transmission line exclusive of copper $500 per mile.
Copper on poles 20 cents per pound.
Generation of energy at switchboard 1 cent per kilowatt-
hour.
Depreciation on the entire investment 8 per cent per year.

The station is run at full load capacity 12 hours a day for 300
days in the year, and each consumer is charged with his pro-
ENERGY AND POWER 43
portionate share of interest and depreciation on the station and

equipment (this is fixed by the power delivered at the switch-
board to the consumer's line). The station voltage is 600.
Under the above conditions determine the minimum selling
price per kilowatt-hour for 100 kilowatts to be delivered over
an independent line to a consumer 2 miles from the station in
order that there may be a profit of 10 per cent on the entire
investment. At what voltage would this power be delivered to
the consumer?
4
Weight per mile of copper wire =

62.5
Resistance per mile in ohms = 55,000

A
Wherein A is the cross-sectional area of the conductor in
circular mils.
CHAPTER V
DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS AND MOTORS
THE e.m.f. generated in the armature of a direct-current

machine, either generator or motor, is proportional to the product
of three factors; that is, Ea oc SN<f>', S represents the speed,
N the number of series conductors between positive and negative
brushes, and represents the resultant air-gap flux.
<j>
For a
bipolar machine, or for one with a lap winding, the equation for
this armature voltage is
where N is the number on the armature,

of face conductors
S the speed of the armature in revolutions per minute, and is <j>
the air-gap flux (lines) per pole. The potential difference at the
terminals of the armature of a generator is given by
E = Ea - IR,
where 7 is the armature current and R is the armature resistance

between terminals. The potential difference at the terminals
of the armature of a motor is given by
E = Ea + IR.
When the armature is a magneto-

carrying current there is
motive force developed (armature reaction) which reduces and

distorts the field which would otherwise be produced by the
main field windings. The effect of the armature reaction is,
in well-designed machines, comparatively small, and since it is
at best difficult to predetermine or to measure exactly, it will be
neglected in but a very few of the problems.
all
The open-circuit characteristic or magnetization curve shows

the relation that exists between the armature voltage and the
44
f " THE \
"VEfiSlTY .
DIRECT- CURRENT GENERATORS AND MOTORS 45
field current when the armature current is zero and the speed
is constant. The load characteristic of a generator shows the
between the terminal voltage and the current
relation that exists
supplied to the load when the generator is running at its rated

speed.
The a shunt generator is in parallel with the
field circuit of
external circuit and thus the load current, 7 equals Ia If, ,
I a is the armature current and If is the shunt field current. On

the other hand, the field winding of a shunt motor is in parallel
with the armature winding, and the line current, 7 , equals
Ia + If
The electromagnetic torque developed in the armature of a
direct-current motor varies as the product of two factors: that
is, D oc /<; 7 is the armature current and <f>
is the resultant air-
gap flux. The electromagnetic output is proportional to the
product of the electromagnetic torque and the speed of the
armature. The mechanical output is the electromagnetic
output less all of the losses clue to the rotation of the armature.
These losses are called the stray power. It includes the friction,
windage, eddy current, and hysteresis losses. The stray power
(Ps ) is usually measured by running the machine light as a
motor and measuring the electrical input to the armature. The
stray power is then given by subtracting the armature copper
losses, which are very small at no load, from this input. The
stray power varies with the speed and the resultant air-gap flux,
but not as the first power of either, although for small variations
it is convenient to assume that it does. The stray power is
small, varying from about 15 per cent of the output for small
motors (1 hp. or thereabouts) to about 4 per cent or 5 per cent
of the output for large motors (50 hp. and upwards). Thus a
large variation in the stray power will make but a small variation
in the efficiency, and in many cases it is sufficiently accurate to
assume that the stray power is constant. At no load
p = E Ia -
s
Ia
2
R = 0.0226 X2XDS;
D is the electromagnetic torque in pound-feet and S is the speed
in revolutions per minute. That is, at no load the stray power
is equal to the product of 0.142, the electromagnetic torque and
the speed. At any load the output is given by 0.142 DSP*.

The efficiency of a shunt generator is usually calculated from

the formula
Efficiency
= Output Output
Input Output + losses
The efficiency of a shunt motor is usually calculated from the

formula
losses
Efficiency
= Output Input
Input Input
PROBLEMS
1. Two
shunt motors are exactly alike in every particular
except that the armature of one is wound with twice the number
of turns that are on the other. If the armature resistances are
neglected what are the relative speeds and torques of the motors
when they are connected in parallel across the same mains and
loaded until they each take the same current? Compare the
outputs of the motors under this condition.
2. Two
shunt motors are exactly alike in every particular
except that the armature of the first is wound with No. 18 wire
and the armature of the second is wound with No. 15 wire. If
these motors are connected in parallel across 110- volt mains,
compare their outputs, torques, and speeds when the armature
heating losses are equal.
3. If the motors in problem 2 are connected in parallel across
110- volt mains and the armatures are rigidly coupled together,
compare armature currents, torques, and armature heating
their
losses when the motors are jointly delivering 10 horsepower.
4. Two shunt motors are operating in parallel
exactly similar
and each is taking the same armature current. If the field
strength of the first motor is 75 per cent that of the second
motor, compare the speeds, torques, and outputs of the two
motors.
5. A
separately excited motor, which has an armature
.
resistance of 0.5 ohm, runs at 1200 rev. per min. when the
armature takes 10 amperes from 110- volt mains. If the arma-
ture rewound with twice the number of turns but with wire
is
of one-half the cross-sectional area, at what speed will the motor

run when the armature takes 5 amperes from 110- volt mains?
DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS AND MOTORS 47
6. In problem 5 compare the torques, armature heating

losses, and outputs for the two cases.
7. At no load a separately excited motor, which has an
armature resistance of 0.2 ohm, runs at 1200 rev. per min. and
takes an armature current of 3.5 amperes from 110- volt mains.
If the armature is rewound with a 50 per cent greater number
of turns the resistance is 0.5 ohm. At what speed must this
machine now be driven to supply a charging current of 12
amperes to a storage battery which has an e.m.f. of 66 volts and
an internal resistance of 0.8 ohm? The field excitation is main-
tained constant.
8. the armature resistance of a shunt generator is neglected
If
what will be the percentage effect on the open-circuit voltage of
increasing both the speed and the resistance of the shunt field
circuit50 per cent?
9. A shunt motor and a series motor are connected in parallel.
Compare the percentage changes in the speeds, torques, and

outputs when the loads are readjusted so that the armature
currents are double their former values. Neglect all losses and
assume that the magnetization curve for each motor is a straight
line.
10. A shunt motor and a series motor are connected in parallel

across 220- volt mains. Compare the percentage changes in the
speeds, torques, and outputs when the motors are connected
in parallel across 110- volt mains and the loads are adjusted so
that the currents are unchanged. Neglect all losses and assume
that the magnetization curve for each motor is a straight line.
11. A
shunt motor takes a total current of 10 amperes from
115- volt mains. If the resistances of the field and armature
circuits are 100 ohms and 1 ohm respectively what are the
currents in the field and in the armature windings? What are
the heating losses in the field and in the armature windings?
12. 110- volt shunt motor, which has an armature
At no load a
resistance of 0.3 ohm, runs at 1200 rev. per min. and takes an
armature current of 2.4 amperes. If the field strength is
reduced 25 per cent, a resistance of 1.5 ohms is inserted in series
with the armature winding and the motor is loaded until the
armature current is 25 amperes, at what speed will the motor
run? The motor is connected across 110- volt mains in each case.
13. At no load a small
110- volt shunt motor, which has an
armature resistance of 1.8 ohms, runs at a speed of 1500 rev.
per min. and takes an armature current of 0.8 ampere from
110- volt mains. What resistance should be inserted in series
with the armature across 110- volt mains in order that the speed
will be 500 rev. per min. when the armature current is 6 amperes
and the field excitation is unchanged?
14. At no load a shunt motor, which has an armature resist-
ance of 0.42 ohm, takes an armature current of 2.4 amperes
and runs at 1200 rev. per min. when connected across 110- volt
mains. If the field strength is reduced 40 per cent by increasing
the resistance of the field circuit, what resistance should be
inserted in series with the armature across 110- volts in order
that the speed will still be 1200 rev. per min. at no load? In the
latter case the armature current is 2.2 amperes.
In problem 14 if with the reduced field strength the motor

15.
is loaded so that the armature current is 20 amperes, what
resistance should be inserted in series with the armature across

110-volts in order that the speed will still be 1200 rev. per min.?
16. A
shunt motor which has an armature resistance of 0.85
ohm is connected across 110-volt mains. What is the back
e.m.f. generated in the armature when the armature current is
9.6 amperes and the motor is running at 1100 rev. per min.?
Trie field current is 0.4 ampere:
17. the motor in problem 16 is mechanically driven as a
If
generator at a speed of 1250 rev. per min. at what terminal

voltage will it deliver a current of 9.6 amperes? The field is
maintained unchanged.
18. the motor in problem 16 is mechanically driven as a
If
generator so that it delivers a current of 9.6 amperes at a terminal

potential of 110 volts, what is the e.m.f. generated in the armature
winding and at what speed is the generator driven? The field
is maintained unchanged.
In problem 16 if an e.m.f. of 55 volts is impressed on the
19.
armature, at what speed will the motor run when the armature
current is 9.6 amperes and the field is maintained unchanged?
In problem 16 if the saturation curve of the motor is
20.
assumed to be a straight line, at what speed will the motor run
when the impressed e.m.f. is 55 volts and the armature current

is 9.6 amperes? The resistance of the field circuit is the same
as in problem 16.
21. In problem 20 what are the heating losses in the arma-
ture and in the field circuit?
22. In problem 16 if the load is readjusted so that the heating
loss in the armature winding is equal to that in the field circuit,
what current does the motor take from the mains?
23. The armature winding motor in problem 16 is
of the
connected across a storage battery which has an internal resist-
ance of 0.92 ohm. When the battery is supplying the motor
with 9.6 amperes at a terminal potential of 110 volts the motor
runs at 1100 rev. per min. At what speed does the motor run
when the armature current is 2 amperes? The field of the motor
is separately excited and maintained unchanged.
24. In problem 23 at what speed must the motor be mechan-

ically-driven in order that it will act as a generator and supply a
charging current of 15 amperes to the battery? The field of the
motor is maintained unchanged.
25. In problem 23 at what speed will the motor run if the
load is decreased until the output of the battery is 200 watts?
The field of the motor is maintained unchanged.
26. In problem 23 if the speed of the motor is maintained
constant at 1100 rev. per min. and the field is increased 10 per
cent, what is the armature current? If the field is increased 30
per cent, what is the armature current?

27. A motor which has an armature resistance
5-hp. shunt
of 0.65 ohm is connected across 230-volt mains. At no load
this motor takes an armature current of 1.4 amperes and runs
at 1200 rev. per min. If the speed is maintained at 1200 rev.
per min. and the field is increased 5 per cent, what is the armature
current?
28. A 110- volt shunt motor with constant field excitation
delivers 5 hp. at a speed of 1150 rev. per min. At this time the
armature, which has a resistance of 0.15 ohm, takes a current of
42 amperes from the 110- volt mains. What resistance must
be inserted in series with the armature across 110- volt mains
in order that the motor may give a torque of 20 pound-feet and
run at a speed of 500 rev. per min.? Neglect the stray power
losses.
In problem 28 the greatest allowable armature current

29.
is 50 amperes. If a resistance of 0.45 ohm is connected in
series with the armature across 110- volt mains what is the
greatest output that should be taken from the motor? What

are the torque and speed of the motor under these conditions?
Neglect the stray power losses.
30. A
10-hp. 110- volt shunt motor, which has an armature
resistance of 0.078 ohm, is connected across 110- volt mains and
isdelivering 9 hp. at a speed of 1175 rev. per min. At this time
the armature current is 70 amperes. If the field is increased
50 per cent at what speed will the motor run when it gives a
torque of 60 pound-feet? Neglect the stray power.
31. The field of the motor in problem 30 is readjusted so
that the motor runs at 1000 rev. per min., when it gives a torque
of 50 pound-feet. By what
per cent has the field been changed
and what current does the armature take under these conditions?
Neglect the stray power.
32. A series
motor, which has a total resistance of 0.4 ohm,
takes a current of 30 amperes from 110- volt mains and runs at a
speed of 1200 rev. per min. At what speed will the motor run
when the armature current is 20 amperes? Assume that the
magnetization curve for this motor is a straight line.
33. The following data are given on an Edison generator whose
output is rated as 100 amperes at 115 volts for a speed of 1200
rev. per min. The armature resistance is 0.042 ohm. The no
load armature current, when running as a motor at a speed of
1200 rev. per min. is 5.35 amperes if the impressed voltage is
115 volts. What will be the speed when running as a motor
and taking an armature current of 80 amperes at an impressed
voltage of 110? What resistance should be placed in series with
the armature so that the speed will be 1000 rev. per min. for an
impressed voltage of 115 and an armature current of 90 amperes?
The field is maintained constant.
34. In problem 33 if the field is increased 30 per cent at what
speed will this machine run as a motor with an impressed voltage
of 115 and an armature current of 100 amperes? At what speed
will it be necessary to drive this machine so that it will act as
a generator and deliver 100 amperes at 120 volts? The field

current is 3.5 amperes, and the air-gap flux is the same as in
problem 33.
35. Two such machines (problem 33) are connected in series.

If the first is driven as a generator at a speed of 800 rev.
per min.
and delivers 85 amperes to the second what resistance must be
placed in series with the armature winding of the second so that
it will run as a motor at a speed of 500 rev.
per min. The field
currents are each 3.5 amperes, and the air-gap fluxes are the
same as in problem 33.
/oK.jV 115-
36. Thefollowing data are given on a 7.5-kw. -ti^-volt
generator. The armature is 8 inches in diameter and each con-
ductor is 8 inches long (neglecting the end connections). There
are 192 face conductors on the
armatuje^ aîd 24 commutator
segments. The armature resistance is Q'.Qj4 ohm. The gener-
ator is bipolar and there are 1300 turns in each of the shunt
field coils. The no load air-gap flux is 2.44 megalines and the
flux density is 30,000 lines per square inch. The full load result-
ant air-gap flux is 2.55 megalines. The shunt field current is
2.94 amperes at no load and 3.67 amperes at full load. The
speed is 1600 rev. per min. What are the no load and full load
armature voltages? What is the load terminal voltage?
full
In problem 36 if the full

37. load brush lead is 2 commutator
segments what are the demagnetizing and cross-magnetizing
ampere turns on the armature at full load?
38.In problem 36, assuming that the flux density in the air
gap is uniform under the pole faces and that the flux lines are
radial, what is the force on one conductor when it is under a
pole face and is carrying full load current? Full load flux is
2.55 megalines.
39. In problem 36, assuming that the flux density in the air
gap is uniform under the pole faces and that the flux lines are
radial, what is the electromagnetic torque in pound-feet exerted
on the armature when it is carrying full load current? Full
load flux is 2.55 megalines.
40.In problem 36 if there are 48 slots in the armature and 10
leakage lines per ampere per inch of emjbgcldgcl ^conductor
e (neglect
end connections) what is the leakage ron,nin,rS^ per slot? What
. .. '44fvf*lftr ., _
is the rcftctanoe per coil on the armature?
41. In problem 36 if the resistance and reactance per coil are
0.0||p ohm and 0.03 mil-henry respectively, how long after the
coil is short-circuited, when carrying full load current, will the
current have fallen to 5 amperes? The average contact resist-
ance and resistance of the carbon brush during the short circuit
of the coil may be taken as O.OlHohm. Assume that during
this time the conductors of this coil are cutting no flux.
42. In problem 36 the commutator segments are /ft inch

if
wide and the insulation between them TV inch wide what snould
be the length of the arc of contact of the brush in order that
during short circuit the current in a coil will fall to 5 amperes?
Assume that during this time the conductors of this coil are
cutting no flux.
In problem 36 if an inter-pole, with a cross-section 1 inch
43.
by 6 inches, is used to assist commutation what should be the

flux density under the inter-pole in order that the current in
the armature coil may be reversed to full load value during the
period of short circuit? The commutator segments are înch
wide, the insulation between them is TV inch wide, and the arc
of brush contact
isî inch.
44. A 230-volt, 15-hp. shunt motor with a rated speed of 1200
rev. per min. is to be tested under full load. The output is
measured by means of a prony brake which has a 2.13-foot arm.
What the greatest pull that the brake balance should be
is
capable of registering? If the normal field current is 2 amperes

what is the balance reading when the motor takes 75 amperes
from the 230-volt mains? Assume that the full load current is
57 amperes.
45. In problem 44 assume that the motor has an efficiency of
85 per cent and that the copper losses in the armature and field
windings are each equal to one-half of the stray power. What
are the greatest deflections that ammeters in the field and
armature should be capable of registering when the motor is
delivering 15 hp.? What are the approximate resistances of the
armature and the field windings? What current does the motor
take at no load?
46. The output of a motor measured with a prony brake
is
which has a 2-foot arm. The speed is 1150 rev. per min. and
the balance reading (corrected for zero) is 15.8 pounds. The
DIRECT -CURRENT GENERATORS AND MOTORS 53
brake arm is inclined 10 degrees from the horizontal, while the

balance pulls in a vertical line. What is the brake output of
the motor?
47. A 5-hp., 220- volt shunt motor is used to drive a 2-kw.,
230-volt shunt generator. Assume that the efficiencies of motor
and generator are each 80 per cent and that the copper losses in
the armatures and field windings are each equal to the stray
power losses in the respective machines. What are the greatest
deflections that the instruments used to measure the input to
the motor and the output of the generator should be capable of
indicating when the generator is delivering rated full load?
48. In problem 47 if the available voltage is 230 volts, cal-
culate the size of the rheostat (resistance and current-carrying
capacity) to connect in series with the motor so that it will oper-
ate at 220 volts when the generator is delivering rated full load.
49. In problem 47 calculate the size of the rheostat (resistance
and current-carrying capacity) to connect in series with the
armature of the motor when its resistance is measured with full
load current. The 230 volts. What are the

available voltage is
greatest deflections that the instruments uêd to determine the

armature resistance should be capable of indicating?
60. In problem 47 calculate the of the rheostat (resist-
size
ance and current-carrying capacity) to connect in series with the
armature of the generator when its resistance is measured with
full load current. The
available voltage is 230 volts. What
are the greatest deflections that the instruments used to deter-
mine the armature resistance should be capable of indicating?
61. The magnetization curve of a d. c. machine which has an
armature resistance of 1.1 ohms given in Fig. 30. This curve
is
is for a speed of 1400 rev. per min. What is the resistance of the
shunt field circuit when the no load terminal potential is 110
volts? What the no load terminal potential when the resist-
is
ance of the shunt field circuit is 130 ohms? In each case the
speed of the generator is 1400 rev. per min.
52. If the generator in problem 51 is run at a speed of 1000
rev. per min. what is the no load terminal potential when the
130 ohms? If this machine
resistance of the shunt field circuit is
is connected across 110- volt mains and run at no load as a
motor what is the speed when the resistance of the shunt field
circuit is 100 ohms? The no load armature current, which is
about 0.7 ampere, may be neglected.

53. The machine whose magnetization curve is given in Fig.
30 is run as a motor with a shunt field resistance of 120 ohms.
Neglecting the no load armature current what is the speed of
the motor when the impressed voltage is 130 volts? 110 volts?
55 volts?
54. The machine in problem 51 is connected across 110- volt
mains and run as a motor under load so that the armature
current is 15 amperes and the speed is 1400 rev. per min. If
the armature reactions are neglected what is the resistance of the

shunt field circuit? What is the total power taken from the
mains?
55. The magnetization curve of a shunt generator which has
an armature resistance of 1.1 ohms is given in Fig. 30. Assuming
that 0.33 ampere in the shunt field is required to neutralize the
ISO
JOO
GO
)
\60
20
at no load how many series turns are required on each field pole
in order that the generator may have a terminal potential of 110
volts when there is an armature current of 10 amperes? Assume
the short shunt connection.
57. The machine in problem 51 is bipolar and has 4500 turns
in its shunt field and 1200 face conductors, 25 per cent of which
are effective in producing demagnetizing turns. The machine
is connected across 115- volt mains and run as a motor. When
the armature current is 12 amperes, what should be the resist-
ance of the shunt field circuit to give a speed of 1400 rev. per min.?
58. The magnetization curve of a compound motor is given
in Fig. 30, in which the scale of abscissas is in shunt field current.
The machine is bipolar and has 4500 turns in its shunt field wind-
ing and 1200 face conductors on the armature, 25 per cent of
which are effective in producing demagnetizing turns. The num-
ber of turns in the series coils is 225 and the armature resistance
is 1.1 ohms. With an armature current of 10 amperes and an
impressed voltage of 115 what is the resistance of the shunt
field circuit when the machine runs at a speed of 1400 rev. per
min.? With this field resistance what \\ill the speed be when
the armature current is 6 amperes?
59. In problem 58 if the series windings are connected dif-
ferentially what is the resistance of the shunt field circuit when
the machine runs at 1400 rev. per min. and takes an armature
current of 10 amperes from 115- volt mains?
60. The saturation curve of a 275-kw. 550-volt direct-current
generator is given by the following data :
Field current
drum winding with 1920 face conductors. The commutator

has 960 segments and at full load the brush lead is5 segments.
The shunt have 2700 turns each.
field coils The armature has a
resistance of 0.025 ohm between terminals. The generator is
driven at a speed of 250 rev. per min.
If the no load air-gap flux is 7.50 megalines what is the no load
terminal voltage? What is the resistance of the shunt field
circuit that will give this open-circuit voltage?
In problem 60 assume that the total armature reaction

61.
is given by increasing the armature demagnetizing ampere
turns by 25 per cent. With the shunt field adjusted to give
600 volts at no load, how many series turns per pole are needed
to keep the terminal potential at 600 volts when the generator
is delivering full load?
62. A
shunt motor has an armature resistance of 0.026 and
a field resistance of 16.4 ohms. When running light it takes
11.2 amperes from 11 5- volt mains. What are the heating losses
in the armature and in the field when the motor is running
light? What is the stray power?
In problem 62 if the stray power is assumed constant

63.
what is the horsepower output when the motor takes 150 amperes
from 11 5- volt mains?
In problem 62 if the stray power is assumed constant
64.
what is the efficiency when running as a generator and delivering
150 amperes at 115 volts? The resistance of the field circuit is
reduced to 14 ohms to maintain the terminal voltage.
65.At no load a shunt motor takes an armature current of
4.1 amperes from 115- volt mains. The armature resistance is
0.1 ohm and the field current 2.5 amperes.

is What is the stray
power? The motor is loaded until the armature current is 50
amperes. the stray power is assumed constant what
If is the
horsepower output of the motor when loaded? What is the
efficiency at this load?
66. A used to drive a lathe and it is observed
shunt motor is
that the motor takes 22 amperes at 115 volts. When running

idle the motor takes 3.2 amperes at 115 volts. In each case the
field resistance is 95 ohms and the armature resistance is 0.24
ohm. What power did the motor deliver to the lathe?
67. When a shunt motor taking 12.6 kw. at 115 volts, with
is
a field current of 4.6 amperes, the measured output is 14.2 hp.

What is the efficiency of the motor when delivering 8 hp.?
Assume that the field current and the stray power are constant.
The armature resistance is 0.05 ohm.
68. A
10-hp. 230- volt shunt motor is rated to take 39
;
amperes at full load. What is its commercial efficiency? If the

full load speed is 1200 rev. per min. what is the full load torque?
69. A shunt motor has

an armature resistance of 0.8 ohm and
a field resistance of 120 ohms. When the motor takes 12
amperes from 115- volt mains it delivers 1.4 hp. at the pulley.
What is the stray power? If the stray power is assumed con-
stant what is the efficiency of the machine when driven as a
generator and delivering 12 amperes at 115 volts? For the
latter case the resistance of the field circuit is 100 ohms.
70. The stray power of a shunt motor is 346 watts (assumed

constant). The armature resistance is 0.44 ohm and the field
resistance is 76 ohms. What current will this motor take from
115- volt mains when running light?
In problem 70 what horsepower will this motor deliver

71.
when taking 18 amperes from 115- volt mains?
72. the machine in problem 70 is run as a generator and
If
delivers 18 amperes at 115 volts what horsepower is required to
drive the generator? The resistance of the field circuit is reduced
to 64 ohms in order to maintain the terminal voltage constant.
73. A
shunt motor mechanically connected to a centrifugal
pump takes 30 amperes from 230-volt mains and runs at 1000
rev. per min. The field current is 1.2 amperes. If this motor
is disconnected from the pump and run under no load at a speed
of 1000 rev. per min. the armature current is 2.3 amperes. The
measured armature resistance is 0.31 ohm. What power did
the motor supply to the pump? Assume that the stray power
varies directly as the armature voltage.
74. A
shunt motor is loaded by means of a prony brake and
the following data are taken. The current and impressed
voltage are 86.4 amperes and 116 volts respectively. The field
current is 4.2 amperes. The speed is 1220 rev. per min. The
balance reading corrected for zero is 22 pounds and the brake
arm is 2 feet 2 inches. The armature resistance is 0.074 ohm.

What are the armature heating loss, the field heating loss, and
the stray power? What is the commercial efficiency of the motor
at this load?
75. A
shunt generator whose output is rated as 25 kw. at
220 volts has an armature resistance of 0.068 ohm. When
running light as a motor with an impressed voltage of 210 the
armature current is 6.1 amperes. What is its efficiency as a
generator when delivering its rated full load? The resistance
of the shunt field circuit is 60 ohms. Assume that the stray
power is constant.
76. A 10-hp. series motor which has an armature resistance of
0.08 ohm and a field resistance of 0.085 ohm is connected across
110- volt mains. W hen this motor takes a current of 60 amperes
7
it delivers 7.2 hp. and runs at a speed of 1050 rev. per min.
What are the speed, torque, and output when the armature
current 80 amperes? Assume that the magnetization curve
is
for this motor is a straight line and that the stray power is
constant.
77. If an impressed on the armature of a
e.m.f. of 220 volts is
separately excited motor (A) it runs at 1600 rev. per min. and
the armature current is 1.5 amperes. If an e.m.f. of 110 volts
is impressed on the armature of a separately excited motor (B)
it runs at 1200 rev. per min. and the armature current is
2 amperes. If the armatures of these motors are connected in

series what
the speed of the first motor (A) when the second
is
motor (B) is mechanically driven as a generator at a speed of

800 rev. per min. and the current through the armatures is
2.5 amperes? The armature resistances of the motors A and
B are 3.5 ohms and 2.1 ohms respectively.
78.In problem 77 if the stray power is assumed to vary
directly with the speed what is the input to the second motor,
B? What is the output of the first motor, A?
79. A generator is rated to deliver 125 amperes at 110 volts for
a speed of 1200 rev. per min. When running light as a motor
at 1200 rev. per min. it takes an armature current of 9.8 amperes
with an impressed voltage of 110. Calculate the efficiency as
a generator at one-fourth, one-half, three-fourths full, and 25
per cent overload, assuming that the corresponding field currents
are 4.4 amperes, 4.6, 4.9, 5.2, and 5.6 amperes, these being neces-
sary to maintain a constant potential difference of 110 volts.
The armature resistance is 0.042 ohm. Assume that the stray
power varies directly with the armature voltage. Plot the
efficiency curve.
80. The armature current taken by a 25-kw. 110- volt shunt
generator when running light as a motor at a speed of 1200 rev.
per min. is 13.6 amperes at 109 volts; the armature resistance
is 0.016 ohm. This generator is belt driven at 1200 rev. per
min. by a 40-hp., 220- volt shunt motor. When the generator is
delivering its rated full load the motor operates at an efficiency
of 90 per cent. The belt loss is 0.45 hp. and the field current of
the generator at full load is 7.8 amperes. What current does
the motor take from 220-volt mains when there is full load on
the generator? If the motor field loss is 30 per cent of its total
loss what is the field current?
81. In problem 80 if the motor armature resistance is 0.051

ohm what the stray power of the motor for an armature
is
voltage of 220 and a speed of 1200 rev. per min.? Assume that
the stray power varies directly as the armature voltage.
82. Thefollowing data are given on an Edison generator

whose rated output is 100 amperes at 105 volts for a speed of
1200 rev. per min. The armature resistance is 0.052 ohm. At no
load when running light as a motor at a speed of 1200 rev. per
min. the armature current is 5.3 amperes for an impressed
voltage of 110 volts. What is the efficiency of this machine as
a generator when delivering one-half rated load at 105 volts?
What is the load efficiency? The field currents for these
full
two loads are 4.5 and 4.9 amperes respectively, these being
necessary to maintain a constant terminal potential difference
of 105 volts. Assume that the stray power varies directly as
the armature voltage.
83. In problem 82 what is the output of the machine when
running as a motor at a speed of 1200 rev. per min. if 8.5 kilo-
watts are supplied to the armature at 115 volts? Assume that
the stray power varies directly as the armature voltage.
84. Ashunt generator with a rated output of 50 kilowatts at
220 volts has an efficiency of 91 per cent at full load, at which
time the field current is 7.1 amperes. The armature resistance
is 0.028 ohm. driven at no load with a ter-

This generator is
minal potential of 230 volts by a small shunt motor wliich has an

efficiency of 81 per cent. The field current of the generator is
6.6 amperes at no load. What current will the motor take
from 11 5- volt mains? Assume that the stray power of the
generator is constant.
85. A
25-hp. shunt motor when running light takes li,5
amperes from 110- volt mains. The field current is 6.5 amperes.
This motor drives a 20-kw. 115- volt shunt generator which has
an efficiency of 90 per cent at full load. The belt loss is 0.32
horsepower. What is the motor input at 110 volts when the
generator is operating under full load? For this condition the
field currents of the motor and generator are each 6.0 amperes.
The armature resistances of the motor and generator are each
0.025 ohm. Assume that the stray power of the motor is con-
stant. 23Md&3&^&tf*e^^
86. When
a compound generator is run at no load as a shunt
motor with the series coils short-circuited it takes 14.8 amperes
from 110- volt mains and runs at 1000 rev. per min. The
resistance of the armature winding 0.016 ohm, of the shunt
is
field winding 18 ohms, and of the series field winding 0.010 ohm.
What is the horsepower input to this machine when driven as a

compound generator at a speed of 1000 rev. per min. and deliver-
ing 180 amperes at 110 volts? Assume that the stray power
varies directly as the armature voltage.
87. When
the machine in problem 86 is driven as a shunt
generator (series coils cut out) at 1000 rev. per min. and is deliver-
ing 180 amperes, the terminal potential falls to 100 volts. What
is the horsepower input to the machine under this condition?
88. The armatures of two direct-current shunt generators are
coupled together to form a motor-generator set. When running
light with an impressed voltage of 550 on the motor the total
input is 2.5 kw. The field currents of the motor and generator
are 0.93 amperes and 4.2 amperes respectively and the generator
potential difference is 110 volts. The armature resistances of
the motor and generator are 0.38 ohm and 0.016 ohm respec-
tively. What is the current output of the generator at 110
volts when the motor takes 25.0 kw. from the line at 560 volts,
the currents of the motor and generator being 1.4 and 6.8
field
amperes respectively? Assume that the stray power of the

whole set is constant.
89. The armatures of two separately excited motors which
have resistances of 1.2 ohms and 2.0 ohms respectively are con-
nected in series across 110- volt mains. With the armature of the
first motor blocked and the second motor running light the
current is 0.9 ampere, and the second motor runs at 1585 rev.
per min. With the armature of the second motor blocked and
the first motor running light the current is 1.4 amperes, and the
first motor runs at 1170 rev. per min. Assume that the stray
power varies directly* kk the speed. At what speed will each
motor be running when both armatures are
90. In problem 89 if the second motor is mechanically driven

at a speed of 1000 rev. per min. in the direction that it freely
rotates, at what speed will the first motor run? What is the
current taken by the armatures? What is the voltage across
each motor? If the second motor is driven at 1000 rev. per min.
in the opposite direction, at what speed will the first motor run?
What are the armature current and the voltages across each
motor?
91. In problem 89 if the first motor is mechanically driven
rotates, at what speed will the second motor run? What is the
current taken by the armatures? What is the voltage across
each motor? If the second motor is driven at 1500 rev. per min.
in the opposite direction at what speed will the first motor run?
What are the armature current and the voltage across each
motor?
92. In problem 89 if the first motor is running light what is
the greatest torque that the armature of the second will give?
What is the speed of each motor?
93. In problem 89 if the second motor is mechanically driven
rotates what is the armature current when the first motor is
delivering O.| hp.? At what speed does the first motor run?
94. In problem 89 if the armatures of the motors are mechan-
ically coupled together at what speed will they run? What is the
armature current taken by the motors? What is the voltage

across each motor?
95. In problem 89 if the armatures of the motors are mechan-
coupled together at what speed will they run when their
ically
combined output is $=5 hp.?
96. A
110- volt shunt motor, which has an armature resistance
of 0.2 ohm, runs at a speed of 1200 rev. per min. and takes an
armature current of 3.5 amperes from 110-volt mains at no load.
With the same field excitation, what resistance should be in-
serted in series with the armature across 110-volt mains in order
that the speed may be 900 rev. per min. at no load? Assume
that the stray power varies directly as the speed.
97. In problem 96, with the same field excitation, what
110-volt mains in order that the motor may deliver 3 hp. at a
speed of 900 rev. per min.? Assume that the stray power varies
directly as the speed.
98. In problem 96, with the same field excitation, what
110-volt mains in order that the motor may run at 900 rev. per
min. and give a torque of 20 pound-feet at the pulley? Assume
that the stray power varies directly as the speed.
99. A
balancer set consisting of two shunt machines is con-
nected across the mains and neutral of a 220-volt 3-wire system.
At no load the armature current is 5 amperes and the potential
across each machine is 110 volts. The armature resistances
are each 0.04 ohm and the resistance of each conductor between
the balancer and the load is 0.03 ohm. There is no neutral
conductor running from the power station to the balancer.
The load is unbalanced, there being 150 amperes on one side
and 50 amperes on the other. What are the voltages
the mains and the neutral at the load? Assume that the
100. Two similarshunt motors are mechanically coupled

together and their armatures are connected in series across 220-
volt mains. ,At no load and with normal field excitations the
armature current is 4 amperes. The voltages across them are
equal and the motors run at 1200 rev. per min. If the excita-
tion of one motor is increased 30 per cent at what speed do they
run? What is the voltage across each armature? Neglect the

armature resistance drop, aji^ rtMiitjjtrj tfc,afctkg^fr%ytpapEi><tS'
101. Two
shunt generators with electromotive forces of 120
volts and 115 volts, armature resistances of 0.05 and 0.04 ohm,
and field resistances of 20 and 25 ohms respectively, are con-
nected in parallel and supply a load of 25 kw. What is the
electrical efficiency of each machine and what proportion of the
total load does each supply?
102. Two
similar shunt generators when driven at constant
speed operate satisfactorily in parallel; that is, each machine
always takes one-half the total load. The fields are adjusted
so that the no load terminal voltage of each machine is 120
volts, and when each machine delivering full load current of
is
100 amperes the terminal voltage falls to 110 volts. The load
characteristic of each machine is a straight line. The armature
resistance of each machine is 0.038 ohm and the field resistance
is 29 ohms. When the total load is 15 kw. what
is the terminal
voltage.? W T
hat are the heating losses in the armature and
fi 1H mmiffimr ?
In problem 102 if the resistance of the field circuit of one

103.
generator is increased to 33 ohms the load characteristic of that

generator is reduced 5 per cent at every point. Under this con-
dition what is the load on each machine when the terminal
voltage is 110 volts
? What are the heating losses in the arma-
j a 1 1
ture and field
In problem 102 if the resistance of the field circuit of one

104.
generator is reduced to 25 ohms the load characteristic of that

generator is increased 3.5 per cent at every point. Under this
condition what is the load on each machine when the total load
is 18 kw.? -What are the heating losses in the armature and
U
field
CeirAO.Ti
105.In problem 102 if a resistance of 0.038 ohm is connected

in series with one armature winding, what is the load on each
machine when the terminal voltage is 110 volts ? -feWhat are the
ui
heating losses in the armature and field wtnilm^s? Neglect
any difference in the fields that is produced by a difference in
the armature reactions.
106. In problem 102 if a resistance of 0.038 ohm is connected

in series with one armature winding, what is the load on each
machine when the total load is 18 kw.? the heating
.Whgtâre
losses in the armature and in the field mo&rg's? Neglect any
difference in the fields that is produced by a difference in the
armature reactions.
107. In problem 102 if the speed of one generator is decreased
3 per cent, what is the load on each machine when the terminal
voltage is 114 volts? a t are the heating losses in the
.
^h,
armature and field ^^sfeagg? Neglect any difference in the
fields that is produced by a difference in the armature
reactions.
108. In problem 102 the speed of one generator is increased
if
3 per cent, what is the load on each machine when the total load
is 15 kw.? What is the terminal voltage ?y \Jhat are the heat-
ing losses in the armature and field jslsSs^s? Neglect any
difference in the fields that is produced by a difference in the
armature reactions.
109. In problem 102
the load supplied by the generators
if
takes a constant current of 180 amperes, by what per cent must

the speed of one generator be increased so that it will take the
entire load?
110. In problem 102 if the load supplied by the generators
takes a constant power of 18 kw. by what per cent must the
speed of one generator be increased so that it will take the entire
load?
111. In problem 102 if the equivalent resistance of the load
is constant and equal to 0.64 ohm, by what per cent must the
speed of one generator be increased so that it will take the entire

load?
112. The open-circuit characteristic of a 500-kw. 600-volt
--
compound generator is given by the following data :
Shunt field current

DIRECT -CURRENT GENERATORS AND MOTORS 65
The armature resistance is 0.017 ohm and the resistance of the

series coils is 0.0098 ohm. The shunt field is adjusted so that
the open-circuit voltage is 600 volts. As a compound generator
the load characteristic is a straight line rising to 630 volts at
full load of 800 amperes. With the series coils short-circuited
the load characteristic is a straight line, and the terminal voltage
falls to 550 volts at full load of 800 amperes. What is the ratio
of shunt turns to series turns in the field windings?
113. In problem 112 what resistance should be shunted across
the series coils so that the load characteristic will be a straight
line with a full load terminal voltage of 600 volts?
114. It is desired to run the generator in problem 112 in

parallel with another 500-kw. generator having a load charac-
teristic that rises uniformly from 600 volts at no load to 660
volts at full load. tBy
'
v **'
.what per cent should the series coil of the
r
t
first generator be increased so that the generators will always
divide the load equally between them? Assume that each of the
added series turns has the same resistance as each of the original
series turns.
CHAPTER VI
RESISTANCE
Conductors with Variable Dimensions
THE calculation of the resistance of conductors which have

variable dimensions is in general an extremely difficult problem.
The method of attack is, first, to determine the lines of current
and, second, to divide the conductor into differential volumes
whose lengths are measured in the direction of the current and
whose areas of cross-section are measured in equipotential
planes, that perpendicular to the lines of current. The
is,
expression for the resistance of this differential volume is given

by Ohm's law, and the resistance of the whole conductor is
found by integrating over the entire volume. Sometimes it is
more direct to divide the conductor into elementary volumes the
resistances of which are combined in series. In this case the
total resistance is the sum of the differential resistances. Again
it is more direct to divide the conductors into elementary
volumes the resistances of which are combined in parallel. In

this case the total conductance of the conductor is the sum of the
differential conductances.
PROBLEMS
1. The insulation resistance of a sample of submarine cable
1127 feet long is 62,900 megohms. What will be the insulation
resistance of 50 miles of this cable?
2. A hollow metal cylinder is 10 inches long and has inner
and outer radii of 2 and 3 inches respectively. What is its
resistance between the cylindrical surfaces? The specific resist-
ance of this metal is 80 microhms per centimeter cube.
3. In problem 2 if a difference in potential of 1 millivolt is
applied to the two cylindrical surfaces what will be the current
density per square inch at a point 2.5 inches from the axis of the
cylinder?
RESISTANCE 67
In problem 3 what will be the difference in potential

4.
between the inner cylindrical surface and a point 2.5 inches

from the axis of the cylinder?
5. A
cable consists of a copper wire 0.5 inch in diameter
separated from a lead sheath by 0.3 inch of rubber insulation.
Find its insulation resistance in megohms per mile the spe-
if
16
cific resistance of the rubber is 3 X 10 ohms per centimeter
cube.
6. The
core of a cable consists of a copper wire having a cross-
section of 250,000 circular mils. If the specific resistance of
16
the insulation is 10 ohms per centimeter
cube, find the thick-
ness of insulation necessary in order that the cable may have an
4
insulation resistance of 10 megohms per mile.
7. A No. 10 wire (diameter = 0.102 inch) 964 feet
sample of
in length is insulated with 0.075 inch of rubber compound. Its
insulation resistance is 51,200 megohms. What will be the insu-
lation resistance per mile of 400,000 circular mil cable covered
with 0.25 inch of this compound?
8. A
copper cable of 100,000 circular mils cross-section is
insulated with 0.1 inch of a rubber compound. What should
have been the thickness of the insulation to have doubled its
present insulation resistance?
9. A hemispherical shell of
copper has radii of 2 and 3 inches.
If the resistance of copper is 1.70 microhms per centimeter cube
what is the resistance between the spherical surfaces? The
current is along radial lines.
In problem 9 if a difference in potential of 0.15 millivolts is

10.
applied to the two spherical surfaces what will be the current

density per square inch at a point 2.5 inches from the center
of the shell?
11. In problem 10 what be the potential difference between
will
the inner spherical surface and a point 2.5 inches from the center
of the shell?
12. A
semicircular copper annulus has a uniform rectangular
cross-section of 5 square centimeters and radii of 10 and 20
centimeters. What is the resistance between the rectangular
ends of the annulus if the resistance of copper is 1.70 microhms
per centimeter cube? The equipotential surfaces are radial
planes.
13. a difference in potential of 5 millivolts is applied to the
If
ends of the annulus in problem 12 what will be the current

density per square centimeter at a point 15 centimeters from
the axis of the annulus?
In problem 13 what will be the potential difference between
14.
the rectangular ends of the annulus and the equipotential plane
which is perpendicular to the plane of the ends?
/ OF TME
UNIVERSITY
CHAPTER VII
FORCE AND POTENTIAL
THE laws of attraction hold universally whether applied to

gravitational masses, electric charges, or to magnetic poles. In
what follows the word "mass" means gravitational matter,
electric charge, ormagnetic pole. The force of attraction varies
directly as the product of the masses and inversely as the square
of the distance between them, and the direction of the force is
along the line joining the masses. That is : F <*

\
2
;
m 1
and m 2
are gravitational masses, electric charges, or magnetic poles

which are concentrated at points, and r is the distance between
the points. The intensity of the field, or the force, at any point
is the force acting on a unit mass placed at the point. If the
masses are distributed along lines, over surfaces, or in other

manner through must be divided
space, the line, surface, or solid
into differential elements every part of which may be assumed
to be at the same distance from the point at which the force is to
be found. Since a force not completely defined until both its
is
magnitude and direction are determined it is known as a vector

quantity. Forces are combined by applying the principles of
vector addition or, as it is frequently stated, by applying the
principle of the parallelogram of forces. For a graphical solution
this latter method is quite satisfactory, but when treating a
problem analytically it is usually more direct to resolve each

separate or elementary force into components parallel to the
coordinate axes. The resultant component along any axis is
the algebraic sum, or the integral, as the case may be, of the
components of the individual or elementary forces acting along
that axis. It should always be borne in mind that forces can
only be added algebraically, or integrated, when they act in the

same direction.
An electric current in a conductor produces a magnetic field.
TO PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
The strength of the field at any point P due to an elementary
length of the conductor dl, which is carrying a current of
7 amperes, is given by the expression dF =

cos 0; r is the
distance from the elementary length of the conductor to the

point P; is the angle between a normal to the
elementary
conductor and a linedrawn between the elementary conductor
and the point P. The direction of the magnetic field due to the
current in an elementary length of the conductor at the point P
is perpendicular to the plane in which lie the elementary con-
ductor and the point P. The force, or the intensity of the mag-
netic field at the point P is found by integrating this expression
over the entire length of the conductor, provided only that the
conductor lies in a single plane.
Potential defined as being numerically equal to the work
is
done in moving a unit mass against a gravitational, an electric,

a magnetic, or an electromagnetic force. The potential at a point
due to a system of masses is numerically equal to the work done in
moving a unit mass against the force due to the system from a point
infinitelyremote to the point in question. The difference in
potential between two points is numerically equal to the work done
in moving a unit mass from one point to the other. The potential
at a point due to a concentrated mass m is given by the expres-
77?
sion V= ,
where r is the distance from the point to the mass.
Potential a scalar quantity, that is, it has magnitude only.

is
The resultant potential at a point due to a system of con-

centrated masses, or to a distributed mass, is the algebraic
sum, or integral, as the case may be, of the individual or
elementary potentials at the point in question.
PROBLEMS
1. Find the force and the potential at the origin due to a
concentrated mass of 100 units at the point (10, 0).
2. Find the force and the potential at the origin due to the
following system of concentrated masses:
Mass of 30 units at the point (10, 0).
FORCE AND POTENTIAL 71
3. Find the force and the potential at the origin due to the
following system of concentrated masses:
Mass of 30 units at the point (-2, - 4).
4. At the points (8, 6), ( 6, 8), and (0, 10) are concentrated
the following charges: 10 positive units, 20 positive units, and
30 negative units respectively. Find the potential and the
resultant force at the origin. In what direction would a negative
charge at the origin tend to move?
5. Three equal masses of 10 units each are concentrated at
the apexes of an equilateral triangle of 10-foot sides. Find the

resultant force and the potential at the center of the triangle.
6. Three equal masses of 10 units each are concentrated at
three of the vertices of a regular tetrahedron. What are the
resultant force and the potential at the fourth vertex of the
tetrahedron?
7. Two equal concentrated masses of 10 units each are
placed 10 units apart. What is the work done in moving a unit
mass from a point which is 10 units from each of the concentrated
masses to a point which is 5 units from each of them?
8. In problem 7 what is the resultant force acting on the unit
mass when it is 10 units from each of the concentrated masses?
when it is 5 units from each of the concentrated masses?
9. A mass of 10 units is concentrated at the point (0, 5).
What the expression for the force due to this mass at any point
is
(x, 0) on the axis of abscissas?
10. In problem 9 what are the two components of the force

at any point (x, 0) both along the axis of abscissas and in a
direction that is perpendicular to this axis.
11. In problem 9 find, by the method of integration, the
work done against the force of attraction in moving a unit
mass from the origin (0, 0) along the axis of abscissas to a point
which is infinitely remote.
12. A mass of 10 units is concentrated at the point (10, 0).
What is the expression for the force at any point on the circum-
ference of a circle of 5 units radius drawn about the origin as a
center?
In problem 12 what are the components of this force along
13.
a radius of the circle and along a tangent to the circle? Express
the equation of the circumference of the circle in polar coordinates
as (5, 0).
In problem 12 find the work done in moving a unit mass

14.
along the circumference of the circle from the point (5, 0) to the
point (5, TT,) by integrating the tangential component of the force
around the semi-circumference.
15.Find the force of attraction due to a rod 10 feet long
having a density of 10 units per foot, in a direction parallel to
its axis, at a point 6 feet from one end and 8 feet from the other.
Consider that the rod is concentrated along its axis.

16. What
are the force and the potential due to a rod of
uniform linear density m
and length L at a point on its axis L
units from the nearer end?
Find the force and the potential due to a rod of length L
17.
and linear density m at a point which is on a perpendicular to
the rod at its midpoint and h units from it.
Find the force and the potential due to a rod of length L
18.
and linear density m at a point which is on a perpendicular to
the rod at one end and h units from it.
Find the force and the potential at the origin due to a
19.
wire of length L and linear density m which is bent into a com-
plete circle about the origin as a center.
20.Find the force and the potential at the origin due to a
wire of length L and linear density m which is bent into a semi-
circle about the origin as a center.
21. Show that the attraction due to a uniform wire which

is bent into the form of a polygon that circumscribes a circle is
zero at the center of the circle.
22. A
wire of linear density m
and length L, which is bent
into the form of the quadrant of a circle, has its ends on the
coordinate axes and its center at the origin. Where should
two concentrated masses, each equal to one-half of the mass
of the wire, be placed on the coordinate axes so that they will
exert the same force at the origin as does the wire?
23. Two rods of lengths L and L 2 and

l
each of linear density m
are placed so as to form the two adjacent sides of a rectangle.
Find the force and the potential at the vertex of the rectangle
which is diagonally opposite the junction of the rods.
Find the force of attraction between two straight rods
24.
each of length L and linear density m lying in the same line
with their nearer ends separated by a distance L.
25.In problem 24 find the work done against the force of
attraction in moving one of the rods along the line in which they
lie to a point that is infinitely remote.
26. A
rod of uniform linear density m
lies in the axis of
abscissas with one end at the point (0, 0) and the other end at
the point (L, integrating the force function find the
0). By
work done against the force of attraction in moving a unit mass
from the point (2 L, 0) along the axis of abscissas to the point
(3 L, 0).
27. A rod of length uniform linear density m lies
L and of
in the axis of abscissas with its midpoint at the origin. By
integrating the force function find the work done against the
force of attraction in moving a unit mass from the point (0, L)
along the axis of ordinates to the point (0, 2 L).
28. A rod of length uniform linear density m lies
L and of
in the axis of abscissas with its midpoint at the origin. By
integrating the force function find the work done against the
force of attraction in moving a unit mass from the point (0, a)
along a line parallel to the axis of abscissas to a point (6, a).
29. Two rods
each of linear density m
and length L are placed
so as to form the opposite sides of a square. What is the force
of attraction that one exerts upon the other?
30. A
wire of uniform linear density m
is bent into a circle of
radius R which lies in the XOY

plane and has its center at the
origin. What are the force and the potential at a point which
is on the axis OZ and h units from the origin?
In problem 30, by integrating the force function, find
31.
the work done against the force of attraction in moving a
unit mass from the point (o, o, a) along the axis OZ to a point
(o, o, 6).
32. A
north pole of 20 units strength is placed 10 inches
from a south pole of 10 units strength. What is the force in
dynes that one pole exerts upon the other?
33. A
north pole of 10 units strength is placed in a uniform
field which has an intensity of 500 lines per square inch. What
is the force in dynes acting on the pole?
34. At each of the points (5, 0) and 0) there is a north

(5,
pole of 20 units strength. What is the force in dynes acting on a
north pole of 5 units strength placed at the point (0, 5)? In

what direction would it tend to move?
35. At the point ( 5, a north pole of 20 units
0) there is
strength and at the point (5, 0) there is a south pole of 20 units
strength. What is the force in dynes acting on a north pole

of 5 units strength placed at the point (0, 5) ? In what direction
would it tend to move?
36. A thin
bar magnet 20 centimeters long is placed in the
axis of abscissas with its center at the origin. The poles of
this magnet each have a strength of 30 units and they may be
assumed to be concentrated at the ends. What is the force in
dynes acting on a unit north pole placed at the point (10, 20) ?
37. Two
thin bar magnets each 20 centimeters long and with
poles of 50 units strength are placed so as to form the opposite
sides of a square, with their like poles pointing in the same
direction. the poles of the magnets are assumed to be
If
concentrated at the ends what is the force in dynes with which
one magnet repels the other?
38. In problem 37the like poles of the magnets point in
if
opposite directions what is the force in dynes with which one

magnet attracts the other?
39. A
thin bar magnet 20 centimeters long and with poles
of 50 units strength is pivoted at its center and placed in a
uniform field which has an intensity
200 lines per square
of
centimeter. Assume that the poles of the magnet are concen-
trated at the ends. When the magnet is perpendicular to the
direction of the field what is the torque in centimeter-dynes
tending to rotate it about its center?
40. In problem 39 what
the torque tending to rotate the
is
magnet when it makes any angle 6 with the direction of the

field? What is the torque in centimeter-dynes when 6 = 45?
41. A
thin bar magnet 20 centimeters long and with poles
of 50 units strength is placed in the axis of abscissas with its
center at the origin. Another similar magnet 10 centimeters

long and with poles of 20 units strength is placed in the axis
of ordinates with its center 15 centimeters from the origin.
Assuming that the poles of each magnet are concentrated at

the ends what the torque in centimeter-dynes tending to
is
rotate the shorter magnet about its center?
42. A thin bar magnet 20 centimeters long and with poles of

50 units strength is placed in the axis of abscissas with its center
at the origin. Another magnet which is the exact duplicate
of the first is placed in the axis of ordinates with its center also
at the origin. Assume that the poles of the magnets are concen-
trated at the ends and that they lie in the same plane. If one
of these magnets is fixed, what is the torque in centimeter-
dynes tending to turn the other about its center?

43. Find the force due to a rectangular surface distribution
of uniform density <r which is bounded by the lines x = 0,
x = a, and y = 6, y
= + 6, at the point (c, 0), where c is
greater than a.
44. Find the force and the potential due to a circular plate,
which has a uniform surface distribution a-, at a point on the
axis of the plate h units abdve the center.
45. Find the force and the potential at the center of a com-
plete annulus of uniform surface density a and radii a and b.
46. Find the force and the potential at the center of a semi-
circular annulus of uniform surface density a- and radii a and b.
47. Find the force and the potential at the apex of a right
circular cone of uniform volume density p. The altitude of the
cone is H and the radius of the base is R.
48. A right circular cone, the radius of whose base is 5 units
and whose altitude is 12 units, is cut by a plane perpendicular
to the axis so that the potentials at the vertex of the cone due to
each portion are equal. What is the altitude of the frustrum
thus formed and what is the force it exerts at the apex if the
uniform density of the mass is 10 units?
49. A right circular cone, the radius of whose base is 3 units
and whose altitude is 6 units, is cut by a plane perpendicular to
the axis so that each part exerts the same force at the apex of
the cone. What is the altitude of the smaller cone thus formed?
What isthe force that the frustrum exerts at the apex of the
cone if the uniform volume density is 10 units?
50. Find the force and the potential at the center of a spherical
shell of radii a and b and of uniform volume density p.
Find the force and the potential at the center due to

51.
a hemispherical shell of radii a and b and of uniform volume
density p.
52. A
straight wire 1 meter long is carrying a current of
100 amperes. Find the force at a point which is equally distant
from the ends of the wire and 10 centimeters from the center.
53. A straight wire10 feet long is carrying a current of
500 amperes. Find the force at a point which is 1 foot from
one end of the wire and is on a line that is perpendicular to the
wire at this end.
54. A
very long, straight conductor is carrying a current of
200 amperes. Find the force at a point which is "5 inches from
the center of the conductor and is on a line that is perpendicular
to the conductor at the center.
55. A straight conductor 10 carrying a current of
feet long is
500 amperes. What is the percentage error introduced by cal-

culating the intensity of the magnetic field at a point that is
equally distant from the ends of the conductor and is 1 foot from
its center, on the assumption that the conductor is of infinite
extent in both directions?

In problem 55 what would be the error in calculating the
56.
intensity of the field at a similar point 5 feet from the center of

the conductor, on the same assumption?
In problem 54 what is the work done in carrying a unit
57.
pole once around the wire in a circular path which has a radius
of 5 inches and the wire as a center?
58. Two and

parallel conductors spaced 3 feet
long, straight
apart are each carrying a current of 500 amperes. If the currents
are in the same direction what is the intensity of the magnetic
fieldnear the middle of the conductors at a point 1.5 feet from
each?
In problem 58 if the currents are in opposite directions
59.
what will be the force at a point near the middle of the con-
ductors 1.5 feet from each?
In problem 58 what will be the force at a point near the

60.
middle of the conductors 3 feet from each?
In problem 58 if the currents are in opposite directions
61.
what will be the force at a point near the middle of the con-
ductors 3 feet from each ?
62. A
copper conductor which is carrying a current of 100
amperes is bent into a complete circumference of 5 inches radius.
What is the force at a point that is 10 inches from every part of
this conductor?
63.In problem 62 what will be the work done in carrying a

unit pole from the center of the circumference along a line
which is perpendicular to the plane of the coil to a point
infinitely remote? This is one-half the magnetomotive force
of the coil.
64. A copper conductor

bent into a complete circumference
is
of 10 centimeters radius.What will be the force at the center

of the circumference when the conductor carries a current of
100 amperes?
65. A
very long, straight conductor is carrying a current of
500 amperes. Find the force at a point which is 10 centimeters
from one end of the conductor and is on a line perpendicular to
it at this end.
66. A
very long, straight, thin copper ribbon 5 centimeters
wide is carrying a current of 250 amperes. What will be the
intensity of the magnetic field at a point which is in the
plane of the ribbon, opposite the center, and 5 centimeters from
the nearer edge?
67. A
very long, straight, thin copper ribbon 3 inches wide is
carrying a current of 200 amperes. What will be the intensity
of the magnetic field at a point which is opposite the center of the
ribbon and is 3 inches from each edge?
68. A thin copper ribbon 3 inches wide is bent so as to form a
complete cylindrical surface of 3 inches radius. Find the inten-
sity of the magnetic field at the center of this cylinder when
the ribbon carries a current of 250 amperes. The lines of
current are circles.
69. A thin copper ribbon 20 inches wide is bent so as to form
a complete cylindrical surface of 1 inch radius. When the ribbon
carries a current of 1000 amperes compare the intensities of the
magnetic field at the center of the cylinder thus formed and

at the center of one end of the cylinder. The lines of current
are circles.
70.
pole along the axis of the cylinder from the center of one end to
the center of the other end?
71.
pole along the axis of the cylinder from the center of one end to
the center of the other end?
72.
pole along the axis of the cylinder from oo to -f oo ? This is

the method used to calculate the magnetomotive force of a short
coil.

73.
oo to + oo?
pole along the axis of the coil from This is
the method used to calculate the magnetomotive force of a long
coil.
74. A thin semicircular copper annulus of radii2 and 4 inches

iscarrying a current of 200 amperes. What is the intensity of
the magnetic field at the center of the annulus? The lines of
current are concentric semicircles.
75. A
thin copper annulus of radii 5 and 10 centimeters is
carrying a current of 250 amperes. What is the intensity of the
magnetic field at the center of the annulus? The lines of cur-
rent are concentric circles.
76. In problem 75 what the intensity of the magnetic field
is
at a point which is on a line perpendicular to the annulus through

its center and x units from the plane of the annulus?

77.
pole along the line which is perpendicular to the plane of the

annulus through its center from QO to +00? This is the
method used to calculate the magnetomotive force of a pancake
coil.
78. A thin copper cylinder 5 inches in diameter and 5 feet

long is carrying a current of 500 amperes. What is the intensity
of the field at any point on the axis of the cylinder? The current
is in the direction of the axis of the cylinder.
79. A thin copper cylinder 5 inches in diameter and 5 feet

long is divided into two equal parts by a plane in which lies the
axis of the cylinder. One of these parts carries a current of 250
amperes. What is the intensity of the field at a point on the axis
of the cylinder halfway between the ends ? The current is in the

direction of the axis of the cylinder.
CHAPTER VIII
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD
THE magnetomotive force of a coil of wire carrying a steady

current is numerically equal to the work done in moving a unit
magnetic pole through the coil from plus infinity to minus
infinity. The algebraic expression for the magnetomotive force
is NI, where N is the net number of turns in the coil and /
isthe current (amperes) in each turn.

For a long solenoid with an air core which has a length of
about twenty times its diameter the work done in moving the
unit pole from the center of one end to the center of the other
is very nearly equal to NI (see Chapter VII, Problems 71
and 73); that is, the difference in the magnetic potentials at

the two ends of the coil is approximately equal to the magneto-
motive force of the coil. If it is assumed that the flux is uni-
formly distributed over the cross-section of the coil, the average
value of the flux is obtained by dividing the difference in the
/4 TT \
magnetic potentials at the ends of the coil I Nil by the
reluctance of the magnetic path between the ends of the coil
So that the average value of the flux is approximately
NI - and j
the average value of the flux density is approx-
J-U I/
imately In these formulas and in those that follow,

J-U L
lengths and areas are expressed in centimeters and in square

centimeters respectively.
When a coil has a core of magnetic material, the general
expression for the flux is - :

-=- where Z = .
Z, the reluc-
10 Z ,
//a
80
THE ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD 81
tance of the magnetic circuit, is a function of the magnetizing

force, but for the sake of simplicity it will be assumed constant
in all of the problems in this chapter. the flux density is If
relatively low the assumption of constant permeability leads to

no great error.
The self-inductance of any electric circuit is measured by the
number of linkages of the net series turns, each carrying unit
current, with the flux lines produced by these ampere-turns.
If all of the flux lines are linked with all of the turns the self-
inductance of a long coil is approximately N X -

N - or
-
N 2 -
linkages, and of a coil wound on a magnetic core,
I.U l>
N 2
^y- linkages. When there are 10 8 linkages per ampere

JLU I
the self-inductance is one henry.

Mutual inductance, or the mutual effect of one electric circuit
upon another, is measured by the number of linkages of the
net series turns in one circuit with the flux lines produced by
unit current in the other circuit. If two coils are wound side
by side in the form of a long solenoid, or on the same magnetic

core, all of the flux lines produced by one coil may be as-
sumed to be linked with all of the turns in the other coil.
Thus for two coils in the form of a long solenoid the mu-
tual inductance is approximately N t

X N 2
- or
N^N 2
--
J_U i 1U i
linkages, and for two coils wound on the same magnetic
core the mutual inductance is approximately N^N2

linkages.
The electromagnetic a seat of energy, called kinetic
field is
energy, since it is produced by the action of an electric current

in a circuit. The magnitude of this energy is given by the
expression \ LP (joules), where L (henry s) is the self-inductance
of the circuit in which a current of / amperes exists. This
expression is readily transformed into ;

-
</>
2
Z (ergs), where
o 7T
<f>
is the number of flux lines and Z is the reluctance of the
magnetic circuit on which the electric circuit is wound. If
H = ,
that is, the magnetizing force per unit length of
the magnetic circuit, the expression for the energy of the field
per unit volume may be obtained by transforming this latter
- 2
expression into
-
O 71
^H (ergs).
PROBLEMS
1. A
long solenoid is wound with No. 20 copper wire, of
which there are 23 turns per linear inch. What is the flux
density per square inch near the center of the coil when the
current through it is 1.5 amperes?
2. If the problem 1 has a circular cross-section with a
coil in
radius of 1 inch, what will be the flux produced within and near
the center of the coil per ampere?
3. If the coil in problems 1 and 2 is 1 meter long what will
be the number of linkages of flux and turns when the current

through the coil is 2 amperes?
*4. A coil of 1500 turns of No. 24 copper wire is wound in
one layer on a wooden cylinder 115 centimeters long and 5
centimeters in diameter. What will be the flux produced within
this coil when it is connected across an e.m.f. of 10 volts? How
many linkages of flux and turns will there be when the coil
carries a current of 0.75 ampere?
5. A solenoid 1 meter long and 4 centimeters in diameter
is wound with 1310 turns of copper wire. What is its induc-
tance?
6. A wooden cylinder 30 inches long and 1.5 inches in
diameter is completely wound with one
layer of No. 28 copper
wire. If there are 43 turns per linear inch what is the induc-
tance of the coil?
7. What the inductance of a long cylindrical coil of 1000
is
turns of No. 24 copper wire, wound in one layer, if its resistance

is 10.2 there are 33 turns per inch of length? Assume
ohms and
that No. 24 copper wire has a resistance of 0.026 ohm per foot.
Find the dimensions of a long cylindrical coil wound with
8.
one layer of No. 24 copper wire so that it will have an induc-
tance of 0.002 henry. The length of the coil must be 20 times
its diameter. No. 24 copper wire has a resistance of 0,026 ohm
per foot, and 33 turns can be wound per inch. What is the
resistance of the coil?
9. A long coil which has a length 20 times its diameter is

wound with No. 24 copper wire of which there are 33 turns per
inch. The coil is so proportioned that the ratio of the resist-
ance in ohms to the inductance in mil-henrys is 5. The resist-
ance of No. 24 copper wire is 0.026 ohm per foot. What are
the dimensions of the coil?
10. Find the dimensions of a long cylindrical coil wound
with one layer of No. 24 copper wire so that it will have an
inductance of 2.5 mil-henrys and a resistance of 10 ohms.
No. 24 copper wire has a resistance of 0.026 ohm per foot and
33 turns can be wound per inch. What is the ratio of the
length of the coil to its diameter?
11. A closed magnetic circuit of cast iron which has a cross-
section of 5 square centimeters and a mean length of 32 centi-
meters is wound with 2000 turns of No. 30 copper wire.
Assuming that the permeability of the iron is constant and equal
to 220, what is the inductance of the coil?
12. A soft steel ring with a cross-section of 1 square inch and
a mean diameter of 6 inches is wound with 500 turns of No. 20
copper wire. Assuming that the permeability of the steel is
constant and equal to 800 what is the inductance of the coil?

13. In problem 12 how long an air-gap must be cut in the
magnetic circuit to reduce the inductance of the coil to 0.05
henry?
* 14. Asoft steel ring with a mean diameter of 11.1 inches
and a cross-section of 0.75 inch radius is to be wound with one
layer of copper wire so that the coil thus formed will have an
inductance of 0.5 henry and a resistance of 3 ohms. Assuming
that the permeability of the steel is 850, with what size wire
and with how many turns should this coil be wound?
15. Two wound, one above the other, on a steel
coils are
ring like that described in problem 14. The first is of No. 20

copper wire and the second is of No. 10, and there are 225
turns in each coil. What is the self-inductance of each coil?
* 16. In
problem 15 what will be the flux produced within the
coils if the first is alone connected across a constant potential
of 2 volts? What will be the number of linkages of this flux

and the turns of each coil?
17. In problem 15 what is the mutual inductance of the coils?
The inductance of a coil consisting of 350 turns of No. 10
18.
wire wound on a magnetic circuit of assumed constant perme-
ability 0.12 henry.
is How many additional series turns are
required to increase the inductance to 0.2 henry?
19. Two coils are wound side by which
side on a steel ring
has a mean diameter of 12 inches and a cross-section with a
radius of 0.75 inch. There are 350 turns in the first coil and
1000 in the second. Assume that the permeability of the steel
is constant and equal to 800. What is the self-inductance of
each coil? Wliat is their mutual inductance?
20. the coils in problem 19 are connected in series so that
If
they tend to produce magnetic fields in the same direction,

what will be their combined inductance?
21. the coils in problem 19 are connected in series so that
If
they tend to produce opposing magnetic fields, what will be

their combined inductance?
22. Two coils are wound

by side on a magnetic circuit
side
whose length is 50 centimeters and area of cross-section 25
square centimeters. The first consists of 800 turns of No. 20
copper wire and the second of 100 turns of No. 10 wire. The
coils areconnected in series so that they tend to produce oppos-
ing magnetic fields. If the permeability of the magnetic circuit
is 950 what is the combined inductance of the coils when thus
connected?
In problem 22 how long an air-gap must be cut in the
23.
magnetic circuit so that the self-inductance of the first coil

alone will be 2.5 henrys?
24. Whatthe mutual inductance of any two coils wound
is
side by side on the same magnetic circuit in terms of their

self-inductances?
25. Two coils are wound side by side on the same magnetic
circuit. The self-inductance of one is L and of the other L2
1
.
What is their combined inductance when connected in series

so that they tend to produce magnetic fields in the same
direction?
26. What the combined inductance of the coils in problem

is
25 if they are connected in series so that they tend to produce

opposing magnetic fields?
27. The self-inductance of a coil of copper wire which is

wound on a magnetic core built up of steel stampings is 0.15
henry. Another coil of 200 turns is wound on the core and its
self -inductance is found to be 0.085 henry. How many turns
are there in the first coil? Assume that the permeability of
the steel is constant.
28. Two each of an unknown number of turns, are
coils,
wound on the same magnetic core. If the coils are connected
in series in opposition their combined inductance is 1.5 hen-
rys. If the connections of one of the coils are reversed their

combined inductance becomes 5 henrys. What is the self-
inductance of each coil? Assume that the permeability of the
magnetic core is constant.

29. The inductance of a coil consisting of 246 turns of No. 24
copper wire wound in one layer on a magnetic core is 0.025

henry and the resistance of the coil is 4.2 ohms. This wire
is removed and the core is rewound with one layer of such
a size of copper wire that the resistance is 0.59 ohm and

the inductance is 0.005 henry. What size should be used?
Use the approximate method for calculating the resistance
and choose the gage number that most nearly fulfils the
conditions.
30.The inductance of a coil consisting of 232 turns of copper
wire wound on a magnetic core is 0.021 henry and its resistance
is 0.87 ohm. How many turns of the same wire should be
added in series to, or removed from, the coil in order that the
ratio of the resistance in ohms to the inductance in henrys may
bess? Assume that each turn has the same length.
* 31. The inductance of a coil
consisting of 300 turns of No.
18 copper "wire wound on a magnetic core is 0,15 henry and its
resistance is 1.2 ohms. What is the least number of additional
series turns of No. 14 copper wire that should be wound on this
core in order that the flux shall have a value of 450,000 lines
when an e.m.f. of 8.5 volts is impressed on the two coils in
series? Assume that the length of each of the added turns is
8 inches.
*32. In problem 31 what is the least number of turns of

copper wire that should be wound on the core and connected in
parallel with the original turns in order that the flux shall have
a value of 450,000 lines and the total current taken by the coils
shall not exceed 10 amperes when an e.m.f. of 8.5 volts is
impressed on the two coils in parallel? What size wire should

be used? Assume that the length of each of the added turns is
8 inches.
33. A 500 turns is wound on a magnetic core which
coil of
has a cross-section of 5 square inches. The self-inductance of
this coil is 2 henrys. How long an air-gap must be cut in the
core to reduce the inductance to 0.5 henry? Assume that the
permeability of the core is constant and also that the reciprocal
of the permeability is negligible compared with unity.
34. A
magnetic core of constant length and uniform cross-
section has an adjustable air-gap. On this core there is wound
a coil of No. 20 copper wire. When the air-gap is reduced to
zero the self-inductance of the coil 3 henrys. When the
is
length of the air-gap is 0.05 inch the self-inductance of the coil

is 1henry. To what must the length of the air-gap be increased
to reduce the self-inductance to 0.2 henry? Assume that the
permeability of the magnetic core is constant.
35. Two coils are wound on the same magnetic
side by side
circuit. The first, consisting of 500 turns of No. 20 copper wire,
has a resistance of 2.5 ohms and a self-inductance of 0.5 henry,
and the second, consisting of 1000 turns of No. 30 wire, has a
resistance of 50 ohms. If an e.m.f. of 4.3 volts is impressed on
the first coil what e.m.f. must be impressed on the second in
order that the resultant flux shall be zero? What be the
will
flux produced when an e.m.f. of 15 volts is impressed on the
second coil alone?
36. A
small experimental transformer has a magnetic circuit
with a net cross-section of 3.4 square inches and a m'ean length
of 22.5 inches. Assume that the permeability of the iron is
2150. There are four each of which has 232 turns, and a
coils,
resistance of 0.23 ohm. What is the self-inductance of each
coil? If the four coils are connected in series so that they
produce magnetic fields in the same direction what is their

combined inductance?
37. In problem 36 if the four coils are connected in parallel

so that they produce magnetic fields in the same direction, what
will be their combined inductance?
38. In a which has a self-inductance of 1.2 henrys there

coil
is a current of 25 amperes. What is the energy in the electro-
magnetic field?
39. A 1000 turns wound on a long cylinder has a seif-

coil of
inductance of 0.0025 henry and a resistance of 10 ohms. What
is the energy of the electromagnetic field when a flux of 1500
lines has been established through the coil?
40. The field coils of a 4 -pole

shunt motor are con-
nected in series and each consists of 950 turns. A field cur-
rent of 5.3 amperes produces an air-gap flux of 2,500,000
lines. Assuming no magnetic leakage, what is the energy
of the electromagnetic field when the field current is 5.3
amperes ?
circuit. The first, consisting of 500 turns, has a self-inductance
of 0.5 henry, and the second has a self-inductance of 2 henrys.
If the coils are connected in series so that they produce magnetic
fields in the same direction, what will be the energy of the elec-
tromagnetic field when the flux reaches a value of 1,000,000

lines?
42. If the coils in problem 41 had been connected in series

so as to produce magnetic fields in opposition, what would have
been the energy of the electromagnetic field when the flux
reached a value of 1,000,000 lines?
In problem 36 what will be the energy of the electro-
43.
magnetic field if an e.m.f. of 2.5 volts is impressed on one coil

alone?
44. In problem 36 the connected for a 2 1 ratio
coils are :
of transformation, two coils in series and the other two in
parallel. With a current of 10 amperes through each of the

coils in series what will be the total energy of the electro-
magnetic field?
45. In problem 44 what will be the energy of the electro-
magnetic field if each of the two coils in parallel carries 10

amperes?
46. In problem 36 the four coils are connected in series so

that they produce magnetic fields in the same direction. What
will be the energy of the electromagnetic field if an e.m.f. of
10 volts is impressed on the outer terminals of the coils?
47. In problem 36 the four coils are connected in parallel so
that they produce magnetic fields in the same direction. What
will be the energy of the electromagnetic field if an e.m.f. of 2.5
volts is impressed on the coils?
48. A shunt-wound generator has 2000 turns per pole
2-pole
in its field winding. A field current of 2.1 amperes produces
an air-gap flux of 2,000,000 lines. Assuming no magnetic leak-
age what is the total inductance of the field winding for this
point on the saturation curve? What is the energy of the
electromagnetic field when the field current is 2.1 amperes?
The field coils are connected in series.
49. A 6-pole shunt generator has 800 turns per pole in its
field winding. A
field current of 4.3 amperes produces an air-
gap flux of 3,000,000 lines. Assuming no magnetic leakage

what is the total inductance of the field winding for this point
on the saturation curve? What is the energy of the electro-
magnetic field when the field current is 4.3 amperes? The field
coils are connected in series.

CHAPTER IX
THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD
THE capacity of a condenser is the ratio of the charge (on

one plate or surface) to the potential (between the plates or
surfaces); that is, C = Q .
Condensers that are connected in parallel have a common poten-

tial difference across their terminals, and the resultant, or total,
charge is the sum of the charges on the individual condensers.
Thus,
= CJB,
Q,
and Q = C E,
2 2
so that e o = 2Q = (C, + C2 + . .
.) E = CJE;
that is,the resultant capacity of a number of condensers in
parallel is the sum of the capacities of the individual condensers.
When condensers are about to be connected in parallel the
total charge will be the algebraic sum of the charges on the
plates that are to be connected to a common terminal.
When each one of a number of condensers that are not in
parallel has one terminal connected to a common insulated
point the algebraic sum of the charges on the plates that are
thus connected is zero, since whatever charges may exist on
these plates are induced charges. This is true only if the con-
densers were uncharged before being connected.
Condensers that are connected in series have the same charge,
and the resultant, or total, potential across the condensers is the
sum of the potentials across the individual condensers.
Thus, Q
and E.2 - -?,
so that E, = S = Q + + -;
(^- JT .-.)-
fft
that the reciprocal of the resultant capacity of a number of

is,
condensers in series is the sum of the reciprocals of the capa-

cities of the individual condensers.
Whena number of condensers are arranged in series in a
closed circuit the sum of the potentials across the individual
condensers, taken in the same direction around the circuit, is

zero.
The amount by which the potential energy of a condenser is
increased in differential time, dt, is eidt; e is the potential of
the condenser and i is the charging current. Since e = and
idt = dq, this expression may be reduced to the more conven-
ient form -^ dq. The total energy of the condenser is

C
This expression for the energy is readily transformed into J QE

or i CE\
The
intensity of the electrostatic field at a distance, I, from a
concentrated charge, Q, which is situated in an infinite medium
of specific inductive capacity, K, is given by the expression
F= . The potential is given by the expression E = .
Ki Ki
There are two physical theorems which are particularly
important in many problems relating to the electrostatic field.
They are Gauss' theorem and Laplace's equation. Gauss'
theorem states that the total nominal induction over any closed
surface is 4 n times the total charge within the surface. That
is, I fnda equals 4 xQ over any closed surface; fn is normal
component of the force at a point on the surface, da is a differ-

ential area of the surface and Q is the total charge within the
surface.
Laplace's equation states that the sum of the second partial

derivatives of the potential with respect to x, y and z is zero.
Thatls
a
2
7
+"F
a
2
1
THE ELECTROSTATIC FIELD 91
The capacity of any system is defined as the ratio of the
charge on the system to its potential; that is, C = . The

LJ
general method of calculating the capacity of a system is to

find an expression for the potential in terms of the charge so
that in taking this ratio the charge will cancel in numerator
and denominator.
Laplace's equation applied to two infinite parallel plates sep-
d?V
arated by a distance, lt reduces to 2
= 0. The solution of
d-JO
W
this equation is V -=- x, where E is the difference in poten-
dV
tial between the plates. The intensity of the field is F =
ax
p
By choosing a closed surface around one of the plates,
i
one part of which a plane parallel to and between the two

is
plates, it is readily seen by Gauss' theorem that the force at

any point between the plates is 4 TTO-, where a is the surface
density of the charge on the plates; thus,
E =
4 7TCT Or E = 4 X&l,
but Q = Aa, A being the area of one plate.
c- A '
If there is a dielectric with a specific inductive capacity, K,

/cA
between the plates the capacity is -
The force with which one parallel plate attracts the other is
the product of the total charge on one plate (A<r) and the force
with which the other plate attracts a unit charge on the first
(J X 4 TWT). That is, the force is 2 r.Ao2 This may be trans- .
2 nQ 2
AE 2
formed into '- >

or, If there is a dielectric between
A. o ni
the plates with a specific inductive capacity, ,

these expres-
2 nQ 2 icAE2
sions become - - and ^-
-
ic A 8 nl
2
Laplace's equation applied to a cylindrical condenser reduces

d I
dV\ =
to (r 1 0. The solution of this equation is
where E is the difference in potential between the cylinders,

and r l and r 2 are the radii of the inner and outer cylinders
respectively. The intensity of the field is
F = - - .
'
dr r2 r
log-
By Gauss' theorem the force at any point between the two
cylinders is - or 2 - ,
where Q is the charge per unit length
on the inner cylinder, so that,
E 1_2Q
2
"
icgf7
i
and
E = 2Qlog^-
r i
The capacity per unit length is
For a cable of length I which has insulation with a specific

inductive capacity, *, the capacity is
d
2
21og-
In these expressions for potential, force, capacity, etc.,

all of
the quantities involved are in the c.g.s. system. To reduce

these expressions for capacity to microfarads divide by 9 X 10 5 .
PROBLEMS
1. Find the force and the potential at a point 10 centimeters
from a concentrated charge of 5 electrostatic units.
2. Find the force and the potential at a point 50 centimeters

from the center of a sphere of 0.5 inch diameter which is charged
to a potential of 50,000 volts above the earth.
3. Two spheres with diameters of 1 inch and 2 inches are

charged to potentials of 50,000 volts and 30,000 volts above
the earth respectively. With what force will they repel each
other when placed 2 feet apart (between centers) in air?
4. If the spheres in problem 3 are first charged as stated

and are then immersed in an insulating oil whose dielectric
constant is 2.1 what will be the force of repulsion between them
when they are 2 feet apart?
5. Twospheres with diameters of 0.5 inch and 1 inch are

placed 20 inches apart (between centers) and are charged to
potentials of + 30,000 and
- 50,000 volts. What is the force
and the potential at a point 12 inches from the center of the
first sphere and 16 inches from the center of the second?
6. the spheres in problem 5 are connected by a conducting

If
wire what will be their final potential? What will be the charge
on each?
7. If the spheres in problem 5 are first charged as stated
and are then immersed in an insulating oil whose dielectric
constant is 2.1 what will be the force and the potential at the
point located as in problem 5?
8. A
sphere 10 inches in diameter is charged to a potential
of 100,000 volts above the earth. What is the energy of the
sphere in joules due to its electrostatic charge?
9. Two spheres with radii of 10 and 20 centimeters are
charged to potentials of 10,000 and 50,000 volts above the
earth respectively. They are connected by a wire until they
come to the same potential. Find the energy in joules ex-
pended in the spark and the connecting wire, and also the final
voltage of the system.
10. Acondenser of 25 microfarads capacity is charged to a
potential difference of 110 volts. What is the heat generated
in a wire of 10 ohms resistance which is connected across the

terminals of the condenser until it is
completely discharged?
11. The capacities of three condensers are 10, 20 and 25
microfarads respectively. What are the greatest and least
resultant capacities that can be obtained by combining these
condensers?
12. Two
condensers of 10 and 15 microfarads capacity con-
nected in parallel are joined in series with one of 25 microfarads
capacity. What
the resultant capacity of these condensers?
is
13. In problem 12 what will be the charge on each condenser

when the outer terminals are connected across 110 volts? What
isthe energy of each condenser?
14. Two condensers of 10 and 20 microfarads capacity are
connected in series across 110- volt mains. What is the charge
on each? Whatthe voltage across each condenser? What
is
is the energy of each condenser?

15. In problem 14 if a condenser of 10 microfarads capacity
isconnected in parallel with the one of 20 microfarads capacity,
what will be the voltage across each condenser? What will be
the energy of each condenser?
16. The outer terminals of two condensers in series, C and
1
(7 2 , are connected to the ends of a wire AB of 20 ohms resistance,

which is carrying a steady current of 4 amperes. If a wire of
3 ohms resistance, attached to the common terminals of the
component condensers, connected to a point P on the wire
is
AB so that the resistance of AP is 8 ohms, C l will lose half

its charge and C 2 will gain 60 microcoulombs. Find the capac-
ities of Cj and C2 .
17.Between the points A and B are connected two sets of

condensers in parallel. The first set consists of two condensers
in series, each of 20 microfarads capacity. The second set con-
sists of three condensers in series, of 10, 20 and 40 microfarads
capacity, connected in the order named. When there is a

difference in potential of 110 volts between A and B what is
the charge on each condenser? What is the total energy of
the system?
In problem 17 with a potential difference of 110 volts
18.
between A and B what will be the charge on each condenser
if the common terimnal of the first two condensers is connected
to the common
terminal of the 10 and 20-microfarad condensers
in the second set? What will be the final energy of the system?
19.Between the points A and B are connected two sets of
condensers in parallel. The first set consists of two condensers
in series, of 10 and 20 microfarads capacity respectively. The
second set also consists of two condensers in series, of 20 and
10 microfarads capacity respectively. The condensers arc con-
nected from A to B in the order named, and across these points
there is a difference in potential of 110 volts. By what amount
isthe total energy of the system increased or diminished when
the common terminals of the condensers of the first set are
connected to the common terminals of the condensers of the
second set?
20. A
condenser of 20 microfarads capacity which has been
charged to a potential difference of 110 volts is connected in
parallel with an uncharged condenser of 10 microfarads capac-
ity. What was
the energy of the first condenser before being
connected to the second? What is the final energy of the two
condensers? What is the final voltage across the condensers?
21. A
charged to a potential difference of 220 volts, and a condenser
of 10 microfarads capacity which has been charged to a poten-
tial difference of110 volts, have their positive terminals con-
nected. What is the potential difference across their negative
terminals? What are the charges on the condensers before
and after the negative terminals are connected? What are the
voltages across the condensers after the negative terminals are
connected?
22. A microfarad capacity is charged to a
condenser of 1
potential difference of 110 volts and its terminals are then

connected to those of an uncharged condenser of unknown
capacity. If the resulting potential difference across the con-
densers is 82 volts, measured with an electrostatic instrument,
what is the capacity of the second condenser?
23. A
charged to a potential difference of 110 volts has its positive
terminal connected to the negative terminal of a condenser of
15 microfarads capacity which has been charged to a potential
difference of 220 volts. What is the potential difference across
their outer terminals? If the outer terminals are connected

what be the resulting voltages across the condensers? What
will
will be the energy of each condenser before and after the outer
terminals are connected?
24. Two condensers of 10 and 25 microfarads capacity are
charged in series across 110-volt mains. They are then dis-
connected from the mains and from each other without loss of
charge and their positive terminals are connected together.
What will be the total heat generated in a wire of 100 ohms
resistance that is connected across their negative terminals?
25. A
condenser with a capacity of 20 microfarads which has
been charged to a potential difference of 110 volts has one
terminal connected to an uncharged condenser of 15 micro-
farads capacity. What will be the total heat generated in a
wire of 25 ohms resistance that is connected across the outer
terminals of the condensers?
26. Two condensers with capacities of 10 and 20 micro-
farads are connected in series and have
their outer terminals
attached to the ends of a slide wire of 10 ohms resistance in
which there is a current of 5 amperes. The common terminal
of the condensers is connected to the slide wire by means of a
slider. Find the position of the slider so that (a) the total
energy of the condensers may be a maximum; (b) the total
energy may be a minimum; (c) the sum of the charges may
be a maximum.
27. Two
condensers with capacities of 10 and 20 micro-
farads are connected in series and have their outer terminals
attached to the ends of a slide wire of 10 ohms resistance in
which there a current of 5 amperes. The common terminal
is
of the condensers is connected to another condenser of 10

microfarads capacity, the other terminal of which is connected
to the slide wire by means of a slider. Find the position of
the slider so that the charge on the third condenser will have
its greatest value.
28. In problem 27 find the position of the slider so that
the total energy of the system will have its greatest value.
29. In problem 27 find the position of the slider so that the
total energy of the system will have its least value.
30. Two condensers with capacities of 10 and 20 micro-

farads are charged in series across 110- volt mains. They are
disconnected from the mains, and an outer terminal of one of
them is connected to a terminal of an uncharged condenser of
25 microfarads capacity. What will be the total heat generated
in a wire of 20 ohms resistance that is connected across the
extreme terminals of these three condensers?
31. Two condensers, each of 20 microfarads capacity, which
have been charged in parallel to a potential difference of 110
volts, have one of their common terminals connected to a ter-
minal of an uncharged condenser of 15 microfarads capacity.
What will be the total heat generated in a wire of 10 ohms
resistance that is connected across the outer terminals of this
system of condensers?
32. Three condensers with capacities of 10, 20, and 25 micro-
farads are charged in series across 220-volt mains and are then
disconnected from the mains and each other without loss of
charge. If the condensers are arranged in parallel with their
terminals of like sign connected together, what will be the final
potential across them?
33. Three equal condensers, each having a capacity of 20
microfarads, are charged in parallel by an e.m.f. of 110 volts.
They are then disconnected without loss of charge, and one of
them is connected in series with the other two in parallel, the
positive terminal of the single condenser to the common nega-
tive terminal of the pair. The outer terminals of the system
thus formed are connected by a wire of 10 ohms resistance
until the system reaches a state of equilibrium. What will be
the total heat generated in this resistance?
34. In problem 33 what will be the initial and final charges
on each condenser? What will be the final potential difference
across each condenser?
35. Three condensers with capacities of 10, 20, and 25 micro-
farads are charged in parallel across 220-volt mains. They are
disconnected without loss of charge and are reconnected in
series with the positive terminal of one condenser in contact
with the negative terminal of the next. What will be the total
heat generated in a wire of 5 ohms resistance connected across
the outer terminals of this system?
36. In problem 35 what will be the final charge and poten-

tial of each condenser? Compare the initial and the final
polarity of each condenser.
37. Four condensers with capacities of 5, 10, 20, and 25
microfarads respectively are charged in series across 220-volt
mains. They are disconnected without loss of charge and
joined up in parallel, with the negative terminals of the first
two condensers connected to the positive terminals of the
others, and the positive terminals of the first two to the nega-
tive terminals of the others. What will be the initial and final
charges on each condenser? What will be the final voltage
across the condensers? -&88%fe&s%ti&fa;gi^pg^^
38. the four condensers in problem 37 had been charged

If
in parallel across 110- volt mains and then connected in series
in a complete circuit, the positive terminal of one to the nega-
tive terminal of the next, what would have been the final charge
on each condenser? Compare the initial and the final polarity
of each condenser.
39. Between the
fixed plates of a parallel plate condenser
there is placed, parallel to each, a thin metallic plate of the
same area. The fixed plates are 1 inch apart and are kept at
a constant potential difference of 10,000 volts. If the middle
plate is insulated and 0.2 inch from one of the fixed plates,
what is the potential difference between it and each of the
fixed plates?
40. Two circular parallel conducting plates 10 inches in
diameter, separated by a distance of 0.125 inch, are kept at a
constant difference in potential of 1000 volts. How many
ergs must be expended in moving them 0.125 inch farther
apart?
41. The an absolute electrometer, which are 10
plates of
inches in diameter and 0.7 inch apart, are charged to a poten-
tial difference of 10,000 volts. Find the force of attraction
between them and the charge on each plate in coulombs.
42. The plates of a parallel plate condenser, each of which
has an area of 100 square inches, are 0.5 inch apart. They
are charged to a potential difference of 5000 volts, and the
source of potential is then removed without loss of charge.
What be the work done in ergs in separating the plates

will
0.5 inch farther apart?
43. The plates of a guard-ring electrometer, between which
there a dielectric, are charged to a potential difference of
is
1500 volts and the source of potential is removed without loss

of charge. The force of attraction between the plates is 200
dynes, but if the dielectric is removed the force becomes 250
dynes. What is the specific inductive capacity of the dielec-
tric? What is the final difference in potential between the
plates?
44. In problem 43 the potential difference between the
if
plates had been kept constant at 1-500 volts what would have
been the force between the plates when -the dielectric was
removed?
45. Twoequal and parallel fixed plates, A and B, are kept
at potentials E l and E 2 and a third similar but movable plate
kept at zero potential is placed symmetrically between them.
The area of each plate is 100 square inches and the distance
between A and B is 1 inch. E 1 = + 5000 volts and E 2 =
-5000 volts. Find the work done in joules in moving the
middle plate 0.2 inch toward the plate B. What are the
forces acting on the middle plate in its initial and in its
final position?
46. A parallel plate condenser consists of two plates each

with an area of 150 square inches separated by a sheet of dielec-
tric material 0.25 inch thick. The specific inductive capacity
of the dielectric is 5.04. What will be the work done against
the electric forces in removing the dielectric if the plates are
kept at a constant difference in potential of 1000 volts? What
is the charge on each plate before and after the dielectric is
removed?
47. The
plates in problem 46 are first charged to a difference
in potential of 500 volts and the source of potential is then
removed. What be the work done against the electric
will
forces in removing the dielectric? What is the potential differ-
ence between the plates after the dielectric is removed?
48. Two
fixed circular plates, each of area A, placed parallel
to one another and separated by a distance I, are kept at a con-
stant potential difference E. A third equal conducting plate
of thickness l
v which
insulated from the others, is inserted
is
between them parallel to each and with its center on the line
of their centers. By what amount is the energy of the system
thereby increased or diminished?
49. In problem 48 if the plates are charged to a difference in
potential of E and the source of potential then removed, by

what amount is the energy of the system increased or diminished
when the third plate is inserted between them?
50. How many sheets of mica 0.01 of
an inch thick separ-
ating metallic plates 6 inches in diameter will be necessary to
construct a standard 0.5 microfarad condenser? The specific
inductive capacity of the mica is 5.04.
51. A condenser is built of 200 circular sheets of tin-foil
separated by mica 0.5 millimeter thick. How many tin-foil

surfaces will be of one polarity? What must be the diameter
of the sheets in order that the condenser may have a capacity
of microfarad? The specific inductive capacity of the mica
is 5.04.
The core of a submarine power cable is 0.5 of an inch in

52.
diameter and it is insulated with 0.3 inch of a compound that
has a specific inductive capacity of 2.4. What is the capacity
of the cable per mile?
53. The copper conductor submarine cable has a cross-

of a
section of 250,000 circular mils and its insulation has a specific
inductive capacity of 2.4. If the capacity of the cable is 0.35
microfarad per mile what is the thickness of its insulation?
54. The
core of a high voltage cable has a cross-section of
500,000 circular mils and the insulation is 0.5 inch in thickness
and has a specific inductive capacity of 2.2. What is the
energy in the electrostatic field for 8 miles of this cable when
there is a potential difference of 13,200 volts between the core
and the sheath?
55. Between the innermost and outermost of three concen-
tric metallic cylinders there is a difference in potential of 10,000
volts. If the middle one is halfway between the others what
isthe difference in potential between it and each of the others?
The radius of the outermost is three times the radius of the
innermost.
CHAPTER X
VARIABLE CURRENTS: RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE
WHEN an e.m.f., either impressed on

constant or variable, is
an electric circuit having resistance and inductance, the general

differential equation that must be satisfied is
e = Ri+ -
that the impressed e.m.f. must supply not only the ohmic
is,
drop but must also supply a component to balance the induced

e.m.f. set up by the change in the linkages of the flux and
turns. Except in a few unusual cases the number of turns, N,
is constant and the equation is then written
(1)
If the flux, $, is produced by the current, i, alone and is fur-

thermore proportional to it, i.e., the reluctance of the magnetic
circuit is assumed constant, the equation (1) may be written
e = Ri + L^- (2)
at
If the flux, (j>, is produced by the combined action of the cur-

rents i l and i v as in the case with two coils wound on the same
magnetic circuit, and the reluctance of the magnetic circuit is
still assumed constant, the equation (1) may be written
(3)
There is a similar equation for the second coil.

Lj is the self-inductance of the coil in which the current
101
exists, and M
the mutual inductance of the second coil with
is
respect to the first coil. If the coils tend to produce magnetic

fields in conjunction, the plus sign before is taken, but if M
they tend to produce opposing magnetic fields the minus sign
is taken.
The equations (1) and (2) may be transformed into power
equations by multiplying each term by i' thus (1) becomes }
d6
ei = Rf + Ni-,
and (2) becomes
ei = Ri 2
-\- Li ;
that the rate at which energy is supplied to the circuit is

is,
equal to the rate at which energy is dissipated in heat plus the

rate at which energy is stored in the electromagnetic field.
If each term of the equation (2) is multiplied by i dt and then
integrated it becomes
J eidt
=J R?dt+$LP,
where 7 is the value of the current at the time t
(the upper
limit of integration).
If the impressed e.m.f. is constant and equal to E the solu-
tion of the equation (2) is
E -.
+ * L
(3)
*-!
The value of K, the constant of integration, will in general be
determined if the energy of the electromagnetic field is known
at some particular instant.
the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero, or of some
If
determined value, at the instant before the condition of the
electric circuit is altered, it is also zero, or of the same deter-
mined value, at the instant after the condition of the electric
circuit is altered. That is, the energy of the electromagnetic
field cannot be changed by a finite amount in a differential
element of time. The current, however, may have different

values at these two consecutive instants,
VARIABLE CURRENTS: RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE 103
In the equation (3), since a constant e.m.f., E, is impressed

on the circuit, the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero
E = E / -\ /,
when t = 0, so that K = -
,
and i
(l e
L
/
). ^
is
xt /t \ a,
known as the time constant of the circuit.

When more than one constant of integration is involved, as in
the case with simultaneous equations of the type of the equa-
tion (3), it is not in general sufficient to know the energy of
the electromagnetic field at some particular instant alone, but
another relation will also be necessary. This is conveniently
obtained by writing the fundamental voltage equations in the
form of the equation (1) and then eliminating the rate of change
of the flux, ,
which is the same in each equation. This will
at
give a relation between the currents in the circuits that holds

for all times.
If a coil which has resistance and self-inductance alone is
when it
short-circuited is carrying a current /, the differential
equation that must be satisfied is a modification of the equa-
di
tion (2), viz., = Ri + L ,
that is, the impressed e.m.f. is
at
zero. The solution of this equation is
_m
i =h L -
PROBLEMS
1. A coil of1000 turns wound on a magnetic circuit has a
resistance of 2 ohms. If an e.m.f. of 25 volts is impressed on
the coil, at what rate will the flux be increasing when the current
is 5 amperes? when the current is 10 amperes?
2. In problem 1 at what rate is energy being stored in the
electromagnetic field when the current 5 amperes? is 10 am-

peres? 12.5 amperes (i. e., its ultimate value)?
3. In problem 1 at what rate energy being supplied to the
is
coil when the current is zero? 5 amperes? 12.5 amperes (i. e.,
its ultimate value)?
4. In problem 1 at what rate is energy being supplied to the
coil when the flux is increasing at the rate of 1,000,000 lines
<53*SS>\
OF THE \
UNIVERSITY )
per second? at the rate of 100,000 lines per second?

At what rate
energy is being dissipated in joule heating at
each of these instants?
5. An e.m.f. of impressed on an impedance coil
30 volts is
which has a resistance of 1 ohm and an inductance of 0.12

henry. What is the time constant of this coil? At what rate
does the current begin to increase? What is the ultimate
value of the current?
In problem 5 at what rate is energy being dissipated in
6.
joule heating when the current is increasing at the rate of 100

amperes per second? What is the energy of the electromag-
netic field at this instant?
In problem 5 at what rate is the current increasing when
7.
the energy of the electromagnetic field is one-half of its ultimate

value? At what rate is energy being dissipated in joule heat-
ing at this instant?
In problem 5 at what rate is energy being stored in the
8.
electromagnetic field when the current is one-half of its ulti-

mate value?
In problem 5 at what rate is energy being supplied to the
9.
coil when the energy of the electromagnetic field is one-half of

its ultimate value?
10. In problem 5 at what rate is energy being supplied to the

coil when the current is increasing at the rate of 50 amperes
per second ?
11. In problem 5 what is the energy of the electromagnetic

field when the rate at which energy is being dissipated in joule
heating is equal to the rate at which it is being stored in the

electromagnetic field?
12. An impedance coil has a resistance of 1.2 ohms and an
inductance of 0.9 henry. At the instant that this coil is carry-
ing a current of 50 amperes it is short-circuited. At what rate
does the current begin to decrease? At what rate is the cur-
rent decreasing when it reaches a value of 25 amperes?
13. In problem 12 what will be the energy of the electro-
magnetic field at the instant that the current is decreasing at
the rate of 40 amperes per second? At what rate is the energy
of the electromagnetic field decreasing at this instant?
14. An impedance which has a resistance of 4.4 ohms

coil
and an inductance of 1.1 henrys is carrying a steady current of
50 amperes. If the impressed e.m.f. is replaced by a non-
inductive resistance of 10 ohms at what rate is the current
decreasing at the instant the energy of the electromagnetic
field is equal to the total energy that has been dissipated in
joule heating since the current began to decrease?

15. In problem 14 what is the value of the current at the
instant the energy of the electromagnetic field is equal to the
energy that has been dissipated in heating the 10-ohm non-
inductive resistance since the current began to decrease?
16. In problem 14 at what rate is the current decreasing
at the instant the energy of the electromagnetic field is
equal to the energy that has been dissipated in heating the
10-ohm non-inductive resistance since the current began to
decrease ?
17. An impedance coil has a resistance of 1 ohm and an
inductance of 0.1 henry. What is the time constant of the coil?
Plot the values of the current during 1 second after an e.m.f.
of 10 volts is impressed on the coil. the impressed e.m.f.
If
were 20 volts in what way would the plot be changed?
18. In problem 17 plot the rate at which energy is supplied
to the coil during 1 second after an e.m.f. of 10 volts is impressed
on it. If the impressed e.m.f. is doubled in what way is this
plot changed?
19. In problem 17 with an e.m.f. of 10 volts impressed on
the what rate is the current increasing at the end
coil at of 0.1
second? at the end of 1 second?
field 0.1 second after an e.m.f. of 10 volts is impressed on the
coil? At what rate is energy being dissipated in joule heating
at this instant?
21. An e.m.f. of E volts is impressed on an impedance coil
which has a resistance of R ohms and an inductance of L
henrys. At what energy being stored in the electro-
rate is
magnetic field at the instant that the e.m.f. is first impressed

on the coil? What is the ultimate rate at which energy is
being stored in the electromagnetic field?
22. In problem 21 at what time is the rate at which energy
is being stored in the electromagnetic field a maximum?
23.
joule heating at the instant that the e.m.f. is impressed on the

coil? What is the ultimate rate at which energy is dissipated
in heat?
24.
1
An e.m.f. of 15 volts is impressed on an impedance
coil which has a resistance of 1 ohm and an inductance of 2
henrys. What is the time constant of the coil? Plot the
values of the current during the first 10 seconds.
2
25.In problem 24 plot the rate at which energy is supplied
to the coil during the first 10 seconds.
3
field at the end of 5 seconds? at the end of T seconds? (T =
time constant.)
27. 4 In problem 24 at what rate is the current increasing at
the end of 5 seconds? at the end of T seconds? (T = time
constant.)
28. 5
electromagnetic field at the end of 5 seconds? at the end of
T seconds? (T = time constant.)
29.
1
An e.m.f. of 15 volts is impressed on an impedance coil
which has a resistance of 2 ohms and an inductance of 2 henrys.
What is the time constant of the coil? Plot the values of the
current during the first 10 seconds.
2
3
field at the end of 5 seconds? at the end of T seconds? (T =
time constant.)
32. 4
In problem 29 at what rate is the current increasing
at the end of 5 seconds? at the end of T seconds? (T = time
constant.)
5
33.

" Compare the results in these problems, noting the effect of varying R and L.
34.
1
An impressed on an impedance coil
e.m.f. of 15 volts is
which has a resistance of 1 ohm and an inductance of 4 henrys.
What is the time constant of the coil? Plot the values of the
2
3
field at the end of 5 seconds? at the end of T seconds? (T=time
constant.)
4
In problem 34 at what rate is the current increasing at
37.
the end of 5 seconds? at the end of T seconds? (T = time
constant.)
5
38.

39. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 4 ohms and an
inductance of 2 henrys is connected in parallel with a non-induc-
tive resistance of 4 ohms across 110 volts until the currents
through each are constant. What
the current through the
is
non-inductive resistance at the instant after the impressed e.m.f.

is removed and the coilbegins to discharge through the non-
inductive resistance? What is the energy of the electromagnetic
field at this instant and how long
take for 99 per cent of
will it
this energy to be dissipated in joule heating?
40. An impedance coil has a resistance of 5 ohms and an

inductance of 0.15 henry. When it is carrying a current of
25 amperes the impressed e.m.f. is replaced by a non-inductive
resistance of 10 ohms. What per cent of the initial energy
of the electromagnetic field is ultimately dissipated in this
non-inductive resistance? If the non-inductive resistance
had been one of 2 ohms, what per cent of the initial energy of
the electromagnetic field would have been ultimately dissipated
in it?
In problem 40 what will be the

41. initial voltage across the
non-inductive resistance in each case?
42. An
impedance coil which has a resistance of 5 ohms and
an inductance of 1 henry is connected in parallel with a non-
1-5
Compare the results in these problems, noting the effect of varying E and L.
inductive resistance of 5 ohms. What is the ratio of the currents

in the parallel branches 0.1 second after an e.m.f. of 20 volts is
impressed on them? What is the ratio of the currents 1 second
after the e.m.f. is impressed on them?
43. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 5 ohms and
an inductance of 1 henry is connected in series with a non-
inductive resistance of 5 ohms. What is the ratio of the voltages
across the coil and the non-inductive resistance 0.1 second after
an e.m.f. of 50 volts is impressed on the entire circuit? What is
the ratio of the voltages 1 second after the e.m.f. is impressed
on the circuit?
44. An e.m.f. impressed on an inductive circuit.
of 110 volts is
At the end of 3 seconds the current is 37 amperes and at the

end of 1 minute it has assumed a sensibly constant value of
44 amperes. What is the resistance of the circuit? What is
the inductance of the circuit?
45. The fieldresistance of a 1-horsepower shunt motor is
measured with a 1-scale ammeter and a 150-scale voltmeter
which has a resistance of 17,560 ohms. The latter is connected
across the field winding terminals inside of the switch which
is between the field and the mains. The ammeter
connected is
so that its reading does not include the current taken by the
voltmeter. The current is 0.58 ampere and the potential is
115 volts. The switch is opened so quickly that practically
none of the electromagnetic energy of the field is dissipated in
the break. What will the ammeter read the instant after the
switch is opened? What be the voltage across the volt-
will
meter at this instant? Will either instrument be deflected in
the reverse direction?
In problem 45 what is the highest resistance that should
46.
be connected across the field so that the potential across it can-
not possibly exceed 150 volts when the switch is opened?
47. The
resistance of the field winding of a shunt generator
is measured with a 10-scale ammeter and a 150-scale voltmeter.
As a precaution against puncturing the field winding insulation

a resistance of 50 ohms is connected across it. One terminal of
this resistance is connected between the ammeter and the switch
that used to connect the field winding to the mains. With
is
the switch closed the instruments indicate 9,2 amperes and

116 volts respectively. The voltmeter is disconnected and the

switch opened so quickly that practically none of the energy of
the field is dissipated in the break. 1.8 seconds after the switch
is opened the potential across the field is measured with the volt-
meter and found to be 21 volts. What is the inductance of the

field circuit?
In problem 47 if the ammeter reads 0.42 amperes 1.8

48.
seconds after the switch is opened what is the inductance of
the field circuit?
49. A telegraph circuit is composed of a battery which has an
e.m.f. of 10 volts and an internal resistance of 2 ohms, a non-
inductive line of 51.6 ohms resistance and a relay of 21.4 ohms
resistance and 1.25 henrys inductance. What is. the time
constant of the circuit? If the armature of the relay is not
attracted until the current reaches 0.05 ampere how long after
the circuit is closed will itoperate?
50. In problem 49 if the armature of the relay
not released is
until the current falls to 0.03 ampere how long after the relay
is short-circuited, when carrying 0.06 ampere, will the armature
be released?
51. A
relay which has a resistance of 8.4 ohms and an induc-
tance of 0.72 henry is connected by leads having a resistance of
31.6 to a 10-volt constant potential battery. The arma-
ohms
ture of the relay is attracted when the current reaches 0.15
ampere and not released until it falls to 0.05 ampere. What
is
is the limiting speed at which the armature can be made to vi-
brate by alternately short-circuiting the relay and then removing

the short circuit?
52. In problem 51 what will be the limiting rate of vibration
if the e.m.f. of the battery alone is doubled?
53. In problem 51 if the e.m.f. of the battery is doubled and
at the same time the resistance of the leads is increased so that
the greatest current through the battery is the same as before,
what will be the limiting rate of vibration?
54. Two impedance which have no mutual inductance
coils
are connected in parallel across an e.m.f. of E volts. What
relation must exist between the constants of the coils in order
that the currents through them will always be inversely as their
resistances?
65. Two impedance which have no mutual inductance

coils
are connected in series across an e.m.f. of E volts. The resist-
ances and self -inductances of the coils are R and R 2 ohms and l
Lj and L 2 henry s respectively. What is the voltage across each

coil t seconds after this connection made?
is
56. In problem 55 what relation must exist between the con-

stants of the coils in order that the voltages across the coils shall
be constant and in the ratio of the resistances of the coils?
57. Two coils are wound
by side on the same magnetic
side
circuit. The first has 500 turns and a resistance of 3.5 ohms,
and the second has 1000 turns and a resistance of 15 ohms.
What will be the e.m.f. generated in the second coil at the instant
that an e.m.f. of 25 volts is impressed on the first coil? What
will be the e.m.f. generated in the second coil when the current
through the first coil reaches a value of 5 amperes?
58. In problem 57 what is the value of the current at the
instant that the e.m.f. generated in the second coil is equal to
the e.m.f. impressed on the first?
59. In problem 57 at what rate energy being supplied to
is
the first coil when the e.m.f. generated in the second coil is 50
volts? 25 volts? zero?
60. In problem 57 at what rate is energy being stored in the
electromagnetic field when the e.m.f. generated in the second
coil is 50 volts? 25 volts? zero?
circuit. The has a resistance of 1.5
first ohms and a self-induc-
tance of 0.2 henry, and the second has a resistance of 2 ohms
and a self-inductance of 0.3 henry. What is the ratio of the
turns in the first coil to those in the second? What is the
e.m.f. generated in the second coil at the instant that an e.m.f.
of 30 volts is impressed on the first coil? Compare the ratio of
the e.m.f. impressed on the first coil to the e.m.f. generated
in the second coil at this instant with the ratio of the turns.
What is the ultimate value of the e.m.f. generated in the second
coil?
62. In problem 61 if an e.m.f. of 30 volts is impressed on the
first coil what will be the potential across the second when the
current through the first isone-quarter of its ultimate value?
three-quarters of its ultimate value? What is the ratio of the
e.m.f. impressed on the first coil to the e.m.f. generated in the

second for each of these values of the current?
63. an e.m.f. is impressed on the second coil
In problem 61 if
such as to give the same ultimate value of the current (viz.,

20 amperes) what will be the e.m.f. generated in the first coil
when the current through the second coil is one-fourth of its
ultimate value? three-fourths of its ultimate value? What is
the ratio of the e.m.f. impressed on the second coil to the e.m.f.
generated in the first for each of these values of the current?
64. The and the self-inductances of two coils
resistances
which are wound side by side on the same magnetic circuit
are 1 and 2 ohms and 0.05 and 0.2 henry respectively. Plot
the values of the current through the first coil and the e.m.f.
generated in the second coil during 0.5 second after an e.m.f.
of 10 volts is impressed on the first coil.
In problem 64 what will be the energy of the electro-

65.
magnetic field when the e.m.f. generated in the second coil has
its maximum value? when it is 10 volts? zero?
66. In problem 64 plot the values of the current through the
second coil and the e.m.f. generated in the first coil during 0.5
second after an e.m.f. of 10 volts is impressed on the second coil.
67. In problem 64 plot the values of the current through the
second coil and the e.m.f. generated in the first coil during 0.5
second after an e.m.f. of 20 volts is impressed on the second coil.
In this case the ultimate value of the current is the same as in
problem 64.
68. Two which are wound side by side on the same

coils
magnetic circuit have resistances and self-inductances of 1 and

2 ohms and 0.1 and 0.4 henry respectively. If when the first
coil is carrying a current of 25 amperes it is short-circuited,
what be the e.m.f. generated in the second coil at the instant
will
of short circuit? What will be the ultimate value of this
generated e.m.f.?
In problem 68 plot the values of the current through the
69.
first coil and the e.m.f. generated in the second coil during
1 second after short circuit.
70. For a casethat cited in problem 68 show that the

like
e.m.f. generated in the second coil is always equal to the ohmic
drop in the first coil multiplied by the ratio of the turns in the
second coil to those in the first.
71. Two coils which are wound side by side on a magnetic
circuit of constant reluctance are connected in series so that
they produce magnetic fields in the same direction. Assuming
no magnetic leakage what will be the current through the coils
t seconds after an e.m.f. of E volts is
impressed on them?
e.m.f. of E volts is impressed on the second coil? The constants

of the coils are given in problem 71.
77. In problem 76 what is the total heat dissipated in the

first coil when an e.m.f. of E volts is impressed -on the second
coil?
78. In problem 76 if the second coil is short-circuited when

it is carrying a current of / amperes what will be the current in
each coil t seconds later?
79. In problem 78 what is the total heat dissipated in each
coil?
CHAPTER XI
VARIABLE CURRENTS: RESISTANCE AND CAPACITY
WHENan e.m.f. which may be either constant or variable is

impressed on a circuit consisting of non-inductive resistance and
capacity in series, the general voltage equation that must be
satisfied is
e-Ri + %, (1)
C
where q the charge (coulombs) on the condenser and C is the

is
capacity (farads) of the condenser. This equation (1) may be

transformed into a power equation by multiplying each term by
ij thus:
ei = R?+i
that the rate at which energy is supplied to the circuit is

is,
equal to the rate at which energy is dissipated in heat plus the

rate at which energy is stored in the electrostatic field.
If each term of this equation (1) is multiplied by idt and then
integrated it becomes
r*
eidt =
Xt JQ /
2 C
where Q is the charge on the condenser at the time t (the upper

limit of integration) .
Since i = ~r the equation (1) may be written in the differential

at
form
114
VARIABLE CURRENTS: RESISTANCE AND CAPACITY 115
or, the equation (1) may be differentiated,
de ^di i
^= R T*
dt dt
+ n'
C
3
If the impressed e.m.f. is constant and equal to E, the equations

(2) and (3) may be integrated for the values of the charge and
the current respectively, thus :
= EC + Qe CR
q , (4)
t
'CR
(5)
The constants of integration, Q and 7, will in general be deter-

mined if the energy of the electrostatic field is known at some
particular instant.
the energy of the electrostatic field is zero, or of some
If
determined value, at the instant before the condition of the
electric circuit is altered, it is also zero, or of the same deter-
mined value, at the instant after the condition of the electric
circuit is altered. That is, the energy of the electrostatic field
cannot be changed by a finite amount in a differential element of
time. The current, however, may have, and usually does have,
different values at these two consecutive instants of time.
In the equations (4) and (5), since a constant e.m.f., E, is
impressed on the circuit, the energy of the condenser is zero
when the time is zero and the current is thus equal to at the
same instant. Thus the equations for the charge and the
current are
8 -.ECU-
= CR
and i e
CR is known as the time constant of the circuit.

In some cases, when two or more condensers are in the circuit,
it may be necessary to know not only the energy of each
condenser when the time is zero but also the values of the
current at this instant.
If a charged condenser is allowed to discharge through a non-

inductive resistance the differential equations that must be
satisfied are modifications of the equations (2) and (3) :
and
that is, the impressed e.m.f. is zero. The solutions of these

equations are
and
E -
where E is the potential of the condenser when the time is zero.
PROBLEMS
1. Acondenser which has a capacity of 45 microfarads is
charged through a resistance of 10,000 ohms by an e.m=f. of
500 volts. What is the charge on the condenser when the
current is one-half of its initial value? At what rate is the
charge increasing at this instant?
2. In problem 1 at what rate is the charge increasing when
the potential energy of the condenser is one-half of its ultimate

value?
3. In problem 1 at what rate is the charge on the condenser
increasing when the current is decreasing at the rate of 0.01
ampere per second? 0.001 ampere per second?
4. Acondenser of 50 microfarads capacity which has been
charged to a potential of 500 volts is discharged through a resist-
ance of 10,000 ohms. At what rate does the condenser begin
to lose its charge?
5. In problem 4 at what rate is the condenser losing its
charge when the potential across its terminals has fallen to
200 volts?
6. In problem 4 at what rate is the condenser losing its

charge when the current is diminishing at the rate of 0.008
ampere per second? 0.0008 ampere per second?
7. A condenser which has a capacity of 20 microfarads is
charged through a resistance of 100,000 ohms by an e.m.f. of

500 volts. What is the initial charging current? What is the
ultimate charge on the condenser?
8. In problem 7 what is the charging current at the instant
the condenser has received one-half of its ultimate charge?
9. In problem 7 what is the charging current when the
potential energy of the condenser is one-half of its ultimate

value?
10. In problem 7 at what rate is energy being delivered to
the condenser when the charging current is one-half of its initial
value?
11. In problem 7 at what rate is energy being dissipated in
heating the resistance at the instant that the condenser has
received one-half of its ultimate charge?
12. In problem 7 at what rate is energy being delivered to the
system from the source of potential at the instant that the
current has its greatest value?
13. In problem 7 at what rate is energy being delivered to
the system from the source of potential when the potential
energy of the condenser has reached one-half of its ultimate
value?
14. Acondenser of 100 microfarads capacity which has been
charged to a potential of 220 volts is discharged by connecting a
resistance of 10,000 ohms across its terminals. What is the
initial energy of the condenser? What is the initial value of
the current on discharge?
15. In problem 14 what is the current when the charge on the
condenser has fallen to one-half of its initial value?
16. In problem 14 at what rate is energy being dissipated in
joule heating when the potential energy of the condenser has
fallen to one-half of its initial value?
17. In problem 14 what is the total amount of energy that

has been dissipated in joule heating up to the instant when the
current has fallen to one-half of its initial value?
18. A
condenser which has a capacity of 15 microfarads is
charged through a resistance of 1,000 ohms by an e.m.f. of 220
volts. At what rate is the current diminishing when it has its
greatest value? At what rate is the current diminishing when
it has fallen to one-half of its initial value?
19.In problem 18 at what rate is the current diminishing

when the charge on the condenser has reached one-half of its
ultimate value?
20. In problem 18 at what rate is the current diminishing
when the potential energy of the condenser reaches one-half
of its ultimate value?
21. A
charged to a potential of 450 volts is discharged by connecting
a resistance of 10,000 ohms across its terminals. At what rate
does the current begin to decrease? At what rate is the
current diminishing when it has fallen to one-half of its initial
value?
22. In problem 21 at \vhat rate is the current diminishing
when the energy of the condenser is reduced to one-half of its
initial value?
23. In problem 21 at what rate is the current diminishing

when the charge on the condenser is reduced to one-half of its
initial value?
24.
1
A
500 volts. What is the time constant of this circuit? Plot the
25. In problem 24 what is the energy of the electrostatic
field at the end of 1 second?
2
26. In problem 24 what is the percentage error in assuming
that the condenser is fully charged at the end of 5 seconds?
at the end of 10 seconds?
3
27. In problem 24 what is the rate at which the current is
decreasing at the end of 1 second? What is the rate at which
the charge is increasing at the end of 1 second?
28. A condenser which has a capacity of 10 microfarads is
1

1-3
Compare the results of these problems, noting the effect of varying B and C.
2
In problem 28 what is the percentage error in assuming
29.
that the condenser is fully charged at the end of 5 seconds? at
the end of 10 seconds?
3
In problem 28 what is the rate at which the current is
30.

31.
1
A condenser which has a capacity of 20 microfarads is
2
32.
that the condenser is fully charged at the end of 5 seconds? at
3
33.
decreasing at the end of 1 second? What is the rate at which the

charge is increasing at the end of 1 second?
34.
1
A
500 volts. What is the time constant of this circuit? Plot
the values of the current during the first 5 seconds.
2
35.
that the condenser is fully charged at the end of 5 seconds?
at the end of 10 seconds?
3
36.

37. A
charged through a resistance of 10,000 ohms. If an e.m.f. of
110 volts is used in what time will the condenser receive 99.9 per
cent of its ultimate charge? If an e.m.f. of 500 volts is used in
what time will the condenser receive 99.9 per cent of its ultimate
charge?
38. In problem 37 compare the rates at which the condenser
is charging at the end of 0.2 second for the two impressed
e.m.fs.
*-*
Compare the results of these problems, noting the effect of varying B and C.
39. A
condenser of 100 microfarads capacity is charged to a
potential of 220 volts and then discharged through a resistance
of 10,000 ohms. Plot the current during the first 5 seconds.
In problem 39 what is the error in assuming that the
40.
condenser is completely discharged at the end of 5 seconds?
If this condenser had been discharged through a resistance of
5,000 ohms what would have been the error in assuming that it
was completely discharged at the end of 5 seconds?
In problem 39 at what rate is the current decreasing at
41.
the end of 1 second? At what rate is the charge on the condenser
decreasing at the same instant?
42.
heating the" resistance at the end of 1 second?

43. A
charged through a resistance of 1000 ohms by an e.m.f. of 220
volts. What is the total amount of energy supplied during the
first 0.05 second? during the first second?
44. A
charged to a potential of 500 volts and then discharged through
a resistance of 10,000 ohms. What is the energy dissipated in
heat during the first second? during the' first 10 seconds?
45. A
high resistance is connected across the terminals of a
10-microfarad condenser which has been charged to a potential
of 550 volts, and minute
after one it is found that the potential
of the condenser has fallen to 382 volts. What is the value of
the resistance in megohms?
46. A 300-scale voltmeter which has a resistance of 42,840
ohms is permanently connected across the terminals of a
condenser of unknown capacity. The condenser
charged tois
a potential of 232 volts and then disconnected from the source

of potential and allowed to discharge through the voltmeter.
Five and one-fifth seconds after the condenser begins to dis-
charge the voltmeter reads 67 volts. What is the capacity of the
condenser?
47. A 50-scale voltmeter which has a resistance of 5527 ohms
is connected in series with a resistance of 50,000 ohms across
the terminals of a condenser of unknown capacity. The
condenser is charged to a potential of 465 volts and then allowed
to discharge through the voltmeter and resistance. 4.6 seconds

after the condenser has begun to discharge the voltmeter indi-
cates 12.8 volts. What is the capacity of the condenser?
48. A
battery with a constant potential difference of E volts
is used to charge a condenser which has a capacity of C farads,
through leads of total resistance R. Find the ratio of the total
energy delivered by the battery to that received by the con-
denser.
49. A certain of electrical apparatus is operated as
piece
follows: A
battery with an e.m.f. of 10 volts and an internal
resistance of 2 ohms is used to charge a 25-microfarad condenser
through a resistance of 8 ohms the condenser is then discharged
;
through the electrical apparatus to produce the desired effect.

What is the efficiency of this combination of battery and
condenser? Is there any way in which the efficiency might
be improved without altering either the battery or the con-
denser ?
A condenser which has a capacity of C farads is charged
50.
to a potential of E volts and at time = is connected through
t
a resistance of R ohms to another condenser of capacity C t
farads which is
completely discharged. What is the charge on
each condenser at any time t seconds later?
51. Two condensers which have capacities of C and C 2 farads l
respectively are charged in parallel to a potential of E volts.

If the impressed e.m.f. is replaced by a resistance of R ohms at
time t = what will be the charge on each condenser at any

time t seconds later?
52. condensers which have capacities of C l and <7 2 farads
Two
respectively are charged in parallel by an e.m.f. of E volts
and are then connected in series, with the negative terminal of
one in contact with the positive terminal of the other. The
outer terminals of the condensers are then connected by a resist-
ance of R ohms. At what rate is energy being dissipated in
the resistance t seconds after this connection is made?
53. Two condensers of capacities C 1
and C 2 farads respec-
tively which have been charged in series by an e.m.f. of E volts
are reconnected in series with their positive terminals in contact.
What is the charge on each condenser t seconds after the neg-
ative terminals are connected by a resistance of R ohms?
A condenser which has a capacity of C farads is connected
54.
in series with a resistance of R ohms to a constant potential
battery of E volts. After the condenser is fully charged a re-

sistance of R ohms is connected directly across its terminals,
l
without disconnecting the battery. What is the charge on the

condenser t seconds after this final connection is made?
55. A
condenser with a capacity of C l farads has a resistance
of R l ohms permanently connected across its terminals. One
terminal of this combination is then connected to a resistance
of R 2 ohms in series with a condenser of C 2 farads capacity which
has been charged to a potential of E volts. What is the quantity
on each condenser t seconds after the extreme terminals of the
condensers are connected?
56. On
a circuit consisting of a condenser of 100 microfarads
capacity in series with a resistance of 10,000 ohms there is im-
pressed an e.m.f. which varies uniformly from to 500 volts in
the first 10 seconds. At what rate is the current varying when
it has a value of 0.0025 ampere?
57. On the terminals of a condenser of 100 microfarads capac-
ity there is impressed an e.m.f. which is graphically represented

as follows During the first fiftieth of a second it increases uni-
:
formly from to 200 volts; during the next twenty-fifth of a

second it decreases uniformly to 200 volts; during the next
twenty-fifth of a second it increases uniformly to +200 volts, etc.
Plot the values of the current during the first tenth of a second.
Plot the rate at which energy is supplied to the condenser (watt
curve).
58. On a condenser of 100 microfarads capacity there is im-
pressed an e.m.f. which is graphically represented as follows:
During the first fiftieth of a second it increases uniformly from
to 200 volts; during the next fiftieth of a second it decreases
uniformly to zero; during the next fiftieth of a second it again
increases uniformly to 200 volts, etc. Plot the current during the
first tenth of a second. Plot the rate at which energy is sup-
plied to the condenser (watt curve).
59. On
a series circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance
of 10,000 ohms in series with a condenser of 250 microfarads
capacity there is impressed an e.m.f. which increases uniformly

from to 500 volts in the first 10 seconds and then remains
constant. Plot the values of the current during the first 20

seconds.
In problem 59 plot the values of the charge on the
60.
condenser during the first 20 seconds.
In problem 59 plot the rates at which energy is supplied
61.
to the resistance and to the condenser during the first 20
seconds.
62. In problem 59 what the charge on the condenser at
is
the end of 1 second, and what is the value of the current in the
circuit at the end of 11 seconds?

field at the end of 10 seconds?
64.On a circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance of
1 megohm in series with a capacity of 10 microfarads there is
impressed an e.m.f. which is constant and equal to 100 volts
during the first 10 seconds and then increases uniformly to
200 volts during the next 10 seconds. Plot the values of the
65. In problem 64 plot the values of the charge on the
66.In problem 64 plot the rate at which energy is supplied
to the resistance and to the condenser during the first 20 seconds.
67.In problem 64 what is the value of the current in the
circuit at the end of 1 second, and what is the charge on the
condenser at the end of 11 seconds?
69. An 500 volts is impressed on a circuit consisting
e.m.f. of
of a non-inductive resistance of 100,000 ohms in series with a
condenser of 100 microfarads capacity until the condenser is
fully charged. The then decreased uniformly to zero in
e.m.f. is
10 seconds. Plot the values of the current during the time that
the e.m.f. is variable.
In problem 69 plot the values of the charge on the
70.
condenser during the time that the e.m.f. is variable.
71.In problem 69 plot the rates at which energy is supplied
to the resistance and to the condenser during the time that the
e.m.f. is variable.
72. In problem 69 what is the value of the current in the

circuit when the impressed e.m.f. is 400 volts, and what is the
charge on the condenser at the instant that the impressed e.m.f.

becomes zero?
field at the instant that the impressed e.m.f. becomes zero?
74. Ona circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance of
100,000 ohms in series with a condenser of 50 microfarads
capacity there is impressed an e.m.f. which is constant and
equal to 500 volts during the first 10 seconds and then decreases
uniformly to zero in the next 10 seconds. Plot the values of
the current during the first 20 seconds.
76. In problem 74 plot the rates at which energy is supplied
77. In problem 74 what is the current in the circuit at the
end of 5 seconds, and what is the charge on the condenser at
79. On
a series circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance
of 100,000 ohms in series with a condenser of 50 microfarads
there is impressed an e.m.f. which increases uniformly from zero
to 500 volts during the first 10 seconds and then decreases
uniformly to zero in the next 10 seconds. Plot the values of
the current during the first 20 seconds.
81. In problem 79 plot the rates at which energy is supplied
82. In problem 79 what is the value of the current in the
circuit at the end of 15 seconds, and what is the charge on the
condenser at the same instant?
CHAPTER XII
ALTERNATING CURRENTS: SIMPLE HARMONIC

FUNCTIONS
IN and currents are

this chapter all of the electromotive forces
simple harmonic functions. When a simple harmonic e.m.f.

is impressed on a circuit consisting of resistance, inductance, and
capacity in series, the differential equation that must be satisfied
is E sin cot = Ri + L -
+
(MI O
The complete solution of this equation is
sn cot
[cot
- tan
\
After a very brief interval the exponential terms become negli-

gible in one particular case their sum is zero so that the
current a simple harmonic function and
is its equation may be
written thus :
-p
i = sin (cot 0)
= /sin (ajt 0),
/j
where Z = \/R + 2
X 2
is the impedance of the circuit ;
X = Leo
is the reactance of the circuit; = tan" 1 is the time lag

Leo Li
angle of the current with respect to the e.m.f.; co 2^f is the

angular velocity of the rotating radius whose projections on a
fixed time axis give the instantaneous values of the current or
e.m.f. / is the frequency of the current or e.m.f.
;
and I are E
the maximum values of the e.m.f. and current respectively.
125
For simple harmonic functions the effective values are the

maximum values divided by \/2.
The resultant of a number of alternating voltages acting in
series may be found either by adding the instantaneous values as
represented by their equations or by combining the effective

values with due regard to their phase relations, i.e. by applying
the principles of vector addition. The resultant of the alter-
nating currents in a number of parallel branches may be found
by either of these methods.
Ohm's law needs to be modified when applied to alternating-
current circuits:
The impedance of the circuitmust replace the resistance, and
the resultant e.m.f. must be found by one of the methods described
above.
Kirchhoff's laws will also have to be modified in a similar
manner. The same conventions may be used that are given in
Chapter III:
1. At any instant the algebraic sum of the currents at a junction
is zero; or the vector sum of the currents at a junction is zero.
2. At any instant the algebraic sum of the impressed e.m.f s.
-L -
and the reactive voltages,
at
and ^
(_/
is equal to the alge-
braic sum of the dissipative voltages, Hi,around any closed cir-

cuit; or, as it is more often stated, though not as precisely,
the vector sum
of the impressed voltages is equal to the vector
sum of the reactive and the dissipative voltages around any
closed circuit.
If the current assumed to be a simple harmonic function,
is
i = / sin cut, the e.m.f. impressed on a circuit consisting of

resistance, inductance, and capacity in series, is given by sub-
stituting this value of i in
so that
e = RI sin cot + Lcol cos cot cos cut', (1)

Ceo
that is, the impressed e.m.f. may be resolved into three com-
ponents. The ohmic drop, Ri, is in phase with the current;
ALTERNATING CURRENTS: HARMONIC FUNCTIONS 127
the component, Lcol cos tut, that overcomes the inductive reac-
tive e.m.f., - Lcol cos cot, is 90 time degrees ahead of the current;
the component,
-
cos cot, that overcomes the capacity
Ceo
reactive voltage, ;
cos cot, is 90 time degrees behind the current.
Ceo
each term in equation (1)
If is multiplied by i it is transformed
into a power equation, thus:
= RP 2 -
P
ei sin cot + LcoP sin cot cos cot sin ojt cos cot.
Ceo
This may be readily transformed into a better form by applying
the trigonometrical formulas for sin - and sin 2x ;

thus :
ei = (1
- cos 2 cot) + --MtSut - ofoZcoL (2)
Thus the frequency of the functions which represent the power

supplied to the different parts of the circuit is double that of the
impressed e.m.f.
The first term of the right-hand side of this equation (2)
isthe power absorbed in joule heating. The second and third
terms respectively represent the power supplied to the electro-
magnetic and the electrostatic fields. The average power
RP = maximum
absorbed in joule heating is- (/ value of current).
u
The average power supplied to the electromagnetic and to the
electrostatic field is zero.
E, volts, is the resultant effective voltage impressed on a

If
circuit which has an effective resistance of R ohms and an effective
reactance of X
ohms, the effective value of the current is given by
the expression
p
=
p
I = -
(amperes) (amperes).
2
+X 2 <6
" "
When a voltage or a current is designated by the term volts
" "
or amperes the effective value is always understood and not the
maximum nor the average value. The expression for the power
becomes PR = effective value
(I of current). This is readily
transformed into El cos 6, or into E g;2
wherein
R
- R
cos 6 ---
and g = -
The power component of the e.m.f. is the component which is

in time-phase with the current, that is, it is the component
which when multiplied by the current will give the power.

Thus it is given by the expression
EcosO = E\ = Zi
IR.
Likewise the power component of the current is given by the

expression
77?
7 cos = = Eg,
r>
where g = is called the conductance. The wattless or

/j
reactive component the component which is in

of the e.m.f. is
quadrature with the current and thus contributes no power. It

is given by the expression
E sin = E ~ = IX.
Likewise the wattless component of the current is given by the

expression
7 sin = 7
^=
Zt
Eh,
where b = is called the susceptance.
In a series circuit the current has the same value at every point,
and thus it is usually best to determine all voltages by their
magnitudes and their phase relations with respect to this common
current. The two components of the voltage across any portion
of a circuit are the ohmic drop (IR) and the reactive drop (IX) ;
R and X are the equivalent resistance and reactance respectively

of this portion of the circuit. The first component is in phase
with the current and the second component in quadrature with

is
the current. The voltage across this portion of the circuit

X
leads the current in time by the angle whose tangent is and
R ,
the value of the effective voltage is IVR + X'\

2
The resistance of a series circuit is the sum of the resistances

of its parts, and the reactance is the algebraic sum of the re-
actances of its parts; an inductive reactance is positive and a
condensive reactance is negative, since they are the cause of
voltages that differ in phase by 180 time degrees.
A
series circuit containing inductive and condensive reactance
is in resonance when the current is in phase with the impressed
voltage, that is, when the resultant reactance is zero. This
occurs when Lw = -- The current then has its greatest

Caj
pi
value and is equal to
H
With each branch is the
parallel circuits the voltage across
same, and thus it is usually best to determine all currents by
their magnitudes and their phase relations with respect to this
common voltage. The two components of the current in any
branch that are in phase and in quadrature with the impressed
voltage are Eg and Eb respectively; g and b are the conductance
v v
/r> ,~y-
( and the susceptance (

-
of this particular branch. The
J J
current in this branch lags in time behind the impressed voltage
- and the
by the angle whose tangent is , effective value of the
\j
2
EVg +
2
current is b .
The component of the resultant current that is in phase

with the impressed voltage is %Eg, and the component that is in
quadrature with the impressed voltage is ZEb. Thus the
resultant current lags behind the impressed voltage by a time
\^ 7
-
angle whose tangent is , and the effective value of the result-
ant current is EVg* + 6 2 g = Zg and 6 = 26. ;
Parallel branches are in resonance when the resultant current

is in phase with the impressed voltage, that is, when the resultant
susceptance is zero. The resultant current then has its least

value and is equal to Eg Q .
In any but the simplest problems it is usually an aid in their

solution to sketch an approximate vector diagram which will
show the phase relations of the currents and voltages.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING INSTANTANEOUS VALUES

1. The equation of an alternating e.m.f. is e = 143 sin 314 t.
What is its maximum value and at what rate is it changing at

this value? What is the greatest rate at which it changes and
what is its value at this instant?
2. The equation of an alternating e.m.f. is e =

311 sin 377 t.
What is its frequency? What is its effective value? What is
its value when it is changing at the rate of 50,000 volts per
second?
3. The equation of an alternating e.m.f. is e = 311 sin 157 t.
What is the shortest time interval between successive values

of this e.m.f. of +200 volts and +100 volts? At what rate is
the e.m.f. changing at each of these values?
4. the equation of an alternating e.m.f. is e = 155 sin

If
(157 t + 30) what will be the value of t, in seconds, when e

first reaches a maximum negative value? What will be the time
interval between two such values?
5. The equation an alternating current is
of i = 20 sin 377 1.
What is its maximum value and at what rate is it changing at

this value? What is the maximum
rate of change of the current
and what is its value at this instant?
6. The equation of an alternating current is i = 50 sin 157 t.
What is its effective value? What is its value when it is chang-

ing at the rate of 5000 amperes per second? At what rate is it
changing when it is one-half of its maximum value?
7. The equations of two alternating e.m.fs. are e = 150 sin

377 t e =
150 sin (377 t + 60). If these e.m.fs. are acting
and
in series what is the equation of their resultant? What is the
phase angle between the resultant and each of the e.m.fs.?
When the resultant is passing through zero what is the value of
each of these e.m.fs.?
In problem 7 what are the values of the e.m.fs. when their

8.
resultant is a maximum? At what rate is each changing at this

instant?
9. The equations of three e.m.fs. are e l = 100 sin 377 t,
e2 =
700 sin (377 t + 72), and e3 = 666 sin (377 t
- 90). If these
three e.m.fs. are acting in series what is their resultant? What
is phase relation of the resultant with respect to ej
In problem 9 sketch the component e.ni.f. waves and

10.
their resultant, showing their phase relations with respect to
one another. This condition occurs in series resonance.
11. The equations of the alternating currents in two parallel
branches are i, == 17 sin (cot - 30) and i, = 26 sin (cot - 60).
Sketch these current waves and show their phase relation with
respect to each other. What is the equation of their resultant?
At the instant when the current in the first branch is passing
through zero what is the value of the resultant?
12. The equations of the alternating currents in three parallel
branches are il == 12 sin cot, i 2 = 70 sin (cot - 76), and i 3 = 68
sin (cot + 90). What is the equation of their resultant? What
is its phase relation with respect to ij
In problem 12 sketch the component current waves and
13.
their resultant, showing their phase relations with respect to
one another. This condition occurs in parallel resonance.
14. A 60-cycle alternating current of 10 amperes effective
value exists through a 12-ohm non-inductive resistance. What
is the equation of the impressed e.m.f.? Sketch the current and
the e.m.f. waves. What direct e.m.f. will cause the same heat-
ing loss in the resistance?
15. An impedance coil of negligible resistance is connected
across 220-volt 60-cycle mains. If the equation of the current
through the coil is i

= 10 sin cot what is the equation of the
impressed e.m.f.? When the impressed e.m.f. is passing
through zero at what rate is the current changing? What
is the maximum energy of the electromagnetic field, and what
is the impressed e.m.f. at this instant?

In problem 15 sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves
16.
and show their phase relation. Sketch the curves which
represent the energy of the electromagnetic field and the rate at
which energy is stored in the field, and show their phase

relation.
17. A impressed across a con-

60-cycle alternating e.m.f. is
denser of 100 microfarads capacity. The equation of the

current is i = 10 sin cot. What is the equation of the impressed
e.m.f.? What is the current when the energy of the condenser
is a maximum? What is the energy of the condenser when
the current is a maximum?
18. In problem 17 sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves,
showing their phase relation. Sketch the curves which represent
the energy of the electrostatic field and the rate at which energy
is stored in the electrostatic field, and show their phase
relation.
19. An impedance coil of negligible resistance

henry and 0.1
inductance connected in series with a non-inductive resistance
is
of 30 ohms across a 60-cycle e.m.f. The equation of the current

through this circuit is i = 6.5 sin cut. What is the equation of
the voltage across the impedance coil?
20. In problem 19 what the energy of the electromagnetic

is
field when the voltage across the impedance coil is passing
through zero? when the voltage across the non-inductive resist-

ance is passing through zero? when
the e.m.f. impressed on the
entire circuit is passing through zero?
21. In problem 19 sketch the curves which represent the
current, the energy of the electromagnetic field and the rate at
which energy is stored in the electromagnetic field for one com-
plete cycle, and show their phase relations.
22. A60-cycle alternating current whose equation is i
= 8
sin wt exists in a circuit of 10 ohms resistance and 0.1 henry
inductance. What is the equation of the impressed e.m.f.?
At what rate is energy being stored in the electromagnetic
field at the instant the current is passing through zero and is
increasing?
23. A impressed across a condenser of 50
60-cycle e.m.f. is
microfarads capacity, connected in series with a non-inductive

resistance of 28 ohms. The equation of the current is i = 5.2
sin cot. What is the equation of the voltage across the condenser?
across the non-inductive resistance? across the entire circuit?
Sketch the current and the component e.m.f. waves and show
their phase relations.

field when the voltage across the non-inductive resistance is
passing through zero? when the voltage across the condenser is

passing through zero? when the impressed voltage is passing
through zero?
current, the energy of the electrostatic field and the rate at
which energy is stored in the electrostatic field for one complete
cycle, and show their phase relations.
26. A a non-inductive resistance of

series circuit consists of
10 ohms, a reactance coil with a negligible resistance and an
inductance of 0.1 henry, and a condenser of 100 microfarads
capacity. The alternating e.m.f. that is impressed on this
circuit produces a current whose equation is i = 20 sin 377 t.
What is the equation of the e.m.f. impressed on the circuit?
When the current passing through zero what is the instan-
is
taneous value of the impressed e.m.f.? the voltage across the

non-inductive resistance? the voltage across the reactance coil?
the voltage across the condenser?
27. In problem 26 what is the maximum energy of the elec-

tromagnetic field? What is the maximum energy of the electro-
static field? When the energy of the electromagnetic field is
zero what is the energy of the electrostatic field?
28. In problem 26 at what rate is the energy of the electro-

magnetic field changing when the energy of the electrostatic
field is a maximum? At what rate is the energy of the electro-
static field changing when the energy of the electromagnetic
field is zero?
29. In problem 26 sketch the current and the three com-

ponent e.m.f. waves for one complete cycle and show their
phase relations.
current, the energy of the electromagnetic field and the energy
of the electrostatic field for one cycle, and show their phase
relations.
31. An e.m.f. whose equation is e = 155 sin 377 t is impressed

on an impedance coil which has a resistance of 12 ohms and an
inductance of 0.1 henry. What is the equation of the current?
What is the effective value of the current? When the impressed
e.m.f. is passing through zero what is the instantaneous value of
the current?
32. In problem 31 what is the maximum energy of the electro-
magnetic field? What is the impressed e.m.f. at this instant?
What is the instantaneous value of the impressed e.m.f. when
the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero?
33. In problem 31 sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves for
one cycle and show their phase relation. If the frequenc}^ of
the impressed e.m.f. alone is reduced to 25 cycles, sketch the
current and the e.m.f. waves and show their phase relation.
Compare the magnitudes of the current, and its phase relations
with respect to the impressed e.m.f. for the two frequencies.
34. An e.m.f. whose equation is 310 sin 377 t is impressed on a
condenser of 50 microfarads capacity in series with a non-
inductive resistance of 40 ohms. What is the equation of the
current? What is the effective value of the current? When the
current passing through zero what is the instantaneous value
is
of the impressed e.m.f.? of the voltage across the condenser?

When the current is a maximum what is the charge on the con-
denser?
trostatic field and what the impressed e.m.f. at this instant?
is
What is the value of the impressed e.m.f. when the energy of the
electrostatic field is zero?
36. In problem 34 sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves for
one cycle and show their phase relation. If the frequency of the
impressed e.m.f. alone is reduced to 25 cycles, sketch the current
and the waves and show their phase relation. Compare
e.m.f.
the magnitudes of the current and its phase relations with respect
to the impressed e.m.f. for the two frequencies.
37. A6-pole alternator which runs at 500 revolutions per
minute supplies 20 amperes to an inductive circuit whose con-
stants are L = 0.1 henry and R = 10 ohms. If the e.m.f. of
the alternator expressed by e
is = E sin wt what will be the
corresponding equation of the current? What is the effective
value of the impressed e.mTf.? When the instantaneous value

of the current is zero what is the instantaneous value of the
impressed e.m.f.? What is the lag angle of the current with

respect to the e.m.f.? What is the average rate at which energy
is being dissipated in the circuit?
38. An e.m.f. whose equation is e =

310 sin 157 t is impressed
on a series circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance of
10 ohms, an impedance coil with a resistance of 2 ohms and an
inductance of 0.12 henry, and a condenser of 180 microfarads
capacity. What the equation of the current? What is the
is
effective value of the current? What is the instantaneous value

of the impressed e.m.f. when the current passing through zero?
is
What is the maximum voltage across the impedance coil?

What is the maximum charge on the condenser?

trostatic field and what is the impressed e.m.f. at this instant?
What is the maximum energy of the electromagnetic field and
what is the impressed e.m.f. at this instant? When the energy
of the electromagnetic field is a maximum what is the
energy
of the electrostatic field?
40. In problem 38 sketch the impressed e.m.f. and the

current waves for one cycle and show their phase relation. If
the frequency of the impressed e.m.f. alone is increased to 60
cycles, sketch the e.m.f. and the current waves and show their
phase relation.
41. A
20-pole, 220- volt, alternating-current generator runs at
a speed of 150 rev. per min. and supplies current to a series
circuit the constants of which are = 4 ohms, L = 0.1 henry,
R
and C = 500 microfarads. What is the current? What is the
phase angle between the e.m.f. impressed on the circuit and the
current? What
the effective voltage across the terminals
is
of the condenser and what is the maximum charge on the con-

denser? Assuming that the terminal voltage of the alternator
varies directly with the speed, what will be the effective value
of the current if the speed is reduced 50 per cent?
42. The equation of the e.m.f. impressed on an inductive

circuit ise = 310 sin 377 1 and of the current, i = 35 sin (377 t -
60). What are the resistance and the inductance of the circuit?
43. A circuit consists of two parts connected in series across

an e.m.f. of 220 volts. The equation of the current is i = 18 sin
(377 t + 30) and that of the e.m.f. across the first part of the
circuit is e =150 sin (377^+ 30). If the total power taken
by the circuit is 2 kilowatts what is the equation of the e.m.f.
across the second part of the circuit?
44. The equation impressed on an inductive

of the e.m.f.
circuit whose resistance is 3 ohms is e = 310 sin (3772 -f 30).
If the power supplied to the circuit is 5 kilowatts what is the
equation of the current?

45. the equation of the current in a circuit is i = 100 sin
If
(157 t + 30) and the equation of the impressed e.m.f. is e

= 310
sin (157 t 30), what is the power supplied to the circuit?
What is the reactance of the circuit? What is the resistance
of the circuit?
46. The equation impressed on a circuit which

of the e.m.f.
has a negligible inductance is e = 310 sin 377 1 and of the
current, i
= 15 sin (377 t + 60). What are the constants of
the circuit?
47. The equation of the e.m.f. impressed on two circuits in
parallel is e = 310 sin 157 t and of the current in one of them,

i 25 sin (157 t - 30). If the total power supplied to the
=
two circuits is 5200 watts and the current in the other circuit is
50 amperes what is the equation of this current?
48. The equation of the e.m.f. impressed on a circuit is e =

155 sin 377 t. and power components of the
If the wattless
current .are 10 and 15 amperes respectively what is the equation
of the current? What are the resistance and the reactance of
the circuit?
49. On a series circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance,

an impedance coil, and a condenser of 50 microfarads capacity
there impressed an e.m.f. whose equation is e
is = 310 sin 377 t.
The equation of the current is i = 30 sin (377 1 + 30). What
will be the equation of the current if an e.m.f. whose equation
is e = 310 sin 157 t is impressed on the 'circuit?
50. If an e.m.f. whose equation is e =

310 sin 157 1 is impressed
on an impedance coil the current is 20 amperes, but if an e.m.f.
whose equation is 6 = 310 sin 377 t

impressed on this coil the
is
current is reduced to 12 amperes. What arc the equations of the

current in each case?
SERIES CIRCUITS INVOLVING RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE

51. A220-volt, 25-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on an inductive
circuit which has a resistance of 2 ohms and a reactance of 10
ohms at 25 cycles. What the instantaneous value of the
is
impressed e.m.f. when the energy of the electromagnetic field is

zero? What is the maximum energy of the electromagnetic
field?
52. In problem 51 a 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed

if
on this circuit what is the instantaneous value of the impressed

e.m.f. when the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero?
What is the maximum energy of the electromagnetic field?
53. In problem 51 a 110- volt, 25-cycle e.m.f. is impressed
if
on this circuit what is the instantaneous value of the impressed

e.m.f. when the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero?
What is the maximum energy of the electromagnetic field?
54. Anon-inductive resistance takes 10 amperes from 220-
volt, 60-cycle mains. What current will it take from 220-volt,
25-cycle mains? from 110- volt, 60-cycle mains?
55. An impedance coil of negligible resistance takes 3 amperes
from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What current will it take from
220-volt, 25-cycle mains? from 110- volt, 60-cycle mains?
56. What
current will an impedance coil which has a resist-
ance of 2.7 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry take from
220-volt, 60-cycle mains? from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains? from
110- volt, 60-cycle mains?
57. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 2.5 ohms

takes 10 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What current
will it take from 110-volt, 25-cycle mains? from 110-volt, 60-
cycle mains?
58. Across what direct e.m.f. must an impedance coil which
has a resistance of 20 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry be
connected in order that it may take the same current that it
takes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
connected in order that it may take the same current that it takes
from 220- volt, 25-cycle mains?
has a resistance of 20 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry
be connected in order that it may take the same power that it
takes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?

connected in order that it may take the same power that it takes
62. An impedance has a resistance of 4 ohms and an
coil
inductance of 0.1 henry. What non-inductive resistance must
be connected in series with this coil across 110- volt d. c. mains
in order that the current will equal that which the coil alone
takes when connected across 110- volt, 60-cycle mains? across
63. An impedance coil has a resistance of 4ohms and an

inductance of 0.1 henry. What non-inductive resistance must
be connected in series with this coil across 110- volt d. c. mains in
order that the coil alone will take the same power that it takes
when connected directly across 110- volt, 60-cycle mains? across
110-volt, 25-cycle mains?
64. An impedance coiltakes 15 amperes from 220-volt, 60-

cycle mains. If the coil is connected across a 32-volt constant
potential storage battery the current 17.5 amperes. What

is is
the energy of the electromagnetic field in the latter case?
65. An impedance coiltakes 25 amperes from 110-volt, 60-

cycle mains. It also takes 25 amperes if connected across the
terminals of a 10.5-volt storage battery. What are the resistance
and the inductance of the coil?
66. An impedance takes a current of 25 amperes when
coil
connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. If this coil is con-
nected in series with a resistance of 5 ohms across 110-volt d. c.
mains the current 17 amperes.
is What are the resistance and
the inductance of the coil?
67. An impedance absorbs 300 watts when connected

coil
across 220- volt, 60-cycle mains. If this coil is connected in series
with a resistance of 8 ohms across 110- volt d. c. mains, it the
coil alone will also absorb 300 watts. What are the possible
values of the resistance and the inductance of the coil?
68. A non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms and an impedance
coil of2 ohms resistance and 0.025 henry inductance are con-
nected in parallel across constant potential a. c. mains. For
what frequency will the power taken by the coil equal that taken
by the non-inductive resistance?
inductance of 0.1 henry. What current and what power will
this coil take from 220- volt, 60-cycle mains? from 110- volt,
25-cycle mains?
an inductance connected in series with a non-
of 0.05
henry is
inductive resistance of 10 ohms across a 110- volt, 60-cycle

circuit. What is the current? What is the voltage across
the non-inductive resistance? What is the phase angle between
the current and the impressed e.m.f.? between the current
and the voltage across the coil? the voltage across the non-
inductive resistance?
71. What is another circuit having a
the inductance of
resistance of 5 ohms which will take the same current as in
problem 70 from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains? from 220-volt, 25-
cycle mains?
72. What
the inductance of another circuit having a
is
resist^
ance of 5 ohms which will take the same power asA in "problem
70 from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains? from 220-volt, 25-cycle
mains?
73. the coil and non-inductive resistance in problem 70
If
are connected in series across a 220-volt, 25-cycle circuit what
is the current? What is the voltage across the non-inductive
resistance? What is the phase angle between the current and
the impressed voltage? the voltage across the coil? the voltage
across the non-inductive resistance?
74. Two impedance coils have resistances of 5 and 8 ohms

and inductances of 0.01 and 0.2 henry respectively. If these
coils are connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains

what current will they take? What will be the phase relations
of the current and the impressed voltage? the voltage across the
first coil? the voltage across the second coil?
75. the impedance coils in problem 74 are connected in

If
series across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains what current will they
take? What be the phase relations of the current and the
will
impressed voltage? the voltage across the first coil? the voltage
across the second coil?

takes 7.7 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What should
be the resistance and the inductance of another coil w hich takes
T
the same current and absorbs the same power from 110- volt,
60-cycle mains?
77. An impedance takes 10 amperes and absorbs 250
coil
watts \vhen connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What
current will it take when connected across 110-volt, 25-cycle
mains? What power will it absorb?
78. An impedance takes 8 amperes and absorbs 320 watts

coil
when connected across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains. What non-
inductive resistance must be connected in series with this coil
in order that it may take the same current from 220-volt, 25-
cycle mains?
79. An impedance coil takes 250 watts at a power factor of
0.1 from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What power will it take from
110-volt, 25-cycle mains? What is the power factor in this case?
80. An impedance takes 250 watts at a power factor of

coil
0.1 from 220- volt, 60-cycle mains. What non-inductive resist-
ance must be connected in series with it across 220-volt, 25-cycle
mains so that the coil alone will take 250 watts?
81. In problem 80 what non-inductive resistance must be
connected in series with the impedance coil so that it will take
the same current from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains? from 110-
volt, *2P-cycle mains?
82. An impedance which takes 250 watts at a power factor

coil
of 0.1 from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains is connected in series with a
non-inductive resistance of 15 ohms across 200- volt, 25-cycle
mains. What power does each part of this circuit take? What
is the voltage across each part?
83. An impedance which takes 20 amperes at a power

coil
factor of 0.15 from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains is connected in series
with a non-inductive resistance across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains.
If the current is 25 amperes what is the voltage across each part
of the circuit?
84. In problem 83 what power does each part of the circuit

take?
85. An impedance coil takes 25 amperes when connected

across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains and 5.4 amperes from 110- volt,
60-cycle mains. What are the resistance and the inductance of
the coil?
86. An impedance coil absorbs 250 watts when connected

across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. When it is connected across
110-volt, 25-cycle mains it also absorbs 250 watts. What are the
resistance and the inductance of the coil?
87. An impedance takes 10 amperes and absorbs 300

coil
watts when connected across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains. What
non-inductive resistance must be connected in series with it in
order that it may absorb the same power from 110-volt, 25-cycle
mains? from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
88. Two impedancewhich have resistances of 2.6 and
coils
3.7 ohms take 5 and 10 amperes respectively from 220-volt,
60-cycle mains. What current will they take when connected

in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
89. An impedance coil has a constant resistance of 2 ohms and

a variable inductance. What resistance must be connected in
series with it take 5 amperes from 110-volt, 60-
so that it will
cycle mains with a phase angle of 60 degrees between the current

and the impressed e.m.f.?
90. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 2.7 ohms and
a variable inductance is connected in series with a non-inductive
resistance across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The circuit is adjusted
so that the potential across the coil is 150 volts and the power
taken by it is 250 watts. What is the value of the non-inductive
resistance?
91. An impedance coil which has a constant resistance of
2 ohms and a variable inductance connected in series with a
is
10-ohm non-inductive resistance across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains.

For what value of the inductance will the coil absorb 65 watts?
What are the power and wattless components of the current with
respect to the impressed e.m.f.?
92. An impedance which has a constant resistance of
coil
2 ohms and a variable inductance is connected in series with a
non-inductive resistance across 110- volt, 60-cycle mains. What
is the inductance of the coil when the entire circuit takes 1
kilowatt with a lag angle of 60 degrees between the current and

voltage across the coil? What is the non-inductive resistance?
93. A non-inductive resistance of 5 ohms is connected in
series with an impedance coil which has a resistance of 2.7 ohms
and a variable reactance. What is the inductance of the coil
when the total power taken by the circuit from 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains is 1240 watts?
takes 6.6 amperes from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains. What should
be the constants of a similar coil that will absorb the same power
and take the same current from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
95. An impedance which has 180 turns and a negligibly
coil
small resistance takes 7.2 amperes from 110- volt, 25-cycle mains.
How many turns should be cut out of the circuit in order that
the coilmay take the same current from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains?
96. An impedance coil which has 108 turns and a resistance
of 2.1ohms takes 50 amperes from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains.
Assuming that each turn has the same length, how many turns
should be cut out of the circuit in order that the coil may
take 50 amperes from 110- volt, 25-cycle mains?
97. An impedance which has 108 turns and a resistance
coil
of 2.6 ohms takes 30 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains.
should be cut out of the circuit in order that the coil may take
the same power from 110- volt, 60-cycle mains that it took from
the 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
98. An impedance which has 214 turns and a resistance
coil
of 4.3 ohms takes 25 amperes from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains
should be cut out of the circuit in order that the coil may take
25 amperes from 220- volt, 60-cycle mains?
99. An impedancewhich has 214 turns and a resistance
coil
of 4.3 ohms takes 25 amperes from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains.
should be cut out of the circuit in order that the coil may
take the same power from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains that it took
from the 25-cycle mains?
100. Two coils of negligibly small resistance are wound on
the same magnetic circuit. These coils take 15 and 25 amperes
respectively when connected singly across constant potential
a. c. mains. What is the ratio of the turns in the coils?
101. Two each of an unknown number of turns, are
coils,
wound on the same magnetic circuit. The first has a resistance
of 3.2 ohms and the second a resistance of 2.5 ohms. These
coils take 25 and 35 amperes respectively when connected singly
across 110- volt a. c. mains. What is the ratio of the turns in
the coils?
102. Whena non-inductive resistance and an impedance coil
are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the
currents are 15 amperes and 10 amperes respectively. When
connected in series across the same mains the current is 6.9
amperes. What are the resistance and the inductance of the
coil?
103. When a non-inductive resistance and an impedance coil

which has a resistance of 2 ohms are connected in parallel across
a 60-cycle alternating e.m.f. they take 12 amperes and 9.5
amperes respectively. When they are connected in series
across the same potential the current is 6.7 amperes. What
is the reactance of the coil at 60 cycles?
104. When a non-inductive resistance and an impedance coil

which has a negligible resistance are connected in parallel across
a 60-cycle alternating e.m.f. they each take 10 amperes. What
current will they take when they are connected in series across
a 25-cycle e.m.f. of the same effective value?
105. When
a non-inductive resistance and an impedance coil
currents are 13.2 amperes and 9 amperes respectively. When

connected in series across 110- volt, 60-cycle mains the current
is 3^"amperes. What are the resistance and the inductance of
the coil?
WTien a non-inductive resistance and an impedance coil

106.
which has a resistance of 2 ohms are connected in parallel across
a 60-cycle alternating e.m.f. they take 30 amperes and 20
amperes respectively. When they are connected in series
across a 25-cycle e.m.f. of the same effective value the current
is 20 amperes. What is the reactance of the coil at 25 cycles?
107. When
a non-inductive resistance of 12 ohms and an
impedance coil are connected in parallel across 60-cycle constant
potential mains the currents are 18.5 amperes and 15 amperes
respectively. W hen
T
connected in series across the same mains
the current is 10.7 amperes. What are the resistance and the
reactance of the coil at 60 cycles?
108. When
a non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms and an
impedance coil are connected in parallel across 60-cycle constant
potential mains the currents are 12 amperes and 10 amperes
respectively. When connected in series across a 25-cycle
e.m.f. of the same effective value the current is 9.1 amperes.
What are the resistance and the inductance of the coil?
109. When
a non-inductive resistance and an impedance coil
currents are 10 amperes and 5 amperes respectively. WTien
they are conected in series across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains the
current is 7.1 amperes. What are the resistance and the
inductance of the coil?
SERIES CIRCUITS INVOLVING RESISTANCE AND CAPACITY
110. Acondenser takes 3.2 amperes from 220-volt, 25-cycle

mains. What current will it take from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
111. A non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms in series with a
condenser of 45 microfarads is connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. What is the impedance of the circuit? What is the
current? What is the power taken by the circuit?
112. the circuit in problem 111 is connected across 220-volt,

If
25-cycle mains what are the impedance, the current, and the
-*V
power?
113. the circuit in problem 111 is connected across 110- volt,
If
60-cycle mains what are the impedance, the current, and the
power?
114. A
220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on a circuit con-
sisting of a non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms in series with a
condenser which has a reactance of 10 ohms at 60 cycles. What
is the instantaneous value of the impressed e.m.f. when the
energy of the electrostatic field is zero? What is the maximum
energy of the electrostatic field?
115. In problem 114
a 220-volt, 25-cycle e.m.f. is impressed
if
on the circuit what will be the instantaneous value of the im-

pressed e.m.f. when the energy of the electrostatic field is zero?
What is the maximum energy of the electrostatic field?
116. In problem 114
a 110- volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed
if
on the circuit what will be the instantaneous value of the im-

pressed e.m.f. when the energy of the electrostatic field is zero?
What is the maximum energy of the electrostatic field?
117. A
non-inductive resistance of 15 ohms in series with a
condenser takes 5 amperes when connected across 220-volt, 60-
cycle mains. What be the ultimate energy of the electro-
will
static field if a direct e.m.f. of 220 volts is impressed on this
circuit? Compare this with the maximum energy of the field
when the alternating e.m.f. is impressed on the circuit.
118. A circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance of 15
ohms in series with a condenser of 60 microfarads is connected in
series with another non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms across
220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What is the current? What is the
voltage across the 10-ohm non-inductive resistance? What is
the phase angle between the current and the impressed voltage?
the voltage across the first portion of the circuit? the voltage
across the10-ohm non-inductive resistance?
119. What maybe the constants of another circuit having a
resistance of 10 ohms which takes the same current as in problem
118 from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains? from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains?
120. What may be the constants of another circuit having a
resistance of 10 ohms which takes the same power as in problem
118 from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains? from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains?

condenser takes 5 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains? What
current will this circuit take from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains? from
122. A consisting of a non-inductive resistance in
circuit
series with a condenser of 80 microfarads takes 2.5 amperes from
220-volt, 25-cycle mains. What current will this circuit take

from 110-volt, 25-cycle mains? from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
123. A consisting of a non-inductive resistance in
circuit
series with a condenser takes 80 watts at a power factor of 0.1
from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. Across what direct e.m.f. must
this circuit be connected in order that the ultimate energy of the
electrostatic field may equal the maximum energy of the field
when the circuit is connected across the 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
124. A non-inductive resistance and a condenser are connected

in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. are adjusted so
They
that the current is 8 amperes and the power absorbed is 250 watts.
What are the resistance and the capacity?
125. A non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser
takes 10 amperes and absorbs 250 watts when connected across
220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What current will this circuit take
when connected across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains? What power
will it absorb?
126. A non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms and a condenser of
60 microfarads connected in series take 4.9 amperes from 60-cycle
mains. What should be the resistance and capacity of another
circuit which will take the same current and absorb the same
power from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains?

127. A non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser takes
250 watts at a power factor of 0.1 from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains.
What power will this circuit take from 110-volt, 25-cycle mains?
What is the power factor in the latter case?

in series across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains. The circuit is adjusted
so that the e.m.f. across the capacity is 200 volts and the power
absorbed is 450 watts. What are the resistance and the capacity?
129. Anon-inductive resistance in series with a condenser

takes 5.6 amperes when connected across 220-volt, 25-cycle
mains and 5.9 amperes when connected across 110- volt, 60-cycle
mains. What are the resistance and the capacity?
130. A circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance of

2 ohms in series with a condenser takes 5.4 amperes from 220-volt,
25-cycle mains. What are the constants of a similar circuit

that takes the same current and absorbs the same power from
in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What are the constants
of this circuit when it is adjusted to take 250 watts at a power
factor of 0.2?

across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains. What are the constants of the
circuit when it is adjusted so that the current is 5.2 amperes
and there is a potential difference of 170 volts across the capacity?

condenser takes 6.5 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What
are the constants of a similar circuit that takes the same current
and absorbs the same power from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains?
134. A non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser
takes 4.2 amperes when connected across 110- volt, 25-cycle
mains and 18 amperes when connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. What are the resistance and the capacity?
135. A non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser takes

7 amperes and absorbs 300 watts when connected across 110-
volt, 25-cycle mains. What non-inductive resistance must be
connected in series with this circuit in order that it may take
the same current from 220-volt, 25-cycle mains? from 110- volt,
60-cycle mains?
136. A circuit (c) consisting of a non-inductive resistance in
serieswith a condenser takes 2 amperes and absorbs 120 watts
when connected across 110- volt, 25-cycle mains. What non-
inductive resistance must be connected in series with this circuit
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains so that the circuit (c) will still
absorb 120 watts?
137. Whena non-inductive resistance of 22 ohms and a
circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance and a condenser
in series are connected in parallel across constant potential
25-cycle mains the currents are 10 amperes and 5 amperes
respectively. When they are connected in series across a 60-
cycle e.m.f. of the same effective value the current is 6.5 amperes.
138. A circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance of
10 ohms and a variable capacity is connected in series with a non-
inductive resistance across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The entire
circuit is so adjusted that the e.m.f. across the first part, viz.,
the 10-ohm resistance in series with the capacity, is 150 volts
and the power taken by this part is 400 watts. What are the
capacity and the second non-inductive resistance?
139. A which consists of a non-inductive resistance
circuit
of 20 ohms in series with a condenser is connected in series with a
non-inductive resistance of 12 ohms
across 220-volt, 25-cycle
mains. For what capacity will the entire circuit absorb 200
watts? What are the power and wattless components of the
current with respect to the impressed voltage?
140. A circuit a non-inductive resistance of
consisting of
15 ohms in series with a condenser is connected in series with a
non-inductive resistance across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains. What
is the capacity when the first portion of the circuit takes 270
watts and there is a lag angle of 60 degrees between the current

and the impressed voltage? What is the non-inductive resist-
ance?
141. A circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance in series
with a condenser is connected in series with a non-inductive
resistance of 2 ohms across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains. What
is the capacity when the entire circuit takes 300 watts at a
power factor of 0.2?
142. Two circuits, each consisting of a non-inductive resistance

in series with a condenser, take 5 amperes and 10 amperes respec-
tively when connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The
non-inductive resistances are 15 and 10 ohms respectively.
What current will these circuits take when connected in series

across 220- volt, 60-cycle mains?
143. A series circuit consists of two

parts, the first of which
isa resistance of 5 ohms in series with a condenser of 150 micro-
farads and the second is a resistance of 12.5 ohms in series with
a condenser of 500 microfarads. If this circuit is connected across
220-volt, 60-cycle mains what is the phase relation of the current
and the impressed voltage? the voltage across the first part of
the circuit? the voltage across the second part of the circuit?
144. the circuit in problem 143 is connected across 220-

If
volt, 25-cycle mains what is the phase relation of the current

and the impressed voltage? the voltage across the first part of
the circuit? the voltage across the second part of the circuit?
145. Two non-inductive resistances of 10 and 20 ohms

respectively are connected in parallel across 110- volt, 60-cycle
mains. A
condenser is inserted in series with one of these and
adjusted so that the resistances absorb the same power. In
series with which resistance is the condenser placed and what
is the capacity?
SERIES CIRCUITS INVOLVING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE,

AND CAPACITY
146. A
non-inductive resistance of 15 ohms, an impedance
coil which has a resistance of 2 ohms and an inductance of 0.1
henry, and a condenser of 120 microfarads capacity are con-

nected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What are the
current and its phase relation with respect to the impressed
voltage? What is the instantaneous value of the impressed
voltage when the energy of the electrostatic field is zero? when
the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero?
147. A
220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on a series cir-
cuit consisting of an impedance coil which has a resistance of
6 ohms and a reactance of 36 ohms at 60 cycles, and a condenser
which has a reactance of 15 ohms at 60 cycles. When the
instantaneous value of the impressed e.m.f. is passing through
zero what is the energy of the electromagnetic field? When
the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero what is the energy
of the electrostatic field?
148. In problem 147
a 220-volt, 25-cycle e.m.f. is impressed
if
on the circuit what will be the energy of the electromagnetic

field when the impressed e.m.f. is passing through zero? When
the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero what will be the
149. In problem 147
a 110- volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed
if
on the circuit what will be the energy of the electromagnetic

field when the impressed e.m.f. is passing through zero? When
the energy of the electromagnetic field is zero what is the
In problem 147 at what frequency will an e.m.f. of 220
150.
volts produce the greatest current through the circuit?
151. The constants of a series circuitimpressedon which is
a 110- volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. are 10 ohms,R = 0.1 henry, and L =

C = 30 microfarads. At the instant the impressed e.m.f. is
passing through zero what is the energy of the electrostatic
field? When the energy of the electrostatic field is zero what
is the energy of the electromagnetic field?
152. A circuit consists of two coils,A and B, in series with a

condenser. The constants of the coil A are R = 2 ohms and
L = 0.1 henry, and of coil B, R =
20 ohms and L = 0.005 henry.
The is 80 microfarads.
capacity of the condenser If a 220-volt,
60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on the circuit what current will be

established? What are the magnitude and the phase relation
with respect to the current of the voltage across the coil A?
across coil B? across the condenser?
In problem 152 for what capacity would the current

153.
have its greatest value? What would be the voltage across the
coil A for this condition?

an inductance of 0.1 connected in series with a con-
henry is
denser of 100 microfarads capacity across a constant alter-

nating e.m.f. of 220 volts. For what frequency will the voltages
across the coil and the condenser be equal?

and a reactance ohms at 60 cycles
of 32 is connected in series
with a condenser of variable capacity across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. For what capacity will the voltages across the coil and
the condenser be equal?
156. In problem 155a 220-volt, 25-cycle e.m.f. is impressed

if
on the circuit for what capacity will the voltages across the coil
and the condenser be equal?
157. A
coil which has a resistance of 1.7 ohms and an inductance of
0.1 henry, and a condenser of 60 microfarads capacity are con-
nected in series across 110- volt, 60-cycle mains. What is the
current? What is the voltage across each part of the circuit,
and what are the phase relations of these voltages with respect
to the current?

coil
factor of 0.1 when connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains
is connected in series with a circuit consisting of a non-inductive
resistance of 10 ohms in series with a condenser of 120 micro-
farads capacity. If a 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on
this entire circuit what will be the voltage across each part?
159. A 110- volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. impressed on a series circuit

is
which consists of a non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms, an

impedance coil of 1 ohm resistance and 0.1 henry inductance,
and a condenser of variable capacity. For what capacity will
the current be a maximum?
inductance of 0.1 henry. It is desired to use this coil in series
with a condenser to show the phenomena of resonance. If the
only electrical circuit available is a 110-volt, 60-cycle one what
will be the necessary capacity of the condenser? If the con-
denser is designed for an allowable effective e.m.f. of 500 volts
what resistance will it be necessary to insert in the circuit in
order that at resonance the e.m.f. across the condenser may not
exceed this amount?
161. An e.m.f. of 110 volts is impressed on a series circuit con-
sisting of a non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms, an impedance
coil of 1 ohm resistance and 0.1 henry inductance, and a con-
denser of 100 microfarads capacity. For what frequency of
the impressed e.m.f. does the current have its greatest value?
At this frequency what is the voltage across the impedance
coil? At frequency what is the least series resistance

this
required in order that the maximum instantaneous voltage

across the condenser shall not exceed 300 volts?
162. An impedance and a condenser are connected in
coil
series across a constant alternating e.m.f. which has an effective
value of 110 volts. adjusting the frequency of the impressed
By
e.m.f. the current through the circuit can be varied from 10
amperes at a frequency of 25 cycles to a maximum current of

35 amperes at a frequency of 60 cycles. A further increase in
the frequency decreases the current. What are the resistance
and inductance of the impedance coil? What is the capacity
of the condenser?
163. A 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f.
impressed on a series circuit
is
which consists of a non-inductive resistance of 5 ohms, an

impedance coil of 1.5 ohms resistance and 0.1 henry inductance,
and a condenser of variable capacity. For what value of the
capacity will the voltage across it have its greatest value?
For what value of the capacity will the voltage across the
impedance coil have its greatest value? As the capacity is
increased which maximum value occurs first, the voltage across
the coil or the voltage across the capacity?
164. In problem 163 what additional series resistance is
needed in order that the greatest voltage across the condenser

shall be 500 volts effective value?
165. An impressed on a series circuit

alternating e.m.f. is
which consists of a non-inductive resistance of R ohms, an

impedance coil of r ohms resistance and L henrys inductance,
and a condenser of variable capacity C. For what value of the
capacity will the voltage across it have its greatest value?
For what value of the capacity will the voltage across the im-
pedance coil have its greatest value? As the capacity is
increased which maximum value occurs first, the voltage across
the coil or the voltage across the condenser?
166. On
a series circuit which consists of a resistance of 10
ohms, an impedance coil of 2 ohms resistance and 0.1 henry
inductance, and a condenser of 60 microfarads capacity there is
impressed an e.m.f. which varies directly with its frequency.
When this e.m.f. is 220 volts its frequency is 60 cycles. For
what frequency will the current have its greatest value?
167. In problem 166 for what frequency will the voltage

across the condenser have its greatest value?
168. An impedance coil which takes 5 amperes at a power
factor of 0.15 from 220- volt, 25-cycle mains is connected in series
with a condenser across 220- volt, 60-cycle mains. For what
capacity will the current be 5 amperes?
169. An impedance coiltakes 250 watts at a power factor of
0.1 when connected across 220- volt, 60-cycle mains. What
capacity must be connected in series with this coil so that it
will take the same power from 110- volt, 60-cycle mains? from
170. An impedance coil which takes a current of 15 amperes
and absorbs 300 watts when connected across 220-volt, 25-cycle
mains is connected in series with a condenser. If a 220-volt,
60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on this circuit for what values of the
capacity will the power absorbed by the coil still be 300 watts?
171. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 1.5 ohms is
connected in series with a condenser across 220-volt, 60-cycle

mains. For what values of the inductance and the capacity
will the coil absorb 250 watts and have a potential of 190 volts
across its terminals?
172. An impedance connected in series with a condenser
coil is
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. This circuit absorbs 650 watts
at a power factor of 0.87 and is so adjusted that the potentials
across the coil and the condenser are equal. What are these
voltages?
173. An impedance connected in series with a condenser.
coil is
The potential across the coil is 240 volts and that across the
condenser is 190 volts. If the current is 10 amperes and the
total power supplied is 2.1 kilowatts what is the impressed
voltage?
coil is
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. This circuit absorbs 800 watts
at a power factor of 0.4 and is so adjusted that the potential
across the condenser is 350 volts. What is the voltage across
the impedance coil?

a variable inductance is connected in series with a condenser
of variable capacity across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains, and the
circuit is so adjusted that the potentials across the coil and the
condenser are each 220 volts. What is the phase relation of
the current and the impressed voltage? the voltage across the
impedance coil? the voltage across the condenser? What power
does the impedance coil absorb?
176. An impedance and a series circuit consisting of a

coil
non-inductive resistance and a capacity reactance of 60 ohms
are connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The
entire circuit is so adjusted that the voltages across each part and
the power absorbed by each part are equal. If the entire circuit
absorbs 500 watts what is the current? What is the voltage
across each part of the circuit? What are the phase relations
of the current and the voltage across each part?
PARALLEL CIRCUITS INVOLVING RESISTANCE AND

INDUCTANCE
177. An impedance coil which has an inductance of henry 0.1
and a negligible resistance is connected in parallel with a non-
inductive resistance across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains. If the
total current is 24 amperes what is the current in each branch?

takes 15 amperes when connected across 220-volt, 25-cycle
mains. If a non-inductive resistance of 18 ohms is connected
in parallel with this coil what is the total current taken from
179. Two impedance coils are connected in parallel across

220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The first coil takes 15 amperes and
absorbs 300 watts, and the second coil takes 20 amperes and
absorbs 850 watts. What is the total current taken from the
mains?
180. When a non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms is connected

in with an impedance coil across 220-volt, 60-cycle
parallel
mains the total current taken from the mains is 15.6 amperes.
When the resistance and the coil are connected in series across
220-volt, 60-cycle mains the current is 7.2 amperes. What are
the resistance and the inductance of the impedance coil?
181. When
a non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms is connected
in parallel with an impedance coil across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains, the total current taken from the mains is 25 amperes.
When the resistance and the coil are connected in series across
220-volt, 25-cycle mains the current is 14 amperes. What are
the resistance and the inductance of the coil?
182. Two
equal impedance coils with no mutual inductance
and negligible resistance take 10 amperes when connected in
series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What current will one
coiltake when connected across 110- volt, 60-cycle mains? What
current will the coils take when connected in parallel across
183. Two
equal impedance coils with no mutual inductance
and negligible resistance take 10 amperes when connected in
series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What current will one
coiltake from 110- volt, 25-cycle mains? What current will they
take if connected in parallel across 110-volt, 25-cycle mains?
184. Two equal impedance with no mutual inductance
coils
each have a resistance of 2.1 ohms. When they are connected
in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the current is 25 amperes.
What current will one of these coils take when connected across
110-volt, 60-cycle mains? What current will the coils take when
connected in parallel across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains?
185. Two equal impedance with no mutual inductance
coils
each have a resistance of 2.4 ohms. When they are connected
in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the current is 15
amperes. What current will one of these coils take from 110-
volt, 25-cycle mains? What current will the coils take when
connected in parallel across 110-volt, 25-cycle mains?
186. Two
equal coils of negligible resistance are wound side
by side on the same magnetic circuit. When the coils are con-
nected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the current is
5 amperes. If one coil is connected across 110-volt, 60-cycle
mains what current will it take? What current will the coils
take if they are connected in parallel across 110-volt, 60-cycle
mains?
187. Two equal coils each with a resistance of 2 ohms are
wound side by side on the same magnetic circuit. When they
are connected in series across 220-volt, GO-cycle mains the current
is 10 amperes. What current will one coil take if connected
across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains? What current will these coils
take from 110-volt, 60-cycle mains if connected in parallel?
188. Two equal coils each with a resistance of 3.5 ohms are
wound side by side on the same magnetic circuit. When the
coils are connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the
current is 25 amperes. What current would one coil take if
connected across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains. What current will
the coils take when connected in parallel across 110-volt, 60-
cycle mains. The coils are connected so as to produce magnetic
fields in the same direction.
189. Two equal coils each with a resistance of 3.5 ohms are
wound side by side on the same magnetic circuit. When they
are connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the current
is 25 amperes. What current will one coil take when connected
across 110-volt, 25-cycle mains? What current will the coils
take when connected in parallel across 110-volt, 25-cycle mains?
The coils are connected so that they produce magnetic fields
in the same direction.
190. Two impedance coils which have resistances of 5 and

20 ohms and inductances of 0.01 and 0.1 henry respectively
are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What
is the total current taken from the mains? What is the phase
relation of the impressed e.m.f. and the total current? the current
in the first coil? the current in the second coil?
191. problem 190 are connected in parallel

If the coils in
across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains what is the total current? What
is the phase relation of the impressed e.m.f. and the total current?
the current in the first coil? the current in the second coil?
PARALLEL CIRCUITS INVOLVING RESISTANCE AND

CAPACITY
192. A
non-inductive resistance of 25 ohms is connected in
parallel with a condenser of 60 microfarads across 220-volt, 60-
cycle mains. What is the total current taken from the mains?
in parallel across 220- volt, 60-cycle mains. If the current
through the resistance is 10 amperes and that taken by the

condenser 7.5 amperes what is the total current supplied?
in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. If the entire circuit
takes a current of 12 amperes and absorbs 1800 watts what are

the currents in the branches?
195. A non-inductive and a condenser connected
resistance in
parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains take a total current of

10 amperes at a power factor of 0.2. What are the currents in
the branches?
196. A a non-inductive resistance of 20
circuit consisting of
ohms in series with a condenser of 80 microfarads is connected in
parallel with a non-inductive resistance of 75 ohms across con-
stant potential a. c. mains. For what frequency will the power
taken by the non-inductive resistance equal that taken by the
capacity circuit? What is the resultant impedance of the cir-
cuit at this frequency?
197. Two
equal condensers take 2.7 amperes when connected
in series across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains. What current will
they take when connected in parallel across 220-volt, 25-cycle
mains? across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains? across 110- volt, 25-cycle
mains?
198. When a non-inductive resistance and a circuit con-
sisting of a non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser are
connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the currents
are 10 amperes and 5 amperes respectively. When these cir-
cuits are connected in series across the same mains the current
is4.2 amperes. What are the resistances and the capacity?
What is the total current when these circuits are connected in
parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains?
199. When
a non-inductive resistance and a circuit consisting
of a non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms in series with a condenser
are connected in parallel across a 25-cycle constant e.m.f. the
currents are 11 and 5 amperes respectively. When these cir-
cuits are connected in series across the same mains the current is
4.1 amperes. What are the resistance and the capacity? What
is the total impedance of these circuits when they are connected
in parallel across a 25-cycle e.m.f.?

200. When
of a non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser are con-
nected in parallel across 220- volt, 60-cycle mains the currents are
12 amperes and 6 amperes respectively. When these circuits
are connected in series across 220- volt, 25-cycle mains the current
is 3 amperes. What are the resistances and the capacity?
201. When
ohms in series with a condenser
of a non-inductive resistance of 20
are connected in parallel across 25-cycle constant potential
mains the currents are 5.5 amperes and 2.6 amperes respectively.
When these circuits are connected in series across a 60-cycle
e.m.f. of the same effective value the current is 3.3 amperes.
202. When
a non-inductive resistance of 11 ohms and a
circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance and a condenser
are connected in parallel across constant potential 60-cycle
mains the currents are 20 amperes and 4.1 amperes respectively.
When they are connected in series across the same mains the
current is 3.7 amperes. What are the resistance and the
capacity?
203. A circuit consists of two parallel branches. The first
branch has a resistance of 60 ohms and a condensive reactance
of 30 ohms at 60 cycles. The second branch has a resistance of
5 ohms and a condensive reactance of 10 ohms at 60 cycles.
What is the impedance of this circuit at 60 cycles? What is the
phase relation of the impressed voltage and the current in the
first branch? the current in the second branch? the total current?
204. problem 203 is connected across 220-

If the circuit in
volt 25-cycle mains what is the phase relation of the impressed
e.m.f. and the current in the first branch? the current in the
second branch? the total current? What is the impedance of
the circuit at 25 cycles?
205. In problem 203 if the circuit is connected across 220-
volt, 60-cycle mains what power does each branch absorb?
What is the resultant power factor of the circuit?
206. In problem 203 if the circuit is connected across 220-
volt, 25-cycle mains what power does each branch absorb?
What is the resultant power factor of the circuit?
207. A circuit which has a resistance of40 ohms and a con-

densive reactance of 10 ohms is connected in parallel with a
circuit having variable non-inductive resistance and variable
capacity. This circuit
so adjusted that the currents in the
is
two branches are equal and displaced in phase^by GO degrees.

v< *<**t*~c
What are the unknown resistance and the r>n.pn.mtyf
208. Two each consisting of resistance and conden-
circuits,
sive reactance, are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. The circuits are so adjusted that each absorbs 250
watts, and the current in one is double that in the other. If the
resultant power factor of these parallel branches is 0.5 what are
their resistances and reactances?
209. Two each containing resistance and condensive
circuits,
reactance, are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. The first circuit takes a current of 5 amperes and absorbs
300 watts, and the second circuit takes a current of 3 amperes
and absorbs 225 watts. What is the total current taken from
the mains?
210. Two each containing resistance and condensive
circuits,
reactance, are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. These circuits are so adjusted that the currents in the
branches are equal, and one absorbs three times as much power
as the other. The total power taken from the mains is 500 watts,
and the power factor of the entire circuit is 0.7. What are the
constants of the circuits?
PARALLEL CIRCUITS INVOLVING RESISTANCE, INDUCTANCE,

AND CAPACITY
211. An impedance coil which has a negligible resistance
and an inductance of 0.1 henry is connected in parallel with a
condenser of 60 microfarads capacity across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. Draw a vector diagram showing the phase relations of
the currents and the impressed e.m.f. What are the energies
of the electromagnetic and the electrostatic fields at the instant
the impressed e.m.f. is passing through zero? At the instant
the energy of the electrostatic field is zero what is the energy
of the "electromagnetic field?

an inductance of 0.02 henry is connected in parallel with a con-
denser of 160 microfarads capacity across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. Draw a vector diagram showing the phase relations of
the currents and the impressed e.m.f. What are the energies
of the electromagnetic and the electrostatic fields at the instant
the impressed e.m.f. is passing through zero?
213. In problem 212 when the energy of the electrostatic
field is zero what is the energy of the electromagnetic field?

and an inductance of 0.05
henry is connected in parallel with a
circuit having a resistance of 15 ohms and a capacity of
100 microfarads. If a 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed
on this circuit what are the currents in the branches? What
is the total current? Draw a vector diagram showing the phase
relations of the currents and the impressed e.m.f.
215.In problem 214 what are the energies of the electrostatic

and the electromagnetic fields at the instant the impressed e.m.f.
is passing through zero? At the instant the energy of the
electrostatic field is zero what is the energy of the electro-
magnetic field?
216. An impedance which has a resistance of 3 ohms and

coil
an inductance of 0.12 henry is connected in parallel with a
condenser of 75 microfarads capacity across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. What current does each branch take and what is the
total current supplied?

coil
factor of 0.1 from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains is connected in
parallel with a circuit which has a resistance of 3.5 ohms and a
condensive reactance of 20 ohms at 60 cycles. If a 220-volt,
60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on this circuit, what is the total
current supplied?
218. An impedance which has a resistance of 2.6 ohms
coil
takes a current of 10 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains.
If a condenser which has a reactance of 30 ohms at 60 cycles
is connected in parallel with the coil what is the total current
supplied?
coil
an inductance of 0.1 henry is connected in parallel with a
circuit having a resistance of 10 ohms and a capacity of 50
microfarads. For what frequency of the impressed e.m.f. will

these circuits absorb the same power?
220. In problem 219 ifa 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed
on the circuit what is the current through each branch and
what is the total current?
221. An impedance has a resistance of 10 ohms and a

coil
reactance of 30 ohms at 60 cycles. A second impedance unit

has a resistance of 5 ohms and a condensive reactance of 15
ohms at 60 cycles. Will these two impedances take more power
from 60-cycle a.c. mains when connected in series or in parallel?
222. An impedance has a resistance of 10 ohms and a

coil
reactance of 30 ohms at 60 cycles. A second impedance unit

has a resistance of 5 ohms and a condensive reactance of 15
ohms at 60 cycles. Will these two impedances take more power
from 25-cycle a.c. mains when connected in series or in parallel?
223. For what frequency will the circuits described in problem
222 take the same power when connected jjinnnrinn nm nrhon rnn
in parallel across the same potential?
224. An impedance and a condensive impedance unit are

coil
connected in parallel across 220-volt 60-cycle mains. The
;
currents in the branches are 25 amperes and 10 amperes respec-

tively, and the powers absorbed by them are 2000 watts and 200
watts respectively. What is the total current taken from
the mains?

coil
an inductance of 0.08 henry is connected in parallel with a con-
denser of 60 microfarads capacity. What is the total impedance
of this circuit at 60 cycles and what is the power factor?
226. In problem 225 what is the total impedance of the cir-

cuit at 25 cycles and what is itspower factor?
227. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 4 ohms
and an inductance of 0.05 henry is connected in parallel with a
circuit which has a resistance of 25 ohms and a condensive
reactance of 15 ohms at 60 cycles. What is the total impedance
of this circuit at 60 cycles and what is its power factor?
228. In problem 227 what is the total impedance of the circuit
at 25 cycles and what is its power factor?
229. A circuit having a non-inductive resistance of 15 ohms
and a capacity of 80 microfarads is connected in parallel with an
impedance coil which has a resistance of 5 ohms and an induc-
tance of 0.06 henry. If this entire circuit is connected across
220-volt, 60-cycle mains what is the total current? What is
the total power absorbed?
230. the circuit in problem 229 is connected across 220-
If
volt, 25-cycle mains, what is the total current? What is the

total power absorbed?
231. In problem 229 what should be the constants of a third

branch connected in parallel with the other two across 220-volt,
60-cycle mains in order that the total current taken from the
mains may have its least value?
branch connected in parallel with the other two across 220-volt,
25-cycle mains in order that the total current taken from the
mains may have its least value?
circuit connected in series with the parallel branches across 220-
volt, 60-cycle mains in order that the current taken from the
mains may have its greatest value?
circuit connected in series with the parallel branches across 220-
volt, 25-cycle mains in order that the current taken from the
mains may have its greatest value?
235. An impedance coil has a resistance of 2.4 ohms and takes
10 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What is the capacity
of the condenser connected in parallel with this coil across 220-
volt, 60-cycle mains that will reduce the total current supplied to
its least value?
236. A
condenser of 73.3 microfarads capacity and an impe-
dance coil of 0.096 henry inductance and negligible resistance
are connected in parallel between the points A and B. These
values satisfy the conditions for resonance in the parallel branches.
Between B and C is a non-inductive resistance of 5.2 ohms. If
a 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on AC what are the
currents in the three parts of the circuit, and what are their
phase relations with respect to the impressed e.m.f.?
237. A
condenser of 100 microfarads capacity and an impe-
dance coil which has a resistance of 8 ohms are connected in
series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains and adjusted for the con-
dition of resonance. What is the current? If a non-inductive
resistance of 25 ohms is then connected in parallel with the con-

denser what will be the current in the coil?
238. When two

impedances are connected in parallel show
that their resultant impedance is equal to the sum of their
separate impedances divided by 2 V2, if the impedances are
adjusted so that the currents through them are equal and in
quadrature?
coil which has a resistance of 9 ohms and a reactance of 6 ohms
at 60 cycles are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. A
third circuit connected in parallel with the other two
takes a constant current of 20 amperes and is so adjusted that
the resultant power-factor of the branches is unity. What are
the constants of the third circuit? What is the least current
that the third circuit can take and still have the resultant power-
factor unity?

coil which has a resistance of 6 ohms and a reactance of 4 ohms
at 60 cycles, are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. A
third circuit connected in parallel with the other two
takes a constant power of 3 kilowatts and is so adjusted that the
resultant power-factor of the three branches is unity. What
are the constants of the third branch?
* GENERAL PROBLEMS INVOLVING SERIES AND PARALLEL

CIRCUITS
241. An alternator 180 amperes to incandescent

delivers
lamps, and 92 amperes to start an induction motor. The power-

factor of the motor while starting is 0.35. What is the total
current delivered by the alternator?
* Maqf of these problems would in actual practice apply to 3-phase

circuits, but in every case it is assumed that the data are given for the
equivalent single-phase circuit.
242. Analternating-current series motor takes 5 kilowatts
from a 220-volt circuit. If the current is 30.8 amperes at what
power-factor is the motor operating?
243. The combined armature and field

resistance of the
windings of an alternating-current series motor is 0.68 ohm.
When the motor is taking 4.52 kilowatts at 200 volts at a power-
factor of 0.85 what is its horsepower output? What is its effi-
ciency? The motor losses in addition to the copper losses (PR)
are 375 watts.
244. The terminal potentials of two alternators are each 120

volts and are displaced 90 degrees in phase. These machines
are connected in series and deliver a current of 200 amperes,
which lags 15 degrees with respect to their resultant e.m.f.
What is the total power delivered and what is the power delivered
by each machine? Draw a vector diagram showing the phase
relations of the current and the voltages.
245. In problem 244 the machines deliver 200 amperes at

if
a power-factor of 0.5, what is the total power and what is the

power delivered by each machine? Draw a vector diagram
showing the phase relations of the current and the voltages.
246. Two alternators, each with terminal potentials of 220
volts, are connected in series and supply 50 kilowatts to a load
at a power-factor of 0.8. If their terminal potentials differ in
phase by 60 degrees, what part of the load is each alternator

supplying? Draw a vector diagram showing the phase relations
of the current and the voltages.
247. Two alternators with equal terminal potentials of 220
volts are connected in series and supply a current of 80 amperes
to a load of 15.25 kilowatts. The phase between their
difference
terminal voltages is so adjusted that the load on one of the
alternators is zero. What is this phase difference and what is
the power-factor of the load?
248. Two alternators with equal terminal voltages are con-

nected in series and supply 60 amperes at 0.5 power-factor to a
load of 6.6 kilowatts. a phase difference of 120 degrees
If there is
between their terminal voltages, what load is each alternator
supplying? Draw a vector diagram showing the phase relations
of the current and voltages.
249. Two
alternators are operating in parallel and are deliver-
ing power at 220 volts. The first supplies a current of 50
amperes at a power-factor of 0.8 (lagging with respect to the
terminal potential difference) and the second supplies a current
of 80 amperes which leads the terminal potential difference by
45 degrees. What per cent of the total load is each machine
supplying? Draw a vector diagram showing the phase rela-
tions of the currents and the terminal voltage.
In problem 249 what is the total current delivered by

250.
the machines to the load? What is the power-factor of the load?
251. Two
alternators are operating in parallel and supplying
an incandescent lamp load with 160 amperes at 220 volts. If
the machines divide the load equally and the first operates at a
power-factor of 0.8 (lagging current), what is the current supplied
by each alternator?
252. Two
alternators operating in parallel deliver current at
220 volts to an inductive load of 20 kilowatts, the power-factor
ofwhich is 86.6 per cent. If the machine currents are equal and
one alternator is operating at unit power-factor, what load does
each supply? At what power -factoris the other alternator
operating? Draw a vector diagram showing the phase relations
of the currents and the terminal voltage.
253. A delivers 950 kilowatts at 13,200 volts

power station
to a 5-mile transmission line the conductors of which have a
cross-section of 50,000 circular mils. If the specific resistance of
the conductors is 10.4 ohms per mil-foot what is the power loss
in the line at unit power-factor? at 0.85 power-factor? at 0.75
power-factor?
254. an induction motor load taking 750 kilowatts
If there is
at 0.85 power-factor at the end of the line described in problem
253, what is the efficiency of transmission when the station
voltage is 13,200 and the voltage at the load is 11,500?
At the end of a 5-mile transmission line which has a
255.
resistance of 15 ohms there is an induction motor operating at
0.85 power-factor. This motor is delivering 1000 horse-power
at an efficiency of 92 per cent. The voltages at the generating
and receiving ends of the line are 13,200 volts and 11,500 volts
respectively. What is the efficiency of transmission?
256. A power station delivers 800 kilowatts to a transmis-
sion line at 10,000 volts. The resistance of the line is 10 ohms.
At the receiving end where the voltage is 8,800
of the line, volts,
there is an induction motor load taking 95 amperes. What
is the power-factor of the motor load?
257. An synchronous motor is operating in

over-excited
parallel with an induction motor on a 220-volt, 60-cycle circuit.
The synchronous motor takes 3.67 kilowatts from the line at a
power-factor of 0.78. The induction motor is operating at a
power-factor of 0.85 and delivers 21.7 horsepower at an efficiency
*pf 88 per cent. What is the total line current delivered to these
motors? What is the resultant power-factor of the load? The
synchronous motor takes a leading current and the induction
motor a lagging current.
258. An
over-excited synchronous motor is operating at the
end of a transmission line which has a resistance of 15 ohms.
The motor is taking 560 kilowatts at a power-factor of 0.90.
The voltages at the ends of the line are each equal to 11,200.
What is the efficiency of transmission? At what power-factor
is the station operating?
259. An induction motor

taking 21.8 kilowatts at a power-
is
factor of 0.85 from 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. A synchronous

motor, which has a rating of 20 kilovolt-amperes at 220 volts
&&^fk&9yMd^^
j$$k&&&(\^^ connected in parallel with the
is
induction motor. If the lowest power-factor at which the

synchronous motor can be operated is 0,J, what is the least value
that the line current can have? Wliat power is the synchronous
motor taking from the line for this condition? The synchro-
nous motor takes a leading current and the induction motor a
lagging current.
260. Atload a 20-horsepower, 220-volt, 60-cycle induc-
full
tion motor operates at a power-factor of 0.89 and has an effi-

ciency of 90 per cent. A
synchronous motor, which takes a
constant load of 25 kilowatts, is operated in parallel with the
induction motor on a 220-volt, 60-cycle circuit. At what
power-factor should the synchronous motor be operated when
the induction motor is delivering full load in order that the
resultant power-factor of the entire load may be unity? The

synchronous motor takes a leading current and the induction
motor takes a lagging current.
261. At
load a 50-horsepower, 220-volt, 60-cycle induction
full
motor operates at a power-factor of 0.90 and has an efficiency of

92 per cent. A synchronous motor which has a rating of 20
kilo volt-amperes at 220 volts and whose losses, exclusive of the
direct-current field loss, are approximately 1800 watts, is
operated in parallel with the induction motor on a 220-volt,
60-cycle circuit. The least power-factor at which the syn-
chronous motor can be operated while running light is 0,5
When the induction motor is delivering full load, what is the
highest resultant power-factor that can be obtained by running
the synchronous motor light? The synchronous motor takes
a leading current and the induction motor a lagging current.
262. In problem 261, when the induction motor is delivering

full load, what is the least output that can be taken from the
synchronous motor and have the system adjusted for unit power
factor? For assume that the least power-factor
this condition
at which the synchronous motor can be operated is 0.8.
263. A transmission line has a resistance of 15 ohms and a

reactance of 20 ohms
at 60 cycles. The station voltage is 13,200.
At the end of the line there is an induction motor load of 710
kilowatts taking 69 amperes. What is the efficiency of trans-
mission? At what power-factor is the station operating?
264. In problem draw a vector diagram showing the phase

263.
relations of the current and the voltages at the ends of the line.
What is the voltage at the load?
265. In problem 263 if the frequency alone is reduced to 25

cycles, what will be the voltage at the load?
266. A transmission line has a resistance of 14 ohms and a

reactance of 18 at 60 cycles. The station voltage is
ohms
13,200, and a load at the end of the line takes 750 kilowatts at a
power-factor of 0.85 (lagging current). What is the current?
What is the voltage at the load?
267. In problem 266, if the load takes a leading current, the

rest of the data being unchanged, what is the voltage at the load?
268. A transmission line has a resistance of 25 ohms and an
inductance of 0.075 henry. The station voltage is 20,000 and at
the end of the line there is a constant induction motor load
delivering 1740 horsepower at an efficiency of 91 per cent and
with a power-factor of 0.87. If the frequency is 60 cycles what
is the voltage at the load?
In problem 268 what

269. is the efficiency of transmission
at a frequency of 60 cycles?
In problem 268 if the frequency is reduced to 25 cycles,

270.
the power-factor of the induction motor load can be increased
to 0.89 and the efficiency to 92 per cent when the motors
are delivering 1740 horsepower. What is the voltage at the
load when the frequency is 25 cycles and the motors are deliver-
ing 1740 horsepower?
In problem 270, what is the efficiency of transmission
271.
when the frequency is 25 cycles and the motors are delivering
1740 horsepower?
272. A short transmission line has a resistance of 0.25 ohm
and a reactance of 0.3 ohm. The station voltage is 240 and at
the end of the line there is a constant load of 200 lamps and a
variable induction motor load. The lamps each take a normal
current of 0.32 ampere at 220 volts and their resistance may be
assumed constant. The induction motor takes, on starting, a
current of 60 amperes at a power-factor of 0.35. At full load
the motor delivers 5 horsepower at an efficiency of 85 per cent
and operates at a power-factor of 0.86. Compare the voltages
at the load when the lamps alone are taking current and when
the induction motor is starting.
In problem 272 compare the voltages at the load when

273.
the lamps alone are taking current and when the motor is deliver-
ing full load.
CHAPTER XIII
SYMBOLIC METHOD: COMPLEX NOTATION
IN many of the more difficult problems in alternating currents,

which assume simple harmonic e.m.fs. and currents, it is more
convenient in their solution to use the symbolic method, or
complex notation.
The conventions that are here adopted are that positive real
quantities are measured to the right along the positive axis of
abscissas and that the operator j rotates a vector 90 degrees in
the counter clockwise direction. The operator
twice applied, j
that is the operator f, rotates a vector through 180 degrees, or
multiplies the vector by 1. Every vector is written as the
sum of two vectors which are at right angles to each other.
Thus V = a + jb is a vector in the first quadrant if a and b are
both positive; in the second quadrant if a is negative and b is
positive, and in the fourth quadrant if a is positive and b is

2
negative. The magnitude of the vector, F, is Va? + b ,
and the
angle which it makes with the positive axis of abscissas is tan- 1 - .
The resultant, or the sum, of a number of vectors of the form

a + jb is 2a + /S6.
A vector will be rotated in the counter clockwise direction
through an angle 6 if it is multiplied by the operating factor
cos + j sin 0.
To rationalize the expression - -

multiply numerator and
denominator by a - jb] this converts it into the expression
Ifthe vector, or complex expression for the current in a

circuit, is taken as 7
= i l + ji 2 the power component of the
,
169
e.m.f. impressed on the circuit is rl = r (i -f fi ) and the watt-

t 2
less component of the e.m.f. is jxl = jx (i + ji ) if the current

l 2
lags and - jxl = - jx (i { + ji 2 ) if the current leads. Thus

the vector, or complex expression for the impressed e.m.f. is
(r + jx) (i l + ji 2 ) x is positive when the current lags and
;
negative when the current leads. It should be observed,

however, that the impedance, r + jx, is not a vector.
The general complex equation relating to any portion of a
/> _i_
/j/j
circuit is -^ rr^ = r + jx; e l + je 2 is the complex expression

l\ + I
1
2
for the resultant e.m.f. impressed on the circuit, i l ji 2 is the +

complex expression for the current, and r jx is the complex +
expression for the equivalent impedance of the circuit. The
2
effective value of the e.m.f. is \/e* + e2 ;
the effective value of
the current is 'Vi* + i2 and the current lags behind the e.m.f.
3P
- The power supplied
by an angle whose tangent is to the cir-
cuit given by the expression e 1 i l + e 2i 2 where the quantities

is ,
have the algebraic signs that occur in the complex expressions

for the e.m.f. and the current.
For series circuits the complex expression for the resultant
impedance is r + jx ;
r = 2r and x = Sx.
For parallel circuits the complex expression for the resultant
admittance is #
- jb Q , when g
= I>g and'6 = 26.
7* X
a = - - and b = - - are known as the conductance and
r
2
+ x 2
r
2
+r
the susceptance respectively.
COMPLEX NOTATION
1. A
vector has a magnitude of 60 and makes an angle of 30
degrees with the axis of reals. If it is in the first quadrant what
is its complex expression? If the vector is in the fourth quad-
rant what is its complex expression?
2. A
vector has a magnitude of 50 and makes an angle of 30
degrees with the axis of imaginaries. If it is in the first quad-
rant what is its complex expression? If the vector is in the
second quadrant what is its complex expression?
SYMBOLIC METHOD : COMPLEX NOTATION 171
3. A vector, F, makes an angle

45 degrees with a vector, of
V v whose complex expression is 7 + / 3. If the magnitude --
of V is 10 what are its two possible complex expressions?
4. What rotating operator must be applied to the vector

whose complex expression is - 5 + j 10 in order that it may be
made to coincide with the vector whose complex expression is
5 + j 10?
6. A vector V= 10 +
rotated until it makes an / 15 is
- 5
angle of 30 degrees with a vector V l What are
=
/ 10.
the two possible complex expressions for the first vector after
rotation?
6. Two vectors, V l
and V 2,
have complex expressions of
- 10 + j 5 and 10 +5 respectively. If a new axis of reals is
j
chosen along V l
what are the complex expressions for V 1 and 7 2 ,
referred to this new axis?
A
vector has a complex expression of 5 + / 10. What is
7.
its complex expression after being rotated through a positive
angle of 120 degrees? through a negative angle of 120 degrees?

8. What
the angle between two vectors whose complex
is
expressions are V l
= 3 + j 4 and V 2 = 4 j 3?
9. The complex expression for a vector V referred to certain

perpendicular axes is 4 + j 3. These axes have been rotated
through a certain angle from the principal axes so that the
positive direction of their axis of reals is coincident with the
vector Vv whose complex expression referred to the principal
axes is 1 + j 2. What is the complex expression for V,
referred to the principal axes?
10. Through what positive angle must a vector whose com-

-
10 j 5 be rotated until it coincides in
-
plex expression is
direction with the vector whose complex expression is 3 -f- / 4?
11. What
the complex expression for the vector which is
is
the sum of two vectors whose complex expressions are 7 + / 2

and 3 - / 6. What angle does the resultant make with the
positive axis of reals?
12. The complex expressions for two vectors are 8 - j 6 and

2 4- j 10. What is the complex expression of a third vector
which, when added to the sum of the first two, will give a
resultant whose complex expression is 3 j 6?
13. The complex expression for a vector is 8 + / 6. What

are the complex expressions for two other vectors, each of the
same magnitude as the first and so situated that the sum of the
three is zero?
14. The complex expressions for two vectors are V l = 10 -

j 20 and V 2 = 6 / 8. What is the projection of F upon
2
F t
? What is the projecting line, i.e., the line drawn from the
terminus of F 2 perpendicular to and ending in V\?
15. A vector, V, is the sum of two component vectors. The

first has a magnitude of 10 and coincides in direction with
V l
= 3 j 4. The second has a magnitude of 20 and coin-
cides in direction with F = -2
8 + / 2. What is the complex
expression for F?
SERIES CIRCUITS
16. An whose complex expression is - 132 - / 176
e.m.f.
produces a current whose complex expression is 5

- j 10. Is
the reactance in this circuit condensive or inductive? At the
instant the impressed e.m.f. is passing through zero what is the
17. The complex expression for the e.m.f. impressed on a

circuit is - 200 - / 100, and for the current, -- 50 + j 30.
What the power? What are the power and the wattless com-
is
ponents of the e.m.f.?

circuit is 200 - j 80, and
for the current, 4 + / 3. What are
the resistance and the reactance of the circuit?

circuit is 160 + / 120, and for the current, 50 - j 20.
What the power
is supplied? What is the power-factor of the
circuit? What is the character of the load?
20. When an whose complex expression is 100 - j 200
e.m.f.
is impressed on a circuit it produces a current whose complex
expression is 10 j 20. What are the complex expressions

for the power and the wattless components of the e.m.f.?
SYMBOLIC METHOD; COMPLEX NOTATION 173
21. The complex expression for the e.m.f. impressed on a cir-

cuit is - 200 + j 100 and for the current, - 10 - / 10. What
are the complex expressions for the power and the wattless
components of the current?

circuit is - 132 + / 176. This circuit absorbs 840 watts at
a power-factor of 0.8. What are the two possible complex
expressions for the current?
23. An impedance coil takes a current of 25 amperes and
absorbs 250 watts when connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. What is the complex expression for the impedance of
the coil?
24. When an 220 volts is impressed on an inductive
e.m.f. of
circuit it
produces a current whose complex expression may be
taken as 12 + j 20. The power-factor of the circuit is 0.8.
What the power supplied?
is What are the resistance and the
reactance of the circuit?
25. An impedance which absorbs 200 watts when con-
coil
nected across a 20-volt storage battery will absorb 250 watts
when connected across an alternating e.m.f. whose complex
expression is 200 j 100. What is the complex expression for
the current in the latter case?
26. When an whose complex expression is 176 - / 132

e.m.f.
is impressed on an impedance coil the current is 15 amperes and
the coil absorbs 500 watts. What is the complex expression for
the current?
27. When an whose complex expression is

e.m.f. 132 -f
j 176 is impressed on an impedance coil, it takes a current of 20
amperes at a power-factor of 0.15. What is the complex expres-

sion for the current?
28. In problem 27 what are the complex expressions for the

power and wattless components of the current?
29. In problem 27 what are the complex expressions for the

power and wattless components of the impressed voltage?
30. an impedance coil is connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle
If
mains, the complex expressions for the current and the impressed
voltage may be taken as 2
- j 10 and 220 + j 0. If this coil is
connected across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains and the complex
expression for the impressed voltage is taken as 220 + / 0, what
is the complex expression for the current?
31. A 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on a circuit con-

sisting of a non-inductive resistance in series with a con-
denser of 80 microfarads capacity. If the complex expression
for current is 3 - j 5, what is the complex expression for the
impressed e.m.f.?
32. A non-inductive resistance and a
condenser are connected
in series. The complex expression for the impressed e.m.f. is
220 + j and for the current, 6 + / 3. What are the resistance
and the reactance of this circuit?
33. An e.m.f. of impressed on a circuit consisting
220 volts is
of a non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser. If the
power-factor of this circuit is 0.3 and the complex expression

for the current is taken as 10 j 5, what is the power sup-
plied? What is the complex expression for the impedance of

the circuit?
34. A
non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser
takes a current of 5 amperes and absorbs 200 watts when
connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What is the com-
plex expression for the impedance of this circuit?
35. A non-inductive resistance in series with a condenser ab-
sorbs 250 watts when connected
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains.
If the complex expression for the current is taken as 5 j 10,
what is the complex expression for the impressed e.m.f.?
36. An whose complex expression is

e.m.f. 80 + j 200 is
impressed on a non-inductive resistance and a condenser, which
are connected in series. This circuit absorbs 340 watts at a
power-factor of 0.2. What is the complex expression for the
current?
37. A circuit consists of a non-inductive resistance and a
condenser in series. The complex expression for the impressed
e.m.f. is 100 + j 200, and
for the current, j 5.
-3 +
What are
the complex expressions for the voltages across the resistance
and the condenser ?

circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance in series with a
SYMBOLIC METHOD: COMPLEX NOTATION 175
condenser is 132 - j 176. If the current is 6 amperes and the

power absorbed by the resistance is 350 watts, what are the
complex expressions for the voltages across the resistance and
the condenser?
39. Ifa circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance in
series with a condenser is connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains, the complex expressions for the current and the im-
pressed voltage may be taken as 2 + / 5 and 220 + j 0. If this
circuit is connected across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains and the com-
plex expression for the impressed voltage is taken as 220 + / 0,

what is the complex expression for the current?
condenser takes a current of 6 amperes from 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. If a 220-volt, 25-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on the circuit,
what will be the complex expression for the current referred to
the impressed e.m.f. as along the axis of reals?
41. An e.m.f. of impressed on a non-inductive

220 volts is
resistance and a condenser, which are connected in series.

The complex expression for the current is 10 j 4, and the
potential difference across the condenser is 200 volts. What

are the complex expressions for the impressed voltage and its
components across the resistance and the condenser?

circuit consisting of a non-inductive resistance in series with a
condenser is 132 + j 176, and for the current, 5 + j 10. What
are the complex expressions for the voltages across the resistance
and the condenser? What is the phase relation of these voltages?
43. An impedance coil, which has a resistance of 2.4 ohms and
an inductance of 0.11 henry, is connected in series with a non-
inductive resistance of 10 ohms across a 60-cycle circuit. The
complex expression for the current is 5 + j 2. What are the
complex expressions for the impressed voltage and its compo-

nents across the coil and the resistance?
44. An impedance connected in series with a non-

coil is
inductive resistance of 1.7 ohms. The complex expression for
the impressed e.m.f. is 110 + j 0, and for the current, 10 - j 20.
What are the resistance and the reactance of the impedance
coil?
45. An impedance coil and a non-inductive resistance are
connected in series. The complex expression for the impressed
e.m.f. is - 200 - j 100, and for the current, - 20 + / 8. If
the potential difference across the non-inductive resistance is
94 volts, what are the resistance and the reactance of the coil?
46. An impedance coil and a non-inductive resistance ofO.5
ohms are connected in series. The complex
expression for the
impressed e.m.f. is 200 + j 100, and for the current, 10 j 15.
What is the complex expression for the voltage across the
impedance coil? What
the phase relation of the voltages
is
across the non-inductive resistance and the impedance coil?
47. When an impedance coil and a non-inductive resistance

are connected in series across 110- volt d. c. mains the current
is 20 amperes. When they are connected in series across 220-

volt, 60-cycle mains, the complex expression for the current may
be taken as 12 + j 20. If, in the latter case, the potential
difference across the non-inductive resistance is 106 volts, what
is the complex expression for the voltage across the impedance
coil?

are connected in series across 110-volt d. c. mains the current
is 15 amperes and the voltages across them are equal. If they
are connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains, the
voltage across the coil is five times that across the non-inductive
resistance. If the current is taken as along the axis of reals,
what are the complex expressions for the impressed voltage and
its components across each part of the circuit?
49. An impedance coil, which takes a current of 25 amperes

when connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains, is connected in
series with a non-inductive resistance across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. The current
15 amperes, and if its complex expression
is
is taken as 15 j 0, the impressed voltage is 200 + j 91.7.

What are the complex expressions for the voltages across the
non-inductive resistance and the impedance coil?
50. An impedance which takes a current of 54 amperes

coil,
when connected across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains, is connected in
series with a non-inductive resistance across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. The current is 20 amperes, and if its complex expression
SYMBOLIC METHOD: COMPLEX NOTATION ITT
is taken as 12 + the impressed voltage is - 91.7 + j 200.

j 16,
non-inductive resistance and the impedance coil?

are connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains they absorb 1000
watts, and the potential across the coil is 200 volts. If the
complex expression for the current is taken as 10 + j 0, what

are the complex expressions for the voltages across the resistance
and the coil?
52. An impedance which has a power-factor of 0.2, is
coil,
connected in series with a non-inductive resistance of 40 ohms
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. If the potential across the coil
is 100 volts, what are the complex expressions for the impressed
voltage and its components across the non-inductive resistance

and the impedance coil, all referred to the current as along the
axis of reals?
53. When two impedance connected in series across

coils are
110- volt d. c. mains, the voltage across the first is double that
across the second. When these coils are connected in series
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains, the voltage across the first is
one-half of that across the second, and the power-factor of the
circuit is 0.5. If the current is taken as along the axis of reals
what are the complex expressions for the impressed voltage
and its components across each coil?
54. When two impedance coils are connected in series across
108- volt d. mains the current is 25 amperes and the voltage
c.
across the first is double that across the second. When these
coils are connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains the
current is 10 amperes and the potential across the first is still
72 volts. If the current is taken as along the axis of reals what
are the complex expressions for the impressed voltage and its
components across each coil?
55. Two whose impedances at 60 cycles are given by
coils,
the complex expressions Z l 3 + j 10 and Z 2 = 10 -f- j 3, are
connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. What is the
voltage across each coil? If these coils are connected in series
across 220-volt, 25-cycle mains, what is the voltage across each
impedance?
56. When two impedance coils are connected in series across
220- volt, 60-cycle mains, the complex expressions for the current
and the impressed voltage are 10 12 and 220 + j 0, and the
-^ j
across the first coil is 75 portent of 'the
voltage voltage anroac
t& 3e,eond tmsdi. When these impedance coils are connected in
series in the same order across 220- volt, 25-cycle mains the vol-
&&. coil is ^jr |^g?pt -cHJhrreftqgo-acrott:
tage across the
^HîpgîL What are the resistance and the reactance at
60 cycles of each coil?

coil is
of 60 microfarads across 60-cycle mains. The complex expres-
sion for the impressed voltage is 220 + j 0, and for the current,
10 + j 5. What are the resistance and the reactance of the
impedance coil?
58. An whose complex expression is - 200 + j 100,

e.m.f.,
is impressed on an impedance coil connected in series with a
condenser of 40 ohms reactance. The complex expression for

the current is - 20 - j 15. What
the power-factor of this
is
circuit? What is the complex expression for the voltage across

the impedance coil?
59. An impedance coil and a condenser are connected in

series. The complex expression for the impressed voltage is
100 + j 200, and for the current, - 5 + j 15. If the potential
across the condenser is 350 volts, what are the complex expres-
sions for this voltage and that across the impedance coil?
60. An impedance coil and a condenser, which has a reac-

tance of 53 ohms
at 60 cycles, are connected in series across 220-
volt, 60-cycle mains. The complex expression for the impressed
e.m.f. is 200 - / 91.7, and for the current, 15 + / 5. What is
the complex expression for the voltage across the impedance
coil? What is the phase relation of the voltages across the
capacity and the impedance coil?
61. A
non-inductive resistance of 5 ohms, an impedance coil
of 0.1 henry inductance and 2 ohms resistance, and a 100-micro-
farad condenser are connected in series across a 60-cycle circuit.
If the complex expression for the current is 12 + j 8, what is
the complex expression for the voltage across the non-inductive
resistances? across the condenser? across the entire circuit?
What are the phase relations of the current and the impressed
voltage and each of its components across the three parts of the
circuit?
62. An impedance coil which takes 20 amperes when connected

across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains is connected in series with a
condenser across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The current is 40
amperes and if its complex expression is taken as 40 + j the
complex expression for the impressed voltage is 132 + j 176.
impedance coil and the condenser?
63. An impedance which takes 25 amperes at 0.15 power-
coil
factor when connected across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains is con^
nected in series with a condenser across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains.
The current is 30 amperes and if its complex expression is taken
as 30 + j 0, what are the possible complex expressions for the
impressed voltage? What are the possible complex expressions
for the voltages across the impedance coil and across the con-
denser?
64. When an impedance and a condenser are connected
coil
in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains they absorb 450 watts
and the potential across the coil is 440 volts. If the complex
expression for the current is 6 / 8, what are the possible
complex expressions for the voltages across the coil and the
condenser?
65. An impedance coil, which has a power-factor of 0.15, is
connected in series with a condenser across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains. If the potential across the coil is 450 volts what are the
possiblecomplex expressions for the impressed voltage and its
components across the impedance coil and the condenser, all
referred to the current as along the axis of reals?
66. An impedance and a condenser are connected in series

coil
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains and the circuit is so adjusted
that the potentials across the coil and the condenser are each
220 volts. taken as along the axis of reals,
If the current is
what are the complex expressions for the impressed voltage
and its components across the coil and the condenser?
series. This circuit takes a current of 15 amperes and absorbs
675 watts. The potentials across the coil and condenser are
400 volts and 600 volts respectively. If the current is taken as
along the axis of reals, what are the complex expressions for the
impressed e.m.f. and its components across the coil and the
condenser?
68. An impedance coil and a condenser, which has a reactance

of 40 ohms at 60 cycles, are connected in series across 220-volt,
60-cycle mains. If the total power supplied to this circuit is
350 watts and the complex expression for the voltage across
the condenser is 500 / 200, what are the possible complex
expressions for the current and the voltages across the imped-
ance coil and the entire circuit?
69. An impedance coil and a condenser, which has a reactance

of 120 ohms
at 25 cycles, are connected in series across 220-volt,
60-cycle mains. If the impressed e.m.f. is taken as along the
axis of reals, the complex expression for the current is 10 + j 5.
What are the possible complex expressions for the impressed
voltage and its components across the impedance coil and the
condenser?
70. an impedance coil is connected across 220-volt, 60-
If
cycle mains, the complex expressions for the current and the
impressed voltage may be taken as 3 + j 15 and 220 + j 0.
What is the complex expression for another circuit, which,
when connected in series with this impedance coil across 220-volt,
60-cycle mains will bring the current into phase with the
impressed voltage but will not alter its magnitude?
coil is
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The complex expressions for
the current and impressed voltage are 5 j 15 and 220 + / 0.
If the coil and condenser are connected in series across
220-volt 25-cycle mains the effective value of the current
remains unchanged. What are the inductance and capacity in
the circuit? If the complex expression for the impressed
voltage is taken as 220 +/ 0, what is the complex expression for
the current (* ~tt /<*vd cif* .

and a variable reactance connected in series with a condenser
is
of fixed capacity across a constant potential of 30 volts. The

reactance of the coil is adjusted so that the voltage across the

condenser has its greatest possible value. If at this time the
complex expression for the potential across the impedance coil
is taken as 120 what are the complex expressions for the

j 50,
current and the voltages across the condenser and the entire
circuit?
73. An impedance coil and a condenser

of variable capacity
are connected in series across a constant potential of 30 volts
and the capacity so adjusted that the voltage across the coil
is
has its greatest value. If at this time the complex expression

for the voltage across the condenser is taken as 300 + j 400,
what are the complex expressions for the voltages across the
impedance coil and the entire circuit?
74. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 5 ohms and a
reactance of 20 ohms at 60 cycles is connected in series with a
condenser of variable capacity across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains.
The capacity is so adjusted that the voltage across it has its
greatest value. If the complex expression for the impressed
voltage is 220 +
what are the complex expressions for the
j 0,
voltages across the coil and across the condenser?

75. An impedance coil which has a resistance of 3.4 ohms and
a variable reactance is connected in series with a condenser
having a reactance of 20 ohms at 60 cycles across a 220-volt,
60-cycle circuit. The reactance of the coil is adjusted so that
the voltage across the coil has its greatest value. If the com-
plex expression for the impressed voltage is 220 + j 0, what are
the complex expressions for the voltages across the coil and
across the condenser?
76. Two impedances Z^ and Z 2

are connected in series; the
resistance of the first is 3 ohms and the power-factor of the
second is 0.4. The total power supplied to the circuit is 8 kilo-
watts and the complex expression for the current is 30 + j 20.
What may be the complex expressions for the voltage across
the second impedance, Z 2 ?
77. Two impedance units, which are connected in series

/
across
220-volt, 60-cycle mains, take a current of 10 amperes and
absorb 2000 watts. If the potential across each unit is 220
volts, what are the resistance and reactance of each unit? If
the complex expression for the current is taken as 10 + j 0, what
are the complex expressions for the voltages across each unit?
78. Two impedances which connected in series across

are
220-volt, 60-cycle mains absorb 1950 watts. The complex
expression for the current is 10 + j 8 and for the voltage across
the second impedance, 200 j 100. What are the resistance
and the reactance of each impedance? What is the complex
expression for the impressed voltage?
79. A series circuit consists of two
parts, the first of which has
a resistance of 2 ohms and an inductive reactance of 20 ohms.
When connected across certain constant a. c. mains this circuit
takes a current of 15.6 amperes. The entire circuit absorbs
870 watts and the potential difference across the second part
of the circuit is 180 volts. What are the possible values for the
resistance and reactance of the second part of this circuit?
What is the smallest possible value of the impressed e.m.f.?
80. The complex expression for the first of two impedances,

which are connected in series, is 5 +
15 and for the potential
j
across it, is 100 + j 50. The potential across the second is 160
volts and the entire circuit absorbs 750 watts. What are the
resistance and the reactance of the second impedance? What
may be the complex expressions for the impressed voltage?
81. impedances, Z t
Two = 5 + j 10 and Z =J5 -
2 j 30, are
connected across the mains AB o f a 3- wire 220-110 volt single-
&
Fig. 31
phase system, as shown in Fig. 31. What will each watt-

meter read before and after the switch, S, in the neutral is
open? What is the voltage across the switch when it is open?
Sketch an approximate vector diagram for each case.
82. In problem 81 if the common terminals of the potential

coils of the wattmeters are connected to the load side of the
switch, S, i.e., to point 0, what will the instruments read before

and after the switch is open? Compare the power consumed in
the impedances with the readings of the corresponding watt-
meters for each case.
PARALLEL CIRCUITS
83. An impedance coil which has a negligible resistance is
connected in parallel with a non-inductive resistance. The
complex expression for the impressed e.m.f. is 100 + / 200 and
for the total current, 10 -f j 2. What are the complex expres-
sions for the currents in the coil and the resistance?

and an inductance of 0.11 connected in parallel with a
henry is
non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms across a 60-cycle e.m.f. The

complex expression for the total current is 10 + j 5. What
are the complex expressions for the impressed voltage and the
currents in the two branches? What is the complex expression
for the single equivalent impedance?
85. An impedance connected in parallel with a non-
coil is
inductive resistance of 10 ohms. The complex expression for the
impressed e.m.f. is 110 + j 0, and for the total current, 25- j 20.
What are the resistance and the reactance of the impedance coil?
86. An impedance coil and a non-inductive resistance are
connected in parallel. The complex expression for the impressed
e.m.f. is - 200 - j 100 and for the total current, - 20 + / 10.
If the current in the non-inductive resistance is 10 amperes
what are the resistance and the reactance of the coil?

87. An impedance coiland a non-inductive resistance of 5
ohms are connected in parallel. The complex expression for the
impressed e.m.f. is 200
- / 100 and for the total current, 10 - / 20.
What is the complex expression for the current in the impedance
coil? What is the phase relation of the currents in the non-
inductive resistance and the impedance coil?
88. A condenser and a non-inductive resistance are connected
in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. If the complex
expression for the impressed e.m.f. is taken as 132 + j 176 the

complex expression for the total current is 5 +
j 10. What
are the complex expressions for the currents in the condenser and
the resistance?
89. Whena non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms and a
condenser are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle
mains the total current is 12.1 amperes. If the complex expres-
sion for the impressed voltage is 132 + j 176 what are the com-
plex expressions for the currents in the branches? What is the
power taken by this circuit?
90. When a non-inductive resistance and a condenser are
connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains, they take
a total current of 5.8 amperes and absorb 650 watts. If the
current in the capacity branch is taken as along the axis of reals,
what are the complex expressions for the impressed voltage, the
total current and the current in the non-inductive resistance?
91. When a non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms and a con-

denser are connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains
the total current is 14.3 amperes. What should be the resist-
ance and capacity, which, when connected in series across the
same mains, take the same current and absorb the same
will
power? If the complex expression for the impressed voltage

is taken as 220 + j 0, what are the complex expressions for the
currents in the resistance and the condenser in each case?
92. A
non-inductive resistance and a condenser, which are
connected in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains, absorb 800
watts. If the complex expression for the current in the con-
denser branch is taken as 3 j 4,what are the complex expres-
sions for the impressed voltage, the total current and the current
in the non-inductive resistance? What is the phase relation of
the currents in the branches?
93. An e.m.f., E = 100 +

impressed on two impe-
j 50, is
dance circuits in parallel. The complex expressions for the

currents in the branches are 10 '+ j 5 and - 5 -f j 10. What
is the total current? What is the power supplied to each of
these parallel branches? What is the complex expression for
the equivalent admittance of this circuit?
94. An e.m.f., E = 50 - / 100, is impressed on a circuit

consisting of two impedances in parallel. The current through
one of them is 20 amperes and the complex expression for the
current through the other is 15 -f j 5. If the total power

absorbed by these parallel branches is 600 watts, what is the
complex expression for each of the impedances?
95. An impedance connected in parallel with a con-
coil is
denser of 60 microfarads capacity, across a 60-cycle e.m.f. The
complex expression for the impressed e.m.f. is 220 + / and for
the total current, 2 j 5. What are the resistance and the
reactance of the impedance coil?
96. What
are the complex expressions for two impedances
which will each absorb 250 watts and take currents that are
equal and in quadrature when connected in parallel across 220-
volt, 60-cycle mains?
97. Two impedance connected in parallel across
circuits are
220-volt, 60-cycle mains. They are so adjusted that the currents

are each 10 amperes and in quadrature and the power taken by
the first is double that taken by the second. What are the com-
plex expressions for these impedances?
98. Two impedance circuits, whose complex expressions are
5 + j 25 and 10 - j 35 are connected in parallel. If the current
through the first is 8.7 amperes, what is the total current?
99. Two impedance whose complex expressions are
circuits,
2 + / 10 and 3 - j 20 are connected in parallel. If the com-
plex expression for the current through the first is 12 j 18,

what is the complex expression for the total current?
100. An e.m.f., E = 200 +
impressed on two impe-
j 100, is
dance circuits in parallel, the complex expression for one of
which is 2 + j 10. The other impedance circuit is so adjusted
that each branch absorbs the same power and the power-factor
of the entire circuit is 0.8. What are the resistance and the
reactance of the other branch?
101. An impedance coil and a condenser are connected in paral-
lelacross 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. The current in the condenser
is 10 amperes, the total current is 5 amperes and the power sup-
plied to the circuit is 300 watts. What are the complex expres-
sions for the total current in the parallel branches
and currents
referred to the impressed e.m.f. as along the axis of reals?
102. Two 20 and 30 ohms impedance respectively,

circuits of
take a total current of 5"amperes when connected in parallel
across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains. If the power-factor of the
first branch is 0.2 what is the power-factor of the second? If
the complex expression for the impressed voltage is taken as

220 + j what are the possible complex expressions for the
currents in the parallel branches?
103. Two impedance connected in parallel across

circuits are
220-volt, 60-cycle mains. They are so adjusted that the cur-

rents in the branches and in the mains are each 10 amperes and
the power taken by one branch is double that taken by the
other. the complex expression for the impressed voltage is
If
taken as 220 + j 0, what are the complex expressions for the
currents in the parallel branches?

coil
parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains and the circuit is so

adjusted that the currents in the branches are of the same mag-
nitude and are each equal to the total current supplied to the
system. If the circuit absorbs 300 watts, what are the complex
expressions for the total current and the currents in the branches
referred to the impressed voltage as along the axis of reals?
105. Two impedance circuits, whose complex expressions are

5 + j 15 and 10 are connected in parallel.
j 30, If the total
current supplied to this circuit is 7 amperes, what is the current
through each branch?
106. Two impedance connected in parallel. The
circuits are
first has a complex expression of 4 + j 18 and the second takes a
leading current of 10 amperes and absorbs 250 watts. If the total

current is 4.1 amperes, what are the complex expressions for the
total current and the currents in the parallel branches referred
to the current in the second branch as along the axis of reals?

coil
parallel across 110-volt, 60-cycle mains. The total current is

12 amperes and that in the coil is 15 amperes. The total power
supplied to the circuit 450 watts. What are the possible
is
complex expressions for each of the impedances?

108. The complex expression for the impedance of one of two
coils, which are connected in parallel, is 3 j 40. + A
third cir-
cuit, the complex expression for whose impedance is 10 j 30, is
connected in series with the first two. The complex expression
for the impressed e.rn.f. is 200 + j 100 arid for the current
through the third coil, 10 + j 6. What is the complex expres-
sion for the current through the unknown impedance coil and
what are its resistance and reactance?
109. A
coil of 0.1 henry inductance and 2 ohms resistance, and an 80-
microfarad condenser are connected in parallel across a 60-cycle
e.m.f. If thecomplex expression for the total current is 12 +
j 16, what are the complex expressions for the impressed e.m.f.
and the currents in each of the branches? What are the phase
relations of the impressed e.m.f. and the currents in the branches?
110. Two impedance circuits, Z 1

and Z 2,
are connected in par-
allel; the resistance of the first is 4 ohms and the power-factor
of the second is 0.8. The total power supplied to the circuit is
5 kilowatts, the complex expression for the impressed .m.f. is
100 + j 200 and the current in the first branch is 15 amperes.
What are the complex expressions for the currents in the branches
if the first branch takes a leading current and the second takes
a lagging current?
tance of 40 ohms
at 60 cycles, -are connected in parallel across
220- volt 60-cycle mains. If the total power is 500 watts and the
total current 3 amperes, what are the possible complex expres-
sions for the total current and the currents
in the branches, all
referred to the impressed voltage as along the axis of reals?
112. A
condenser, which has a reactance of 120 ohms at 25
cycles, and an impedance coil are connected in parallel across
220-volt 60-cycle mains. If the complex expression of the
impressed e.m.f. is taken as 220 + j 0, the complex expression
for the total current is 5 + j 2. What are the complex expres-
sions for the currents in the two branches?
113. Two impedance circuits whose complex expressions are

given by 4 + j 26 and 5
- j38 are connected in parallel. If
the total current supplied is 2.1 amperes what power does each
of the parallel branches absorb?
114. Two impedance connected in parallel. The

circuits are
complex expression for the first is 17 j 20 and the second has

a fixed resistance of 11 ohms and an inductive reactance which
may be varied from 3.8 ohms to 38 ohms. For what value of

the reactance will the power-factor of the circuit have its least
value? Is it possible to adjust the variable reactance so that
the circuit will be in resonance?
115. A impedance, Z l = 4 + / 20, is connected in

circuit of
parallel with another of impedance, Z 2

= r 2 jx 2 both r 2 and ,
x 2 being adjustable. Find the maximum value of r 2 which will

permit the system to be adjusted for resonance.
116. An whose complex expression is
e.m.f., 200 + j 100
is impressed on an impedance coil connected in parallel with a
condenser of 40 ohms reactance. The complex expression* for

the total current is 2.0 - j 1.5. What
the power-factor of
is
this circuit? What is the complex expression for the current in

the impedance coil?
parallel. The complex expression for the impressed e.m.f. is

100 + j 200, and for the total current, - 2 + / 5. If the cur-
rent in the condenser branch is 20 amperes, what are the com-
plex expressions for this current and that in the impedance coil?
tance of 53 ohms at 60 cycles, are connected in parallel across
60-cycle mains. The complex expression for the impressed
e.m.f. is 100 - j 200 and for the total current 2.5 + j 0. What
isthe complex expression for the current in the impedance coil?
What is the phase relation of the currents in the condenser
branch and the impedance coil?
119. When an impedance coil and a condenser are connected

in parallel across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains, they absorb 350 watts
and the current in the coil is 10 amperes. If the complex
expression for the total current is 2 -f / 5 what are the possible
complex expressions for the currents in the condenser branch
and in the impedance coil?
120. An impedance which has a power-factor of 0.15 is

coil
connected in parallel with a condenser across constant potential
a. c. mains. If the total current is 10 amperes and the current
in the coil 15 amperes, what are the complex expressions for the
total current and its components in the branches, all referred to
the impressed voltage as along the axis of reals?
SYMBOLIC METHOD : COMPLEX NOTATION 189
121. In parallel with an impedance coil, Z l = 2 + / 10, is

connected a circuit having a resistance of 4 ohms and a varia-
ble condensive reactance. Over what range from a leading to
a lagging current can the power-factor of this system be varied,
and what are the values of the condensive reactance for these
limiting conditions?
SERIES-PARALLEL CIRCUITS
122. A
non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms and a condenser
of 30 ohms reactance are connected in parallel and an impe-
dance coil which has a negligible resistance and a reactance of
15 ohms is connected in series with them. When a certain
e.m.f. isimpressed on this circuit the current in the non-inductive
resistance is 12 amperes. What are the currents in the other
branches and what is the impressed e.m.f.? Sketch a vector
diagram showing the phase relations of the currents and voltages.
in parallel and an impedance which has a negligible resist-
coil
ance is connected in series with them. This circuit is so adjusted
that the voltages across the parallel branches and the impedance
coil are each equal to the e.m.f. impressed on the entire circuit.
When the impressed e.m.f. is 220 volts the power absorbed by
the circuit is 1500 watts. What are the constants of each
branch of the circuit?
124. An impedance coil, which has a negligible resistance and
a reactance of 30 ohms, is connected in parallel with a condenser
of 60 ohms reactance, and another impedance coil whose com-
plex expression is 2 + j 20 is connected in series with them. If

the complex expression for the impressed e.m.f. is taken as 200 +
j 100, what are the complex expressions for the currents in each
branch? Sketch a vector diagram showing the phase relations
of the currents and the voltages?
125. In problem 124, what will be the effect on the currents

and the voltages if the condensive reactance alone is reduced
to 20 ohms. Sketch a vector diagram for this case.
126. Two impedance circuits whose complex expressions are

given by 5 j 15 and 10 + j 5, are connected in parallel, and
a coil of impedance, 10 + j 10, is connected in series with the
pair. An e.m.f., whose complex expression is 200 / 100, is
impressed on the terminals of this circuit. What are the com-

plex expressions for the voltages across each part of the
circuit and for the currents in each of the branches?
127. In problem 126, what is the power absorbed in each of

the branches? What is the power-factor of the entire circuit?
128. Two impedance units, Z^ and Z 27

whose complex
expressions are 25 -f / 15 and 15 / 25, respectively, are con-
nected in parallel, and a third impedance unit, Z3 whose com- ,
plex expression is 5 + / 20, is connected in series with them.

What are the equivalent resistance and reactance of this
circuit?
129. Two impedance units, Z and Z 2 whose complex expres-

x ,
sions are 25 + / 5 and 5 - j 25, respectively, are connected in

parallel, and an impedance coil Z3
whose complex expression
,
is 2 + / 20, is connected in series with them. If an e.m.f. of

220 volts is impressed on this entire circuit, what are the volt-
ages across each branch and the currents in them?
130. Two impedance units, Z^ and Z 2 are connected in ,
parallel and an impedance coil, Z3 is connected in series with

,
the combination. If Z =
t
10 + j 5, Z =
2
5 - / 20, Z3 = 5 +j5
and the complex expression for the current in Z 1 is 5 / 10,
what are the complex expressions for the currents in the second
and third impedance units?
131. Two impedance units, Z and Z 2 are connected in parallel
l ,
and a third impedance unit, Z3 is connected in series with the

,
combination. Z = 5 + j 10, Z = 10
1 j 5, and the complex
2
expression for the current in the first is 10 -f j 10. If the

impedance unit is 2 ohms and the voltage
resistance of the third
impressed on the system is 220, what is the reactance of the third
impedance unit?
132. Two impedance units, Z t and Z 2 are connected in ,
parallel and an impedance coil, Zs is connected in series ,
with them. Z 1 = 15 + j 5, Z 2 = 5 - j 15 and Z3 = 1 + j 10.

The complex expression for the e.m.f. impressed on this circuit
is -- 200 + j 90. What is the complex expression for the
current in each unit? What is the total power supplied to the
circuit?
133. Two impedance units, Z l

and Z 2,
are connected in series
across a 60-cycle e.m.f. A condenser of what capacity must be
placed in parallel with Z t
in order that the power-factor of the
entire circuit may be unity? Z^
= 15 + / 20, Z =
2
20 - j 15.
134. A coil, whose impedance is given by the complex expres-

sion 2 connected in series with a non-inductive resist-
-f / 8, is
ance of 6 ohms. What non-inductive resistance must be placed
in parallel with the impedance coil so that the power-factor of
the entire circuit may be 0.8?
135. A coil, whose impedance

given by the complex expres-
is
sion 3 + / 30, is connected in parallel with a non-inductive

resistance of 20 ohms, and another non-inductive resistance of
5 ohms is connected in series with them. If an e.m.f. whose
complex expression is 100 impressed on the entire
/ 200 is
circuit, what are the complex expressions for the voltage across
each part of -the circuit and for the current in each branch?
136. Two impedance units,. Z l

and Z 2,
whose complex expres-
sions are 5 +
20 and 10
j j 30, respectively, are connected in
series. What condensive or inductive reactance should be placed
in parallel with the second impedance so that the power-factor
of the entire circuit will be 0.75?
137. Two impedance units, Z l

and Z 2,
and another impedance 3 unit, Z
is then connected in ,parallel
with Z 2 The complex expression for the e.m.f. impressed on
.
the entire circuit is 200 + j 95. The complex expression for

Z is 5 + j 10 and for the current through it, 15 + j 5. If the
current in Z 2 is 5 / 5, what are the complex expressions for
Z 2 and Z3 ? What is the power absorbed in each branch of the
circuit?
138. A
non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms and a condenser
of 80 microfarads capacity are connected in parallel between the
points M and N. Between N and P there is an impedance coil

which has a resistance of 3 ohms and an inductance of 0.06 henry.
A 60-cycle e.m.f. impressed on the terminals M.P produces a
current of 10 amperes in the non-inductive resistance. Find the
complex expressions for all currents and voltages referred to the
current in the non-inductive resistance as along the axis of reals.
139.Between the points M
and N are connected a non-
inductive resistance and a condenser in parallel, and between
N and P there is an impedance, whose complex expression is
3 + j 38. The complex expression for the impressed e.m.f. is
100 + j 200 and for the current between N and P, 6 - j 1.
What are the complex expressions far the currents in the resist-
ance and condenser?
and N are connected a non-
inductive resistance and a condenser in parallel, and between
N and P there is an impedance coil, which has a resistance of
3.5 ohms and a reactance of 17.5 ohms. The currents in the
resistance and the capacity branches are 10 and 5 amperes
respectively and the power supplied to the entire circuit is
950 watts. If the
complex expression for the current in the
non-inductive resistance is taken as 10 + j 0, what are the
complex expressions for the currents in the other branches for
the impressed e.m.f. and for its components across M N and
N - PI
"and N are connected a non-
inductive resistance and a condenser in parallel and between N
and P there is an impedance coil. The currents in the non-
inductive resistance and the condenser are 5 and 12 amperes
respectively. The e.m.f. impressed on the entire circuit is 220
volts and its components across M
N and N P are each
150 volts. If the complex expression for the current in the non-
inductive resistance is taken along the axis of reals, what are the
complex expressions for the currents in the other branches, and
for the impressed e.m.f., and for its components across M N
and N - P?
142. Two impedance complex expression for one
units, the
of which is 2 + j 15, are connected in parallel between the points
M and N. Between N
and P there is a third unit, which has a
resistance of 3 ohms and an inductive reactance of 10 ohms. If
the complex expression for the voltage impressed on the terminals

M P is 100 + j 200, and for the current in the third unit,
8 + j 1, what are the resistance and the reactance of the un-
known impedance?
143. Two impedance coils Z and Z
1 2,
sions are 3 + / 15 and 10 + j 10, respectively, are connected in
series and a third impedance unit, Z 3,

of 10 ohms is connected in
parallel with Z r What is the complex expression for Z when
3
the power-factor of the entire circuit is unity?
144. Two impedance coils, Z t

and Z 2,
sions are 5 + j 10 and 5 + j 20, respectively, are connected in
seriesand a third impedance unit, Z 3 is connected in parallel ,
with Z 2 When an e.m.f. of 220 volts is impressed on the entire

.
circuit the total current is 20 amperes^ffi3* the total power

supplied is 3250 watts. What are the complex expressions for
the currents in Z 2 and Z 3 referred to the voltage across them as
along the axis of reals?
145. An
impedance coil, which has a negligible resistance
and a reactance of 40 ohms at 60 cycles, is connected in series
with a non-inductive resistance of 30 ohms across 220- volt, 60-
cycle mains. A non-inductive resistance is
connected in parallel
with the impedance coil and adjusted so that the current has its
former value, viz., 4.4 amperes. What is the non-inductive
resistance?
146. In problem 145, if the complex expression for the

impressed voltage is taken as 220 + / 0, what are the complex
expressions for the currents in each of the branches?
147. Two impedance coils, Z t
and Z 2,
and a condenser, having a reactance of 6 ohms, is connected in
parallel with Z r If an e.m.f. of 110 volts is impressed on this
entire circuit the potential- across the parallel branches is also
110 volts and the current in Z 2 is 15 amperes. The total power
supplied is 600 watts and of this 450 watts are absorbed in Z 2
.
What the complex expression for ZJ What are the complex

is
expressions for the currents in the parallel branches referred to

the voltage across the parallel branches as along the axis of
reals?
148. A
non-inductive resistance and an impedance coil are
"
connected in series and a condenser is connected in parallel with
the non-inductive resistance. When an e.m.f. of 220 volts is
impressed on the entire circuit and the circuit is so adjusted that
the currents in the parallel branches are equal and the voltage
across the parallel branches is also equal to and in quadrature
with the voltage across the impedance coil, the total power
absorbed is 1240 watts. What are the constants of this cir-
cuit? Sketch a vector diagram showing the phase relation of
the currents and voltages.
Between the points A and B there is connected an

149.
impedance coil Z whose resistance is 12 ohms, and between B

t
and C are two circuits in parallel, Z 2 = r 2 jx 2 (unknown) and

Zz = y 20. The current in AB is 15 amperes and the
potential across AB is 220 volts. The voltage across AC is also
220 volts and the total power supplied to the system is 3.3
kilowatts. Find the complex expressions for 7 2 and 7 3 referred
to the current 7 t as along the axis of reals.
* GENERAL PROBLEMS.
150. A
2300-volt generator is delivering power to an induc-
tion motor load over a line whose total impedance is 3.2 + j 4.8.
If the output of the generator is 100 kilowatts at 0.8 power-
factor, what is the efficiency of transmission?
151. A 2300-volt generator is delivering power to an induction

motor over a transmission line whose total impedance is 4.3 -f
y 6.7. The motor is taking 82.4 kilowatts at a power-factor of

0.90. What is the voltage at the motor?
152. An induction motor takes 150 kilowatts from a trans-
mission line whose total impedance is 3.6 + j 5.2. If the current
taken by the motor is 75 amperes and the potential impressed
on it 2200 volts, what is the voltage impressed on the line at the
generating station?
153. The
potentials at the generating and receiving ends of a
transmission line are each 2200 volts and the line current is 140
amperes. If the complex expression for the total impedance of
the line is 1.8 + j 2.4, what is the efficiency of transmission?
154. An
over-excited synchronous motor is operating at the
end of a transmission line whose total impedance is 3.2 -f j 4.8.
If the potential at the generating station is 2200 volts and the
* Many of these problems would in actual practice apply to 3-phase cir-
cuits but in every case it is assumed that the data are reduced to the
equivalent single-phase circuit.
motor takes 132 kilowatts at a power-factor of 0.86, what is the

voltage at the motor? (An over-excited synchronous motor
takes a leading current.)
155. An
induction motor takes 47.2 amperes from 220-volt,
60-cycle mains when running under full load, and delivers 10
horsepower at an efficiency of 85 per cent. What capacity
condenser must be connected in series with this motor across
220-volt 60-cycle mains in order that the power-factor of the
system may be unity when there is full load on the motor (assume
the same efficiency and power-factor for the motor)? This
method of improving the power-factor is never used in practice.
Why? (See problem 157.)
In problem 155, substitute an over-excited synchronous
156.
motor for the condenser, which is connected in series with the
induction motor. The synchronous motor is operated under
no load and its losses, exclusive of the d. c. field winding loss,
are approximately 950 watts. What
be the voltage across
will
each of the motors the impressed e.m.f. is 220 volts and the
if
system is operating under unit power-factor? This method is

even worse than that in problem 155, and would never be used
in practice. (See problem 158.)
157. An induction motor takes 24.6 amperes from 220-volt,
60-cycle mains when running under full load, and delivers 4.7
horsepower with an efficiency of 83 per cent. What capacity
condenser must be connected in parallel with this motor in order
that the power-factor of the system may be unity when the
motor is delivering full load?
In problem 157, substitute an over-excited synchronous
158.
motor for the condenser, which is connected in parallel with the
induction motor. The synchronous motor is operated under no
load and its losses, exclusive of the d. c. field winding loss, are
approximately 1040 watts. What will be the total current and
also that taken by the synchronous motor if the system is
adjusted for unit power-factor?

159. An
induction motor and an over-excited synchronous
motor are connected in parallel across 230-volt, 60-cycle mains.
The allowable capacity motor at 230 volts
of the synchronous
is 20 kilovolt-amperes. The induction motor is taking 16.5
kilowatts at a power-factor of 0.86 and the synchronous motor

is so adjusted that the power-factor of the entire system is unity.
What the greatest power-factor at which the synchronous

is
motor should be operated? What is the greatest power that

the synchronous motor should take from the mains?
160. At the end of a transmission line whose total impedance

is 0.34 + j 0.62, there are connected a lamp load, which has an
equivalent resistance of 4.2 ohms, and a small induction motor.
When starting, this motor takes current proportional 'to the
impressed voltage but at a fixed power-factor, and is thus
equivalent to an impedance unit whose complex expression is
1.5 + j 4.8. If the station voltage is 240 what is the voltage at
the load when the motor is starting?
161. At the end of a transmission line, whose total impedance

is 0.1 + j 0.2, are connected a lamp load taking 100 amperes and
an induction motor. When starting, this motor takes 10 kilo-
watts at 0.4 power-factor. If the potential at the load is to be
kept at 230 volts, what will be the necessary impressed voltage
at the other end of the line when the motor is starting?
162.In problem 161, when the motor is operating at full load

it is equivalent to an impedance unit, Z = 3.9 + j 7.1. If the
station voltage is 240 what is the voltage at the load for this
condition?
163. At the end of a transmission line, whose total impedaijce

.
is
_
0.21
_.
+ Tô j.^ i i j*^*<r- Wxi <4rt v**k
ri*n**.
there are a lamp load, taking SB ariiporoc, and
0.43,
j
an induction motor, which takes 15 kilowatts at 0.86 power-

factor. If the station voltage is 240, what is the voltage at the
load?
CHAPTER XIV
NON-SINUSOIDAL E.M.FS. AND CURRENTS
ANY periodic function can be represented by a sum of sine and

cosine terms. In the general equation for the e.m.f. the even
harmonics will be absent since the two halves of the wave are
alike.
Thus:
e = E l
sin cut +E 3
sin (3 cut + a s) 4- E 6 sin (5 tut + a,) -f . . .
(1)
The angles 3 5 etc., show the phase relations of the harmonics

, ,
and the fundamental.

An excellent method of plotting the e.m.f. wave is to assign
convenient values to cut, such as 0, -> -> -t -> etc., and thus
o 4 o 2
fix the ordinates of the fundamental and the harmonics. The
ordinates of the resultant e.m.f. will then be given by the alge-
braic sum of the corresponding ordinates of the fundamental and
harmonics. Thus :
e = E l
sin +E 3 sin a3 + Eb sin 8 -f . . .
en =E l
sin +
When such an e.m.f. impressed on a circuit having resistance

is
and reactance the equation for the current is :
ET -ri
-î) + . . .
(2)
197
where X 1
is the reactance of the circuit at the fundamental
frequency, X 3
is the reactance of the circuit at 3 times the funda-
mental frequency, X
5 is the reactance of the circuit at 5 times
the fundamental frequency, etc. ;
= tan-
1
63 = tan- 1 = -'
0, ^,
1
^, 1
6,
ti
, etc.
The effective value of any periodic e.m.f. is the root-mean-

square value and it is given by the expression :
Likewise the effective value of any periodic current is given by

the expression:
fj.*'*-
When the equation of the e.m.f. and the current involve higher
harmonics (see equations (1) and (2)) the above expression for
the effective value of the e.m.f. reduces to:
ô=V ^f- (3)
The effective value of the current is :
/o
_ ^ +/; + /+...
(4)
The general expression for the power supplied to any circuit is :
where eand i are the functions which represent the e.m.f. im-
pressed on the circuit and the current in the circuit respectively.
When the equations of the e.m.f. and the current involve higher
harmonics (see equations (1) and (2)) this expression for the
power reduces to :
cos - cos 6, + cos 6, + cos +. . .

(5)
NON-SINUSOIDAL E.M.FS. AND CURRENTS 199
The values of 7 and 7 are given in equations (3) and (4) The .
equation of the equivalent sine waves of e.m.f and current are . :
e = \/2 E sin at, and i = V2 7 sin (cot

- )
where E 7 and 6 have the values given in equation (5).

,
In problems which involve non-sinusoidal e.m.fs. and currents

the e.m.fs. and currents cannot be correctly represented by
vectors as described in Chapter XIII and the symbolic method
cannot be used in their solution. In such problems KirchhofFs
laws can only be applied to instantaneous values.
PROBLEMS
1. Plot the e.m.f. wave given by the equation e = 200 sin
157 1 + 50 sin 471 1 for one cycle. What is the effective value of
this e.m.f.?
2. Ifthe e.m.f. in problem 1 is impressed on a non-inductive

resistance of 10 ohms, what is the equation of the current?
What is the effective value of the current?
3. What is the maximum value of the e.m.f. in problem 1?
4. In problem 1, at what rate is the e.m.f. changing when its
instantaneous value is passing through zero?
5. In problem 2, what is the average rate at which heat is
dissipated in the non-inductive resistance?

6. In problem 2, if the equation of the equivalent sine wave
is taken as e = E sin 157, what is the value of E? What is the
equation of the equivalent sine wave of the current? What
is the phase relation of the equivalent sine waves?
7. Plot the e.m.f. wave given by the equation = 200

e sin
I57t +50 sin (4712 + 90 degrees) for one cycle. What is the
effective value of this e.m.f.?
8. the e.m.f. in problem 7 is impressed on a non-inductive

If
resistance of 10 ohms, what is the equation of the current?
"1]kt~n*e u 3"
9. In problem 7, at what rate is the e.m.f. changing when fts-
In problem 8, what is the average rate at which heat
10. is
In problem
11. 8, if the equation of the equivalent sine
wave is taken as e = E sin 157't, what is the value of E? What
isthe equation of the equivalent sine wave of the current?
What is the phase relation of the equivalent sine waves?
12. Plot the e.m.f. wave given by the equation e = 200 sin
157 50 sin 4712 for one cycle. What is the effective value
of this e.m.f.?
13. e.m.L in problem 12 is impressed on a non-induc-

If the
tive resistance of 10 ohms, what is the equation of the current?
14. What is the maximum value of the e.m.f. in problem 12?
15. In problem 12, at what ratethe e.m.f. changing

is when
its instantaneous value is passing through zero?
16. In problem 13, what
the average rate at which heat
is is
In problem
17. 13, if the equation of the equivalent sine
wave is taken as e = E sin 157 1, what is the value of E? What
is the equation of the equivalent sine wave of the current? What
is the phase relation of the equivalent sine waves?
18. An whose equation is e = 200 sin 157 1 + 50 sin

e.m.f.,
47 It, is impressed on an impedance coil which has a resistance of
5 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry. What is the equation
of the current? What is the effective value of the current?
In problem 18, what is the phase relation of the funda-

19.
mental components of the e.m.f. and the current waves? What
is the phase relation of the third harmonic components of the
e.m.f. and the current waves?
20. In problem 18, plot the e.m.f. and the current waves for
one cycle.

21. is
dissipated in the impedance coil?
In problem 18, if the equation of the equivalent sine wave

22.
of the e.m.f. is taken as e = E sin 157 ; what is the equation of
the equivalent sine wave of the current? What is the phase

relation of the equivalent sine waves?
23. An e.m.f. whose equation is e = 200 sin 1572 + 50 sin

(4712 + 90 degrees), is impressed on an impedance coil, which
has a resistance of 5 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry.
What is the equation of the current? What is the effective

24.
is the phase relation of the third harmonic
components of the
one cycle.
In problem 23, what

26. is the average rate at which heat is
In problem 23, if the equation of the equivalent sine

27.
wave of the e.m.f. is taken as e = E sin 1572, what is the equa-
tion of the equivalent sine wave of the current? What is the
phase relation of the equivalent sine waves?
28. An e.m.f., whose equation is e = 200 sin 1572 50 sin 4712,
isimpressed on an impedance coil which has a resistance of 5
ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry. What is the
equation of the current? What is the effective value of the
current?

29.
one cycle.

31. is

32.
33. An whose equation is
e.m.f., e =
200 sin 1572 + 50 sin
4712, is impressed on a circuit which
consists of a non-inductive
farads capacity. What is the equation of the current? What
is the effective value of the current?
34. In problem 33, what is the phase relation of the funda-

one cycle.
dissipated in the resistance?

37. In problem 33, if the equation of the equivalent sine wave
of the e.m.f. is taken as e = E sin 1572, what is the equation of
the equivalent sine wave of the current? What is the phase
38. An e.m.f. whose equation is e =

200 sin 1572 + 50 sin
(4712 + 90 degrees), is impressed on a circuit which consists
of a non-inductive resistance of 20 ohms in series with a con-
denser of 200 microfarads capacity. What is the equation of
the current? What is the effective value of the current?

one cycle.

42. In problem 38, if the equation of the equivalent sine
43. An whose equation is e = 200 sin 1572
e.m.f., 50 sin
4712, is impressed on a circuit which consists of a non-inductive

farads capacity. What the equation of the current?
is What
is the effective value of the current?
44.
one cycle.
46. is

47.
wave of the e.m.f. is taken as e = E sin 157 1, what is the equa-
48. An whose equation is e = 200 sin 314 -f 50 sin
e.m.f.
942, is impressed on a circuit consisting of a condenser of 50

microfarads capacity in series with an impedance coil which has
a resistance of 20 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry. What
isthe equation of the current? What is the effective value of
the current?
49.
In problem 48, plot curves representing the current, the

60.
voltage across the impedance coil and the voltage across the
condenser, and show their phase relations.
In problem 48, plot the impressed e.m.f. and the current

51.
waves for one cycle, showing the phase relations of the funda-
mentals and the harmonics.
In problem 48, if the
52. the equivalent sine
equation*^
wave of the e.m.f. is taken as e = E sin -sro, what is the equation
of the equivalent sine wave of the current? What is the phase
53. An e.m.f.
has an effective value of 220 volts and a funda-
mental frequency of 60 cycles. If this e.m.f. consists of a
fundamental and a third harmonic which is in phase with the

fundamental and has an amplitude one-third as great, what
is the equation of the e.m.f.?
54. An whose equation is e = 215 sin 314 + 20 sin
e.m.f.,
(7 X 314Q is impressed on a circuit consisting of a condenser
,
of variable capacity in series with an impedance coil, which has

a resistance of 10 ohms and an inductance of 0.1 henry. For
what value of the capacity will the current have its greatest
value? What is this greatest value of the current?
In problem 54, what are the voltages across the impe-

55.
dance coil and the condenser when the current has its greatest
value?
In problem 54, if a simple harmonic e.m.f. of the same
56.
effective value is impressed on the circuit, what is the greatest
value that the current can have? Compare this with the result
in problem 54. What are the voltages across the impedance
coil and the capacity when the current has its greatest value?
Compare them with the results in problem 55.
57. A has a resistance of 10 ohms, an inductance

series circuit
of 0.1 henry and a variable capacity. On the assunption that
a simple harmonic 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on this
circuit, for what value of the capacity will the current have its
greatest value? What is the current for this condition? With
this value of the capacity what will be the current, if there is
impressed on the circuit an e.m.f. of the same effective value

and frequency but one having a Jwm
harmonic with an
1 1
amplitude one-tenth that of the fundamental?

58 The constants of a series circuit are R ohms, L henrys
and C farads. An e.m.f. whose equation is e = E 1
sin cot +E 3
sin (3ut + a 3) + ES sin (5a>t +

5) impressed on this circuit.
is
If the resistanceand inductance are fixed, for what value of the

capacity will the current have its greatest value? Compare
this with the value of C which gives the condition of resonance
when a simple harmonic e.m.f. is impressed on the circuit.
59. An whose equation is e = 200 sin 314Z + 50 sin
e.m.f.
942 Z is impressed on a circuit consisting of a condenser of 75
microfarads capacity in parallel with an impedance coil, which
has a resistance of 3 ohms and an inductance of 0.025 henry.
What the equation of the current?

is What is the effective

61. In problem 59, plot the curves representing the impressed

e.m.f. and the currents in the two branches, and show their
phase relations.
62. In problem 59, plot the impressed e.m.f. and current
waves for one cycle, showing the phase relations of the funda-
mentals and the harmonics.
63. In problem 59, if the equation of the equivalent sine
wave of the e.m.f. is taken as e = E sin 314 t, what is the equa-
64. An whose equation is e = 215 sin 314 t + 20 sin
e.m.f.,
(7 X 314 t), is impressed on a condenser of variable capacity
connected in parallel with an impedance coil which has a resist-
ance of 10 ohms and an inductance of 0.1 henry. For what
value of the capacity will the total current have its least value?
What is this least value of the current?
65. In problem 64, what are the currents in the impedance

coil and the condenser when the current has its least value?
66. In problem 64, if a simple harmonic e.m.f. of the same
effective value is impressed on the circuit, what is the least value
that the current can have? Compare this with the result in
problem 64. What are the currents in the impedance coil and
the condenser when the current has its least value? Compare
them with the results in problem 65.
67. A condenser of variable capacity in

circuit consists of a
parallel with an impedance coil which has a resistance of 3 ohms

and an inductance of 0.1 henry. On the assumption that a
simple harmonic 220-volt, 60-cycle e.m.f. is impressed on this
circuit, for what value of the capacity will the current have its
least value? What is the current for this condition? With
this value of the capacity, what will be the current if there is
impressed on the circuit an e.m.f. of the same effective value and

frequency but one having a seventh harmonic with an amplitude
one-tenth that of the fundamental?
68. An impedance coil which has a resistance of R ohms and

an inductance of L henrys is connected in parallel with a con-
denser of G farads capacity. An e.m.f. whose equation is
e = E sin cot + E3 sin (3 cot + 3) +
E5 sin (5 cot + is im-
5)
pressed on this circuit. If the resistance and inductance are

fixed, for what value of the capacity will the current have its
least value? Compare this with the value of C which gives the
condition of resonance when a simple harmonic e.m.f. is impressed
on the circuit.
69. Twosingle-phase generators are rigidly coupled together

and are driven at a speed of 1200 rev. per min. One generator
has six poles and the other has eighteen poles. The armatures,
each having a constant terminal potential of 115 volts, are
connected in series and supply current to a circuit connected
across their outer terminals. The terminal potentials of the
alternators are in phase. If this circuit is a non-inductive
resistance of 10 ohms, sketch the resultant waves of current and
impressed e.m.f. What are the effective values of the current
and the impressed voltage?
70. In problem 69, what is the total load supplied, and what
part of it is supplied by each alternator?
71. In problem 69, if the circuit to which the alternators
supply current is an impedance coil that has a resistance of 5
ohms and an inductance of 0.025 henry, sketch the waves of the
current and the impressed e.m.f. What are the effective values
of the current and the impressed e.m.f.?
72. In problem 71, what is the total load supplied and what
part of it is supplied by each alternator?
73. In problem 69, if the circuit to which the alternators

supply current consists of a non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms
in series with a condenser of 100 microfarads capacity, sketch
the waves of the current and the impressed e.m.f. What
are the effective values of the current and the impressed
e.m.f.?
74. In problem 73, what is the total load, and what part of
it is supplied by each alternator?
75. An
alternating current and a direct current exist simul-
taneously in the same conductor. If the effective value of the
alternating current is 5 amperes and the direct current is 10
amperes, what will an alternating current ammeter indicate
when connected in this circuit?
76. In problem 75, what is the average value of the current?
77. A
direct-current generator and a 60-cycle alternating-
current generator are connected in series and supply current to
a connected across their outer terminals. The terminal
circuit
potentials of the generators are constant and each is 115 volts.

If the circuit to which they supply current is a non-inductive
resistance of 10 ohms what is the effective value of the current?
What is the average value of the current?
In problem 77, what is the heating loss in the non-inductive

78.
resistance? Sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves. What
are the equations of the equivalent sine waves of the current
and of the e.m.f.?
79. In problem 77, the circuit to which the generators
if
supply current is an impedance coil which has a resistance of

5 ohms and an inductance of 0.05 henry, what is the effective
value of the current? What is the average value of the current?

the heating loss in the coil? Sketch
is
the current and the e.m.f. waves. What are the equations of
the equivalent sine waves of the current and of the e.m.f.?
In problem 77, if the circuit to which the generators supply

81.
current consists of a non-inductive resistancee of 20 ohms in
series with a condenser of 100 microfarads capacity, what is
the effective value of the current? What is the average value
of the current?
In problem 81, what is the heating loss in the non-

82.
inductive resistance? Sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves.
What are the equations of the equivalent sine waves of the
current and of the e.m.f.?
83. A non-inductive resistance of 10 ohmsconnected across

is
220-volt direct-current mains, and between one end of this

resistance and its impressed a 110- volt,

midpoint there is
60-cycle e.m.f. What is the effective value of the current in each

part of this resistance? What is the maximum value of the
current in each part of this resistance? What is the heating loss
in the entire resistance?
84. A non-inductive resistance of 10 ohms is connected across

220-volt, 60-cycle mains and between one end of this resistance
and its mid-point there impresssed a 110- volt direct e.m.f.
is
What is the effective value of the current in each part of this

resistance? What is the maximum value of the current in each
part of this resistance? What is the heating loss in the entire
resistance?
85. Two condensers each of 50 mircofarads capacity are

connected in series across 220-volt direct-current mains, and
across one condenser there is impressed a 110- volt, 60-cycle e.m.f.
What is the effective value of the current in each condenser?
What is the maximum value of the current in each condenser?
86. In problem 85, what is the maximum charge on each
condenser? When the charge on one condenser is a maximum
what is the charge on the other?
87. Two condensers each of 50 microfarads capacity are
connected in series across 220-volt, 60-cycle mains and across
one condenser there is impressed a 110- volt direct e.m.f. What
is the effective value of the current in each condenser? What
is the maximum value of the current in each condenser?
88. In problem 87, what is the maximum charge on each

condenser? When the charge on one condenser is a maximum
what is the charge on the other?
89. An e.m.f. increases uniformly from zero to a maximum
T
value of +E in time ,
then decreases uniformly to E
T T
in time ,
and then increases uniformly to +E in time ,
etc.
2 2i
What is the effective value of this e.m.f.? What is the average

value? What is the form-factor?
90. An e.m.f. increases uniformly from zero to a maximum
T T
value of -f E in time ,
remains constant for time ,
then
T
decreases uniformly to E in time ,
remains constant for time
T T
-
,
and then increases uniformly to +E in time ,
etc. What
is the effective value of this e.m.f.? What is the form-factor?
91. An electrical circuit is composed of such materials that

the resistance varies inversely as the square root of the current
r>
as represented by the equation r = = . R is constant and i is

Vi
the numerical value of the current. a simple harmonic e.m.f.,
If
e = E sin ait, is impressed on this circuit what is the equation
of the current? Sketch the current and e.m.f. waves for one
cycle. What is the effective value of the current?
92. In problem 91, what is the power supplied to this circuit?
What is the equation for the equivalent sine wave of the current?
What is the power-factor of the circuit?
93. the e.m.f. described in problem 89 is impressed on the

If
circuit described in problem 91, what is the equation of the
current? Sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves for one cycle.

the power supplied to the circuit?
is

current and the e.m.f.? What is the power-factor of the circuit?
95. If the e.m.f. described in impressed on the

problem 90 is
circuit described in problem 91, what is the equation of the

current? Sketch the current and the e.m.f. waves for one
cycle. What is the effective value of the current?
the power supplied to the circuit?
is

current and the e.m.f.? What is the power-factor of the circuit?
OF THE
UNIVERSITY
or
The End.
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PROBLEMS IN ELECTRICAL

Classic Literature Collection

Author: WALDO V. LYON

Subject: Fiction, Literature

'LJLWDOPublisher: World Public Library Association

The World Public Library, www.WorldLibrary.net is an effort to preserve and

Support online literacy by becoming a member of the World Public Library,

*This eBook has certain copyright implications you should read.*

World Public Library Association

INSTRUCTOR IN ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING, MASSACHUSETTS INSTITUTE

separately. Teachers alone can obtain them from the author.

The comparison and calculation of the resistance of electrical

II. OHM'S LAW (55 PROBLEMS) 8

III. KIRCHHOFF'S LAWS (57 PROBLEMS) 18

IV. ENERGY AND POWER (60 PROBLEMS) 32

V. DIRECT-CURRENT GENERATORS AND MOTORS (114

VI. RESISTANCE (14 PROBLEMS) 66

VII. FORCE AND POTENTIAL (79 PROBLEMS) 69

Application of the general laws to problems in magnetic, elec-

VIII. ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELD (49 PROBLEMS) 80

IX. ELECTROSTATIC FIELD (55 PROBLEMS) 89

XI. VARIABLE CURRENTS, RESISTANCE AND CAPACITY (83

e.m.fs., and their discharge through resistance. Energy of

XII. ALTERNATING CURRENTS: SIMPLE HARMONIC FUNC-

XIII. SYMBOLIC METHOD: COMPLEX NOTATION (163 PROB-

XIV. NON-SINUSOIDAL E.M.Fs. AND CURRENTS (96 PROB-

IN the training of students for the engineering professions,

educational work, that students should be required to solve a

give undergraduates the problems arising in certain particular

graded according to difficulty. Students are frequently seriously

and confidence which come from experience in applying the

standing of the principles of precision which apply to the data

correctly with the calculations associated with some particular

approximately 0.1 inch.

Page 22, problem Insert after battery:

fc ^-"" CHAPTER XII.

Page 131,/psebtem 12, line 2. Should be: i3

conductor the following proportionalities may also be written:

If the proper constants are used these proportionalities may be

resistance of copper wire of the Brown and Sharpe gage. It is

If R (resistance at deg. cent.) is eliminated from these equa-

The formula recommended by the American Institute of Elec-

inch) is 1.59 ohms per thousand feet, what is the resistance of

2. the density of aluminum is 0.097 pound per cubic inch,

what will be the cost of 10 miles of 750,000 circular mil aluminum

3. the resistance of No. 6 copper wire (diameter = 0.162

the resistance of the second?

centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is its resistivity per mil-foot

16. If the resistance of German silver is 215 ohms per mil-foot,

17. the specific resistance of copper is 1.62 microhms per

centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is its resistance per inch

centimeter cube at deg. cent., what is the resistance of a copper

gram at deg. cent., what will be the resistance, at this tem-

25. the resistance of German silver is 3.5 ohms per meter-

gram, what will be the resistance of 1250 feet of No. 20 German

26. the specific resistance of copper is 0.145 ohm per meter-

gram at deg. cent., what will be the resistance of 10 kilometers

27. the specific resistance of mercury is 94 microhms per

of 0.5 and 0.75 inch respectively and a length of 5.24 feet?

This eBook has certain copyright implications you should read.