PEPSI SCREENING 1

Physical, Emotional, Philosophical, Social, and Intellectual (P.E.P.S.I.) Screening

Maribel Hernandez

Edu 220, Section 2002

Celia Isbell

College of Southern Nevada

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Abstract

This paper will be a screening of Delilah Rose Ahumada a six-year-old girl who is in first grade.

This screening is to understand the child’s development in a physical, emotional, philosophical,

social, and intellectual manner. The findings in this screening will be divided in sections and

there will be bar graphs provided after each section. The bar graphs compare an average child at

six years old and the child Delilah Rose Ahumada. At the end of the screening there will be a

cumulative bar graph with all the sections included. With these findings, the child’s needs and

behaviors will be recognized and confirm any pattern, and it will provide insight of the child.

The findings will also recognize if the child is an average six-year-old or if they are younger or

older in each developmental section. There will be recommendations provided for each section

of development to improve the child to be at their average age.

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Biography

Delilah Rose Ahumada is a six year old primary grade girl who is in first grade at Tom

Williams Elementary School. She is Mexican-American and speaks and understands English.

She understands Spanish but is not fluent. She was born and raised in Las Vegas, Nevada. She is

the oldest child of two sisters, she has a two year old sister. Delilah lives in a household with

both of her parents. It is apparent that she is close to her father and not as close to her mother.

Delilah is surrounded by family such as parents, grandparents, aunts, cousins, etc. Delilah is

sweet, curious, timid, and can also be selfish or attention seeking. Her favorite hobby is to color,

paint, and draw. Like any child in this technology filled world, she likes to watch television,

movies, Netflix, and YouTube videos. Some of her favorites are Big City Greens, Carmen

Sandiego, Bunk’d, and Disney movies. She loves playing outside with her sister. Some of the

activities they do outside are play tag, play hopscotch, they run, ride bicycles, and draw on the

concrete floor with chalk. She also is very caring and aware of people’s feelings, taking care of

her little sister, and always thinking of others. In school, her favorite subject is math and her

favorite thing to do at school is to have free time or play outside.

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Physical Development

Delilah Rose Ahumada is six years old and she weighs about fifty pounds and has a

height of about four feet tall. Her physical body characteristics are lean and tall. She is an active

first grader who loves to run, skip, and play outside. She may seem hyper at times like she

cannot control her energy because she gets excited when doing an activity she likes. When

playing hopscotch, she jumps on one foot efficiently without tumbling or trying to get her

balance with the other foot. She is also able to move from one foot to the other without falling. It

is difficult for her to catch a ball when playing catch, but she can throw a ball efficiently. This is

due to her low eye-hand coordination that is not fully developed. Another factor can be that

Delilah wears prescription glasses because she cannot see close objects without her glasses. She

has worn glasses since she was two years old.

When doing homework or having to stay still, she does show some nervous habits such as

biting her nails and general fidgeting. In Psychology Applied to Teaching by Jack Snowman and

Rick McCown (2015) it states, “they are frequently required to participate in sedentary pursuits,

energy is often released in the form of nervous habits – for example, pencil chewing, fingernail

biting, and general fidgeting” (p. 84). This is a normal behavior that six-year-old children do and

she exhibits it. She also shows general fidgeting when she watches television for long periods of

time. Also, when she sees a movie at a theater she usually gets up to go to the bathroom or wants

to stand up and move around. She does not always exhibit general fidgeting but there are

sometimes when it is more noticeable than others. When her parents see her biting her nails they

tell her not to do it anymore.

A physical aspect that is currently occurring, is that her baby teeth are starting to fall out.

She has lost already three teeth in the past few weeks. There are other two teeth that are starting
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to get lose. At about six, children start to lose their baby teeth. This is an exciting time for kids as

they begin to feel more grown up. (Martinez, 2017) Since Delilah feels grown up she dresses

herself and chooses the clothes she wants to wear without the help of an adult. Also, at this age

children begin to figure out which is their dominant hand to write or throw with. Delilah has

figured out that she is right handed and writes her first name and last name. She also writes

numbers, letters, and sentences, but not neatly. She also likes to draw shapes and other figures

such as people, houses, and flowers. Her handwriting is not well since she has low fine

coordination and she has a difficult time tying her shoes. Her parents have tried teaching her to

tie her own shoes but she gets frustrated because she cannot tie her shoes correctly or she takes a

long time to tie them. Between the ages of five- and seven-years old children begin to show the

skills necessary for starting or succeeding in school, such as printing letters and numbers and

creating shapes such as triangles. (Oswalt, n.d.)

Graph of Physical Development:

Physical Development
7
6 6
6

4
Age

Delilah A.
3
Average Child
2

0
Delilah A. Average Child
Children
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Graph Summary

In physical development, Delilah Rose Ahumada is an average six-year-old child. Since

she does seem hyper, and children at this age are lean. She plays best in pairs and is overall

messy such as with her toys, when painting, and eating. Delilah is losing her teeth and knows

which is her dominate hand. She also knows how to dress herself without the help of an adult.

She exhibits general fidgeting when she is sitting for long periods of time, which is common

among children in the age of six. According to J’Anne Ellsworth from Northern Arizona

University “Six Year” age chart, she fits into the average six-year-old. This chart also explains

why she is not very good with her eye-hand coordination since it is just beginning to develop.

Overall, Delilah is an average six-year-old child in physical development.

Emotional Development

Delilah is a sensitive young girl who cries when she cannot figure out something such as

anything academic or when playing a game. At this age, according to Jack Snowman and Rick

McCowan (2015) “students are sensitive to criticism and ridicule and may have difficulty

adjusting to failure” (p. 86). When her aunt is being sarcastic with her or is joking around with

her. Delilah gets emotional and takes it seriously where she starts to cry since children at this age

do not understand humor yet. However, she does like to hear and make simple jokes and she

likes to read and see funny books with pictures on them. This is common among children of this

age since they are barley developing a sense of humor. (“Milestones for 6-Year-Olds”, 2018)

Delilah does not like to lose when playing a game and she likes to be the center of

attention. She likes to be the center of attention when her parents are playing attention to her

little sister. Delilah will do something to get their attention like jumping around or do something

that she is not supposed to do. This is common among children at this age since they seek praise
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and recognition. In Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development, she is in the Industry

versus Inferiority stage. In this stage, children feel the need to win approval by demonstrating

their capabilities that are valued by society and they also start to develop a sense of pride.

(McLeod, 2018) This young girl has many self-doubts. For example, when she was drawing a

picture with her aunt she did not like that her drawing was not as good as her aunts. She then

tried to destroy the aunt’s drawing because she thought that the aunt’s drawing was better than

hers. Also, she questions the love that people give her and she asks her parents or aunts if they

love her. Her family always remind her that they love her and that she is good enough. They tell

her that she will learn to draw better as she grows. This will help her not feel inferior and she

will be able to reach her full potential.

This young girl cares for others and wants people to be happy. When she notices that

someone is upset she makes silly faces to make the person smile. She notices when someone is in

a bad mood even though they do not physically show it and can sense the mood someone has by

their tone of voice. Like when she knows that she did something wrong and questions her father

by asking him if he is mad. Her father tries to sound like he is not but she notices it by the way

he responses to her question. She takes care of her younger sister and is aware of her feelings.

She makes sure that her younger sister is given what she is asking for. She also tries to calm her

sister down when she is crying by hugging her. According to Jack Snowman and Rick McCowan

(2015) it states, “children are becoming sensitive to the feelings of others” (p. 87). Delilah is

connected to her feelings as well and cries when she sees a sad scene in a movie or TV show.

She describes her bad days as those where she does not follow directions, and she loses or

forgets her homework. She also has fears such as there being monsters in the closet or of insects

like spiders, bees, and flies.

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Graph of Emotional Development:

Emotional Development
6.6
6.5
6.5

6.4

6.3
Age

6.2

6.1 Delilah A.
6
Average Child
6

5.9

5.8

5.7
Delilah A. Average Child
Children

Graph Summary

In emotional development, Delilah Rose Ahumada is higher than an average six-year-old

child. According to J’Anne Ellsworth from Northern Arizona University “Six Year” and “Seven

Year” age charts, describe her. The “Six Year” age chart describes her emotions and behaviors

but the “Seven Year” age chart also describes her emotions. She is extreme in emotions and

wants to be loved as well as always do the best she can. Winning is crucial for her and is

delighted when getting her way. However, when she does not win or get her way she cries or has

a temper tantrum. She is also described as a seven-year-old child since she considers bad days as

those when she does not follow directions or when she forgets her homework. She takes care of

her younger sister which is common among children who are older. Also, she is in the stage of

Industry versus Inferiority. Both charts describe her; therefore, she is not an average six-year-old

child.
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Philosophical Development

Delilah knows that there are right choices or wrong choices and that there is no in

between. She either thinks something is right or wrong. She knows that if she does something

wrong there will be a punishment that follows and she sometimes feels guilty for doing

something bad. For example, she knows that she should not litter and reminds others that they

should not do it either. Also, she knows that she should not lie and when she does lie she feels

guilty for lying to the person she lied to. According to Jean Piaget she is in the heteronomous

morality stage since she is six years old. In this stage, children judge how wrong an action is by

its consequences. Also, that children are obedient because of fear and beliefs. They believe that

rules are fixed, since they are established by parents or adults. (Schmidt, 2018) Delilah follows

the rules that her parents have given her because she knows that there will be consequences if

she does not follow them.

Jean Piaget’s moral judgment of the child is that children between the ages of four and

seven years old do not understand rules but try to follow them (Snowman & McCowan, 2015,

p.59). Delilah understands most rules and tries to follow them, such as when she is at school and

when she is playing board games with her friends and family. However, there are still sometimes

that she breaks rules like when playing board games or when playing with friends. For example,

there was one occasion when Delilah was playing Candy Land with her aunt and she said she

wanted to shuffle the cards, but only to place the card that advances the player on top, and her

turn was first. When she was playing tag with her friends she did not want to be it because she

claimed that she could not run fast enough or that she was tired. Delilah cheated or made an

excuse so she could win, and this is common among young children because they always want to
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win. Even though it is not the correct way to win, children at this age do not understand that it is

not right when they have done something wrong to win.

Delilah has rules that she has to follow at school and at home. There have been some

situations at school in which she has broken some rules, such as talking to her neighbors when

the teacher is talking when she must be quiet, getting up from her sit when she has to be seated,

or not paying attention to the teacher. Delilah also tries to justify why she broke a rule such as

saying that she did not mean to or that she did not know. However, she has learned to not break

rules such as to not talk when the teacher is talking because there are consequences, such as

going to time out where she has to face the wall or not having free time. According to Jean

Piaget, children follow rules to avoid the consequences of being punished (Oswalt, n.d.). Delilah

now follows rules to avoid the consequences that follow if she breaks the rules that are

established by her parents or teachers.

Graph of Philosophical Development:

Philosophical Development
6.6
6.5
6.5

6.4

6.3

6.2
Age

6.1 Delilah A.
6
6 Average Child

5.9

5.8

5.7
Delilah A. Average Child
Children
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Graph Summary

In philosophical development, Delilah Rose Ahumada is higher than an average six-year-

old child. Since she has a sense of what is right and wrong, which starts to develop at the age of

seven. According to J’Anne Ellsworth from Northern Arizona University, “Six Year” age chart,

six-year-old children cheat frequently, since they think they always have to win. J’Anne

Ellsworth’s “Seven Year” age chart also describes Delilah because she believes rules cannot be

changed, and she must follow those rules that adults have established. Also, she follows these

rules because she knows that there are consequences if she breaks them. This is common among

children who are seven years old and Delilah is not seven years old yet. At the age of seven,

children also like to justify why they did a certain behavior, and Delilah exhibits this. Therefore,

Delilah is a little higher than an average six-year-old child.

Social Development

Delilah is a timid young girl who does not like to speak up in social occasions, like when

she is in an unfamiliar setting. She has a hard time talking to people she does not know but she

will shyly smile at them. However, when she wants to know or understand something she is not

afraid to ask questions because it is something that interests her. When she talks to people that

she does know she is very expressive when speaking and will greet them happily. It is hard for

her to make friends since she is timid, but with the encouragement of her parents to make friends

or talk to others, she tries to communicate with others by greeting them and smiling. She also

tries to make friends by asking them if she can play with them. Delilah enjoys playing with other

children especially those that she already knows. Children at this age enjoy playing with others

and are more conversational and independent. (Morin, n.d.)

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Delilah always mentions that she has a girl best friend named Daniela. According to Jack

Snowman and Rick McCowan (2015) it states, “Children become somewhat more selective in

their choice of friends and are likely to have a more or less permanent best friend” (p. 85). She

does not have many friends at school that are older than her or that are boys. This is common

among children this age, since they are more prone to choose friends who are of the same-sex

and there grade level. Delilah mentions that her best friend is nice and that she shares things with

her such as crayons and snacks. Delilah also mentions that she gets in fights with her best friend

and that they are not best friends anymore. But then, after a couple days, she says that they are

friends again. At this age, according to Jack Snowman and Rick McCowan (2015) “quarrels are

frequent” (p. 86). She also gets in minor fights with her younger sister because one or the other

does not want to share things such as their snacks or toys.

When making decisions or answering questions Delilah is impulsive and does not think

about the decisions or questions thoroughly. Delilah wants to do stuff for herself and believes

that she can do things without the help of an adult. For example, when she wants a snack she

goes to the kitchen and gets with ease but sometimes she needs help to pour juice or milk into a

cup, like any other child this age. She focuses on her needs being met first before others. She is

also bossy in the sense of wanting others to do as she says, and if they are not done she gets

impatient and mad. According to Robert Kegan’s Stages of Adult Development, Delilah is in

stage two, which is the imperial mind. In this stage it includes ages of six years to adolescence

and some adults, it emphasizes one’s own needs, interests, and agendas. (Morad, 2017) This

stage describes Delilah since she is impulsive, and she wants her needs met first. A consequence

of wanting her needs met first is that she cannot adapt to her friend’s needs or her sister’s needs.
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Graph of Social Development:

Social Development
7
6 6
6

4
Age

3 Delilah A.
Average Child
2

0
Delilah A. Average Child
Children

Graph Summary

In social development, Delilah Rose Ahumada is an average six-year-old child. She plays

with children that are the same sex as her and she has a permanent best friend. Also, she plays

with children who are the same age as her. She is described in J’Anne Ellsworth’s “Six Year”

age chart, since she wants others to do what she says and has minor fights with other children.

She is also described in the age chart because she has difficulty being social, such as making

friends, since she is also timid. Children at this age become more independent and want to do

things for themselves which Delilah also exhibits this behavior. At the age of six, children tend

to want their needs met first and she also exhibits this behavior by getting impatient when

something is not given to her right away. Therefore, Delilah is an average six-year-old child in

social development.
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Intellectual Development

Delilah is smart and knows the subjects being taught at school. She knows how to write

her name and short sentences. She can describe a picture or story in a couple of sentences but she

still needs some help with spelling some words. She can also do simple math problems, and read

short books. When she does homework, she wants to finish it fast or gets excited that she knows

the answer, that by the time she finishes her homework she has made many mistakes that she

does not notice. This is a problem for her because when doing her homework or school work she

shows that she does know the subject. However, when she does quizzes or tests at school she

scores low because of distractions and wanting to finish before her classmates. To fix this

problem her parents’ guide her when she is doing her homework to avoid her from rushing and

doing mistakes.

She loves doing simple math problems and understands how to solve addition and

subtraction problems. She likes creating math problems and likes when people give her math

problems, spoken out loud, to solve. When she does math problems she talks aloud to herself

because she is trying to figure out the answer and also, like if she is memorizing the answer to

the math problem. She also talks aloud to herself when she is playing with toys or when she

looking at herself in the mirror like if she is making up a story. In Psychology Applied to

Teaching by Jack Snowman and Rick McCown (2015) it states, “Talking aloud to oneself

reaches a peak between the ages of six and seven and then rapidly declines” (p.87). This is

common among children this age and they usually stop talking aloud to themselves by the age of

seven. When she does talk aloud to herself it is brief, and she does not do it that often but should

eventually stop since she is about to turn seven in a couple of weeks.

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In Jean Piaget’s stages of cognitive development, she is in the preoperational stage, since

she is six years old. At this stage children think symbolically and learn to use words to represent

objects. (Cherry, 2019) Delilah knows the names of objects and can describe them. Also, in this

stage children tend to only focus their attention to one aspect of a problem or event at a time. She

exhibits this when doing her homework because she only focuses on doing the problem and does

not focus on her hand writing, which is not neat. Delilah reads books and understands what she is

reading. She also tries to explain what she understood from the story or asks questions when she

does not understand what a word means. Also, in the preoperational stage, children have

difficulty reversing the direction of a sequence (McLeod, 2018). When doing math homework,

there are some math problems that ask her to switch the numbers around, and that she should get

the same answer. However, when doing these problems, she has difficulty doing them and her

aunt tries to separate the problem for her to understand it.

Graph of Intellectual Development:

Intellectual Development
6.25

6.2
6.2

6.15

6.1
Age

Delilah A.
6.05
Average Child
6
6

5.95

5.9
Delilah A. Average Child
Children
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Graph Summary

In intellectual development, Delilah Rose Ahumada is a little higher than an average six-

year-old child. Since she talks aloud to herself and this is common among children who are six

and seven years old. She is described in J’Anne Ellsworth’s “Six Year” and “Seven Year” age

charts. She wants to learn and wants to do well for internal values and because she knows she

has the responsibility to get good grades. She also understands the concept she is taught and can

personally explain it, which is common among children who are seven years old and not six-

year-old children. However, she is more like a six year old child than a seven year old child.

Therefore, Delilah fits a little bit higher than an average six-year-old child.
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Cumulative Bar Graph

P.E.P.S.I. Cumulative Bar Graph

6.6
6.5 6.5
6.5

6.4

6.3
6.2
6.2
Age

6.1 Delilah A.
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 Average Child
6

5.9

5.8

5.7
Physical Emotional Philosophical Social Intellectual

Developmental Sections

Graph Summary

Overall, Delilah Rose Ahumada shows that she is a child who is growing at a different

rate than an average six-year-old child. She shows that she is at a higher rate in emotional,

philosophical, and intellectual development based on that she exhibits characteristics and

behavior that a seven-year-old child would do. She is an average six-year-old child in physical

and social development based on that she exhibits characteristics and behavior that a six-year-old

child would do. As she grows and learns things at school she will keep on developing in her own

unique way and with the help of her parents and teachers she will be a successful child.
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Recommendations

Delilah Rose Ahumada is a bright six-year-old girl, who is in first grade. Physically, it

would be great if Delilah is not sitting for long periods, like watching TV or YouTube videos for

long periods of time. Being physical at least for an hour a day by playing with toys and playing

outside activities will help her get rid of her fidgeting habits such as biting her nails. To help her

with her low fine coordination, when writing letters and numbers let her use a pencil she feels

comfortable writing with and she has a good grip so that she can make her writing more neatly.

Make her practice her writing, cutting, drawing, and coloring. Emotionally, it would be best if

criticism and ridicule is avoided because it can cause her to be in Erik Erikson’s stage of

inferiority. To avoid this stage encourage her to reach her goals and reinforce to her that she is

great at what she does. Philosophically, Delilah is above where she should be but try to make her

understand what the rules mean. Also, explain to her that she does not always have to win and if

she does win that she wins with honesty. Socially, Delilah is where an average six-year-old child

is. To get rid of her timid behavior try to involve her in sports or other social activities. Make

sure she understands that getting in fights with others is not the way to solve her problems. Also,

try to teach her patience and for her to understand that she should not get mad when something is

not done. Intellectually, Delilah is well above her average age. She knows how to read very well

and understands how to do math problems. For Delilah to understand math problems that she has

difficulty with, such as the reversing of a sequence, try to separate the problem or try to explain it

her in simpler terms so she can understand it. Overall, Delilah has developed well in all five

sections and will continue to growth and learn at her own pace.
PEPSI SCREENING 19

References

Physical:

Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Sixth Year. Retrieved March 06, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year6.html

Martinez, E. (2017, June 13). The Physical Development of a 6-Year-Old. Retrieved March 05,

2019, from https://healthfully.com/126109-physical-development-year-old.html

Oswalt, A., MSW. (n.d.). Early Childhood Physical Development: Gross And Fine Motor

Development. Retrieved March 05, 2019, from https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/early-

childhood-physical-development-gross-and-fine-motor-development/

Snowman, J., McCown, J., & McCown, R. R. (2015). Psychology applied to teaching

(Fourteenth ed.). Cengage.

Emotional:

Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Sixth Year. Retrieved March 06, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year6.html

Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Seven Year. Retrieved March 06, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year7.html

McLeod, S. (2018, May 03). Erikson's Psychosocial Stages of Development. Retrieved March

06, 2019, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/Erik-Erikson.html

Milestones for 6-Year-Olds. (2018, March 27). Retrieved March 07, 2019, from

https://www.mottchildren.org/health-library/ue5723

Snowman, J., McCown, J., & McCown, R. R. (2015). Psychology applied to teaching

(Fourteenth ed.). Cengage.

Philosophical:
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Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Sixth Year. Retrieved March 24, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year6.html

Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Seven Year. Retrieved March 24, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year7.html

Oswalt, A., MSW. (n.d.). Moral Development: Piaget's Theory. Retrieved March 24, 2019, from

https://www.mentalhelp.net/articles/moral-development-piaget-s-theory/

Schmidt, A. (2018, June 28). Piaget's Two-Stage Theory of Moral Development. Retrieved

March 23, 2019, from https://classroom.synonym.com/piagets-twostage-theory-moral-

development-8773060.html

Snowman, J., McCown, J., & McCown, R. R. (2015). Psychology applied to teaching

(Fourteenth ed.). Cengage.

Social:

Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Sixth Year. Retrieved March 22, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year6.html

Morad, N. (2017, September 28). Part 1: How To Be An Adult- Kegan's Theory of Adult

Development. Retrieved March 23, 2019, from https://medium.com/@NataliMorad/how-

to-be-an-adult-kegans-theory-of-adult-development-d63f4311b553

Morin, A. (n.d.). Social and Emotional Skills: What to Expect at Different Ages. Retrieved

March 23, 2019, from https://www.understood.org/en/learning-attention-issues/signs-

symptoms/age-by-age-learning-skills/social-and-emotional-skills-what-to-expect-at-

different-ages

Snowman, J., McCown, J., & McCown, R. R. (2015). Psychology applied to teaching

(Fourteenth ed.). Cengage.

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Intellectual:

Cherry, K. (2019). What Are Piaget's Four Stages of Development? Retrieved March 28, 2019,

from https://www.verywellmind.com/piagets-stages-of-cognitive-development-2795457

Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Sixth Year. Retrieved March 28, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year6.html

Ellsworth, J. (n.d.). Seven Year. Retrieved March 28, 2019, from

http://jan.ucc.nau.edu/~jde7/ese504/class/pepsi/PEPSIObserv/year7.html

McLeod, S. (2018). The Preoperational Stage of Cognitive Development. Retrieved March 26,

2019, from https://www.simplypsychology.org/preoperational.html

Snowman, J., McCown, J., & McCown, R. R. (2015). Psychology applied to teaching

(Fourteenth ed.). Cengage.