What Is This Module About?

There are times when people need to know the location of a certain place. An easy way of
indicating such a location is by stating its distance from a point or a landmark commonly known.
But this way would be good only if there is a landmark, and if this landmark were known to both
the one inquiring and the one responding.
A more accurate and easier way to indicate locations and places, is by using the Cartesian
Coordinate. This system will help you read and interpret graphs and maps more easily, and
thereby facilitates location of certain areas.
In this module you will learn about a plane known as the Cartesian Coordinate System and
how it will be useful in your daily life.
There are seven lessons in this module, as follows:
Lesson 1 — Ordered Pairs and the Coordinate Plane
Lesson 2 — Plotting Points on the Coordinate Plane
Lesson 3 — Distance and Midpoint on the Coordinate Plane (Part 1)
Lesson 4 — Distance and Midpoint on the Coordinate Plane (Part 2)
Lesson 5 — Polygons on the Coordinate Plane
Lesson 6 — The Slope of a Line
Lesson 7 — The Equation of a Line

What Will You Learn From This Module?

After studying this module, you will be able to:

♦ define the Cartesian Coordinate System and other related terms;
♦ plot points on a coordinate plane;
♦ give the coordinates of a given point on a coordinate plane;
♦ find the coordinates of the midpoint of a line segment;
♦ use the distance formula to find the distance between two points;
♦ draw polygons on the coordinate plane;
♦ find the slope of a line;
♦ write the equation of a line; and
♦ use the coordinate plane to solve problems in daily life.

1
 Let’s See What You Already Know?

Before you start studying this module, answer first the following questions to determine how
much you already know about the topics of this module.

1. It is a system consisting of horizontal and vertical number lines and is used to locate points in
a plane.
a. Euclid’s Algorithm

b. Cartesian Coordinate System

c. Real Number System

d. System of Linear Equation

2. Use the grid to find the letter that names each ordered pair below.

12
11
10
9 . U
. W

8
7
6
.
. . O
Z
D
5
4
3
2 . . S L . E

1
0 .
M
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

(0,0) (4,6) (7,6) (2,9) (4,2) (8,2)

____ ____ ____ ____ ____ ____

2
 Use the map to answer questions 3 to 7.
y
18
17 • PGH •Robinson’s
Manila
16 • PNU
15
National
14 •Museum
13 •
Metropolitan • SM
Manila
12 Theater
11
10 • Manila
Hall
City

9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
x
You are here.

3. Which ordered pair indicates

a. Your location
b. Manila City Hall
c. Metropolitan Theater
d. SM Manila
e. National Museum
f. PNU
g. PGH
h. Robinson’s Manila
4. Using the distance formula, find your distance from the Metropolitan Theater.
5. What is the equation of the line joining Manila City Hall and the National Museum?
6. What is the vertical distance of Robinson’s Manila from the x-axis?
7. What is the midpoint of the segment connecting Robinson’s Manila and the
Metropolitan Theater?

3
 Below is an illustration of two mountains on a Coordinate plane.

Mountain 1 Mountain 2

8. If you’re a new mountain climber which mountain will you climb first? Why?
9. What is the slope of mountain 1?_____ of mountain 2? _____
10. Plot the points (3,1), (–3,1), (3,–2), (0,3), (–3,–2) and draw the segments joining
these points consecutively, that is from the first to the last then back to the first without
lifting your pen. What figure can you form?

Well, how was it? Do you think you fared well? Compare your answers with those in the
Answer Key on page 55 to find out.
If all your answers are correct, very good! This shows that you already know much about
the topics in this module. You may still study the module to review what you already know. Who
knows, you might learn a few more new things as well.
If you got a low score, don’t feel bad. This means that this module is for you. It will help
you to understand some important concepts that you can apply in your daily life. If you study this
module carefully, you will learn the answers to all the items in the test and a lot more! Are you
ready?
You may go now to the next page to begin Lesson 1.

4
 LESSON 1

Ordered Pairs and the Coordinate Plane

In this lesson, you will learn about ordered pairs and the Cartesian Coordinate System. You
will also be introduced to terms related to the coordinate plane.
The knowledge and understanding you will gain from this lesson are important. You can use
them in reading graphs and maps accurately.

Let’s Study and Analyze

North

1m

1m

School
1m
Church
1m

1m

West East
1m 1m 1m 1m 1m 1m

House
Market
Town Plaza

South

Let’s study and analyze the illustration above. Take note of the scale, 1m which denotes
distance from one point to another.
How many meters away is the house from the crossing? _____ How many meters away is
the market from the crossing? _____
Both the house and the market are 3 meters away from the crossing. Are your answers
correct? But the house and the market are located in two different places, aren’t they? We can
say then that the house is 3 meters east of the crossing. How about the market’s location? The
market is located 3 meters ______ of the crossing.
Did you answer west? That’s right!

5
 Now, we are going to use a horizontal number line and a vertical number line to describe
the locations of the house, the market, the town plaza, the church and the school. Study the
illustration of the horizontal line below:
Market Crossing House
West • • • East
–4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4

In the horizontal number line, positive means you go to right of North

0. Negative means you go to the left of 0. Thus, for the location of
the crossing, we assign 0. For the location of the house, we assign 3. 3 Church
For the market, -3.
2
Describing the locations this way may not be clear to you because 1
both the market and the house are represented by the number 3. Crossing
0
Study the vertical number line on the right. Positive means you go –1 Town Plaza
up north from 0. Negative means you go down south from 0. Thus for
the location of the crossing, we assign 0. For the church, we assign 3. South
For the plaza, -1.
Let’s study further both the horizontal and the vertical number lines intersecting each
other perpendicularly at right angles and take note of the location of the five buildings.

North
5
School
4 •
• 3 Church
2
Market
1 House
West
–5 –4
•
–3 –2 –1 1 2 3
• 4 5
East
Town Plaza
• –1
–2
–3
–4
–5

South

A better way to describe the locations of the house, the market, the church, the school
and the plaza are given below.
♦ House – From the crossing, it is 3 meters east and 0 meters north.
♦ Market – From the crossing, it is –3 meters west and 0 meters north.
♦ Church – From the crossing, it is 0 meters east and 3 meters north .
♦ School – From the crossing, it is _____ meters east and 4 meters north.
♦ Town Plaza – From the crossing, it is _____ meters east and _____ meters north.
Compare your answers with mine on the next page.

6
 My Answers:
♦ From the crossing, the school is 2 meters east and 4 meters north.
♦ From the crossing, the Town Plaza is 0 meter east and –1 meter south.
Notice that the location of the five objects can be represented by two numbers. They are as
follows:
♦ House (3,0)
♦ Market (–3,0)
♦ Church (0,3)
♦ School (2,4)
♦ Town Plaza (0,–1)

These two numbers — (3,0), (–3,0), (0,3), (2,4) and (0,–1) are called ordered pairs.
Each ordered pair of numbers is denoted by (x,y). x indicates the horizontal line going east or
west while y indicates the vertical line going north or south. In this pair (x, y) the order is
important such that it guides you to read the exact location starting with x followed by y. In the
ordered pair (x,y) the x-coordinate is called abscissa and the y-coordinate is called ordinate.

Let’s Learn
The sign (– or +) of the abscissa and ordinate of a point depends on its location in the x-
axis and y-axis from their origin or zero point. If the x-coordinate or abscissa is on the right side
of zero point, it is positive. On the other hand, if the abscissa is on the left side of zero point, it is
negative. Similarly, if the y-coordinate or ordinate is above the zero point, it is positive but if it is
located below the zero point, it is negative. You will notice that a number in an ordered pair which
bears no sign is understood as positive.

7
 Let’s Try This

In order to understand more clearly how to determine which sign to use for the two numbers
in an ordered pair, let’s try to analyze the figure with the problem situation below.
Pepe, Pilar, Juan, Jose and Pedra are playing “hide and seek.” Juan is assigned to find them.
Can you help Juan locate each of them in the map below?
North
Pilar y
• 5
4
• 3
2 • Pepe
1
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6
West
x
• –1 East
Juan
–2
•
Jose
–3 • Pedra
–4
–5

South

You can help Juan find them by identifying the ordered pair corresponding to each location
on the map.
(x, y)
♦ Pepe – (3,2)
♦ Pilar – (–2,__ )
♦ Jose – ( __,–3)
♦ Pedra – ( __,__ )

Compare your answers with mine. Check if you got the correct answers.
My Answers:
♦ Pilar – (–2,5)

♦ Jose – (–4,–3)
♦ Pedra – (3,–3)

Take note that Juan, who is assigned to find each of them, is located at the point where the
horizontal number line and the vertical number line meet. Is there an ordered pair corresponding
to Juan’s location in the map?
Did you answer (0,0)? You got it right!

8
 The ordered pair (0,0) is called the origin. It is the point where the horizontal number line,
the x-axis and the vertical number line, the y-axis meet. This is the Cartesian Coordinate
System, which is used to locate points on planes.

Let’s Study and Analyze

Look at the coordinate system below. Give the ordered pair corresponding to the points A,
B, C and D.

B y
•
•A The ordered pair for point A is _____
The ordered pair for point B is _____
x The ordered pair for point C is _____
•C
D
• The ordered pair for point D is _____

Are your answers correct? Compare them with mine.

My Answers:
The ordered pair for point A is (2,3)
The ordered pair for point B is (–2,5)
The ordered pair for point C is (–3,–1)
The ordered pair for point D is (3,–2)
The numbers in an ordered pair (x,y) is called the coordinate of the point.
What is the coordinate of points B and D in the given figure above? If your answers are
(–2, 5) and (3, –2), respectively, you got them correctly! Can you also name the coordinate of
points A and C? Are your answers (2, 3) and (–3, –1)? If yes, then, you’re correct.

9
 Let’s Remember
1. A coordinate system in a plane is determined when the x-axis and the y-axis are drawn
intersecting each other perpendicularly at right angles.
2. The horizontal number line is called the x-axis.
3. The vertical number line is called the y-axis.
4. The x-axis and y-axis meet at their zero points called the origin.
5. The ordered pair corresponding to the origin is (0, 0).
6. Ordered pairs (x, y) are two numbers that indicate the exact location of a point in the
coordinate plane.
7. In the ordered pair (x, y), the x-coordinate or abscissa is identified first, followed by
the y-coordinate or ordinate.
8. The sign (negative or positive) of the abscissa and the ordinate of a point depends on
its location in the x-axis and y-axis from the origin or zero point. If the abscissa is on
the right of zero, it is positive; if it is on the left of zero, it is negative. If the ordinate is
above zero, it is positive; if it is below zero, it is negative.

Let’s Learn

Take note that the x-axis and the y-axis divide the plane into four regions. These regions
are called quadrants. The quadrants are numbered accordingly as illustrated below.

♦ In what quadrant are the points A,

Y-axis
B, C and D located?
Point A is located in quadrant _____
B • Quadrant I
Quadrant II
Point B is located in quadrant _____
•A
Point C is located in quadrant _____
Origin
Point D is located in quadrant _____
If you answered... C •
Ú D•
X-axis

Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Point A is located in quadrant I.
Point B is located in quadrant II.
Point C is located in quadrant III.
Point D is located in quadrant IV.
Then, you are correct.

10
 Let’s Remember

The sign of the abscissa:

♦ If both x and y are positive, the point is located in Quadrant I.
♦ If x is negative (–) and y is positive, the point is located in Quadrant II.
♦ If both x and y are negative (–), the point is located in Quadrant III.
♦ If x is positive and y is negative (–), the point is located in Quadrant IV.

Let’s Try This

y – axis or ordinate

7
6
5
Quadrant II 4 Quadrant I
3
2
1
–7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
• x – axis or abscissa

–1
–2
–3
Quadrant III Quadrant IV
–4
–5
–6
–7

EXAMPLE 1 Using the figure above, determine in what quadrant the following ordered
pairs are located.
(5, –4) is in Quadrant ____ (–5, –4) is in Quadrant ____
(–5, 4) is in Quadrant ____ (5, 4) is in Quadrant ____
Compare your answers with mine.
(5, –4) is in Quadrant IV (–5, –4) is in Quadrant III
(–5, 4) is in Quadrant II (5, 4) is in Quadrant I

11
EXAMPLE 2 Given the following ordered pairs, (1) graph the points in the coordinate plane
and (2) write opposite each ordered pair the corresponding quadrant location.
1. Point M: (–3, 2) Quadrant ____ 4. Point E: (2, –5) Quadrant ____
2. Point O: (5, 4) Quadrant ____ 5. Point L: (–1, 5) Quadrant ____
3. Point D: (–6, –3) Quadrant ____

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 55.
You must have learned a lot of terms after reading this.

Let’s Remember

♦ In mathematics, pairs of numbers or ordered pairs are used to locate points in a

plane. A horizontal number line and a vertical number line intersect at their zero points
called the origin to define a Cartesian Coordinate System for the plane. The
horizontal number line is called the x-axis; the vertical number line is called the y-axis.
The number lines separate the plane into four quadrants.
♦ The number in an ordered pair is called coordinate. The first number is the x-
coordinate or abscissa of the ordered pair. The y-axis coordinate or ordinate is the
second number of the ordered pair. The dot is the graph of the point.

Let’s See What You Have Learned

The map of Treasure Island uses a coordinate system in a plane to locate places.
Y

k Lighthouse

k Church
k Hook’s Hunt

Old k
Town

k Ruined Castle

k Lookout

12
 1. Using the figure on the previous page, give the coordinate of the point and the
corresponding quadrant location of the following:
a. Hook’s Hunt (____, ____) Quadrant ____
b. Lighthouse (____, ____) Quadrant ____
c. Church (____, ____) Quadrant ____
d. Lookout (____, ____) Quadrant ____
e. Ruined Castle (____, ____) Quadrant ____

2. Given the following ordered pairs, identify the quadrant location of each.
a. (–3, 7) ______________ d. (–1, –9) ______________
b. (5, 8) ______________ e. (4, 6) ______________
c. (2, –5) ______________

3. Graph the following coordinate of points to show their exact location on a plane.
Y

a. Pearl Bay (–6, 6) d. Wreck (–4, 8)

b. Cape Danger (5, –8) e. Rocks (–2, –5)
c. Caves (3, 9)
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 55–56. If you got all the
answers correct, congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson. If you have a lot of
errors, you need to go over the same lesson and take note of the mistakes committed. It pays to
have a second look.

13
 LESSON 2

Plotting Points on the Coordinate Plane

You already know how to find the ordered pairs corresponding to a point on a coordinate
plane. In this lesson, you will learn to plot points on the coordinate plane.
The skills that you acquire in this lesson will help you locate places on maps easily.

Let’s Study and Analyze

Many maps use a grid system to help you locate a place, street or town easily. To locate a
place using a map, you must find the intersection of the vertical column and horizontal column.
This intersection is written as an ordered pair, like (7,34). The first number (7) refers to the
horizontal column while the second number (34) refers to the vertical column. The intersection of
these two columns refers to the place you are locating on the map. Please refer to the map of the
Philippines on the next page.
On the map of the Philippines, locate the place corresponding to the ordered pair (7,34).

14
 Map of the Philippines

37 • Batanes
36
35
34 • Ilocos Norte
33
32
31
30
29
28
27
26 • Bulacan
25
Metro Manila
24 •
23
22
21 • Sorsogon
20 • Mindoro
19
18
17
16 •
15
14 • Palawan
13 • Cebu
12
11
10
9
8
7 • Davao
6
5
4 • Basilan
3
2
1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22

If your answer is Ilocos Norte, you’re right.

To locate the place corresponding to the ordered pair (7,34), you count the number of
horizontal columns, in this case it’s 7, starting at point 0. Point 0 is the intersection of the
horizontal and vertical line. Similarly, you also count the number of vertical columns, that is 34
from 0. The intersection is the point or place you wished to locate on the map.
15
 Let’s Try This

Using the map below, locate the places corresponding to the following ordered pairs:
(–4,–8) is __________ (0,3) is __________ (2,1) is _____________
Did you get the correct answers? See my answers below.
My Answers:
(–4,–8) is Palawan (0,3) is Bulacan (2,1) is Metro Manila
Can you locate the place corresponding to the ordered pair (1,–3)?

y-axis

14 • Batanes
13
12
11 • Ilocos Norte
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3 • Bulacan
2
1 • Metro Manila x-axis
0
–1
–2 • Sorsogon
–3 • Mindoro
–4
–5
–6
–7
–8 • Palawan
–9
–10 • Cebu
–11
–12
–13
–14
–15
–16 • Davao
–17
–18
–19 • Basilan
–20
–21
–22
0
–10 –9 –8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11

Did you answer Mindoro? Good!

16
 Since the x- coordinate 1 is positive, you move 1 unit to the right of 0. You move 3 units
down, since the y-coordinate is –3. The intersection is the point or place that you want to locate
on the map.

Let’s Remember

Locating points on the coordinate plane is similar to locating places or points on the map.
That is, you start at point 0 — the origin. You only need to remember that if the x-coordinate is
positive, you moved to the right of point 0, and if it is negative, you move to the left of point 0.
Similarly, if y-coordinate is positive, you move up from 0, and down if y-coordinate is negative.
The intersection is the point that you want to locate on the coordinate plane.

Let’s Try This

Using the same map on page 16, locate the places on the map corresponding to the
following ordered pairs:
♦ (2,1) is __________ ♦ (9,–2) is ___________
♦ (0,3) is __________ ♦ (–4,–8) is __________

My Answers

♦ (2,1) is Metro Manila ♦ (9,–2) is Sorsogon

♦ (0,3) is Bulacan ♦ (–4,–8) is Palawan

Let’s Review

Plot the following points S(–4,0), H(–3,–1), A(–1,4), R(0,5), E(5,–4) in a coordinate plane
below. Connect the points with a line.
y-axis
5
4
3
2
1
0 x-axis
–1
–2
–3
–4
–5
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

17
See if you got the answers correctly. Compare your graph with mine.
y-axis
5
A • R
4 •
3
2
1
S x-axis
0 •
–1 •H
–2
–3
–4 •E
–5
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6

Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. On the coordinate plane below, graph and label each point G (0,7), R (–1,7),
E (10,–3), A (–3,–8), T (–5,0).
y-axis

x-axis
(0,0)

18
 2. Determine the quadrant or the axis where each points are located.

Point G is in _____
Point R is in _____
Point E is in _____
Point A is in _____
Point T is in _____

The map of Treasure Island uses a grid system to locate places.

9 H
Lighthouse
8 Rocks

7 H Church H
Caves
6
Lookout
5 H Ruined
Castle
4

3 H Hook’s
Hut
2 H Old H Cape
Town Danger
1 H H
Wreck Pearl Bay
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

3. Give the coordinate of the point corresponding to

a) Hook’s Hut
b) Lighthouse
c) Church
d) Lookout
e) Ruined Castle
4. What is located at:
a) (1,1) ________________
b) (3,2) ________________
c) (6,1) ________________
d) (7,2) ________________
e) (7,7) ________________

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 56–57. If you got all the
answers correct, congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson. If you have a lot of
errors, you need to go over the same lesson and take note of the mistakes committed. It pays to
have a second look.
19
 LESSON 3

The Distance and the Midpoint Between Two

Places on the Coordinate Plane (Part 1)

You are now familiar with the Cartesian Coordinate System and how to plot points on this
plane. Now, suppose you plot two points on the plane and you wish to find the distance and the
midpoint of the segment joining these points, how will you do this?
In this lesson, you will learn how to find the coordinate of the midpoint and the distance
between these two points on Cartesian Coordinate System. The two points are on the line
parallel to either the x-axis or y-axis.

Let’s Study and Analyze

The map of “Our Town” is shown below. Study the map and answer the following:
How many meters away is:
♦ your house from the health
center? _____ Mountains
Manggahan
♦ your house from your
friend’s house? _____ 8

♦ your health center from the 7

D Municipal
municipal hall? _____
6
B My
• Hall
♦ What is the coordinate of
the point midway between
5 •
Friend’s
House k*
your house and your 4 k
*
friend’s house? ( __,__) A C Health

♦ What is the coordinate of

3 • My
house
*
k •Center

the point midway between 2

your house and the health
center? ( __,__) 1
River

♦ What is the coordinate of 0 1 meter

1 2 3 4 5 6 7
the point midway between
the health center and the “Our Town”
municipal hall? ( __,__)

Compare your answers with mine. Check whether you got all the answers right.

20
 My Answers:
♦ the distance of your house from the health center is 4 meters
♦ the distance of your house from your friend’s house is 2 meters
♦ the distance of the health center from the municipal hall is 3 meters
♦ The coordinate of the point midway between
– your house and your friend’s house is (1,4)
– your house and the health center is (3,3)
– the health center and the municipal hall in (5, 4.5)
I got my answers by just counting the number of meters between these two points, since the
segment determined by connecting these two points are horizontal and vertical segments.
Don’t worry if you didn’t get the correct answers.

Let’s Read

Can you complete the table below?

Location Point Ordered
My House A (1,3)
My Friend’s House B (__, __
Health Center C (__, __
Municipal Hall D (__, __

Here are my answers:

♦ Your house or point A is (1,3)
♦ Your friend’s house or point B is (1,5)
♦ Health center or point C is (5,3)
♦ Municipal Hall or point D is (5,6)
Now, let us find the distances between two points. To do so, we count the number of
meters from one point to the other. Let me do the first one for you.
Distance Be
Distance Between

My House and My Friend’s House AB =

My House and Health Center AC =
Health Center and Municipal Hall CD =

Compare your answers with mine.

The distance between points A and B is AB = 2 meters.
The distance between points A and C is AC = 4 meters.
The distance between the given points C and D is CD = 3 meters.

21
 Another way of doing this is similar to finding the distance between the given points on a
number line. That is,

AB = 3 − 1 = 1 − 3 = 2 meters

AC = 5 − 1 = 1 − 5 = 4 meters

CD = 6 − 3 = 3 − 6 = 3 meters

Let’s Try This

Find the distance between the points on the coordinate plane in Fig. 1 below:

y
D(1,4) E(5,4) Let me do the first one for you.
4 • •
DE = 5 − 1 = 1 − 5 = 4
3
FG = _________________
2 DF = _________________
1 •
F(1,1)
•
G(5,1)
EG = _________________
x
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
Fig. 1

Compare your answers with mine.

My Answers:

DE = 5 −1 = 1 − 5 = 4

FG = 5 −1 = 1 − 5 = 4

DF = 4 −1 = 1 − 4 = 3

EG = 4 −1 = 1 − 4 = 3

♦ Using Fig. 2 on the next page, how do I find the coordinate of the point midway
between AB, AC and CD?
The point midway between any two points is called the midpoint of the
segment. Segment is determined by connecting any two points.

22
 By counting I got: y
D(5,6)
The midpoint of segment AB is
(1,4)
6
5 ..
B(1,5)

.
•
The midpoint of segment AC is
(3,3)
The midpoint of segment CD is
4
3
2
•
A(1,3)
. •
C(5,3)

 9 1
 5,  or (5, 4.5) x
 2
0 1 2 3 4 5
Fig. 2
Now, let me show you how to compute for the midpoint of segments AB, AC and CD.
See the illustration below.

D (5,6)
6
B (1,5)
•
5 •
4 • M (x, y)
3 •
A (1,3)
•
C (5,3)
2

x
0
1 2 3 4 5 6

Let M (x,y) be the midpoint of segment AB. Since segment AB is a vertical segment, the
x-coordinates of A and B are the same. So, x = 1. Since M is the midpoint of segment AB,
then AM = BM.

AM = y − 3 = 3 − y and BM = y − 5 = 5 − y
Solving for y:
y–3 = 5–y (1)
y+y = 5+3 (2)
2y = 5 + 3 (3)
5+3
y = (4)
2
8
y =
2
y = 4
So, the midpoint of segment AB is (1,4).

23
 5+3
Notice that in (4), that is, y = indicates the average of the y- coordinates of A and
2
B.
Let’s work on the midpoint of CD by using the figure on the right.
Segment CD is also vertical like AB. y
Therefore, the x-coordinates of C and D are the
same: X=5. Since M is the midpoint of segment D (5, 6)
6
CD, then CM = DM. B (1, 5)
•
CM = |Y-3| = |3-Y| and DM = |Y-6| = |6-Y|
5 •
4
• M (x, y)
Solving for Y:
Y–3= 6–Y (1) 3 •
A (1, 3)
•
C (5,3)
Y+Y= 6+3 (2) 2
2Y = 6 + 3 (3)
1
6+3
Y= (4) x
2 0
1 2 3 4 5 6
9 1
Y= or 4 or 4.5
2 2
So, the midpoint of segment CD is (5, 4.5)
Let’s do the same to compute for the midpoint of segment AC using the figure below.
y

D (5, 6)
6
B (1, 5)
•
5 •
4

3 •
A (1, 3)
•
M (x, y)
•
C (5,3)
2

1 2 3 4 5 6

Since segment AC is horizontal, the y-coordinates are the same.

y – coordinate of the midpoint is 3.

5 +1 6
x – coordinate of the midpoint is = = 3.
2 2
Therefore, the midpoint is (3,3). See it works for all cases.

24
 Let’s Remember
We can now generalize with the following statements:

 y1 + y 2  y + y2
1. The coordinate of the midpoint of the vertical segment is  x ,  , where 1 is
 2  2
the average of the y-coordinates of the two given points.
 x1 + x 2  x + x2
2. The coordinate of the midpoint of the horizontal segment is  , y  , where 1
 2  2
is the average of the x-coordinates of the two given points.

Let’s Try This

Find the coordinate of the midpoint of the segments on the coordinate system. Make use of
the generalizations in “Let’s Remember” above as your guide.

A B 2
•3 •3
(−3, ) (−1, ) 1
2 2
C(3,0)
–4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 x
•
–1

–2

• D(3,-3)

Are your answers correct. See the answers below.

My Answers:

 − 3 + (− 1) 3   − 4 3   3
♦ Midpoint of segment AB is  , = ,  =  − 2, 
 2 2  2 2  2

 0 + (− 3)   − 3 
♦ Midpoint of segment CD is  3,  =  3, 
 2   2 

25
 Let’s Review

Identify whether the given segments below are vertical or horizontal. Then, find the
coordinate of the midpoint of the segments determined by the points.
♦ E (–7,3) and F (–7,9)
♦ G is (8,–2) and H (2,–2)
♦ I (0,0) and J (0,–12)
Did you get the correct answer? See my answers below.
My Answer:
♦ Segment EF is vertical
 3+9  12 
Midpoint of segment EF is  − 7,  =  − 7,  = (− 7,6 )
 2   2

♦ Segment GH is horizontal
8+2 
Midpoint of segment GH is  ,−2  = (5,−2 )
 2 

♦ Segment IJ is vertical
 0 + (− 12 ) 
Midpoint of segment IJ is  0,  = (0,−6 )
 2 

Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. Find the distance between ordered pairs A and B in a coordinate plane for each of the
following.
a) A(0,4), B(0,0)
b) A(8,6), B(–2,6)
c) A(3,–1), B(–5,-1)
2. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of each line segment AB in problem 1.
Compare your answer with those in the Answer Key on page 57. If you got all the items
correct, congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson. If you have a lot of errors, you
need to go over the same lesson and take note of the mistakes committed. It pays to have a
second look.

26
 LESSON 4

The Distance Between Two Points and Their

Midpoint on the Coordinate Plane (Part II)

In Lesson 3, you already learned how to find the distance between two points and the
coordinate of the midpoint of the segment. However, not all segments are vertical or horizontal.
There are segments which are slanting.
In this lesson you will learn to find the distance between any two points using the distance
formula. You will also learn how to find the coordinate of the midpoint of any segments using the
midpoint formula.

Let’s Study and Analyze

The map of “Our Town” is shown below. Study the map and answer the following:
How many meters away is your house from the municipal hall?
___________________________________________________
What is the coordinate of the point midway between your house and the municipal hall?
___________________________________________________
“Our Town”

Mountains
ahan
Mangg

7
D Municipal
6
My
• Hall

5 • friend’s
house
4
A Health
3 • My
house
• Center
2

1
River
0 1 meter
1 2 3 4 5 6 7

27
 Compare your answers with mine.
My Answers:
♦ Your house from the municipal hall is 5 meters away.
♦ The coordinate of the point midway between your house and the municipal hall is
 9
 3,  .
 2
Don’t worry if you can’t count nor estimate the answers. There is a formula to find the
distance between these two points known as the distance formula. There is also a formula to
find the midpoint of any segment known as the midpoint formula. Let me guide you in
discovering these formulae.

Let’s Read

Let “your house” be point A and the “municipal hall” be point D.

♦ What is the coordinate of point A? _____________________________________
♦ What is the coordinate of point D? _____________________________________
My Answers:
♦ The coordinate of point A is (1,3)
♦ The coordinate of point D is (5,6)

Now I draw horizontal line through point A and a vertical line through point D. See the
illustration below.

8
7
D(5,6)
6 •
5
4
3 •
A(1,3) •C
2
1
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

These vertical and horizontal lines intersect at a point. Let’s call it point C.
♦ What is the coordinate of point C? _____
My Answer:
The coordinate of point C is (5,3).

28
 Since segment AC is a horizontal segment and DC is a vertical segment, then we can find
AC and DC. You’ve learned how to compute for this in the preceding lesson.
♦ AC = _____ meters
♦ DC = _____ meters
My Answers:

♦ AC = 5 − 1 = 4 meters

♦ DC = 6 − 3 = 3 meters

∆ACD is a right triangle, since horizontal line AC and vertical line CD form a right angle at
C. To find AD, we now use the Pythagorean theorem.
Pythagorean Theorem
In a right triangle, the sum of the squares of two legs is equal to the square of the
hypotenuse. That is, a2 + b2 = c2

c AC or b = 4 meters, CD or a = 3 and AD or c = ?
a

Using these values to solve for AD, we now follow these steps.
STEP 1 Write the Pythagorean relation.
(AD)2 = (CD)2 + (AC)2
STEP 2 Extract the square root of both sides of the equation.

AD = (CD ) + ( AC )
2 2

STEP 3 Substitute the given values.

AD = 32 + 4 2

= 9 + 16

= 25
= 5 meters
Therefore, the distance between your house and the municipal hall is 5 meters. This was
computed by substituting the values of the linear measurements of AC and DC (refer to figure on
page 28) whose line segments are horizontal and vertical. Take note that the line segment formed
between your house and the municipal hall is a slant. It looks the same as the hypotenuse of a
right triangle—that’s the very reason why we are using the Pythagorean Theorem to come up with
the distance formula later.
This time we are going to use the coordinates of a point (x, y) to compute for the distance
between two points, which form a slant line segment when connected together.
29
 Consider any two points P1 (x1,y1) and P2 (x2,y2) on the coordinate plane. See illustration
below.
y

• P (x ,y )
2 2 2

c
a y2-y1
x2-x1
•
P1(x1,y1) b R(x2,y2) x

∆P1RP2 is a right triangle, since horizontal line P1R and vertical line P2R form a right angle at
R. To find P1P2, we now use the pythagorean theorem. P1R or b = x2 - x1, P2R or a = y2 - y1,
and P1P2 or c =?
STEP 1 Write a Pythagorean relation.
(P P )
1 2
2
= (P1R ) + (P2 R )
2 2

STEP 2 Extract the square root of both sides of the equation.

P1P2 = P1R 2 + P2 R 2
STEP 3 Substitute the given values.

P1P2 = (x 2 − x 1 ) + (y 2 − y1 )
2 2

This is known as the Distance Formula.

Let’s Try This

Find the distance between two points P1 (5,12) and P2 (0,0).

STEP 1 Write the distance formula.

P1 P2 = (x2 − x1 )2 + ( y2 − y1 )2
STEP 2 Substitute given values to the formula.

P1P2 = (5 − 0) + (12 − 0)
2 2

STEP 3 Simplify the right side of equation to solve for P1P2.

P1P2 = 52 + 122

= 25 + 144

P1P2 = 169
= 13

30
 To give you more practice in using the distance formula, let’s try to compute for the distance
between two points P1(2,-2) and P2 (5,-2).
STEP 1 Write the distance formula.

P1P2 = (x 2 − x 1 ) + ( y 2 − y1 )
2 2

STEP 2 Substitute given values to the formula.

P1 P2 = (5 − 2)2 + [− 2 − (− 2)]2
STEP 3 Simplify the right side of equation to solve for P1P2.

P1P2 = 32 + (0)
2

= 9
P1P2 = 3
Try working on your own. Compute for the distance between the following points:
1. P1(1, –1) and P2(5, –4)
2. S (–5, 2) and T (–2, 6)
Compare your computations with mine.

(5 − 1) 2 + [− 4 − ( −1)]
2
1. P1P2 =

= (4) 2 + (−3) 2

= 16 + 9
= 25
P1P2 = 5

2. S = [− 2 − (−5)] 2
+ ( 6 − 2) 2

= (3) 2 + (4) 2

= 9 + 16
= 25
S = 5
♦ How about the point midway between your house and the municipal hall? Can you find
it? _____

31
 It’s all right if you can’t. There is a formula for finding it. Let me guide you in
deriving this formula. You just follow these steps.
STEP 1 Plot points A, C, D and draw segments AC, AD, and CD.

6
5
•D(5,6)
4
3
2
•
A(1,3)
•
C(5,3)
1

1 2 3 4 5

STEP 2 Locate the midpoints of the segments AD, CD, and AC. Call these points M, O
and P respectively.

6 •D
5 M
4 • •O
A• • C•
3
2 P
1

1 2 3 4 5

STEP 3 Draw segment MO parallel to the x-axis and draw segment MP parallel to the y-
axis.

6
5 M
•D
4 • •O
3
2
•A •P C•
1

1 2 3 4 5

♦ What is the coordinate of M? ______ O? ______ P?______

If your answers are the same as in the table below, then you’re right. If not, then go back to
your graph. You might have located the wrong midpoint.

Coordinate of the Point

A(1,3)

C(5,3)

D(5,6)

32
 STEP 4 Use the table on the previous page, observe the following computation.

9 6+3 5 +1
= and 3 =
2 2 2

♦ Did you notice anything?_____

If your answer is “yes”. That’s good!
♦ Write your observation below:
____________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________
Is your answer the same as the one below? Very good!
“The coordinates of the midpoint of a segment are the averages of the x-
coordinates and y coordinates of the two points.”

This is known as the Midpoint Formula.

In symbols, if we consider P1 (x1, y1) and P2 (x2, y2), the midpoint of segment P1P2 is the
 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
point M  , .
 2 2 

Let’s Remember

The Distance Formula

Let P1 be the points (x1 , y1) and P2 be the points (x2, y2), then the distance between P1 and
P2 is

P1 P2 = (x2 − x1 )2 + ( y 2 − y1 )2
The Midpoint Formula

Consider P1 (x1,y2) and P2 (x2,y2). The midpoint of segment P1P2 is the point M
 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
 , .
 2 2 

We now use this formula to review what we have learned.

33
 Let’s Review

Find the midpoint of segment joining B(1,2) and C(5,6).

STEP 1 Write the midpoint formula.

 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
M  , 
 2 2 
STEP 2 Substitute values to the formula to find the midpoint of segment BC.

 x 1 + x 2 y1 + y 2 
Midpoint of BC =  , 
 2 2 

1+ 5 2 + 6 
=  , 
 2 2 

6 8
=  , 
2 2
= (3,4)
Try working on your own. Find the midpoint of segment joining the following points:
1. U (2,5) and V (6,1)
2. X (2, –2) and Y (5, – 5
Compare your answers with mine.

 2 + 6 5 +1
1. Midpoint of UV =  , 
 2 2 
8 6
= , 
2 2
= (4,3)

 2 + 5 − 2 + (− 5) 
2. Midpoint of XY =  , 
 2 2 
7 −7
= , 
2 2 
= (3.5,−3.5)

34
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. Find the length of segment AB in a coordinate plane for each of the following. (Leave
irrational numbers in radical form.)
a) A (3,4), B (0,0)
b) A (–2,6), B (8,–4)
c) A (3,–1), B (–5,–7)
2. Find the coordinates of the midpoint of each line segment AB in problem 1.
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 57. If you got all the items
correct, congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson. If you have a lot of errors, you
need to go over the same lesson and take note of the mistakes committed. It pays to have a
second look.

35
 LESSON 5

Polygons on the Coordinate Plane

In the previous lessons, you learned how to plot points and to find the length and midpoint
of a segment. This time, you are now ready to apply the skills and knowledge you have learned in
identifying a polygon formed when you connect these points.

Let’s Study and Analyze

All around us we see different kinds of geometric figures. Among the figures we see are
those made up of line segments. If the figure made up of segments is closed, it is called a
polygon. You are already familiar with some of these, like the triangle, square, and rectangle. We
can draw polygons on the coordinate plane by
doing the following: y
♦ Plot the following points N (–1,2),
F (5,4), and E (4,3) on the coordinate 5
plane on the right. 4
3
♦ Connect these points. 2
1
♦ Identify the polygon formed. x
–5 –4 –3 –2 –1 1 2 3 4 5
–1
Compare your graph with mine. –2
–3
♦ Does your figure look like this? –4
–5

F(5,4)
•
N(–1,2) •
x

•
E(4,–3)

36
 ♦ You see that the polygon formed is a triangle.
Why? _____________________________________________

If your answer is. . . because it is a three-sided polygon, then you’re right.

♦ Can you identify what kind of triangle was formed? __________________

If you can and your answer is isosceles triangle, then, you’re really good.
If you were not able to, you have to read and analyze this.
To determine the kind of triangle, you need to find the lengths of segments NE, NF and FE
using the distance formula.

NF = [5 − (−1)] + (4 − 2)
2 2
= (6 2
+ 2 2 ) = 36 + 4 = 40 = 2 10

NE = [4 − (−1)] + (− 3 − 2)
2 2
= (5 2
+ −5 2 ) = 25 + 25 = 50 = 5

FE = (5 − 4) + [4 − (−3)]
2 2
= 12 + 7 2 = (1 + 49 ) = 50 = 5 2

Since the two segments, namely NE and FE have the same lengths, then the triangle is an
isosceles triangle.
Definition: An isosceles triangle is a triangle with two sides equal.

Let’s Try This

♦ Show that the points B(-2,0),C(2,3), A(5,-1) are the vertices of a right triangle.

Do you want to know how to answer the problem above? See the steps I have written
below:
y
STEP 1 Plot the points on
the coordinate
plane.
C(2,3)
STEP 2 Connect these •
points.

B(–2,0)
• x

•
A(5,–1)

37
 STEP 3 Identify the figure formed.
It’s a triangle, its three sides are AB, AC and BC.
STEP 4 Find the lengths of the sides using the distance formula.

AB or c = [5 − (− 2)]2 + (− 1 − 0)2 = 7 2 + (− 1) =
2
(49 + 1) = 50

AC or b = (5 − 2)2 + (− 1 − 3)2 = 3 2 + (− 4 ) = 9 + 16 = 25 = 5
2

BC or a = (− 2 − 2)2 + (3 − 0)2 = (− 4)2 + (3)2 = 16 + 9 = 25 =

Since the two sides namely, AC and BC are equal, then it’s an isosceles triangle.

STEP 5 Substitute values to the Pythagorean relation a2 + b2 = c2 .

( )
52 + 52 = 5 2
2

25 + 25 = 25(2)
50 = 50
Since the lengths of the sides satisfy the Pythagorean relation, then the given points are
vertices of a right triangle.

Let’s Review

♦ Find the lengths of the sides of the polygon formed by connecting the following points
on a coordinate plane: A (1,4), B (7,0), C (5,–3) and D (–1,1)
The polygon formed is a ____________
The lengths of its side are:
AB = _____________________________________
BC = _____________________________________
CD = _____________________________________
AD = _____________________________________
My Answers:
♦ The polygon formed is a quadrilateral.
♦ The lengths of its sides are:

AB = 52 or 2 13
BC = 13

CD = 52 or 2 13

AD = 13

38
 Let’s Remember

♦ A polygon is a closed figure formed by line segments joined only at their ends. The
line segments are called the sides of the polygon, the points where the segments meet
are called the vertices.
♦ Polygons are classified according to the number of sides they have.

Name of Polygon No. of Sides Sample Figure

1. triangles 3

2. quadrilateral 4

3. pentagon 5

4. hexagon 6

5. heptagon 7

6. octagon 8

7. nonagon 9

8. decagon 10

♦ If all sides of a polygon are equal, it is said to be equilateral. A square is an

equilateral polygon. If all the angles are equal, it is said to be equiangular. A rectangle
is an equiangular polygon.

♦ If the polygon is both equilateral and equiangular, it is called a regular polygon. The
square and the equilateral triangle are regular polygons.

39
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. Show that the points J (–1,–2), E (5,4), T (–3,0) are vertices of a right triangle.
2. What polygon is formed if you plot and connect these points.
Y(6,–3), O (3,4), U (0,5), T (–8,1), H (–6,–2)
3. What are the lengths of each sides of the polygon formed in number 2?
YO = ___________________________
OU = ___________________________
UT = ___________________________
TH = ___________________________
YH = ___________________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 58. If you got all the items
correct, congratulations! You can now proceed to the next lesson. If you have a lot of errors, you
need to go over the same lesson and take note of the mistakes committed. It pays to have a
second look.

40
 LESSON 6

The Slope of a Line

Have you been in an amusement park? Imagine yourself riding in a roller coaster like this!

A C E I
D H
F
G

Compare your position in A with your position in D. The roller coaster will climb both
positions. But your position in A is steeper than your position in D. Lines in a coordinate plane
also have steepness and it is known as the slope of the line.
In this lesson, you will learn to find the slope of the line in a coordinate plane.

Let’s Study and Analyze

♦ Plot the points P(1,1) and Q(5,3) on the coordinate plane.

♦ Draw a line passing through these points.
Compare your work with mine. Are they the same?
y

Q(5,3)
•
•
P(1,1)
x

41
 Now, we draw a horizontal line through point P and a vertical line through Q. These two
lines intersect. Let’s call this point R.
y

Q(5,3)
•
•
P(1,1) R
x

♦ What is the coordinate of point R?

My Answers:
The coordinate of point R is (5,1).
♦ What is the length of PR? ___________________________
♦ What is the length of QR? ___________________________

My Answers:
♦ PR = 5–1 = 4. This is the change in x.
♦ QR = 3–1 = 2. This is the change in y.

You can actually find the change in x and change in y by determining the horizontal and
vertical distance from one point to the other.
♦ What is the ratio of the change in y to the change in x? _______
2 1
Did you answer or ? That’s correct.
4 2
The ratio is called the slope of the line.

Let’s Try This

The ratio of the change in y to the change in x is the slope of the line. That is,

change in y
slope of the line =
change in x

42
This time locate other points on the line, say point S. See illustration below.
y
Q
3
S
•(5,3)
2 •
1 •
P(1,1)
x
1 2 3 4 5

♦ What is the coordinate of point S? __________________

♦ What is the change in y? __________________
♦ What is the change in x? __________________
♦ What is the slope of the line? __________________

My answers:
♦ The coordinate of point S is (3,2)
♦ The change in y is 1.
♦ The change in x is 2.
1
♦ The slope is .
2

Notice that the slopes are the same whatever points on the line you may use.
A line has a constant slope.

Let’s Try This

The slope of a line can also be negative. Use the line on the coordinate plane below.
y

• (–3,2)

•
(–3,–1)
• (1,–1)

43
 ♦ What is the change in y? ____________________
x?____________________
My Answers:
♦ The change in y is –3 because you move 3 units down or –1– (2) = –3. The change in
x is 4 because you move 4 units to the left or 1 – (–3) = 1 + 3 = 4.
♦ What is the slope of the line? ______________________

−3
If you answered , you’re right.
4
♦ How can you tell from the graph of a line whether its slope is positive or negative?
________________________________

Let’s Learn

The slope is negative if the line is falling to the right; positive if it is falling to the
left.
Notice that in this method, you need to graph the line in order to determine whether the
slope is positive or negative. There is another method to find the slope of the line. This is by using
the coordinates of any two points on the line.

difference of y - coordinates
That is, slope =
difference of x - coordinates

EXAMPLE 1 Find the slope of the line that contains A(1,-1) and B(-3,2).
STEP 1 Use the definition of slope.
difference of y - coordinates
slope =
difference of x - coordinates

STEP 2 Substitute the values.

− 1 − (+ 2) − 3 2 − (− 1) + 3
= =
+ 1 − (− 3) 4 − 3 − (+ 1) − 4
Slope of line AB = or

−3 −3
so, =
4 4
Note that you can interchange the numbers in the numerator, provided that you also
interchange the numbers in the denominator.

44
 EXAMPLE 2 Find the slope of the line that contains P1(x1,y1) and P2(x2,y2).
STEP 1 Use the definition of slope..
difference of y - coordinates
slope =
difference of x - coordinates

STEP 2 Substitute the values.

y 2 − y1
Slope of line P1P2 = x − x
2 1

This is the formula to find the slope of the line using the coordinates of any two points on the
line.

Let’s Remember

y 2 − y1
The slope of the line that contains P1(x1, y1) and P2 (x2,y2) is m =
x 2 − x1

Let’s Try This

♦ Find the slope of the lines on the coordinate plane below.

y

•C B
•
D
• A
• x

The slope of line AB is ____________________

The slope of line CD is ____________________

Compare you answers with mine.

45
My Answers:

2
♦ The slope of line AB is .
5
−2
♦ The slope of line CD is .
3

♦ Find the slope of the line determined by the points

– E(4,3) and F(-1,1).
– G(-1,3) and H(4,-2)
♦ The slope of line EF is ___________________________
♦ The slope of line GH is ___________________________
My Answers:

−2 2
♦ The slope of line EF is or
−5 5
5
♦ The slope of line GH is or -1
−5

Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. Find the slope of the line plotted on the coordinate plane below.
y

•
• x

2. Find the slope of the line that contains L(5,6) and Q(2,-2).

46
3. The graph shows Mang Pandoy’s weekly sales of newspaper.

150

100

50

Week 1 Week 2 Week 3 Week 4

a. During which week did the greatest increase in sales occur. _________________.
b. During which week did the greatest decrease in sales occur. _________________
c. Name the week in which the sales did not change. ______________________
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 58.

47
 LESSON 7

The Equation of a Line

Can you graph a line given its slope and one of its points? If so, can you also determine its
equation? These questions can be answered if you will read this lesson.
In this lesson, you will learn to write the equation of a line given its slope and one of its
points.

Let’s Try This

1
♦ Graph the line that contains (0,0) and has the slope .
2

Compare your graph with this graph below. Are they the same? Good!
My Answer:

(0,0)

48
 If you didn’t get the answer right, don’t worry. I will guide you in doing this task. You follow
these steps.
STEP 1 Plot point (0,0).
STEP 2 Use the definiton of slope.
change in y
slope =
change in x

STEP 3 Locate a point on the coordinate plane.

Form (0,0) you move 1 unit upward, then 2 units to the right. The change in y is 1
and the change in x is 2.

STEP 4 Connect this point and point (0,0). This is the graph of the line.
♦ Can you find the equation of this line? _________________
If your answer is yes, then that’s great!

Let’s Read

Let us name (0,0) as point O, and the located point (2,1) as S. Locate any point P(x,y) on
the line determined by O and S. See illustration below.

y
P
•x,y)
(
S
•
(2,1
)
O x
(0,0)

♦ What is the slope of line using points O and S? ________

1− 0 1
♦ If you answered or , then, congratulations! You’re really reading this module.
2−0 2

49
 ♦ What is the slope of the line using points S and P? _______

1
If your answer is , you’re really good. You learned from the previous lessons that: the
2
slope of the line is constant.
However, using the coordinates of the points, then
y −1
Slope =
x−2

Since the slope of a line is constant, we have

y −1 1
=
x−2 2
You can find the equation of the line by following these steps.
STEP 1 Equate the slopes at points O and S and at points S and P.

STEP 2 Multiply the whole equation by 2(x − 2) .

2( y − 1) = 1( x − 2)

STEP 3 Simplify the equation.

2y − 2 = x − 2
− x + 2y − 2 + 2 = 0
− x + 2 y = 0 or x − 2 y = 0

x − 2 y = 0 is the equation of the line.

EXAMPLE 1 Find an equation for the line with slope m that goes through the point P1(x1,y1).

P
•x,y)
(

P1
•x ,y ) 1
( 1

Note: P1 and P can be located anywhere on the coordinate plane.

50
 STEP 1 Equate the slope m and the slope at points P(x,y) and P1(x1,y1).
y − y1
m= x−x
1

STEP 2 Multiply both sides of the equation by x-x1.

y − y1 = m (x − x1 )

This is the point-slope form of the equation of a line.

Let’s Remember

Point-slope Form:

Given slope m and point P1(x1,y1), then the equation of the line is y − y1 = m (x − x1 )

2
EXAMPLE 2 Find the equation of the line with slope that goes through the points (4,6).
3

STEP 1 Write the point-slope form of the equation of a line.

y − y1 = m( x − x1 )

2
STEP 2 Substitute the given values for m = and for P1(x1,y1)---(4,6).
3

y−6 =
2
(x − 4 )
3

STEP 3 Multiply by 3.

3( y − 6) = 2( x − 4)

STEP 4 Simplify the equation.

3 y − 18 = 2 x − 8
− 2 x + 3 y = −8 + 18
− 2 x + 3 y = −10
2 x − 3 y = 10

51
 Let’s See What You Have Learned

1. Find the equation of the line below.

•
(–2,5)
y

•
(4,3)

2. Find an equation for the line with slope –3 that goes through the point (5,–4)
Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on page 59. If you got all the answers
correct, congratulations! You have now finished the module. If you have a lot of errors, you need
to go over the same lesson and take note of the mistakes committed. It pays to have a second
look.

What Have You Learned?

Study and analyze each item carefully.

1. What is the system used to locate points on a plane?
2. Find the coordinates of the points on the Cartesian plane and identify their quadrant
location.

6
5
4

•E 3
2

D A
1 •B
•
–8 –7 –6 –5 –4 –3 –2 –1 0 1
• 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
–1
–2
•
F
–3 •C
–4
–5

52
3. If the distance of point Q from the x-axis and y-axis are 3 and 4 respectively, what is
the coordinate of point Q? ____________
4. Draw segment PQ whose endpoints are P (–3,8) and Q (7,–2).
5. What is the coordinate of the midpoint of line segment PQ in number 4?
6. Use the distance formula to find the distance between P and Q in number 4.
___________________
7. What is the slope of line OK below?

10
9
8 •K
7
6
5
4
3
2 •O
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

1 −1
a) b) c) 2 d) –2
2 2
8. What is the equation of line OK in number 7?
9. Your bedroom, bathroom and kitchen are located on a grid as shown below. How
many steps do you need to make to go to your bathroom from your kitchen?

(2,8)
• Bathroom

(2,2) (10,2)
•
Bedroom • Kitchen

53
10. Use the grid to find the coordinate of the vertices of the polygon below.

10
9
M
8 • •O
7
6
E
5 • •D
4
3
2 •L •U
1

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Compare your answers with those in the Answer Key on pages 59–60.
If your score is:
8 – 10 Congratulations! You learned a lot from this module.
6–7 Well done. A review of the items you missed will help you remember better what
you learned from this module.
0–5 You need to study the module again. This time focus more on the parts that you
find difficult.

54
 Answer Key

A. Let’s See What You Already Know (pages 2–4)

1. B
2. M-O-D-U-L-E
3. a. (0,0), e. (5,14)
b. (4,10) f. (7,16)
c. (4,13) g. (9,17)
d. (7,13), h. (11,17)
4. 13.6 units
5. y – 4x + 6 = 0
6. 17
7. (7 ½, 15)
8. mountain 1 because it is not so steep compared to mountain 2.
5
9. ,2
7
10. pentagon

B. Lesson 1
Let’s Try This (Example 2 - page 12)
y

Point M (–3, 2): Quadrant II

Quadrant II
L•
Quadrant I
•O Point O (5, 4): Quadrant I

•M Point D (–6, –3): Quadrant III

Point E (2, –5): Quadrant IV
• x
Point L (–1, 5): Quadrant II

•D
E
•
Quadrant III Quadrant IV

Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 12–13)

1) a. (5, 6) Quadrant I d. (–4 –6) Quadrant III

b. (8, 9) Quadrant I e. (8, –3) Quadrant IV
c. (–5, 7) Quadrant II

55
 2) a. Quadrant II d. Quadrant III
b. Quadrant I e. Quadrant I
c. Quadrant IV

3) Y

•
•
Wreck
Caves

•
Pearl Bay

•
Rocks

•
Cape Danger

C. Lesson 2
Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 18–19)
1. y-axis

R• •G

T
• x-axis

E•

A
•
56
2. G is on the y-axis.
R is in Quadrant II.
E is in Quadrant IV.
A is in Quadrant III.
T is on the x-axis.
3. a) (5,3) 4. a) Wreck
b) (2,9) b) Old Town
c) (4,7) c) Pearl Bay
d) (6,6) d) Cape Danger
e) (1,5) (e) Caves

D. Lesson 3
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 26)
1. a) AB = 4 2. a) (0,2)
b) AB = 10 b) (3,6)
c) AB = 8 c) (–1,–1)

E. Lesson 4
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 35)

3+ 0 4+ 0
1. a. AB = (3 − 0)2 + (4 − 0 )2 2. a. M =  , 
 2 2 
= 32 + 4 2 3 4
= , 
= 9 + 16 2 2
= 25 3 
=  ,2 
=5 2 
8 + (- 2 ) 6 + (− 4 )
b. AB = (8 + 2)2 + (− 4 − 6)2 b. M = ,
2 2
= 10 2 + (− 10)
2
6 2
= , 
= 100 + 100 2 2
= 200 = (3, 1)

= 10 2  3 + (− 5) (− 1) + (− 7 ) 
c. M =  , 
 2 2 
c. AB = (− 5 − 3)2 + [(- 7 ) − (− 1)]2  − 2 −8
= , 
= (− 8)2 + (− 6)2  2 2 
= (− 1, - 4 )
= 64 + 36
= 100
= 10

57
F. Lesson 5
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 40)

1. JE = (− 1 − 5) + (− 2 − 4)
2 2
= (− 6) + (− 6)
2 2
= 36 + 36 = 72

ET = [5 − (− 3)] + (4 − 0)
2 2
= 8 2 + 4 2 = 64 + 16 = 80

JT = [− 1 − (− 3)] + (− 2 − 0)
2 2
= 2 2 + (− 2 ) = 4 + 4 = 8
2

Since, (JE ) + (JT ) = (ET )

2 2 2

72 + 8 = 80
80 = 80

Then, it is a right triangle.

2. Pentagon

3. YO = 58 TH = 13 UT = 80
OU = 10 YH = 145

G. Lesson 6
Let’s See What You Have Learned (pages 46–47)
difference of y - coordinates
1. slope of the line =
difference of x - coordinates
2 1
= or
6 3

y 2 − y1
2. m=
x 2 − x1
6 − (− 2 )
=
5−2
8
=
3
3. a) Week 4
b) Week 1, Week 3
c) Week 2

58
H. Lesson 7
Let’s See What You Have Learned (page 52)

3−5 3 − 5 − 2 −1
1. m = = = = 2. y + 4 = − 3 (x − 5 )
4 − (− 2 ) 4 + 2 6 3
y + 4 = −3 x + 15
−1
y −3 = (x − 4) y + 3 x = 15 − 4
3
3( y − 3) = −1( x − 4) 3 x + y = 11
3y − 9 = −x + 4
x + 3y = 4 + 9
x + 3 y = 13

I. What Have You Learned? (pages 52–54)

1. Cartesian Coordinate system

2. A (0, 0). It is the origin, the intersection of the x-axis and y-axis. The coordinate
of the other points are as follows:
B (3, 1) It’s on the 1st quadrant.
C (3, –3) It’s on the 4th quadrant.
D (–3, 0) It’s on the x-axis, that’s why the second element is 0.
E (–4, 3) It’s on the 3rd quadrant.
F (–4, –3)It’s on the 4th quadrant.

3. (3, 4). The distance from the y-axis is the abscissa. The distance from the x-
axis is the ordinate.

4. P•

Q
•

Connect P and Q. This is segment PQ.

−3+ 7 4
5. (2,3). It can be found by = or 2 for the x-coordinate of the
2 2
8 + (− 2 ) 8 − 2 6
midpoint and = = = 3 or 3 for the y-coordinate of
2 2 2
the midpoint.

59
6. Using the distance formula, d = 200 or 10 2 .

Solution: PQ = (x 2 − x 2 ) + (y 2 − y1 )
2 2

= [7 − (− 3)] + (− 2 − 8)
2 2

= (7 + 3) + (− 10)
2 2

= 102 + 10 2

= 100 + 100

= 200 or 10 2
7. C=2
Solution: From the graph
O = (2,2)
K = (5,8)

y 2 − y1
Slope = x −x
2 2

8−2
=
5−2
6
= = 2
3

8. 2x – y – 2 = 0. That is y – 2 = 2 (x – 2)
y – 2 = 2x – 4

9. (10 − 2)2 + (2 − 8)2

= (8) + (− 6)
2 2

= 64 + 36
= 100

= 10
10. M (5,8), O (10,8), D (12,5), U (10,2), L (5,2), E (3,5)

60
 References

Atreed, Gwen. Math for Living: Outdoor Math. Australia: Dominic Publication,1985.
Merrill, Price J. Pre-algebra: A Transition to Algebra. McGraw-Hill, 1995.
Richards, Elaine. Practical Maths. Great Britain: Edward Arnold Publishing, 1982.

61
62
63
64
65
difference of y-coordinates
diference of x-coordinates

66
67
68
69