Q#1:-What Are The Names of Different Conductors Used in WAPDA, Their Voltage and Current Ratings

Q#1:- What are the names of different conductors used in WAPDA,
their voltage and current ratings.

Aluminum conductors are widely used in WAPDA. These conductors
have an edge over copper conductors considering combined factors of
cost, conductivity, tensile strength, weight etc. Aluminum conductors
have completely replaced copper conductors in overhead power lines
because of their lower cost and lower weight. Though an aluminum
conductor has larger diameter than that of a copper conductor of same
resistance, this is actually an advantage when 'Corona' is taken into
consideration. Corona reduces considerably with increase in the
conductor diameter.
Types of aluminum conductors:- Following are four common types of
overhead conductors used for overhead transmission and distribution to
carry generated power from generating stations to the end users.
1. AAC : All Aluminum Conductor
2. AAAC : All Aluminum Alloy Conductor
3. ACSR : Aluminum Conductor, Steel Reinforced
4. ACAR : Aluminum Conductor, Alloy Reinforced
AAC : All Aluminum Conductor
This type is sometimes also referred as ASC (Aluminum Stranded
Conductor). It is made up of strands of EC grade or Electrical
Conductor grade aluminum. AAC conductor has conductivity about
61% IACS (International Annealed Copper Standard). Despite having a
good conductivity, because of its relatively poor strength, AAC has
limited use in transmission and rural distribution lines. However, AAC
can be seen in urban areas for distribution where spans are usually short
but higher conductivity is required.
AAAC : All Aluminum Alloy Conductor
These conductors are made from aluminum alloy 6201 which is a high
strength Aluminum-Magnesium-Silicon alloy. This alloy conductor
offers good electrical conductivity (about 52.5% IACS) with better
mechanical strength. Because of AAAC's lighter weight as compared to
ACSR of equal strength and current capacity, AAAC may be used for
distribution purposes. However, it is not usually preferred for
transmission. Also,AAAC conductors can be employed in coastal areas
because of their excellent corrosion resistance.
ACSR : Aluminum Conductor, Steel Reinforced
ACSR consists of a solid or stranded steel core with one or more layers
of high purity aluminum (aluminum 1350) wires wrapped in spiral. The
core wires may be zinc coated (galvanized) steel or aluminum coated
(aluminized) steel. Galvanization or aluminum coatings are thin and are
applied to protect the steel from corrosion. The central steel core
provides additional mechanical strength and, hence, sag is significantly
less than all other aluminum conductors. ACSR conductors are available
in a wide range of steel content - from 6% to 40%, ASCR conductors are
very widely used for all transmission and distribution purposes.
Aluminum Conductor, Alloy Reinforced
ACAR conductor is formed by wrapping strands of high purity
aluminum (aluminum 1350) on high strength Aluminum-Magnesium-
Silicon alloy (6201 aluminum alloy) core. ACAR has better electrical as
well as mechanical properties than equivalent ACSR conductors. ACAR
conductors may be used in overhead transmission as well as distribution
lines.
Bundled Conductors
Transmission at extra high voltages (say above 220 kV) poses some
problems such as significant corona loss and excessive interference with
nearby communication lines when only one conductor per phase is used.
This is because, at EHV level, the electric field gradient at the surface of
a single conductor is high enough to ionize the surrounding air which
causes corona loss and interference problems. The electric field gradient
can be reduced significantly by employing two or more conductors per
phase in close proximity. Two or more conductors per phase are
connected at intervals by spacers and are called as bundled conductors.
The image at right shows two conductors in bundled form per phase.
Number of conductors in a bundled conductor is greater for higher
voltages.
On H.T Lines (11kV):
These 5 conductor are widely used in WAPDA, the most common use of
DOG conductor and Gopher conductor now not used but it exist in
WAPDA system.
Name of Top tie Side tie
Conductor
Feet Feet
Osprey 13 12
Panther 12 11
Dog 8 7
Rabbit 7 6
Gopher 6 5
On L.T Lines (220 V, 440V):
These 3 conductor are used in WAPDA, Pakistan, the most common use
of Wasp conductor and Gant conductor now not used but it also exist in
WAPDA system.
Name of Conductor Tie(in feet)
Wasp 7
Ant 6
In WAPDA, Pakistan system, the conductors majorly used now are:

L.T conductor:
AAAC (All aluminum alloy conductor)
H.T conductor:
ACSR (aluminum conductor steel reinforcement).
Q#2:-What are the ranges for Low, Medium, High, Ultra High and
Extra High Voltages.
Voltage range:-
 Extra low voltage – below 70 V

 Low voltage – up to 1000V
 Medium voltage – 1000V to 35kV
 High voltage – 35kV to 230kV
 Extra high voltage – above 230kV
 Ultra high voltage – above 800kV
Q#3:- What are Maximum voltages used for transmission in
Pakistan and all over the world?
 Pakistan: The highest AC transmission in Pakistan is 500KV.

 China: highest voltage used is 800 KV. China is also developing
a 1,100 KV system.
 India: 1]Transmission voltage in India (highest) is 750KV AC
 2] DC transmission voltage (highest) in India is
600KV
 Saudi Arabia: The transmission lines voltage in Saudi Arabia is
between (380kv-132kV).
 England: In the UK, the largest power lines (400 kV and 275 kV)
 Bangladesh:The existing transmission voltage levels in
Bangladesh are 66KV, 132KV, 230KV, and 400kV (under
construction)
 Malaysia:The 500 kV transmission system is the single
largest transmission system to be ever developed in Malaysia.
 Germany: In Germany, the operators of the high-voltage grids, i.e.
the 220 and 380 kV grids
 Iran: the country’s transmission network included 132 kV, 230 kV
and 400 kV power lines
 Thailand.:The network encompassing the whole country includes
cables for 115, 230 and 500 kV.
 Kuwait: One is a 3-phase, double circuit, bundle conductor
operating at 300 kV
 Turkey :Turkey's national grid is made of the high voltage
transmission lines at 380 kV, 220 kV, 154 kV and 66 kV levels.
 Australia:Australia, transmission lines carry electricity at
either 132 kV (132,000 volts) or275 kV (275,000 volts).
 Vietnam: 7,503 km of 500 kV lines and 16,920 km of 220 kV
lines.
 South Africa: South Africa has an electrical transmission grid of
over 25 000 km of overhead power lines with voltages of 132 kV
to 765 kV.
 Sudan: The country’s transmission network comprises 66 kV to
500 kV transmission lines.
 Japan:In Japan, electric utilities have installed underground cables
on transmission systems up to 500 kV
 Switzerland: Extra-high-voltage electricity (380,000 volts = 380
kV and 220,000 volts = 220 kV)
 Uzbekistan: consists of 2,331 kilometers (km) of 500 kilovolt
(kV) lines; 6,102 km of 220 kVlines; and 15,426 km of 110
kV lines.
 Tajikistan: 500 kV transmission line

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Q#1:- What are the names of different conductors used in WAPDA,

their voltage and current ratings.

In WAPDA, Pakistan system, the conductors majorly used now are:

 Extra low voltage – below 70 V

 Pakistan: The highest AC transmission in Pakistan is 500KV.

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