Basic Telecommunication - BSNL

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION TO BSNL
India is the fourth largest telecom market in Asia after China, Japan and South
Korea. The Indian telecom network is the eighth largest in the world.
1.1 COMPANY PROFILE

Website www.bsnl.co.in
Head Quarters New Delhi
Owner Government of India
Type Communication service provider
Country India
Availability National except Delhi and Mumbai
Founded 15 September 2000
Key people Anupam Shrivastava (Chairman & MD)
 Fixed line telephone
 Mobile phone
Services  Broadband
 Internet television

Subscribers 114.342 million (December 2018)

Number of employees 174,216 (2018)

Fig 1.1: BSNL logo [1]

Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited is a state-owned telecommunications company

headquartered in New Delhi, India. BSNL is one of the largest Indian cellular service
providers, and the largest land line telephone provider in India. BSNL is India’s oldest
and largest communication service provider. It had a customer base of 100 million as of

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2019. It has footprints throughout India except for the metropolitan cities of Mumbai
and New Delhi, which are managed by Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited. BSNL is
the only service provider, making focused efforts and planned initiatives to bridge the
Rural-Urban Digital Divide ICT sector. In fact there is no telecom operator in the
country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of
country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai. Whether it is inaccessible
areas of Siachen glacier and North-eastern region of the country BSNL serves its
customers with its wide bouquet of telecom services. BSNL is numerous operator of
India in all services in its license area.
The company offers wide ranging & most transparent tariff schemes designed to
suite every customer. In basic services, BSNL is miles ahead, with 85 per cent share of
the subscriber base and 92 percent share in revenue terms. BSNL has more than 3
million WLL subscribers and 3 million Internet Customers who access Internet through
various modes. BSNL has been adjudged as the NUMBER ONE ISP in the country.
BSNL has set up a world class multi-gigabit, multi-protocol convergent IP infrastructure
that provides convergent services like voice, data and video through the same Backbone
and Broadband Access Network. At present there are 1 Million broadband customers.
The company has vast experience in Planning, Installation, network integration
and Maintenance of Switching & Transmission Networks and also has a world class ISO
9000 certified Telecom Training Institute. In fact there is no telecom operator in the
country to beat its reach with its wide network giving services in every nook & corner of
country and operates across India except Delhi & Mumbai.

1.2 ACHIEVEMENTS OF BSNL

 BSNL has a customer base of over 120 crore and is the fourth largest integrated
telecom operator in the country.
 BSNL is the market leader in Broadband, landline and national transmission network.
 BSNL is also the only operator covering over 5 lakh village with telecom
connectivity.
 Area of operation of BSNL is all India except Delhi & Mumbai.

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1.3 DEPARTMENTS VISITED

This table shows the departments visited in particular period and the equipment used
while training.
Table 1.1: Departments visited during training

Departments Visited Duration Equipment used

Optical-fiber
11 Jan 2019 to 18 Jan 2019 Optical fiber, Fusion splicer
communication

Working of
C-DOT, MDF, Telecom
Telecommunication 21 Jan 2019 to 25 Jan 2019
Network
Network

Exchange Shifting 28 Jan 2019 to 30 Jan 2019 Landline Exchange

Broadband 1 Feb 2019 to 6 Feb 2019 Switch room, OFC room

Mobile Communication 7 Feb 2019 to 10 Feb 2019

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CHAPTER 2
IMPORTANCE OF OPTICAL FIBER IN
TELECOMMUNICATION
2.1 INTRODUCTION TO OPTICAL FIBER
Optical fiber uses light pulses instead of electrical pulses to transmit information,
thus delivers hundreds of times higher bandwidth than traditional electrical systems. Fiber
optic cable can be protected by sheathing and armor to make it resistant to harsh
environment conditions. Hence it is widely adopted in commercial business,
governments, military and many other industries for voice, video and data transmission.
The field of fiber optics communications has exploded over the past two decades.
Fiber is an integral part of modern day communication infrastructure and can be found
along roads, in buildings, hospitals and machinery. The fiber itself is a strand of silica
based glass, it's dimensions similar to those of a human hair, surrounded by a transparent
cladding. Light can be transmitted along the fiber over great distances at very high data
rates providing an ideal medium for the transport of information.[2]
Fiber Structure:
The figure 2.1 shows the typical structure of a fiber used for communication links. It has
an inner glass core with an outer cladding. This is covered with a protective buffer and
outer jacket. This design of fiber is light and has a very low loss , making it ideal for the
transmission of information over long distances. The fiber itself is a strand of silica based
glass, it's dimensions similar to those of a human hair, surrounded by a transparent
cladding.
Light in a fiber:
The light propagates along the fiber by the process of total internal reflection. The light is
contained within the glass core and cladding by careful design of their refractive indices.
The loss along the fiber is low and the signal is not subject to electromagnetic
interference which plagues other methods of signal transmission, such as radio or copper
wire links. The signal is, however, degraded by other means particular to the fiber such as
dispersion and non linear effects caused by a high power density in the fiber core.

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Fig 2.1: Optical Fiber Structure

2.2 PRINCIPLE OF OPTICAL FIBER COMMUNICATION

The optical fiber communication can be explained from the below figure 2.2. The
principle of optical fiber communication is: in the sending end, to transfer the information
such as voice into electrical signals firstly ,then send to laser modulation of the laser
beam, strengthen the light signal with the amplitude change, and send out through the
optical fiber; At the receive end, after receiving light signal, the detector transforms it into
electrical signals, recover to original information after demodulation.
An optical fiber is a cylindrical dielectric waveguide that transmits light along its
axis, by the process of total internal reflection. The fiber consists of a core surrounded by
a cladding layer, both of which are made of dielectric materials. To confine the optical
signal in the core, the refractive index of the core must be greater than that of the
cladding. The boundary between the core and cladding may either be abrupt, in step-
index fiber, or gradual, in graded-index fiber. [2]

Fig 2.2: Optical fiber communication

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BASIC TERMS
Absorption
The portion of optical attenuation in optical fiber resulting from the conversion of optical
power to heat .Caused by impurities in the fiber such as hydroxyl ions.
Acceptance Angle
The angle over which the core of an optical fiber accepts incoming light; usually
measured from the fiber axis. Related to numerical aperture.
Angle of Incidence
The angle between an incident ray and the normal to a reflecting or refracting surface.
Angular Misalignment
Loss at a connector due to fiber end face angles being misaligned.
AR Coating
Antireflection coating. A thin, dielectric or metallic film applied to an optical surface to
reduce its reflectance and thereby increase its transmittance.
Attenuation
Reduction of signal magnitude, or loss, normally measured in decibels. Fiber attenuation
is normally measured per unit length in decibels per kilometer. The decrease in signal
strength along a fiber optic waveguide caused by absorption and scattering. Attenuation is
usually expressed in dB/km.
Bending Loss
Attenuation caused by high-order modes radiating from the outside of a fiber optic
waveguide which occur when the fiber is bent around a small radius.
Bragg Scattering
Scattering of light caused by a change in refractive index, as used in Fiber Bragg Gratings
and Distributed Bragg Reflectors.
Critical Angle
The angle at which light in a high-refractive-index material undergoes total internal
reflection. In geometric optics, at a refractive boundary, the smallest angle of incidence at
which total internal reflection occurs.
Crosstalk
Any phenomenon by which a signal transmitted on one channel of a transmission system
creates and undesired effect in another channel.

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Destructive Interference
Any interference that decreases the desired signal. For example, two light waves that are
equal in amplitude and frequency, and out of phase by 180°, will negate one another.
Detector
A device that generates an electrical signal when illuminated by light. The most common
fiber-optic detectors are photodiodes.
Dispersion
The stretching of light pulses as they travel in an optical fiber, which increases their
duration. The temporal spreading of a light signal in an optical waveguide caused by light
signals traveling at different speeds through a fiber either due to modal or chromatic
effects.
Fabry Perot Laser
A laser oscillator in which two mirrors are separated by an amplifying medium with an
inverted population, making a Fabry-Perot cavity. Standard diode lasers are Fabry-Perot
lasers.
Fiber Grating
An optical fiber in which the refractive index of the core varies periodically along its
length, scattering light in a way similar to a diffraction grating, and transmitting or
reflecting certain wavelengths selectively.
Material Dispersion
Pulse dispersion caused by variation of a material's refractive index with wavelength.
Microbending
Tiny bends in a fiber that allow light to leak out and increase loss. Mechanical stress on a
fiber that introduces local discontinuities,  which results in light leaking from the core to
the cladding by a process called mode coupling.
Refraction
The bending of light as it passes between materials of different refractive index.
Refractive Index
The speed of light in a vacuum divided by the speed of light in a material, abbreviated n,
which measures how materials refract light. [3]
2.3 FIBER SPLICING
Fiber splicing is the process of permanently joining two fibers together. Unlike fiber
connectors, which are designed for easy reconfiguration on cross-connect or patch panels.
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There are two types of fiber splicing – mechanical splicing and fusion splicing.
 Mechanical splicing doesn’t physically fuse two optical fibers together, rather two
fibers are held butt-to-butt inside a sleeve with some mechanical mechanism. You
will get worse insertion loss and back reflection in mechanical splices than in
fusion splices. Mechanical splicing is mostly used for emergency repairs and fiber
testing.
 The second type splicing is called fusion splicing. In fusion splicing, two fibers
are literally welded (fused) together by an electric arc. Fusion splicing is the most
widely used method of splicing as it provides for the lowest insertion loss and
virtually no back reflection. Fusion splicing provides the most reliable joint
between two fibers. Fusion splicing is done by an automatic machine called fusion
splicer. [2]

ELECTRIC ARC FUSION

The splicing process begins by preparing both fiber ends for fusion, which
requires that all protective coating is removed or stripped from the ends of each fiber and
clean the fiber to remove impurities. The fiber is then cleaved using the score-and-break
method so that its end-face is perfectly flat and perpendicular to the axis of the fiber. The
quality of each fiber end is inspected using a microscope.
Current fusion splicers are either core or cladding alignment. Using one of these
methods the two cleaved fibers are automatically aligned by the fusion splicer in the x,y,z
plane, then are fused together. Prior to the removal of the spliced fiber from the fusion
splicer, a proof-test is performed to ensure that the splice is strong enough to survive
handling, packaging and extended use.
A simplified optical splicing procedure includes:
1. Characteristics of placement of the splicing process.
2. Checking fiber optic splice closure content and supplementary kits.
3. Cable installation in oval outlet.
4. Cable preparation.
5. Organization of the fibers inside the tray.
6. Installing the heat-shrinkable sleeve and testing it. [4]

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Fig 2.3: Electric arc fusion of optical fiber [4]

2.4 ADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER
1. Greater Bandwidth & Faster Speed—Optical fiber cable supports extremely high
bandwidth and speed. The amount of information that can be transmitted per unit
of optical fiber cable is its most significant advantage.
2. Cheap—Several miles of optical fiber cable can be made cheaper than equivalent
lengths of copper wire. With numerous vendors swarm to compete for the market
share, optical cable price would sure to drop.
3. Thinner and Light-weighted—Optical fiber is thinner, and can be drawn to smaller
diameters than copper wire. They are of smaller size and light weight than a
comparable copper wire cable, offering a better fit for places where space is a
concern.
4. Higher carrying capacity—Because optical fibers are much thinner than copper
wires, more fibers can be bundled into a given-diameter cable. This allows more
phone lines to go over the same cable or more channels to come through the cable into
your cable TV box.
5. Less signal degradation—The loss of signal in optical fiber is less than that in
copper wire.
6. Light signals—Unlike electrical signals transmitted in copper wires, light signals
from one fiber do not interfere with those of other fibers in the same fiber cable. This
means clearer phone conversations or TV reception.
7. Long Lifespan—Optical fibers usually have a longer life cycle for over 100 years.

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2.5 DISADVANTAGES OF OPTICAL FIBER

1. Limited Application—Fiber optic cable can only be used on ground, and it cannot
leave the ground or work with the mobile communication.
2. Low Power—Light emitting sources are limited to low power. Although high power
emitters are available to improve power supply, it would add extra cost.
3. Fragility—Optical fiber is rather fragile and more vulnerable to damage compared to
copper wires. You’d better not to twist or bend fiber optic cables.
4. Distance—The distance between the transmitter and receiver should keep short or
repeaters are needed to boost the signal.

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CHAPTER 3
WORKING OF BASIC TELECOMMUNICATION
NETWORK
This section includes brief introduction of how a call is processed when we dial a
call from basic telephone to another basic telephone or from basic to mobile or vice versa.
3.1 CALL SETUP
1. When a subscriber calls to another subscriber first its request goes to the
nearest switching centre that is PSTN. Then it processes the caller and
subscriber’s number if it exists in the same BSC then call setup is completed.
2. If subscriber is not in the same BSC then call transfer to MSC then it transfers
the call to prior BSC then call setup is completed.
3. If Caller calls to a mobile subscriber then call transfer is done by MTSO now
call transfer is done on BTSs and call setup is completed.

Fig: 3.1 How lines reaches from subscriber to exchange [4]

FUNCTION OF EXCHANGE
 Exchange of information with subscriber lines with other exchange. This is done by
two type of signaling:
i) In channel signaling
ii) Common channel signaling
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 Processing of signaling information and controlling the operation of signaling

network.
 Charging and billing.
3.2 ELECTRONIC EXCHANGE
 All control functions by series of instructions are stored in memory.
 Memories are modifiable and control program can always be rewritten. For each call
processing step decision is taken according to class of service.

3.3 CARRIER ROOM:

Leased line connectivity is provided in carrier room. This room has two parts:
 Conventional leased line system
 MLLN

3.3.1 CONVENTIONAL LEASED LINE SYSTEM:

 It consists of modems and routers that are provided by the company requesting for
that network.
 Connectivity of different ATM, banks etc. is provided by BSNL here.
 Modems are used for short distances i.e. trans and receive part are received here and
local lead connection is given to the subscriber.
 Local lead faults can be handled here but the trans and receive faults can be handled
by the department meant for it.
 Accept 64Kbps or 2 Mbps.
 For long distance communication we have MUXS and data is sent through optical
fibers. MUXS are present at both the ends.

3.3.2 MANAGED LEASED LINE NETWORK:

 No open wiring.
 Route can be changed by the computer software

3.4 MDF
MDF is a media between switching network and subscriber’s line. It is a
termination point within the local telephone exchange where exchange equipment and
terminations of local loops are connected by jumper wires. This is a signal distribution

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frame or cable rack used in telephony to interconnect and manage telecommunication

wiring between itself and any number of intermediate distribution frames and cabling
from the telephony network it supports.

Fig 3.2: MDF [5]

3.4.1 FUNCTIONS OF MDF:
 All cable copper wires supplying services through user telephone lines are terminated
and distributed through MDF.
 The most common kind of large MDF is a long steel rack accessible from both sides.
Each jumper is a twisted wire.
 It consists of local connection and broadband connection frames for the main
Exchange area.
 The MDF usually holds central office protective devices including heat coils and
functions as a test point between a line and the office.
 It provides testing of calls.
 It checks whether fault is indoor or external.
 All lines terminate individually.

3.5 POWER PLANT

 It provides -48V to the switch rooms and 48V to the connections.
 Batteries are artificially discharged once in a year for their maintenance.
 Cooling is provided through fans & AC.
 There is earth region too for protection.

3.6 HOW A TELECOM EXCHANGE WORKS

A telephone exchange or telephone switch is a system of electronic components
that connects telephone calls. A central office is the physical building used to house
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inside plant equipment including telephone switches, which make telephone calls “work”
in the sense of making connections and relaying the speech information.
It require -48 Vdc.
The basic block diagram for a telecom exchange is as follows [6]

Fig 3.3 : Block diagram of telephone exchange [6]

3.7 ENGINE AND ALTERNATOR
It provides AC output in the event of commercial power supply failure. The diesel
engine provides the prime mover to the alternator so that the alternating current is
generated to support the exchange systems.
150 KV Generator with 6 Silinder, and it require 24 V DC for Starting System

3.8 OMC
It contains input-output processor terminals, visual display units, printers,
cartridges, etc. It controls the entire operation of exchange data and billing data. The new
connections, adding and removing of facilities to the subscriber is done in the OMC
room.
3.9 SWITCH
It provides the switching facility and connection to the outside of the exchange. The
switch room contains actual telephone switching hardware such as cabinets, racks, slots
and cards. Switching is the most important part of the exchange process.

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CHAPTER 4
SWITCHING
4.1 SWITCHING
A switch is defined as establishing a temporary connection from the calling
subscriber to the called subscriber. Switch is a device that makes the connection and
breaks the connection. It is a device that channels incoming data from any of the multiple
input ports to the specific input that will take the data toward its intended destination.
A Digital switching system, in general, is one in which signals are switched in
digital form. These signals may represent speech or data. The digital signals of several
speech samples are time multiplexed on a common media before being switched through
the system.
To connect any two subscribers, it is necessary to interconnect the time-slots of
the two speech samples which may be on same or different PCM highways. The
digitalized speech samples are switched in two modes, viz., Time Switching and Space
Switching. [7]

Fig 4.1 : General Diagram of a Digital Switch [7]

AU : Subscriber rack for feeding current and other functionalities

Interface: Interface between main exchange and subscribers/Trunks
Switch: Main switching network and other exchange equipment
MDD: Magnetic Disk Drive for storing data

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MTD: Magnetic Tape Drive for backup and regeneration of the exchange
OMT: Operation and Maintenance terminal to issue various commands.
Control: Processor to control peripherals and interfacing Main Exchange.
Printer: To get hard copy for all the reports.
Different types of Electronic Switches are –
1. C-DOT : Indian Made
2. E10B : France Made
3. OCB : France Made
4. EWSD : Germany Made
4.2C-DOT
The Centre for Development of Telematics was established in August 1984 as an
autonomous body. Its goal was to develop telecommunication technology to meet the
needs of the Indian telecommunication network.
In the initial years, a telecom revolution in rural India that was responsible for all-
round socio-economic development from global connectivity. As part of its development
process, C-DOT spawned equipment manufacturers and component vendors. Research
and development facilities were located at its Delhi and Bangalore campuses.
Within a very short time, telecom switching products suited to Indian conditions
appeared in the form of small rural automatic exchanges and medium size switches as
SBMs for towns. This was followed by higher capacity digital switches known as main
automatic exchanges, C-DOT technology spread across the country through its licensed
manufacturers..
Beginning with digital switching systems, C-DOT developed products for optical,
satellite and wireless communication from circuit switching technology, ATM and next
generation networks. From a purely hardware development centre, it diversified into
development of telecom software like IN, NMS, Data Clearing House and from a
protected environment of closed market to an open and competitive market. [8]
While developing the RAX/MAX digital switches, C-DOT also evolved processes
and procedures for manufacturing the switches in Indian factories which set up an Indian
manufacturing vendor base. Later, C -DOT projects included central monitoring systems
for telecom security, for the Indian government. C-DOT spawned equipment
manufacturers and component vendors. Research and development facilities were located
at its Delhi and Bangalore campuses.
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Fig 4.2: C-DOT RAX [8]

BLOCK DIAGRAM
C-DOT DSS MAX exchange can be configured using four basic modules
1. Base Module
2. Central Module
3. Administrative Module
4. Input Output Module

Fig 4.3: C-DOT Architecture [8]

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CHAPTER 5
LEASED LINES
5.1 INTRODUCTION TO LEASED LINES
A leased line is a permanent fiber optic or telephone connection between two
points set up by a telecommunications carrier. They can be used for telephone, data, or
Internet services. Businesses use a leased line to connect to geographically distant offices
because it guarantees bandwidth for network traffic. For example, a bank may use a
leased line in order to easily transfer financial information from one office to another.
Customers generally pay a flat monthly rate for the service depending on the distance
between the two points. Leased lines do not have telephone numbers. The information
sent through the leased line travels along dedicated secure channels, eliminating the
congestion that occurs in shared networks.

5.2 DRAWBACKS OF TRADITIONAL LEASED LINE CIRCUITS

1. Limited range of services - Only Plain Leased Line Service, Data cards support
only up to 64 kbps, no support for N x 64 Kbps.
2. From Operator point of view in case of Leased Line Circuit different boxes from
different vendors so difficult to manage & control.
3. No Centralized Monitoring or alarm or performance monitoring.
The solution to this is MLLN.

5.3 MLLN
The MLLN known as Managed Leased Line Network. MLLN service is specially
designed mainly for having effective control and monitoring on the leased line so that the
down time is minimized and the circuit efficiency is increased. This mainly deals with
data circuits ranging from 64 Kbps to 2048 Kbps.

MLLN FEATURES:
1. MLLN is an integrated, fully managed, multi service digital network platform
through which service provider can offer a wide range of service at an optimal
cost to business subscriber.
2. Using NMS, MLLN can provide high speed Leased Line with improved QoS,
high availability & reliability.

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3. Except for connecting the local lead to the MODEM all operations & maintenance is
carried out through ROT.
4. NMS supports service provisioning, Network optimization, planning & service
monitoring.
5. System offers end to end circuit creation and modification, circuit loop testing & fault
isolation, automatic rerouting of traffic in case of trunk failure, software
programmability of NTU etc.
6. Banking, Financial institution, Stock market, paper industry, broadcasting & Internet
service Provider are the main customers for MLLN.

MLLN ADVANTAGES:
1. 24 hrs Performance Monitoring of the circuit.
2. Circuit fault reports generated proactively.
3. On Demand the Bandwidth can be increased.
4. Low lead time for new circuit provisioning.
5. Protection against the failure of the circuit through recovery Management process either
automatic or manually.
6. Long drive on single copper pair: for 64 kbps – 7 kms & for 2mbps – 3.5 kms
7. Centrally managed from ROT connected to the NMS.

APPLICATION OF MLLN:
1. Corporate high speed internet access through Broadband.
2. LAN interconnection.
3. Hotline connectivity for voice.
4. Point to point connection for data circuit.
5. Point to multipoint connection.

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CHAPTER 6
BROADBAND
An “always-on” data connection that is able to support interactive services including
Internet access and has the capability of the minimum download speed of 256 kilobits per
second (kbps) to an individual subscriber from the POP of the service provider is called
Broadband.
Data rates are defined in terms of maximum download because network and server
conditions significantly affect the maximum speeds that can be achieved and because
common consumer broadband technologies such as ADSL are “asymmetric” supporting
much lower maximum upload data rate than download. In practice, the advertised maximum
bandwidth is not always reliably available to the customer; physical.
Link quality can vary, and ISPs usually allow a greater number of subscribers than
their backbone connection or neighborhood access network can handle, under the assumption
that most users will not be using their full connection capacity very frequently. This
aggregation strategy known as a contended service works more often than not, so users can
typically burst to their full bandwidth most of the time however, peer-to-peer filesharing
systems, often requiring extended durations of high bandwidth usage, violate these
assumptions, and can cause major problems for ISPs. In some cases the contention ratio, or a
download cap, is agreed in the contract, and businesses and other customers, who need a
lower contention ratio or even an uncondensed service, are typically charged more. When
traffic is particularly heavy, the ISP can deliberately throttle back user traffic, or just some
kinds of traffic. This is known as traffic shaping. Careful use of traffics happing by the
network provider can ensure quality of service for time critical services even one extremely
busy networks, but overuse can lead to concerns about network neutrality if certain types of
traffic are severely or completely blocked. [9]
6.1 FEATURES OF BROADBAND
 Fast connection to the Internet
Access to the services which would otherwise be impossible on a slower dial up
connection. These include facilities such as downloading music or video footage,

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listening to your favorite radio station or downloading (or sending) large attached files
with emails.
 “Always-on” connection
Means that you are permanently connected to the internet; hence no need to dial up
connection every time you want to surf the web, send email, etc.
 Flat-rate billing
If you choose an uncapped rate there will be no additional charges for the time you are
online. You can use it as much or as little as you would like, for a fixed fee. Some
connections are available at a lower cost, but limit you to the amount of data being
downloaded known as ‘capped rate’.
 Dedicated connection
Simultaneous use of both telephone & data line.

6.2 WIRE LINE BROADBAND TECHNOLOGIES

6.2.1 ADSL
ADSL exploits the copper wires which have a much greater bandwidth or range of
frequencies than that demanded for voice without disturbing the line’s ability to carry phone
conversations. The A stands for asymmetric, meaning that data transmission rate is not the
same in both directions i.e., more bandwidth, or data-carrying capacity, is devoted to data
travelling downstream-from the Internet to your PC-than to upstream data travelling from
your PC to the Internet. The reason for the imbalance is that, generally upstream traffic is
very limited to a few words at a time, like for example, an URL request and downstream
traffic, carrying graphics, multimedia, and shareware program downloads needs the extra
capacity. An ADSL circuit connects an ADSL modem on each end of a twisted pair
telephone line, creating three information channels
1. A high speed downstream channel
2. A medium speed duplex channel
3. A basic telephone service channel The basic telephone service channel is split
off from the digital modem by filters, thus guaranteeing uninterrupted basic
telephone service, even if ADSL fails.

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Features of ADSL
1. Allows simultaneous access to the line by the telephone and the computer
2. In case of power/ADSL failure, data transmission is lost but basic telephone service will
be operational
3. ADSL Provides 16-1000 kbps upstream and 1.5-24 Mbps downstream. It can work up to
a distance of 3.7 to 5.5 km depending upon the speed required.
Advantages of ADSL

1. You can leave your Internet connection open and still use the phone line for voice calls.
2. The speed is much higher than a regular modem
3. DSL doesn’t necessarily require new wiring; it can use the phone line you already have.
4. In BSNL, Broadband Access Network, there has to be an ADSL modem on either end of
the telephone line. One end of the line, terminated at Subscriber’s premises is first
connected to the splitter which filter out the low frequency voice to be connected to the
telephone instrument. The higher frequency, which carries the data is connected to the
modem. The connectivity is shown in the figure 1 given below.

Fig 6.1: Broadband Connections [9]

The other end is terminated at service providers end which also has similar
arrangement. But at service providers point, numerous ADSL lines are terminated and there

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has to be equal number of splitters and ADSL modems. So instead of separate splitters &
modems, it is aggregated into single nit called Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer.
So one side of the DSLAM interfaces the subscriber lines and the other side interfaces to the
core network through several LAN switches. Before being given access to the subscriber,
subscriber is authenticated based on username and password by the BRAS. After
authentication, subscriber is authorized to access the providers core network and in turn is
connected to whatever service or content the subscriber demands and accounting is initiated
based on either time based or volume based billing. The LAN Switch collocated with the
Core router is termed as Tier 1 Switch and all other LAN switches which aggregate the
DSLAM are called Tier -2 switches. DSLAMs can also be aggregated to Tier -1 switch.
 The various components in the Broadband Access Network are
 Customer Premises Equipment(CPE) (ADSL Modem & Splitter)
 Digital Subscriber Line Access Multiplexer (DSLAM)
 LAN Switches: for aggregating DSLAM (Tier -1 & Tier -2 Switch)
 Broadband Remote Access Server (BRAS)
6.2.2 DSL
DSL is a family of technologies that provides digital data transmission over the wires
of a local telephone network. DSL originally stood for digital subscriber loop. In
telecommunications marketing, the term Digital Subscriber Line is widely understood to
mean ADSL, the most commonly installed technical variety of DSL. DSL service is
delivered simultaneously with regular telephone on the same telephone line. This is possible
because DSL uses a higher frequency. These frequency bands are subsequently separated by
filtering. The data throughput of consumer DSL services typically ranges from 256 Kb/s to
20 Mbit/s in the direction to the customer (downstream), depending on DSL technology, line
conditions, and service-level implementation. In ADSL, the data throughput in the upstream
direction, i.e. in the direction to the service provider is lower, hence the designation of
asymmetric service. In SDSL service, the downstream and upstream data rates are equal.

6.2.3 ISDN
ISDN is one of the oldest broadband digital access methods for consumers and businesses to
connect to the Internet. It is a telephone data service standard. A basic rate ISDN line known
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as ISDN-BRI is an ISDN line with 2 data “bearer” channels (DS0 -64 Kbit/s each). Using
ISDN terminal adapters, it is possible to bond together 2 or more separate ISDN-BRI lines to
reach bandwidths of 256 Kbit/s or more. The ISDN channel bonding technology has been
used for video conference applications and broadband data transmission.
Advantages
 Constant data rate at 64 Kbit/s for each DS0 channel.
 Two way broadband symmetric data transmission, unlike ADSL.
 One of the data channels can be used for phone conversation without
 disturbing the data transmission through the other data channel. When a phone call is
ended, the bearer channel can immediately dial and re-connect itself to the data call.
 Call setup is very quick.
 Low latency
 ISDN Voice clarity is unmatched by other phone services.
 Caller ID is almost always available for no additional fee.
 Maximum distance from the central office is much greater than it is for DSL.
6.2.4 BPL
BPL also known as power -line Internet or power band, is the use of PLC technology
to provide broadband Internet access through ordinary power lines. A computer (or any other
device) would need only to plug a BPL modem into any outlet in an equipped building to
have high-speed Internet-access.
BPL offer benefits over regular cable or DSL connections: the extensive
infrastructure already available appears to allow people in remote locations to access the
Internet with relatively little equipment investment by the utility. Also, such ubiquitous
availability would make it much easier for other electronics, such as televisions or sound
systems, to hook up. The use of PLC technology to provide broadband Internet access
through ordinary power lines. Cost of running wires such as Ethernet in many buildings can
be prohibitive; Relying on wireless has number of predictable problems including security,
limited maximum throughput and inability to power devices efficiently.

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6.3 APPLICATIONS OF BROADBAND

 Basic WWW browsing and Email access
 Run Servers - Web / FTP
 Business tariff, can depend on company
 Some technologies are asymmetric like cable, ADSL
 VOD
 Audio Streams - Internet Radio
 Fast File Transfers - Possibility of downloading large files in short period of time

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CHAPTER 7
MOBILE COMMUNICATION
A mobile phone, cell phone or hand phone is an electronic device used to make
mobile telephone calls across a wide geographic area, served by many public cells,
allowing the user to be mobile. By contrast, a cordless telephone is used only within the
range of a single, private base station, for example within a home or an office.
A mobile phone can make and receive telephone calls to and from the public
telephone network which includes other mobiles and fixed-line phones across the world.
It does this by connecting to a cellular network provided by a mobile network operator. In
addition to telephony, modern mobile phones also support a wide variety of other services
such as text messaging, MMS, email, Internet access, short range wireless
communications like infrared, Bluetooth, business applications, gaming and photography.
Mobile phones that offer these more general computing capabilities are referred to as
smart phones. [10]

7.1 GENERATIONS
Generation: 1
 Analog [routines for sending voice]
 All systems are incompatible
 No international roaming
Generation: 2
 Digital [voice encoding]
 Increased capacity
 More security
 Compatibility
 Can use TDMA or CDMA for increasing capacity
Generation: 2.5
 Packet-switching
 Connection to the internet is paid by packets and not by connection time.
 Connection to internet is cheaper and faster [up to 56KBps]

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Generation: 3
 Permanent web connection at 2Mbps
 Internet, phone and media: 3 in 1
 The standard based on GSM is called UMTS.
 The EDGE standard is the development of GSM towards 3G.

Generation: 4
 Spectrally efficient
 Able to dynamically allocate network resources in a cell
 Able to support smooth handover
 Able to offer high quality of service
 Based on an all-IP packet-switched network

The genius of the cellular system is the division of a city into small cells. This allows
extensive frequency reuse across a city, so that millions of people can use cell phones
simultaneously. In a typical analog cell-phone system, the cell-phone carrier receives
about 800 frequencies to use across the city. The carrier chops up the city into cells. Each
cell is typically sized at about 10 square miles i.e. 26 square 22 kilometres. Cells are
normally thought of as hexagons on a big hexagonal grid, like this:

Fig 7.1: Cell Phones and base Stations [11]

7.2 HOW A CALL IS CONNECTED

 When you first power up the phone, it listens for an SID on the control channel. The
control channel is a special frequency that the phone and base station use to talk to
one another about things like call set-up and channel changing. If the phone cannot
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find any control channels to listen to, it knows it is out of range and displays a “no
service” message.
 When it receives the SID, the phone compares it to the SID programmed into the
phone. If the SIDs match, the phone knows that the cell it is communicating with is
part of its home system.
 Along with the SID, the phone also transmits a registration request, and the MTSO
keeps track of your phone’s location in a database — this way, the MTSO knows
which cell you are in when it wants to ring your phone.
 The MTSO gets the call, and it tries to find you. It looks in its database to see which
cell you are in.
 The MTSO picks a frequency pair that your phone will use in that cell to take the call.
 The MTSO communicates with your phone over the control channel to tell it which
frequencies to use, and once your phone and the tower switch on those frequencies,
the call is connected. Now, you are talking by two-way radio to a friend.
 As you move toward the edge of your cell, your cell’s base station notes that your
signal strength is diminishing. Meanwhile, the base station in the cell you are moving
towards (which is listening and measuring signal strength on all frequencies, not just
its own one-seventh) sees your phone’s signal strength increasing. The two base
stations coordinate with each other through the MTSO, and at some point, your phone
gets a signal on a control channel telling it to change frequencies. This hand off
switches your phone to the new cell.
Let’s say you’re on the phone and you move from one cell to another — but the
cell you move into is covered by another service provider, not yours. Instead of dropping
the call, it’ll actually be handed off to the other service provider. If the SID on the control
channel does not match the SID programmed into your phone, then the phone knows it is
roaming. The MTSO of the cell that you are roaming in contacts the MTSO of your home
system, which then checks its database to confirm that the SID of the phone you are using
is valid. Your home system verify your phone to the local MTSO, which then tracks your
phone as you move through its cells. And the amazing thing is that all of this happens
within seconds.

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CHAPTER 8
REFLECTION
With the completion of training in BSNL, I was able to benefit from new things
from this training. I learnt how the optical fiber made revolution in the telecom industry
and also how the telephone communication works. The various aspects regarding the
working of telecommunications, the various modules in the telecom exchange and their
importance in the exchange process was explained. Also, information about broadband
internet and its requirements was provided. Along with technical lecture sessions,
practical sessions were also conducted where the telecom exchanges and their equipment.
This helped me in gaining better practical knowledge along with theory. In this place I
experienced how to mingle with those people around me, how to manage when problem
occurs.

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CHAPTER 8
CONCLUSION
Bharat Sanchar Nigam Ltd. Formed in October 2000 is the world’s 7 th largest
Telecommunications company providing comprehensive range of telecom services in
India: Wired-line, CDMA mobile, GSM mobile, Internet, Broadband, Carrier Service,
MPLS-VPN,VSAT, VoIP services, IN services, etc. Presently it is one of the largest and
leading public sector unit in India.
The training was aimed at providing the students with basic knowledge about
telecommunications and the working of telecom exchanges. The various aspects
regarding the working of telecommunications, the various modules in the telecom
exchange and their importance in the exchange process was explained. Both wired and
wireless communication aspects were explained. Also, information about broadband
internet and its requirements was provided. Along with technical lecture sessions,
practical sessions were also conducted where the telecom exchanges and their equipment
were shown and explained.

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REFERENCES
[1] www.bsnl.co.in
[2] Ira Jacobs, Optical Fiber Communication Technology and System Overview, Trends
in Optical Fibre Metrology and Standards, Vol. 285, 1995, pp 567-591
[3] https://lightel.com/fiber-optic-terms-and-definitions
[4] https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Communication_Systems/Telephone_System
[5] https://www.techopedia.com/definition/2233/main-distribution-frame-mdf
[6] S. C. Mishra, The Telephone Exchange-Principal Parts and their Functions, IETE
Journal of Education, 1960, pp 106-107.
[7] Rakib, Sakhawat, Switching and Signaling in Telecommunication Network, 1984
[8] www.cdot.in
[9] https://www.techopedia.com/definition/794/broadband
[10] https://electronicsforu.com/technology-trends/mobile-communication-1g-4g
[11] https://phys.org/base-station

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