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    Transmission Lines: 1 Single Transmission-Line Equations

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    Ioan Tudosa
    1) The document discusses transmission line equations for a single lossless transmission line as a function of time and position along the line. It presents the telegrapher's equations and their frequency domain solutions. 2) The solutions describe forward and backward traveling wave components on the transmission line. Each component is a summation of multiple reflected waves between the source and load terminations. 3) The time domain solutions represent the voltage and current as a superposition of delayed and attenuated versions of the original signal, accounting for multiple reflections between the source and load.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    Transmission Lines: 1 Single Transmission-Line Equations

    Uploaded by

    Ioan Tudosa
    52 views5 pages
    1) The document discusses transmission line equations for a single lossless transmission line as a function of time and position along the line. It presents the telegrapher's equations and their frequency domain solutions. 2) The solutions describe forward and backward traveling wave components on the transmission line. Each component is a summation of multiple reflected waves between the source and load terminations. 3) The time domain solutions represent the voltage and current as a superposition of delayed and attenuated versions of the original signal, accounting for multiple reflections between the source and load.

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    1) The document discusses transmission line equations for a single lossless transmission line as a function of time and position along the line. It presents the telegrapher's equations and their frequency domain solutions. 2) The solutions describe forward and backward traveling wave components on the transmission line. Each component is a summation of multiple reflected waves between the source and load terminations. 3) The time domain solutions represent the voltage and current as a superposition of delayed and attenuated versions of the original signal, accounting for multiple reflections between the source and load.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    52 views5 pages

    Transmission Lines: 1 Single Transmission-Line Equations

    Uploaded by

    Ioan Tudosa
    1) The document discusses transmission line equations for a single lossless transmission line as a function of time and position along the line. It presents the telegrapher's equations and their frequency domain solutions. 2) The solutions describe forward and backward traveling wave components on the transmission line. Each component is a summation of multiple reflected waves between the source and load terminations. 3) The time domain solutions represent the voltage and current as a superposition of delayed and attenuated versions of the original signal, accounting for multiple reflections between the source and load.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 5

    1

    Transmission Lines
    1 Single transmission-line equations

    Consider the basic telegrapher's equations for a single ideal (lossless, dispersionless)

    transmission line as a function of the time t and the position x along the line (see Figure

    1).

    ∂V ∂I
    − =L (1a)
    ∂x ∂t
    ∂I ∂V
    − =C (1b)
    ∂x ∂t

    where V and I are the voltage and current, respectively, and L and C are the inductance

    and capacitance per unit length. Solutions must be sought for the voltage and current

    which

    Figure 1. (a) Basic electrical model for lossless transmission line. (b) Representation of a single
    ideal lossless microstrip line with linear resistive terminations.
    2

    satisfy the boundary conditions at x=0 and at x=l, where l is the length of the line. First,

    Equations (1) are combined to yield the second-order differential equations

    ∂ 2V ∂ 2V
    = LC (2a)
    ∂x 2 ∂t 2

    ∂2 I ∂2 I
    = CL 2 (2b)
    ∂x 2 ∂t

    For matters of convenience, we need to find a frequency-domain solution for a time-

    harmonic excitation of frequency f = ω/2π where ω is the angular frequency. This

    implies that V and I have ejωt time dependence; therefore, Equations (2) can be written as

    ∂ 2V
    = −ω 2 LCV (3a)
    ∂x 2

    ∂2 I
    = −ω 2CLI (3b)
    ∂x 2

    The general solutions for the voltage and the current are given by

    V(x) = Ae-jωx/vo + Be+jωx/vo (4a)

    A B
    I(x) = Z e-jωx/vo - Z e+jωx/vo (4b)
    o o

    where the characteristic impedance Zo is given by

    L
    Zo = (5)
    C

    and the propagation velocity vo is given by

    1
    vo = . (6)
    LC
    3

    Equations (4) are superpositions of forward and backward wave solutions to

    Equations (3) and the coefficients A and B are obtained by matching the boundary

    conditions at x=0 and x=l (see Figure 1(b)), namely,

    V1(ω) = V(0) + Z1 I(0) (7a)

    0 = V(l) -Z2I(l) . (7b)

    V1(ω) is the source voltage provided at x=0. By substituting the above conditions in

    Equations (4), we get the values for the coefficients A and B.

    T V1(ω)
    A= (8a)
    1-Γ1Γ2e-2jωl/vo

    B = Γ2e-2jωl/voA (8b)

    where T1 is the transmission coefficient; Γ1 and Γ2 are the source and load reflection

    coefficients respectively; they are given by

    Zo
    T = Z +Z (9)
    1 o

    Z1-Zo
    Γ1 = Z +Z (10)
    1 o

    Z2-Zo
    Γ2 = Z +Z . (11)
    2 o

    A and B can be substituted into Equations (4) in order to get the complete solutions. It is
    of interest to observe that the magnitudes of Γ1 and Γ2 are less than 1; therefore, the

    denominator of Equation (8a) can be expanded into a geometric series which yields

    ∞
    A = TV1 (ω )∑ Γ1k Γ 2k e−2 jω kl / vo (12a)
    k=0
    4

    ∞
    B = TV1 (ω )∑ Γ1k Γ 2k +1e−2 jω (k +1)l /vo (12b)
    k=0

    Therefore, the frequency-domain solutions are described by forward and backward wave

    solutions given respectively by

    ∞
    V f ( x ) = ∑ Γ1k Γ 2k e−2 jω kl /vo e− jω x / vo TV1 (ω ) (13a)
    k=0

    ∞
    Vb ( x ) = ∑ Γ1k Γ 2k +1e−2 jω (k +1)l /vo e+ jω x /vo TV1 (ω ) (13b)
    k=0

    and the total voltage is given by

    V(x) = Vf(x) + Vb(x) . (14)

    Several important features need to be stressed regarding Equations (13). First, we

    notice that for moderate reflection coefficients, only a few terms of the infinite series

    need to be retained in order to obtain an accurate approximation. Second, by recognizing


    that V1(ω) can be regarded as the Fourier transform of some arbitrary time-domain

    voltage, V1(t), and by recalling that e-jωτ is the Fourier transform of the delayed impulse

    function δ(t-τ), inversion of Equation (13) can easily be performed into the time domain:

    ∞
    ⎛ x + 2kl ⎞
    V f (x,t) = T ∑ Γ1k Γ 2kV1 ⎜ t − (15a)
    k=0 ⎝ vo ⎟⎠

    ∞
    ⎛ x − 2 (k + 1)l ⎞
    V f (x,t) = T ∑ Γ1k Γ 2k +1V1 ⎜ t − ⎟⎠ (15b)
    k=0 ⎝ vo

    V(x,t) = Vf(x,t) + Vb(x,t) . (16)


    5

    Equations (15) and (16) represent the general time-domain solution for an arbitrary
    excitation, V1(t). As can be seen, they are made of a superposition of delayed and

    attenuated components of the original signal V1(t).

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