E-Learning in The Philippines

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E-Learning Technology Adoption in the Philippines: An Investigation of

Factors Affecting Filipino College Students' Acceptance of Learning
Management Systems
Article · January 2017

DOI: 10.17781/P002374
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The International Journal of E-Learning and Educational Technologies in the Digital Media (IJEETDM) 3(3): 118-130
The Society of Digital Information and Wireless Communications (SDIWC), 2017 ISSN: 2410-0439 (Online)
E-Learning Technology Adoption in the Philippines: An Investigation of Factors

Affecting Filipino College Students' Acceptance of Learning Management Systems
Manuel B. Garcia
Doctor in Information Technology Student,
Graduate Studies, University of the East
Program Head, STI College Taft
www.manuelgarcia.info
[email protected]
ABSTRACT KEYWORDS
When combined, education and technology can build Structural Equation Modeling, Filipino College
dynamic teaching and learning experiences that are Students, Technology Acceptance Model, E-Learning
tailored to developing and transforming the educators
and learners needed to power the digital economy. INTRODUCTION
For some reasons, however, there is still a big chunk
of people especially students who aren’t ready yet to The education sphere in the Philippines has been
embrace the technological change in the field of beleaguered with the same issues and difficulties
education. This study aims to determine the factors
particularly on its logistics from the deficiency
affecting students’ e-learning technology acceptance
particularly on Learning Management Systems of instructional resources, facilities and even
(LMS) in the Filipino context. A conceptual model schools to underpaid but overworked teachers.
was proposed based on the Technology Acceptance Nevertheless, Filipino culture still places a high
Model (TAM) which was extended through the value on education; in fact, it is generally viewed
inclusion of Internet Connectivity Experience (ICE), as the great equalizer of opportunities. The rapid
Social Media Influence (SMI), Integrated Multimedia progression of information and communications
Instruction (IMI), System Interactivity (SI) and technology (ICT) brought significant changes in
Perceived Quality Work of Life (PQWL) as the field of education from empowering new
additional predictor values. The constructs were ways for people to learn and work together (e-
determined according to the three-tier use model (3- learning technology for instance) to transforming
TUM) which was characterized to explore users’
teaching and learning processes. While e-
attitudes towards IT at three levels. The target
population in this research was Filipino students from learning environment in the Philippines is still in
colleges that are considered as promoters of e- its embryonic stage, it has already adopted and
learning integration in the educational sphere in the still spearheaded by prominent universities such
Philippines. The collected data from 629 Filipino as University of the Philippines for their UP
college students were analyzed using structural Open University (UPOU), University of Sto.
equation modeling (SEM) technique based on AMOS Tomas for their e-Learning Access Program (e-
methods. Finally, a path model was created to LeAP), De La Salle University for their
examine the relationships between the factors to integration of Sakai educational software
explain students’ adoption of e-learning technology platform and other academic institutions that
from the information systems acceptance point of offer some form of online courses. By
view. As a result, it provided practical and technical
proliferating and integrating e-learning
implications applicable for local and global school
environments that could help educational leaders, technology in the Philippine education system,
educational technologists, educators and learners in the transformation of teaching and learning
their development, implementation, and acceptance process increases the academic achievements of
of e-learning technology like LMS. Filipino college students [1].
NOMENCLATURE
LMS – Learning Management System IMI – Integrated Multimedia Instruction SI – System Interactivity
TAM – Technology Acceptance Model PQWL – Perceived Quality Work of Life PU – Perceived Usefulness
3-TUM – Three-Tier Use Model PEOU – Perceived Ease of Use BI – Behavioral Intention
SEM – Structural Equation Modeling ICE – Internet Connectivity Experience SMI – Social Media Influence
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Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study based on TAM and 3-TUM.
In view of all this, the global education sector there are also a lot of research papers that
has been attempting to gather more and more extensively studied factors that affect e-learning
information on aspects that persuade students not technology readiness and acceptance in different
just to incorporate e-learning into their setting from neighboring countries such as
educational journey but also confidently warrant Malaysia [10-11], Thailand [12-13], Indonesia
consideration in shaping future e-learning [14-15] to a not so much outside Asia like
developments [2-4]. With the Internet getting Turkey [16] and Sri Lanka [17] up to other
more powerful day by day and along with it are continents like Africa [18] and America [19].
the e-learning environments as one of the direct
beneficiaries, researchers and academicians have Everything considered, this paper aimed to
been extending their studies into advanced examine the factors of the Filipino college
courses and fields such as Engineering [5], students’ behavioral intention to use LMS as part
Mathematics [6], Economics [7], Physics [8], of their education journey from the constructs of
Medicine [9] and many more just to dive deeper integrated multimedia instruction, perceived
into students’ perceptions. Apart from these, quality work of life, system interactivity, internet
119
connectivity experience, perceived ease of use, previously considered in any aforementioned

perceived usefulness, and social media influence. literature mainly because internet speed is not an
With the help of this study, researchers and issue in their respective countries. According to
software vendors could have a targeted and Akamai’s State of the Internet report [25],
comprehensive understanding about Filipino Philippines has the slowest internet speed in the
students’ perceptions on the use of LMS that can world with an average internet connection speed
result to a better system delivery. As little of 4.5 Mbps during the fourth quarter of 2016.
research has been done in the Philippine setting, Therefore, if the internet is the lifeblood of e-
this study intends to contribute to the literature applications then its speed is the heart that makes
and provide a baseline for researchers who will the blood flows. In a study conducted by [26],
conduct similar research in the future. the adoption of e-activities is directly linked to
the speed of the internet as people are more
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK likely to undertake such technology acceptance
when the connection speed is fast. For this
This paper proposes a conceptual model of e- reason, the following hypotheses are proposed:
learning technology adoption particularly
Learning Management Systems (LMS) in the H1: Internet connectivity experience will have a
Filipino context based on the Technology significant effect on the perceived ease of use in
Acceptance Model (TAM) which adopted the the perspective of Filipino college students in
belief-attitude-intention-behavior relationship to using learning management system.
prototypical one’s aptitude to embrace
technology in an online environment [20-21] as H2: Internet connectivity experience will have a
well as a basis for tracing the influence of significant effect on the behavioral intention
external factors on attitudes, intentions and towards learning management system acceptance
internal beliefs [22]. The researcher extended the of Filipino college students.
TAM through the inclusion of Internet
Connectivity Experience (ICE), Social Media B. Perceived Usefulness (PU)
Influence (SMI), Integrated Multimedia
Instruction (IMI), System Interactivity (SI) and According to Davis [27], PU can be defined as
Perceived Quality Work of Life (PQWL) as “the degree to which a person believes that using
additional predictor values drawing from various a particular system will enhance his or her job
literature that used TAM in an educational performance.” and is considered as one of the
context both in Philippines and in other key determinants of IT usage. A study conducted
countries. The constructs were then arranged by Subramanian [28] revealed that PU had
according to the three-tier use model (3-TUM) significant correlation towards behavioral
proposed by [23] which was characterized to intention of users particularly in adopting e-
investigate users’ attitudes towards IT at three learning technology which was later confirmed
levels: (a) individual experiences and system by other researchers such as Fu, Farn & Chao
quality; (b) affective and cognitive reactions; and [29], Norazah, Ramayah & Norbayah [30],
(c) behavioral intentions. Tarhini, Hone & Liu [31] and Cigdem & Ozturk
[16] whereas their studies, conducted in different
A. Internet Connectivity Experience (ICE) educational settings and programs, shown that BI
was largely driven by PU. Another case in
In this paper, ICE was described by the Nigeria that used PU to model Learning
researcher as “the performance of the internet Information System (LIS) students’ intention to
connection in terms of its speed and reliability adopt e-learning technology revealed that PU is
that affects user’s experience”. ICE was one of the strongest predictors with empirical
considered as a determinant of BI instead of support in determining whether a student will
internet access since the Philippines has now accept the e-learning technology or not [32].
over 60 million Filipinos - from 47 million Since PU is clearly a determinant of BI as
internet users on 2016 - who have access to the proven by an extensive body of literature in the
internet [24]. However, ICE has not been IS community, it is hypothesized that:
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effort.” Just like PU, PEOU also takes a big and

H3: Perceived usefulness will have a significant important part in shaping the user behaviour in
effect on the behavioral intention towards using e-learning technology [36]. A study
learning management system acceptance of conducted by Koufaris [37] exposed that PEOU
Filipino college students. has a direct and positive influence towards the
intention to use the system which was later
C. Social Media Influence (SMI) supported by Chang & Tung [38] and Amoako-
Gyampah [39] in their respective studies.
In this paper, SMI was described by the Reviewing various literature, several studies are
researcher as “the degree to which social in concert when it comes to the fact that when
networking sites (SNS) influence the use of other users perceive an e-learning tool to be easy to
internet technologies”. In the Philippines alone, use (PEOU), they would also perceive the tool to
there are an estimated 40 million social network be useful (PU). Therefore, the following
users this year [33] and another survey revealed hypotheses are proposed:
that Filipinos spend more time on social media
than anyone else in the world with an average H6: Perceived ease of use will have a significant
4.17 hours daily making the Philippines as one effect on the perceived usefulness in the
of the top users of SNS [34]. Just like ICE, SMI perspective of Filipino college students in using
hasn’t been considered in other literature perhaps learning management system.
because the number of SNS users in their
respective countries isn’t high enough to make a H7: Perceived ease of use will have a significant
noticeable effect in the e-learning adoption. effect on the behavioral intention towards
However, there is still a lot of debate whether learning management system acceptance of
SNS could act as a formal e-learning platform as Filipino college students.
an alternative to LMS which convinced the
researcher to consider SMI as a determinant of E. System Interactivity (SI)
BI. Another reason is the fact that the usage of
social media website like Facebook can cause a According to Abbad, Morris, & Nahlik [40], SI
shift in student’s attention [35] which made them refers to students’ perceptions of the system’s
spend time in SNS rather than in LMS. Apart ability to provide interactive communication
from this, SMI is considered to have an effect on between instructor and students and among
PU as well since there are features of LMS students. Interactivity is not simply a function of
specifically in terms of building social a computer-based transaction but a fundamental
connections among learners and educators that success factor for teaching and learning in an
are based on SNS. Therefore, the following online environment as well [41]. The
hypotheses are proposed: interactivity between LMS users within the
realm of its system enables learners to explore
H4: Social media influence will have a and play with the course materials [42] and
significant effect on the perceived usefulness in therefore becomes as a decisive element for
the perspective of Filipino college students in improving students’ positive feelings such as
using learning management system. perceived satisfaction [43] and perceived
usefulness [23]. A well-designed LMS that has
H5: Social media influence will have a an interactive bridge between and among
significant effect on the behavioral intention instructors, the learners, and the instructional
towards learning management system acceptance contents (learner-instructor, learner-learner, and
of Filipino college students. learner-content) is believed to have a positive
effect to its users and the possibility of online
D. Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU) learning adoption. Albeit the result of the study
conducted by Abbad, Morris, & Nahlik [40]
According to Davis [27], PEOU can be defined revealed that there is no evidence to which
as “the degree to which a person believes that system interactivity affects students’ adoption of
using a particular system would be free from e-learning technology, the researcher would like
121
to have a follow-up using this construct to verify PQWL in determining and predicting work
and test it in the Philippine setting. For this condition varies across individual’s environment,
reason, the following hypotheses are proposed: culture and even country. This extension of
TAM enables a better apprehension of the
H8: System interactivity will have a significant cultural influence on the acceptance of IT.
effect on the perceived usefulness in the Therefore, it is hypothesized that:
perspective of Filipino college students in using
learning management system. H10: Perceived quality work of life will have a
significant effect on the behavioral intention
H9: System interactivity will have a significant towards learning management system acceptance
effect on the perceived quality work of life in the of Filipino college students.
perspective of Filipino college students in using
learning management system. G. Integrated Multimedia Instruction (IMI)
F. Perceived Quality Work of Life (PQWL) In this paper, IMI was described by the
researcher as “the degree to which the
In this paper, PQWL was described by the presentation of course materials is modeled
researcher as “the degree to which a system based on multimedia-based learning”. There has
enables its users to participate more actively been an extensive review of literature that
while enhancing the productivity.” While PQWL integrated multimedia instruction in the
has not been considered within an educational development of e-learning. Al Saiyd and Al
context, various researchers such as Srite & Sayed [47] examined how users perceive the
Karahanna [44], Zakour [45] and Kripanont [46] effectiveness of online course when the system
have used this construct in their respective integrates the multimedia contents of the study
empirical studies. The importance attributed to material. There was also an experiment by
Table 1. Construct Definition and Basis for Questionnaire.

Constructs Definition Items Sources
Internet The performance of the internet connection 5 Items [26]
Connectivity in terms of its speed and reliability that [ICE1, ICE2, ICE3,
Experience (ICE) affects user’s experience (UX). ICE4, ICE5]
Perceived The degree to which a person believes that 4 Items [22], [51],
Usefulness (PU) using a particular system would enhance [PU1, PU2, PU3, [52], [68]
his or her job performance. PU4]
Social Media The degree to which social networking 5 Items [31], [51]
Influence (SMI) sites (SNS) influence the usage of other [SMI1, SMI2, SMI3,
internet technologies. SMI4, SMI5]
Perceived Ease The degree to which a person believes that 4 Items [22], [51],
of Use (PEOU) using a particular system would be free [PEOU1, PEOU2, [52], [68]
from effort. PEOU3, PEOU4]
System Users’ perceptions of the system’s ability 3 Items [27], [40]
Interactivity (SI) to provide interactive communication [SI1, SI2, SI3]
between its users.
Perceived The degree to which a system enables its 4 Items [31], [44],
Quality Work of users to participate more actively while [PQWL1, PQWL2, [46], [51]
Life (PQWL) enhancing the productivity. PQWL3, PQWL4]
Integrated The degree to which the presentation of 4 Items [47], [48],
Multimedia course materials are modeled based from [IMI1, IMI2, IMI3, [69]
Instruction (IMI) multimedia-based learning. IMI4]
Behavioral The degree to which a user accepts and 3 Items [32], [64],
Intention (BI) uses the e-learning technology as part of [BI1, BI2, BI3] [70]
the learning process.
122
Zhang [48] that compared the effectiveness of education field from other countries. Lastly, a
multimedia-based e-learning and a less structural model was estimated using structural
interactive e-learning environment. Overall, the equation modeling (SEM) techniques which
integration of multimedia component in the have been widely used in determining user’s
delivery of the system gave a positive result in technology acceptance [53], [40], [31].
the users’ educational experience. For this
reason, the following hypotheses are proposed: Sampling and Data Collection
H11: Integrated multimedia instruction will have The target population in this research was
a significant effect on the perceived ease of use college students from the Philippines who use
in the perspective of Filipino college students in Learning Management System (LMS) as part of
using learning management system. their education. The researcher focused on
colleges that are considered as promoters of e-
H12: Integrated multimedia instruction will have learning integration in the educational sphere in
a significant effect on the perceived quality work the Philippines. The questionnaires were
of life in the perspective of Filipino college administered through the learning management
students in using learning management system. system used by the schools whereas only
registered Filipino college students chosen using
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY non-probability convenience sampling technique
could answer the online questionnaire. With the
The study used quantitative research design. It help of teachers in their respective schools, a
followed the same three-stage approach used by total of 800 students were invited to the LMS
Abbad, Morris, and Nahlik [40] to identify the group where the questionnaire could be
major factors affecting students’ adoption of an answered. The questionnaire was available on
e-learning system in a university in Jordan. The the LMS from November 6 to 10, 2017. The
first step was to build an initial model based on number of answered questionnaires during the
the combination of the extended TAM and 3- time frame given was 629 indicating 78.6%
TUM. The connection of the constructs was response rate. Since all of the questions are
formed based from the literature review required to be answered, there is no incomplete
presented in the previous section. Secondly, a questionnaire, hence, all 629 answers are
survey consisting of seven sections (ICE, PU, considered as valid preliminary data.
SMI, PEOU, SI, PQWL, IMI & BI; see Table 1)
was created to provide measures of the identified Profile of the Schools
factors followed by a confirmatory factor
analysis (CFA) to further develop the said There were 10 colleges containing 100 students
measures. The CFA was used by the researcher per each invited to participate in the survey.
as the first step of the two-step sequence of the These schools are considered as valid adopters of
identification of the measurement model. Based e-learning technology due to the fact that the use
on the general guidelines suggested by of LMS both inside and outside of the school is
MacCallum [49] and Anderson and Gerbing part of their curriculum. With the help of the
[50], revisions to the model were made whereas professors of each college, the information has
the modifications were done individually to been disseminated to the students easily.
avoid unnecessary effects on the solution. The
CFA was then conducted using AMOS. Data Analysis
It is very important to mention that the baseline The statistical tools used in this research are
used for the survey instrument was based on SPSS 22 and AMOS 18. Both software helps the
various researchers like the e-learning readiness researcher in their own way to determine the
assessment tool [51] specifically created for characteristics of the respondents, information
Philippine higher education institutions, about the goodness-of-fit model and relationship
influence of system characteristics on e-learning among the hypothesis, variable reliability, factor
use [52] and other similar papers under the analysis, path model creation, etc.
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Table 2. Summary of Demographic Characteristics of Research Participants.

Variables Category f %
Gender Male 439 69.8
Female 190 30.2
Age Younger < 18 341 54.2
Older >= 18 288 45.8
Year Level 1st Year 111 17.7
2nd Year 194 30.8
3rd Year 252 40.1
4th Year 72 11.4
5th Year 0 0
Program Bachelor of Science in Information Technology 259 41.2
Bachelor of Science in Tourism Management 85 13.5
Bachelor of Science in Hotel and Restaurant Management 129 20.5
Bachelor of Science in Accounting Technology 24 3.8
Bachelor of Science in Computer Science 43 6.8
Bachelor of Science in Computer Engineering 60 9.5
Bachelor of Science in Business Management 29 4.6
Availability of Yes 412 65.5
Computer at Home No 217 34.5
Internet Access at Yes 528 83.9
Home No 101 16.1
Computer Skill Novice 120 19.1
Intermediate 344 54.7
Expert 165 26.2
Internet Function Academic 69 11.0
Commercial 32 5.1
Entertainment 120 19.1
Communication 385 61.2
Others 23 3.7
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS constructs and the Cronbach’s alpha which

showed that the alpha for the subscales ranged
The research was conducted to determine the from .73 to .88 indicating that all the constructs
factors that affect the acceptance of e-learning revealed reasonable levels of reliability (.70 or
technology specifically LMS as a reinforcement higher, according to Hair et al., [54]) which
of the teaching and learning process by college makes all the constructs suitable to measure the
students in the Philippine setting. Presented in concepts employed in the study. On a side note,
the Table 3 are the descriptive statistics which it is very worth mentioning that SMI and ICE got
indicate that the majority of the Filipino college the first and second highest mean which are
students showed positive responses to the additional constructs purposely added in the
Table 3. Reliability Coefficient and Descriptive Statistics of the Constructs
Constructs No. of Items Item Deleted Mean Standard Deviation Cronbach α
ICE 5 ICE3 4.65 0.764 0.867
PU 4 - 4.18 0.621 0.843
SMI 5 SMI2, SMI5 4.97 0.726 0.882
PEOU 4 - 4.02 0.717 0.823
SI 3 - 3.82 0.738 0.806
PQWL 4 PQWL1 3.89 0.684 0.809
IMI 4 - 3.76 0.666 0.733
BI 3 - 4.12 0.811 0.789
124
Philippine setting. The third column shows the indicating that all of the constructs employed in
items deleted during the exploratory factor the study were positively correlated construct,
analysis (EFA) for two possible reasons hence, providing a strong evidence of
encountered during the process: (1) there was a discriminant validity or simply that the statistical
cross loading or (2) the variables were constructs or latent variables are distinct from
unqualified for the factor loading of more than each other allowing a measure to capture some
0.4 based on a statistics book [54]. phenomenon that other measures do not. Since
there is no cross-factor correlation of 0.85 or
As shown in Table 4, the factor correlation higher on the result, it is safe to say that there are
coefficients are ranging from 0.509 to 0.821 no factors that measure the same construct.
Table 4. Factor Correlations.
Factors ICE PU SMI PEOU SI PQWL IMI BI
ICE -
PU 0.721 -
SMI 0.576 0.685 -
PEOU 0.711 0.759 0.510 -
SI 0.721 0.678 0.509 0.700 -
PQWL 0.698 0.657 0.521 0.699 0.531 -
IMI 0.521 0.624 0.602 0.663 0.592 0.606 -
BI 0.811 0.769 0.821 0.701 0.652 0.532 0.578 -
Table 5. Evaluation of SEM with Goodness of fit Measure.

Type of Measure Goodness of Fit Measures Research Result Desired Range
Chi-Square Test 421.212
Degree of Freedom 212
Absolute fit
Chi-square/Degree of Freedom 2.426 2-5
Measures
Goodness-of-fit Index 0.898 >.90
Root Mean Square Error of Approximation 0.061 <.08
Adjusted Good-of-Fit Index 0.886 >.90
Incremental Fit Tucker-Lewis Index 0.922 >.90
Measures Normed Fit Index 0.905 >.90
Comparative Fit Index 0.948 >.90
Parsimonious Fit Parsimonious Normed Fit Index 0.429 >.50
Measures Parsimonious Good-of-Fit Index 0.507 >.50
Table 6. Summary of Path Test Result.

H# Proposed Relationship Path Coefficient P Result
H1 ICE  PEOU 0.519 *** S
H2 ICE  BI 0.923 ** S
H3 PU  BI 0.892 *** S
H4 SMI  PU 0.622 *** S
H5 SMI  BI 0.970 ** S
H6 PEOU  PU 0.458 *** S
H7 PEOU  BI 0.461 *** S
H8 SI  PU 0.638 *** S
H9 SU  PQWL 0.553 0.358 NS
H10 PQWL  BI 0.572 0.106 NS
H11 IMI  PEOU 0.431 *** S
H12 IMI  PQWL 0.572 0.237 NS
Note: *** p-value < 0.01; ** p-value < 0.05; * p-value <0.10; S=Significant; NS=Not Significant
125
Table 5 shows the data analysis using structural SMI to PU and SMI to BI, although with a
equation modeling with AMOS 18 where all separate relationship, have a connection in
measures are within the desired range values between. Filipino college students couldn’t
indicating a good model fit [55-57]. On the appreciate the usefulness of LMS simply
Table 6, it can be seen the path coefficient of the because that the things that they accomplish on
e-learning technology acceptance of Filipino the system can actually be done in SNS like
college students whereas it showed a significant sharing files such as learning materials and
effect among constructs such as ICE to PEOU (β documents, socializing with other users and
= .519, p < .01), ICE to BI (β = .923, p < .05), creating a group (class) to name some; hence, the
PU to BI (β = .892, p < .01), SMI to PU (β = debate whether SNS can act as LMS. Due to the
.622, p < .01), SMI to BI (β = .970, p < .05), lack of appreciation of the usefulness of LMS,
PEOU to PU (β = .458, p < .01), PEOU to BI (β the BI in adopting it is affected. For a country
= .461, p < .01), SI to PU (β = .638, p < .01), and like the Philippines that is considered as a
IMI to PEOU (β = .431, p < .01). promoter of social media usage, educational
institutions must find a way to make LMS stand
The current study found that internet out from SNS. When there is a fine line between
connectivity experience has a positive LMS and SNS, students will be able to
relationship with perceived ease of use (β = .519, appreciate LMS more as a cutting-edge
p < .01) and behavioral intention (β = .923, p < pedagogy purposely created for education.
.05) supporting H1 and H2 respectively. With
regards to the relationship between ICE and The results also show that system interactivity
PEOU, students can obviously notice the ease of has a positive relationship with perceived
using the LMS when the internet connection is usefulness (β = .638, p < .01) as hypothesized in
fast. Moreover, they are more likely to adopt and H8 but there is no strong evidence that it also
use the system given the high-speed internet influences the perceived quality work of life
which is consistent with the result of the study contrary to H9. The relationship between SI and
conducted by Peltier and Youssef [26]. Both PU clearly revealed the thoughts of Filipino
educational institutions and software vendor can college students in terms of how they appreciate
clearly help with the internet speed issue. First of the usefulness of a system. The interaction
all, colleges and universities may opt with within the system (learner–interface, learner-
enhancing their IT infrastructure, increasing the tool, learner-task, learner-content, learner-
Internet bandwidth and offering consistent and instructor, and learner-student) undoubtedly
reliable Wi-Fi connection for those who are resolves one of the established weaknesses of e-
going to access the LMS outside the computer learning which is the absence of face-to-face
laboratory. In the case of the software vendors, interaction. SI, as an exogenous variable,
reducing the load time of web pages is the key showing a positive influence towards PU is
especially that most people expect a web page to similar to past studies of Wu & Wu [58] and
load in two seconds or less. This can be done by Lee, Hsieh & Chen [59]. On the other hand, the
minimizing HTTP requests, reducing server lack of evidence between the relationship of SI
response time, enabling compression, activating and PQWL only shows that Filipino college
browser caching, minifying resources, students will actively participate, or not, in the
optimizing images, reducing redirects and many platform regardless of the interaction the system
more. Since the Philippines has the slowest has to offer perhaps because the will and
internet speed in the world, ICE will clearly play motivation of their participation relies on
an important role in the e-learning technology personal characteristics and cultural setup [60].
adoption of Filipino college students and maybe Nonetheless, SI is still an important construct as
to other settings with a slow internet connection. it influences PU which influences BI.
Social media influence, as hypothesized in H4 Aside from the lack of evidence in the
and H5, has also an effect to perceived relationship of perceived quality work of life and
usefulness (β = .622, p < .01) and behavioral system interactivity, the same thing can be said
intention (β = .970, p < .05). These relationships, with perceived quality work of life and
126
behavioral intention as well as perceived quality in the learning process can enhance students’
work of life and integrated multimedia academic achievement [61-63].
instruction since their relationships are not
supported by the results of the study contrary to Other hypotheses that were supported by the
H10 and H12. In totality, PQWL did not perform study, H3 and H7, showed the positive
well as a factor which contradicts the results relationship of both perceived usefulness (β =
from the previous findings of Tarhini, Hone, & .892, p < .01) and perceived ease of use (β =
Liu [31]. However, IMI should not be taken for .461, p < .01) to behavioral intention. These
granted as the construct has a positive influence hypotheses were merely a confirmation in the
to PEOU (β = .431, p < .01) as hypothesized in Philippine setting since lots of researchers [64-
H11. Filipino college students take multimedia 67], [40], [36], [31], [15], [16] have already
instruction as a positive element that doesn’t concluded that PU and PEOU are two of the
only make the system easier to use but also strongest determinants of BI. The findings were
enhances their learning. The use of multimedia also supporting previous literature [22], [65],
in the delivery of e-learning technology [36], [15] which stated the positive relationship
undoubtedly needs to be considered by between PEOU and PU (β = .458, p < .01) as
educational institutions especially that many hypothesized in H6. When a system is easy to
research papers prove the use of such integration use, it is also perceived as useful tool.
Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the Study based on TAM and 3-TUM.
127
CONCLUSION learning environment, researchers may conduct

similar studies that deal with pure online
The study has empirically investigated the environments, online courses and so on.
behavioral intention to use e-learning technology
of Filipino college students using the TAM with With the convergence of technology comes the
additional predictor values (internet connectivity pedagogical challenges associated with e-
experience, social media influence, integrated learning implementation; hence, educational
multimedia instruction, system interactivity and leaders should not worry anymore about the
perceived quality work of life) modeled using 3- elements that stimulate participation across
TUM. In the context of Philippines, the diversity that determine the e-learning
aforementioned additional predictors, except acceptance rate, educational technologists should
perceived quality work of life, together with the already know how to attack the development of
original TAM predictors play a critical role in the digital environment to ensure pedagogically
the Filipino college students’ acceptance towards sound learning experience, and educators and
e-learning technology. From the theory-testing learners with different academic, industry and
perspective, the results of this study primarily support needs should be in concert in
serve as a contribution towards the extension and maximizing the benefits of using the educational
validation of the research results from the technology that can lead learners to global
literature. While doing so, it provided practical certification. While these were the derivations
and technical implications to colleges and why the researcher conducted the study, the
universities in the Philippines (which might be results are also meant to serve as one of the
applicable as well in international setting) that pioneers that offer information on e-learning
may help to convince the students in their acceptance in the Philippines.
acceptance of e-learning technology like LMS as
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E-Learning Technology Adoption in the Philippines: An Investigation of

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E-Learning Technology Adoption in the Philippines: An Investigation of Factors

Figure 1. Theoretical Framework of the Study based on TAM and 3-TUM.

connectivity experience, perceived ease of use, previously considered in any aforementioned

effort.” Just like PU, PEOU also takes a big and

Table 1. Construct Definition and Basis for Questionnaire.

Table 2. Summary of Demographic Characteristics of Research Participants.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS constructs and the Cronbach’s alpha which

Table 5. Evaluation of SEM with Goodness of fit Measure.

Table 6. Summary of Path Test Result.

Figure 2. Conceptual Framework of the Study based on TAM and 3-TUM.

CONCLUSION learning environment, researchers may conduct

9. Kebaetse, M. B., Nkomazana, O., & Haverkamp, C. https://www.entrepreneur.com.ph/news-and-

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