f’k{k.kkpk gDd vkf.

k xka/kh
& jkgqy cSl
Hkkjrkr loZlkekU; tursyk fdaok loZ ckydkauk f’k{k.kkpk gDd lektkyk ekU; gksrk dk;\
bfrgkldkjkae/;s ;kckcrhr ,der vlY;kps vkiY;k okpukr ;sr ukgh-
Lokra«;iwoZ dkGkr baxzt vf/kdkjh eksBh Qq’kkjdh ekjk;ps dh Hkkjrh;kadjhrk f’k{k.kkph lks;
baxztkauhp feGowu fnyh- ;koj egkRek xka/khauh ,dnk ^gfjtu* e/kwu fygys dh baxzt ;s.;kiwohZ Hkkjrkr
tkLr pkaxyh f’k{k.k O;oLFkk gksrh- vo.kZ EgaVY;k tk.kkÚ;k tkrhrY;k ckydkadjhrkgh f’k{k.kkph lks;
gksrh vlk xka/khthapk nkok gksrk- 1930 e/;s yaMu ;sFkhy xksyest ifj”knslkBh xsysys vlrkauk rsFks ,dk
Hkk”k.kkr xka/khth Eg.kkys ^^Hkkjr iUukl fdaok ‘kaHkj o”kkZaiwohZ gksrk R;kis{kk vkt tkLr vf’kf{kr vkgs vls
eh fu%ladksp lkaxw ‘kdrks- ekÖ;k ;k fo/kkukpk dks.kkykgh ;’kLoh izfrokn djrk ;s.kkj ukgh] v’kh ek>h
[kk=h vkgs-** lkgftdi.ks ;k Hkk”k.kkuarj mBysY;k oknaxkuarjgh xka/khth vkiY;k fo/kkukaoj dk;e
jkghys-
iz[;kr bfrgklrTK Jh /keZiky ;kauh xka/khthaP;k nkO;klanHkkZr la’kks/ku d:u R;krhy rF;
ekaMys- R;kizek.ks Hkkjrkr mithfodk vk/kkjhr f’k{k.k ns.;kph tkrh&tkrhxr fdaok dkSVqafcd O;oLFkk
vfLrRokr gksrh- R;keqGs Hkaxhdkekps f’k{k.k R;k O;olk;krhy dqVqafc;kaP;k ckydkauk lgt feGr vls-
ijarq jkT;dkjHkkj fdaok [kjsnh&foØhpk O;olk; pkyfo.;klkBh vko’;d Hkk”kk vkf.k xf.krkps
f’k{k.kgh R;kauk feGr gksrs dk;\ ;kps mRrj ^ukgh* vlsp vkgs- vls f’k{k.k fof’k”V tkrhrY;k
ckydkaukap miyC/k gksr-s ;krhy fyaxHksngh foljk;yk udks- R;kdkGh loZ tkrhrY;k fL=;kadjhrk vls
f’k{k.k fuf”k) gksr-s
ijdh; vkf.k tkrh&varxZr xqykefxjhph eqG vkiY;k f’k{k.k O;oLFksr vlY;kph tk.kho
Lokra«; vkanksyukr eksBîk izek.kkr >kyh- mithfodkO;frfjDr jkT;dkjHkkj laaca/kh leku f’k{k.k
?ks.;klkBh loZp tkrhrY;k yksdkae/;s ekufldrk r;kj gksÅ ykxyh- vo.kZ EgaVY;k tk.kkÚ;k tkrhrY;k
yksdkauh vls f’k{k.k ?ksrY;kl rs lsokdk;kZyk udkj nîk;yk ykxrhy] v’kk fHkrhrwu R;kaP;k f’k{k.kkr
vMFkGs fuekZ.k dj.;kph pGoGgh lo.kZ EgaVY;k tk.kkÚ;k tkrhauh lq: dsyh-
Lor%P;k jkT;dkjHkkjkiqjrs ekuoh lalk/ku feGfo.;kdjhrk f’k{k.kkph lks; miyC/k dj.ks baxt z
ljdkjps e;kZfnr /;s; vlY;kus R;kapkdMwu oafpr lekt ?kVdkaP;k f’k{k.kkdjhrk fo’ks”k loyr o
gDd ekU; gks.ks visf{kr uOgrsp-
oafpr lekt ?kVdkarhy fdR;sdkaph f’k{k.k ?ks.;kph ftí vkf.k R;kauk enrhlkBh fgfjjhus
iq<kdkj ?ksrysY;k lkekftd&jktdh; dk;ZdR;kZaiq<s tkrhxr Js”BRokpk vgadkj Qhdk iMw ykxyk-
oafpr lekt ?kVdkarwu e;kZfnr la[;srhy f’kf{kr fi<h r;kj gksÅ ykxyh- ijarq f’kf{kr gks.ks gs
O;Drhxr ftí vkf.k feGkysY;k la/kh&lks;h&loyrh ;kaoj voyacwu jkfgys- gDd Eg.kwu tulkekU;kaph
o ‘kklukph ekU;rk feGow ‘kdys ukgh- R;keqGs Lokra«;iwoZ Hkkjrkr f’k{k.kkps lkoZf=dhdj.k >kys ukgh-
f’k{k.kkP;k ckcrhr lkekftd ?kqlG.k lq: vlysY;k R;k dkGh lokZauk f’k{k.k feGkos v’kh
lfnPNk ckGx.kkjs eq[;r% rhu izdkjps yksd gksr-s
ifgyk izdkj & vR;ar izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhyk rksaM nsr f’k{k.k ?ks.kkjs oafpr lekt ?kVdkarhy
lkfo=hckà Qqys lkj[;k L=h fo|kFkhZuh] vkf.k MkW- ckcklkgsc vkacsMdj lkj[ks iq:”k fo|kFkhZ(

1
 nqljk izdkj & oafpr lekt ?kVdkauk f’k{k.k feGkos ;k gsrqus izfrdwy ifjfLFkrhrgh ‘kkGk
m?kM.;kps fdaok f’k{k.k laLFkk lq: dj.kkjs lkekftd&jktdh; dk;ZdrsZ tls & egkRek T;ksfrck Qqys]
deZohj HkkÅjko ikVhy] eg”khZ foB~By jketh f’kans] MkW- iatkcjko ns’keq[k] bR;kfn-(
vkf.k frljk izdkj & tehu] iSlk] oLrw Lo:ikr ns.kxh nsÅu oafpr lekt ?kVdkalkBh
f’k{k.kkph la/kh feGowu ns.kkjs nkrs tls & jktJh ‘kkgq egkjkt] Jheku ‘kadj’ksB] jk;cgknwj Mh-
y{ehukjk;.k] bR;kfn-
lq:okrhP;k dkGkr tkrhO;oLFkkarxZr ikjaifjd f’k{k.kkyk xkSjo.kkjs] ijarq dkGkP;k vks?kkr
lokZalkBh cqfu;knh f’k{k.k ;kstusP;k ek/;ekrwu lekt&ifjorZukps cht jkso.kkjs xka/khth ;k frUgh
izdkjP;k O;Drhais{kk dkghls osxGs jkghys-
1935 lkyh vfLrRokr vkysY;k ^bafM;k vWDV* vUo;s izkarh; ljdkje/;s LFkkfudkauk oko feG.ks
‘kD; >kys- ifj.kkeh 12 tqyS 1937 jksth ns’kHkjkrhy vkB izkarkae/;s Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dk¡xzsl lRrk:<
>kyh- vkiys ljdkj vkgs EgaVY;koj tulkekU;kaP;k vis{kk mapko.ks LokHkkfod gksr-s nk:canh gk
Hkkjrh; jk”Vªh; dk¡xzslP;k vf/kd`r /kksj.kkpk Hkkx gksrk( vkf.k lk{kjrsps izek.k vR;Yi vlysY;k ;k
ns’kkrhy loZ ckydkalkBh izkFkfed f’k{k.k miyC/k d:u ns.;kph lks; dj.ks ljdkjph izkFkfedrk
Bjys-
R;kdkGh ,dq.k ljdkjh eglqykiSdh ,d r`rh;ka’k eglwy nk:ojhy vcdkjh djk}kjs ljdkjh
frtksjhr tek gksr vls- Eg.kts nk:canh dsyh rj eglwykpk eksBk fgLlk cqMsy vkf.k f’k{k.kkph lks;
djrk ;s.kkj ukgh gs Li”V gksr-s vkiys ljdkj vlwugh ,d egRokps /kksj.k o izkFkfedrk vaeykr
vk.k.;kr vi;’kh Bjr gksr-s
vcdkjh dj eglwy cqMkyk rjh dks.kR;kgh ifjfLFkrhr nk:canh vaeykr vkyhp ikfgts ;koj
xka/khth Bke gksr-s R;kposGh ^’kklu vkJ;h* f’k{k.kO;oLFkk cnyowu ^m|ksxkdjoh f’k{k.k* vlysyh
vkfFkZdn`”Vîk vkRefuHkZj v’kh f’k{k.kO;oLFkk mHkkj.khps izk:i xka/khthauh fn- 31 tqyS 1937 jksth
^gfjtu* e/kwu ekaMys- fn- 22 vkf.k 23 vkWDVkscj 1937 jksth o/kkZ ;sFkhy ^vf[ky Hkkjrh; f’k{k.k
ifj”kn*P;k mn~?kkVuij Hkk”k.kkr xka/khthauh vkiY;k izLrkfor f’k{k.k ;kstusps] Eg.ktsp ^uà rkyhe*
fdaok ^cqfu;knh* f’k{k.kkps ri’khyokj foLrkjkus foospu dsy-s ;k ;kstusrhy izeq[k lw= gksrh & 1½
m|ksxkP;k ek/;ekrwu loZ fo”k;kaps f’k{k.k fnys tkos- 2½ fo|kF;kZaP;k mRiknukrwu f’k{kdkapk [kpZ fu?kkok-
Hkkjrkrhy xjhch] fuj{kjrk] ijdh; vkf.k tkrh&varxZr xqykefxjhph ekufldrk] vkfn vusd
leL;kaoj izfrHkk’kkyh o ekSfyd mik;;kstuk djhr lekt&ifjorZukph chts vl.kkÚ;k ;k ^uà rkyhe*
cíy xka/khthauk ,dnk EgaVys gksrs & ^^uà rkyhe gh ns’kkyk ek>h ‘ksoVph vkf.k loksZRre ns.kxh vkgs-**
,fizy 1938 e/;s o/;kZr uà rkyheph ifgyh laLFkk lq: >kyh- iq<s vusd fBdk.kh uÃ
rkyheph fo|ky;s lq: gks.ks o tqU;k ‘kkGkauk uà rkyhe vuqlkj iquxZBhr dj.;kps dke lq: >kys-
dsaæh; f’k{k.k lYykxkj eaMGkus ekpZ 1939 e/;s ^jk”Vªh; f’k{k.kuhrh* Eg.kwu uà rkyheyk ekU;rk fnyh-
ns’kHkj uà rkyheyk vuqdwy okrkoj.k fuekZ.k gksÅ ykxys vkf.k R;krp cnyR;k tkxfrd ifjfLFkrhpk
/kDdk uà rkyheyk clw ykxyk- f}rh; tkxfrd egk;q) lq: >kY;keqGs ,dq.kp f’k{k.kkdMs nqyZ{k
gksÅ ykxys- dk¡xzsl ljdkjkauh jkthukes fnysr- ifj.kkeh vusd izkarkrys uà rkyhe dk;ZØe can iMys-
v’kk ifjfLFkrhr fnYyh ;sFks ,fizy 1941 e/;s vk;ksftr uà rkyheP;k nqlÚ;k laesyukyk
ikBoysY;k vkiY;k lans’kkr xka/khthauh fygys & ^^cqfu;knh f’k{k.kkph lQyrk ljdkjoj voyacwu
Bso.;k,soth Lokoyackusp lk/kw ‘kdrs] vkf.k enr djrkauk ljdkjph uh;r fdrhgh pkaxyh vlyh rjh
R;kckcr vki.k lko/k jkfgys ikfgts] gs ;k laesyukP;k y{kkr ;sÃy] v’kh eyk vk’kk okVrs-**
2
laesyukP;k eq[; Bjkokr EgaVys gksrs & ^^ljdkjh] xSjljdkjh] [kktxh & loZp laLFkkaP;k cqfu;knh
‘kkGkaP;k vgokykao:u fnlrs dh ;k f’k{k.kkus eqykaps vkjksX;] orZu vkf.k ekufld fodkl ;kaP;koj
Qkj pkaxyk ifj.kke dsyk vkgs- cqfu;knh ‘kkGkaps fo|kFkhZ tkLr mRlkgh] vkuanh o vkRefo’okl&laiUu
vkgsr- vkiys Eg.k.ks rs pkaxY;k izdkjs ekaMw ‘kdrkr- R;kaP;kr feGwu&felGwu dke dj.;kph lo;
:tr vkgs- rs lkekftd ca/kukrwu eqDr gksr vkgsr- izR;sdp uO;k dkekr vMp.kh vlrkr- R;k ikgrk
;k ifj.kkekacíy vkEgkyk lek/kku okVrs] vkf.k Hkfo”;kr ;kgwu pkaxys ifj.kke feGrhy v’kh vk’kk
okVrs-**
1942P;k ^pys tko* vkokgukuarj rkiysY;k Lokra«; pGoGhr uà rkyheph izeq[k eaMGhgh
rq:axkr xsyh- 1945&46 e/;s dk;ZdrsZ rq:axkrwu lqVw ykxysr vkf.k vusd izkrkar dk¡xzsl ljdkj lRrsr
vkY;koj uà rkyheus iqUgk tksj /kjyk-
15 vkWxLV 1947 jksth Hkkjr Lora= >kyk- ek= fczfV’kdkyhu f’k{k.kkpk tcjnLr ixMk
vlysys ljdkj vkf.k rls iq<kjh ;kaP;keqGs lq:okrhyk uà rkyheyk ‘kkfCnd ekU;rk feGr jkfgyh
ijarq izR;{kkr frP;k ;’kklkBh Hkjho ;ksxnku ns.;kr vkys ukgh- iq<s ^jk”Vªh; f’k{k.k vk;ksx* vkf.k
f’k{k.k ea=ky;kP;k cnyR;k /kksj.kkae/;s Hkkjrkr rj frps ukeksfu’kk.kgh mjys ukgh-
iz[;kr lkekftd ‘kkL=K MkW- vHk; cax ;kaP;k uà rkyhe fo|ky;krhy fo|kFkhZn’ksP;k
vkBo.kh ^f’k{k.kkps tknwHkjs csV* ¼^lkE;;ksx* fo’k”kkad 1987 e/;s izdkf’kr½ ;k ys[kkrwu okpk;yk
feGrkr- uà rkyheph O;ogkfjd Qyfu”iRrh R;krwu vkiY;kyk letrs- ;k izdkjP;k ‘kkGk vkt
vfLrRokr ulY;kr rjh xka/khthapk loZ ckydkadjhrk f’k{k.k gDd izLFkkfir dj.;kpk ekxZ cks/k ;krwu
gksrks-
xka/khthaP;k f’k{k.k gDd fopkjkpk lkj [kkyhyizek.ks ekaMrk ;sÃy-
 oafpr ?kVdkrhy ckydkapk izk/kkU;kus lekos’k vlysys loZ ckydkauk f’k{k.k gDd-
 ckydkaP;k f’k{k.k gDd iwrZrslkBh ljdkj lekosf’kr lektkpk iq<kdkj o drZO;-
 mithfodk vk/kkjhr f’k{k.k & ckydkauh mithfodk vkf.k nSuafnu thouØekrhy dke djrk&djrk
f’kdkos v’kh f’k{k.k i)rh-
 f’kdfo.kkjk vkf.k f’kd.kkjs v’;k ijaijkxr HkwfedsP;k iyhdMs tkÅu f’k{kd vkf.k fo|kFkhZ nks?ksgh
,dkp f’k{k.k izfØ;sps lgizoklh curkr-
 f’k{kd vkf.k fo|kF;kZaP;k dkekrwu r;kj >kysY;k mRiknukph foØh vFkok mi;ksxkrwu f’k{kd] ‘kkGk
vkf.k f’k{k.k O;oLFkslkBh fu/kh miyC/k d:u fnyk tkrks-
 ‘kkGk o f’k{k.k O;oLFksP;k [kpkZlkBh nk: lkj[;k lekt fo?kkrd ckchaP;k vcdkjh djkoj
voyacu vftckr udks-
 ek.kqldhph ewY;s izLFkkfir gks.ks vkf.k mithfodk l{ke tckcnkj ukxfjdkaph ?kM.k gks.ks gs
f’k{k.kkps mís’k-

jk”VªkP;k foLej.kkr xsysY;k f’k{k.k gDd fopkjkps vkt xka/kh t;arh fufeÙ;kus gs eaxy Lej.k!
¼lnj ys[kklkBh eq[; L=ksr & ^lkE;;ksx&lk/kuk* vkWDVkscj 2004( vkf.k ^vFkZcks/kif=dk* vkWDVkscj 2007½

jkgqy cSl] eq-iks- vatuxkockjh] Ogk;k cMusjk] rk-ft- vejkorh- fiu&444701