Af

terRober
tKochi
sthewr
it
e

Cont
ri
but
ion.

.Hegav
ethephenomenat
hatmi
crobesar
eresponsi
blef
ort
hedi
sease.

.Hei
ntr
oducedasubst
anceAgarf
ormedi
a.

.Hedemonst
rat
edbact
eri
abyst
andi
ngundermi
croscopeandgr
owt
hani
nlabor
ator
y.

.Kochf
oundcausat
iveagentofant
hraxt
uber
cul
osi
s.

Kochpost
ulat
est
heor
y

.Themi
croor
gani
sm orot
herpat
hogenmustbepr
esenti
nal
lcasesoft
hedi
sease.

.Thepat
hogencanbei
sol
atedf
rom t
hedi
seasedhostandgr
owni
npur
ecul
tur
e.

.Thepathogenfr
om thepur
ecult
uremustcauset
hedi
seasewheni
nocul
atedi
ntoaheal
thy
suscept
ibl
elabor
ator
yanimal.

.Thepathogenmustberei
solat
edf
rom t
henewhostandshownt
obet
hesameast
he
ori
ginal
l
yinocul
atedpat
hogen.

-
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--

Rober
thook

Ti
me1635-
1703(f
atherofcel
l)

>Roberthookwasa17thcent
ury"
nat
ural
phi
l
osopher
"anear
lysci
ent
istnot
edf
orav
ari
etyof
obser
vati
onofthenat
ural
worl
d.

Butper
hapshi
smostnotabl
ediscoverycamei
n1665whenhel
ookedatasl
i
ver
ofcor
kthr
oughamicr
oscopI
clensanddi
scov
er edcell
s.

*Thant
her
ear
esamet
heor
iesdev
elopei
nwhi
chf
oll
owi
ngar
emosti
mpor
tant
.

Theor
yofbi
ogenesi
s

Accor
dingt
othi
stheor
yli
vi
ngt
hingsar
ear
isef
rom l
i
vingones.
(Rudol
fbi
rches)
.

Theor
yofAbi
ogenesi
s

Accor
dingt
othi
stheor
yli
vi
ngt
hingsar
ear
isef
rom non-
li
vi
ngones.

Spont
aneousgener
ati
on

Accor
dingt
othi
stheor
yli
vi
ngt
hingsar
ear
isespont
aneousl
y.
Lazzar
ospal
l
anzani

Ti
me(
1729-
1799)
.

.Her
eff
usedt
het
heor
yofspont
aneousgener
ati
on.

Fr
ancescor
edi

Ti
me(1620-
1679)

.Thewasabi
gsuppor
tedofspont
aneousgener
ati
on.

Thesci
ent
istwhocont
ri
but
edi
nimmunol
ogy
-

Edwar
dJenner
-

Ti
me(
1749-
1823)

.Fat
herofi
mmunol
ogyusedv
acci
nat
ionpr
ocedur
etopr
otecti
ndi
vi
dual
from smal
lpox.

*butLoui
spast
uredev
elopv
acci
nef
orchol
era,
ant
hrax,
rabi
es.

Knol
lruska-

Hedi
scov
eredel
ect
ronmi
croscopesbywhi
chi
tispossi
blet
ovi
sual
i
zev
irus.

Al
exanderFl
emi
ng-

Hedi
scov
eredt
hepeni
cil
l
in.

Josephl
i
ster
-ti
me1860

.Fat
herofant
ibi
oti
csur
ger
y.

.Heusedcar
bol
i
caci
d(phenol
)asant
isept
ic.

HansChr
ist
iangr
am-t
ime1889

.Hedev
elopet
hegr
am st
ainanddi
vi
dedi
ntot
wopar
ts.

1-Gr
am Posi
ti
ve+v
e-

Ther
ecanabsor
bthegr
am st
ain(col
our
ed)
.

2-
Gram negat
ive-
ve-

Ther
ecannotabsor
bthegr
am st
ain(Decol
our
ed)
.
 -
--
--
--
--
--
--
-

Ther
oleofnur
sei
nmi
crobi
ology
.

(
or)

I
mpor
tanceandpr
inci
pleofmi
crobi
ology
.

(
or)

Scopeofmi
crobi
ologyi
nnur
sing

(
or)

Adv
ant
ageoruseofmi
crobi
ologyi
nnur
sing.

>Thestudyofmicr
obiol
ogyisbasi
cal
l
ytounder
standmi
crobesandf
unct
ionofmi
crobes,
that
t
heyareharmful
lorusef
ull
.

>iti
sthest
udyofmi
crobest
hatcancausesmanydi
sease,
howt
hedi
sease,spr
eadandhow
cancont
rol
.

>i
tisalsousefullt
oeducat
epeopl
esandawar
ethanaboutsani
ti
zat
ionsot
hatpeopl
e'
sar
e
pr
eventfr
om infecti
on.

>Therear
etwoscienti
stwhoplayedandi
mport
antrol
eanddevelopedmicr
obi
alt
echni
que.The
basi
cpri
nci
plesofbact
eri
ologyi
sgivenby"
past
ure"andl
ateri
nformati
onwasgiv
enby"Robert
koch"
> bytheknowledgeofmi
crobi
ologyanur
secanunder
standhowmi
crobesar
espr
eadand
howdi
seaseaccrued.

>Sot
hatanur
secanpr
ovi
depr
opercar
etopat
ient
.

>byt
heknowl
edgeofmi
crobi
ologyanur
secangi
veabet
tercar
etot
her
epat
ientbyf
oll
owi
ng
t
hey.
..

>Anursecanpr
oper
lyhandleknownasnasocomi
ali
nfect
ionbyhandsani
ti
zat
ionasept
ic
t
echni
quesandal
soteachthem toot
her
.

>Microbi
ologi
cal
pr i
nci
plesal
sofol
lowedinspeci
menshandl
i
ngcul
tur
eandl
abor
ator
y
di
agnosisofmedical
lyi
mpor t
anti
nfect
ion.

Env
ironment
alsani
ti
zat
ion-

Theworki
ngandl
ivi
ngenv i
ronmentshoul
dbesafeandheal
thf
ull
topr
eventt
hespr
eadi
ngof
i
nfect
ionsot
hati
tisnecessaryt
ocleanaurenv
ironment
.

Exampl
e-pr
operdust
ing,
properwast
emanagement
.

Vent
il
ati
on-

Ext
ernalv
ent
il
ati
onforpropersunl
i
ghtfreshairi
snecessar
yandint
ernal
vent
il
ati
onf
or
maint
aini
ngpr
operbalanceofatmosphereinsi
dethehouseandhospi
tal
.

Equi
pment
-

Equi
pmentshoul
dbest
eri
l
izedt
opr
eventi
nfect
ion.

Cl
eani
ng/Dust
ing-

Dust
ing,
moppi
ngofFl
oreshoul
dbepr
eventt
hei
nfect
ion.

Foodandki
tchenut
ensi
l
s-

.Ut
ensi
l
sshoul
dbecl
eanpr
oper
lybef
oreandaf
teruse.

.Foodshoul
dbecov
eredf
reshandcl
eanandi
t'
sgoodt
hatt
heFoodconsumedsamedat
e.

Dr
essi
ng-

Fordr
essi
ngst
eri
l
izedmat
eri
alandnon-
touchi
ngt
echni
quesshoul
dbeused.

Handsani
ti
zat
ion-

Keepyournai
lcutshortdai
l
ybat
hpr
eventski
ninf
ect
ionandpr
operhandwashi
ngwi
thhand
sani
ti
zer(det
tolsavl
on).
Bodycar
e-

.Pr
operhandwashi
ngbef
oregi
vi
ngt
hef
eedt
obabyshoul
dbesuggest
ed.

.Pr
operwashi
ngandcl
othsani
ti
zat
ionshoul
dbesuggest
ed.

.Feedi
ngwi
thbot
tl
eshoul
dbeav
oidedandi
fuset
hanpr
oper
lyst
eri
l
ized.

Br
anchesofmi
crobi
ology
-

>bact
eri
ology
-thest
udyofbact
eri
a.

>my
col
ogy-t
hest
udyoff
ungi
.

>pr
otozool
ogy-t
hest
udyofpr
otoza.

>Psy
chol
ogy
/al
gol
ogy-t
hest
udyofal
gae.

>Par
asi
tol
ogy-t
hest
udyofpar
asi
tes.

>Vi
rol
ogy-t
hest
udyofv
iruses.

>Nemat
ology-Thest
udyofnemat
odes.

Enduni
t.

Leav
ehal
fpagebl
ank.
..