Workshop Manual: TID162AP, TD164KAE, TWD1620G/GH, TAD1630G/GE/P/V, TAD1631G/GE, TWD1630G/GE/P/V

Workshop manual
TID162AP, TD164KAE,
TWD1620G/GH, TAD1630G/GE/P/V,
TAD1631G/GE, TWD1630G/GE/P/V,
Workshop manual
TAD1630G/GE/P/V, TAD1631G/GE, TID162AP,
TWD1620G/GH, TWD1630G/GE/P/V, TD164KAE
Contents
Contents Cylinder liners and pistons, fitting ................................ 45
General Information ..................................................... 3 Sealant between the fuel injection pump bearing housing
Tools .............................................................................. 11 and the cylinder block:
Special tools ................................................................ 11 TAD1630/TID162/TWD1620/TWD1630/TD164KAE .... 48
Other special equipment .............................................. 15 TAD1631 ..................................................................... 49
Engine ........................................................................... 16 Seal on output shaft from timing gear to injection pump, re-
Design and Function .................................................... 16 placing:
Cylinder head .............................................................. 17 TAD1630/TID162/TWD1620/TWD1630/TD164KAE . 50
Cylinder block ............................................................. 17 TAD1631 ................................................................. 51
Seals ........................................................................... 17 Front sealing ring for coolant pump, replacing .............. 53
Valve mechanism ........................................................ 18 Sealant, timing gear cover, replacement ...................... 54
Camshaft ..................................................................... 18 Timing gears, removing ............................................... 55
Timing gears ................................................................ 18 Intermediate gears, replacing bearing .......................... 56
Crankshaft/pistons ...................................................... 19 Timing gears, fitting ..................................................... 57
Service procedures ...................................................... 20 Polygon hub, replacing ................................................ 58
Engine fixture, attaching .............................................. 20 Sealant, transmission gear casing, replacing ............... 59
Compression test ........................................................ 21 Camshaft, checking for wear ....................................... 59
Exposing engine body ................................................. 21 Camshaft, replacing .................................................... 62
TAD1630/TAD1631 ..................................................... 21 Camshaft bearings, replacing ...................................... 64
TID162/TWD1620/TWD1630/TD164 ........................... 21 Main bearings, replacing, all ........................................ 66
TAD1630/TAD1631/TID162/TWD1630/TD164 ............ 22 Crank bearings, checking for wear or replacing, all ..... 67
Cylinder head, removing .............................................. 23 Crankshaft, replacing .................................................. 68
Cylinder head, disassembling ...................................... 24 Crankshaft .................................................................. 69
Cylinder head, pressure testing ................................... 25 Inspection ................................................................ 69
Cylinder head, inspection ............................................ 26 Reconditioning ......................................................... 71
Cylinder head, face-grinding ........................................ 26 Flywheel, checking for warp ........................................ 71
Valve guides, inspection .............................................. 27 Flywheel, replacing ...................................................... 72
Valve guides, replacing ............................................... 28 Ring gear, replacing .................................................... 73
Valve seats, replacing ................................................. 28 Flywheel casing, checking for warp ............................. 73
Valve seats, grinding ................................................... 29 Flywheel bearing, replacing ......................................... 74
Valves, grinding ........................................................... 29 Crankshaft seal, rear, replacing ................................... 75
Cylinder head, assembling .......................................... 30 Crankshaft seal, front, replacing .................................. 76
Cylinder head, installation ............................................ 30 Sealant, flywheel casing, replacing .............................. 77
Rocker arm mechanism, reconditioning ....................... 33 Lubrication system ....................................................... 79
Valves, adjusting ......................................................... 34 Design and Function .................................................... 79
Copper sleeve for injectors, replacing .......................... 36 General ....................................................................... 79
Cylinder liners and pistons, removing .......................... 37 Oil cooler ..................................................................... 81
Cylinder liners, measurement and inspection ............... 40 Service procedures ...................................................... 82
Cylinder liners, honing ................................................. 40 Lubricating oil pressure, checking ............................... 82
Cylinder liner seats, reconditioning .............................. 41 Oil filters, replacing ...................................................... 82
(742302 English 09–2004
Cylinder block, face-grinding ....................................... 42 Oil cooler, replacing ..................................................... 83

Pistons, checking ........................................................ 43 Oil cooler, leakage test ................................................ 84
Pistons, fitting .............................................................. 43 Oil pump, replacing ...................................................... 85
Piston rings, inspection ............................................... 43 Oil pump, reconditioning .............................................. 87
Connecting rods, inspection ........................................ 43
Pistons, piston rings and connecting rods,
assembling .................................................................. 44
Safety Precautions
Fuel system ................................................................... 90 Cooling system ........................................................... 125

Design and Function .................................................... 90 Design and Function .................................................. 125
General ....................................................................... 90 General ..................................................................... 125
Fuel filters .................................................................... 90 Service procedures .................................................... 128
Injection pump ............................................................. 91 Coolant pump, replacing ............................................ 128
TID162AP/TWD1620G/GH/TWD1630/GE ............... 91 Coolant pump, reconditioning ..................................... 130
TAD1630P/V/TWD1630P/V/TD164KAE .................. 91 Sleeve thermostats, replacing ................................... 140
TAD1630G/GE y TAD1631G/GE ............................ 92 Sleeve thermostats, checking ................................... 141
Smoke limiter TAD1630P/V ......................................... 94 Coolant manifold seals, replacing .............................. 142
Feed pump .................................................................. 94 Coolant ...................................................................... 144
Manual pump ............................................................... 94 Anti-freeze ................................................................. 144
Instrucciones de reparación ........................................ 95 Volume ...................................................................... 144
Service procedures ...................................................... 95 Anti-corrosion additives ............................................. 144
Injection pump, removal ............................................... 95 Checking coolant level .............................................. 144
Fitting and adjusting the injection pump ........................ 95 Draining the coolant ................................................... 144
Injection pump, setting with measuring tool 998 7057 ... 98 Coolant, filling ............................................................ 145
Pump coupling shaft, removing .................................. 101 Coolant temperature too high ..................................... 145
Checking and replacing pump coupling laminates ...... 101 Coolant temperature too low ...................................... 145
Injectors .................................................................... 101 Temperature gauge, checking ................................... 145
Injectors, replacing .................................................... 102 Level switch, checking .............................................. 145
Injectors, reconditioning ............................................. 103 Coolant leakage ........................................................ 146
Opening pressure, adjusting ...................................... 104 Radiator and charge air cooler, checking ................... 146
Fuel feed pressure, checking .................................... 104 Drive belts, adjusting ................................................. 146
Fuel filters, replacing .................................................. 105 Cooling system, cleaning ........................................... 146
Feed pump, replacing ................................................ 105 Cooling system, pressure-testing ........................... 147
Feed pump, reconditioning ......................................... 106 Checking pressure-testing device 999 6662 .......... 147
Smoke limiter, TAD1630P/V ...................................... 107 Pressure testing ..................................................... 147
Replacing the diaphragm ........................................ 107 Pressure valve, checking ...................................... 148
Fuel system, bleeding ................................................ 108 Electrical system ......................................................... 149
Intake and exhaust systems ....................................... 109 Important ................................................................... 149
Design and Function .................................................. 109 Arc welding ............................................................... 149
Charge air cooler ....................................................... 109 Starting with auxiliary battery ..................................... 149
Turbocharger ............................................................. 109 Electronic speed governor, wiring .............................. 150
Air filter ...................................................................... 110 Wiring diagrams ......................................................... 151
Starter heater ............................................................ 110 Troubleshooting ......................................................... 156
Exhaust manifold ....................................................... 110
Service procedures .................................................... 111
Boost pressure, checking .......................................... 111
Rectifying low boost pressure ................................... 112
Checking exhaust back pressure .............................. 113
Turbocharger, checking bearing clearance ................ 113
Schwitzer S4T and Holset H3B .............................. 113
Turbocharger, reconditioning ..................................... 115
Schwitzer S4T y TAD1630/1631 ............................ 115
Holset, TID162/TWD1620/TWD1630 ..................... 120
Measures in case of turbo failure on TAD- engines ... 123
Turbocharger, replacing/refitting on engine ................ 123
Charge air cooler, checking for leakage,
TAD-engines ............................................................. 124
2
Safety Precautions
Safety Precautions
If working in proximity of an engine which is operat-

Introduction ing, careless movements or a dropped tool can re-
This Workshop manual contains descriptions and instruc- sult in personal injury. Take care to avoid contact
tions for the repair of the Volvo Penta products or product with hot surfaces (exhaust pipes, Turbocharger
types. Check that you have the correct Workshop manual (TC), air intake pipe, starter heater etc.) and hot liq-
for your engine. uids in lines and hoses on an engine which is run-
ning or which has just been stopped. Reinstall all
Before starting work on the engine, read these safety pre-
protective parts removed during service operations
cautions with care as well as ”General information” and
before starting the engine.
”Service procedures”.
Check that the warning or information labels on the

product are always clearly visible. Replace labels
which have been damaged or painted over.
Never start the engine without installing the air cleaner

Important (ACL) filter. The rotating compressor in the Turbo can
cause serious personal injury. Foreign objects enter-
In this book and on the product you will find the following ing the intake ducts can also cause mechanical dam-
special warning symbols. age.
WARNING! Possible danger of personal injury, exten-

Never use start spray products or similar when start-
sive damage to property or serious mechanical mal- ing the engine. They may cause an explosion in the
function if the instructions are not followed. inlet manifold. Danger of personal injury.
IMPORTANT! Used to draw your attention to some- Avoid opening the coolant filler cap when the engine is
thing that can cause damage or malfunctions on a hot. Steam or hot coolant can spray out and the sys-
product or damage to property. tem pressure will be lost. When needed, open the filler
cap slowly and release the pressure in the system. Be
Note: Used to draw your attention to important information very careful if a cock or plug or engine coolant line
that will facilitate the work or operation in progress. must be removed when the engine is hot. It is difficult
to anticipate in which direction steam or hot coolant
Below is a summary of the risks involved and safety pre- can spray out.
cautions you should always observe or carry out when
operating or servicing the engine. Hot oil can cause burns. Avoid getting hot oil on the
skin. Ensure that the lubrication system is not under
Immobilize the engine by turning off the power supply pressure before carrying out any work. Never start or
to the engine at the main switch (switches) and lock it operate the engine with the oil filler cap removed, oth-
(them) turned off before starting work. Set up a warn- erwise oil could be ejected.
ing notice at the engine control point.
Stop the engine before carrying out operations on the
As a general rule all service operations must be car- engine cooling system.
ried out with the engine stopped. However, some
work, for example certain adjustments require that the Only start the engine in a well-ventilated area. If oper-
engine is running when they are carried out. Ap- ating the engine in an enclosed area ensure that
proaching an engine which is operating is a safety there is exhaust ventilation leading out of the engine
risk. Loose clothing or long hair can fasten in rotating compartment or workshop area.
parts and cause serious personal injury.
3
Safety Precautions
Always use protective glasses or goggles when car- Ensure that rags soaked in oil or fuel and used fuel
rying out work where there is a risk of splinters, or oil filters are stored safely. Rags soaked in oil
grinding sparks, acid splashes or where other can spontaneously ignite under certain circum-
chemicals are used. The eyes are extremely sensi- stances. Used fuel and oil filters are environmental-
tive, an injury could result in blindness! ly dangerous waste and must be deposited at an
approved site for destruction together with used lu-
Avoid getting oil on the skin! Repeated exposure to oil bricating oil, contaminated fuel, paint remnants, sol-
or exposure over a long period can result in the skin vent, degreasing agents and waste from washing
becoming dry. Irritation, dryness and eczema and oth- parts.
er skin problems can then occur. Used oil is more
dangerous than fresh oil from a health aspect. Use Never expose a battery to naked flame or electrical
protective gloves and avoid oil soaked clothes and
shop rags. Wash regularly, especially before eating. sparks. Never smoke in proximity to the batteries. The
There are special skin creams which counteract dry- batteries give off hydrogen gas during charging which
ing out of the skin and make it easier to clean off dirt when mixed with air can form an explosive gas - oxy-
after work is completed. hydrogen. This gas is easily ignited and highly volatile.
Incorrect connection of the battery can cause a single
spark which is sufficient to cause an explosion with
Many chemicals used on the product (for example en- resulting damage. Do not shift the connections when
gine and transmission oils, glycol, gasoline and diesel attempting to start the engine (spark risk) and do not
oil), or chemicals used in the workshop (for example lean over any of the batteries.
degreasing agents, paint and solvents) are dangerous
to health. Read the instructions on the product pack-
aging with care! Always follow the safety precautions Always ensure that the Plus (positive) and Minus
for the product (for example use of protective mask, (negative) battery cables are correctly installed on the
glasses, gloves etc.). Make sure that other personnel corresponding terminal posts on the batteries. Incor-
are not exposed to hazardous chemicals, for example rect installation can result in serious damage to the
in the air. Ensure good ventilation in the work place. electrical equipment. Refer to the wiring diagrams.
Follow the instructions provided when disposing of
used or leftover chemicals.
Always use protective goggles when charging and
handling the batteries. Battery electrolyte contains sul-
Exercise extreme care when leak detecting on the fuel
furic acid which is highly corrosive. Should the battery
system and testing the fuel injector nozzles. Use eye
electrolyte come into contact with unprotected skin
protection. The jet from a fuel injector nozzle is under
wash off immediately using plenty of water and soap.
extremely high pressure and has great penetrative en-
If battery acid comes in contact with the eyes, immedi-
ergy, so the fuel can penetrate deep into the body tis-
ately flush with plenty of water and obtain medical as-
sue and cause serious personal injury. Danger of
sistance at once.
blood poisoning.
Turn the engine off and turn off the power at the main
WARNING! The delivery pipes must under no circum-
switch(es) before carrying out work on the electrical
stances be bent. Damaged pipes should be replaced.
system.
All fuels and many chemical substances are flamma-

Clutch adjustments must be carried out with the en-
ble. Do not allow naked flame or sparks in the vicinity.
gine stopped.
Fuel, certain thinner products and hydrogen from bat-
teries can be extremely flammable and explosive
when mixed with air. Smoking is not to be permitted in Use the lifting eyes fitted on the engine when lifting the
the vicinity! Ensure that the work area is well ventilat- drive unit. Always check that the lifting equipment
ed and take the necessary safety precautions before used is in good condition and has the load capacity to
starting welding or grinding work. Always ensure that lift the engine (engine weight including gearbox, if fit-
there are fire extinguishers at hand when work is being ted, and any extra equipment installed). Use an ad-
carried out. justable lifting beam or lifting beam specifically for the
engine to raise the engine to ensure safe handling and
to avoid damaging engine parts installed on the top of
the engine. All chains and cables should run parallel to
each other and as perpendicular as possible in rela-
tion to the top of the engine.
4
Safety Precautions
If extra equipment is installed on the engine which Always use the fuels recommended by Volvo Penta.
alters its center of gravity a special lifting device is Refer to the Instruction Book. Use of fuels that are of
required to obtain the correct balance for safe han- a lower quality can damage the engine. On a diesel
dling. Never carry out work on an engine suspended engine poor quality fuel can cause the control rod to
on a hoist. seize and the engine to overrev with resulting risk of
damage to the engine and personal injury. Poor fuel
Never work alone when removing heavy engine com- quality can also lead to higher maintenance costs.
ponents, even when using lifting devices such as lock-
ing tackle lifts. When using a lifting device two people Observe the following rules when cleaning with high-
are usually required to do the work, one to take care of pressure water jets: Never direct the water jet at
the lifting device and another to ensure that compo- seals, rubber hoses, electrical components or the ra-
nents are lifted clear and not damaged during the lifting diator.
operations. Always check before starting work if there
is enough room to carry out removal work without risk-
ing personal injury or damage to the engine or parts.
WARNING! The components in the electrical system

and in the fuel system on Volvo Penta products are de-
signed and manufactured to minimize the risk of fire
and explosion. The engine must not be run in areas
where there are explosive materials.
© 2001 AB VOLVO PENTA

We reserve the right to make changes
Printed on environmentally-friendly paper
5
General information Group 20
General information
About this Workshop manual Certified engines

This Workshop manual contains descriptions and instruc- When performing service and repairs on an emissions
tions for the repair of engines in standard format. certified engine that is used in an environment where ex-
haust emissions are governed by law, it is important to be
The Engine Designation and Engine Numbers can be found
aware of the following:
on the product plate (see page 10). Please always include
both the engine designation and the engine number in all cor- Certification means that an engine type is controlled and ap-
respondence. proved by the appropriate authority. The engine manufactur-
er warrants that all engines of the same type that are being
The Workshop manual is produced primarily for the use of
made, are equivalent to the certified engine.
Volvo Penta workshops and service technicians. For this
reason the manual presupposes a certain basic knowl- The following special requirements regarding service and re-
edge and that the user can carry out the mechanical/elec- pairs apply:
trical work described to a general standard of engineering
competence.
• Service and maintenance intervals recommended by
Volvo Penta must be followed.
Volvo Penta products are under a continual process of de-
velopment and we therefore reserve all rights regarding
• Only Volvo Penta Original Spare Parts may be used.
changes and modifications. All the information in this manual • Service work on the injection pump, pump settings, and
is based on product specifications available at the time the injectors must always be carried out by an authorized
book was published. Any essential changes or modifications Volvo Penta workshop.
of the product or revised service methods introduced after • The engine must not be altered or modified in any way,
the date of publication will be provided in the form of Service except for accessories and service kits approved by
Bulletins. Volvo Penta for that engine.
• No modifications to the exhaust pipes and engine air in-
take pipes are allowed.
• Any seals on the engine may not be broken by unau-
thorized persons.
For other matters, the general instructions in the Instruction
Book apply.
Spare parts
IMPORTANT! Neglected or substandard operation or
Spare parts for the electrical and fuel systems are subject to service, as well as use of replacement parts other
various national safety requirements. Volvo Penta Original than AB Volvo Penta Original Parts will result in AB
Spare Parts meet these specifications. Any type of damage Volvo Penta being unable to assume any liability that
which is the result of using spare parts that are not original the engine corresponds to the certificated engine vari-
Volvo Penta parts for the product in question will not be cov- ant.
ered under any warranty or guarantee provided by AB Volvo
Penta.
AB Volvo Penta excludes any liability for all and any
type of damage or costs caused by the use of re-
placement parts that are not Volvo Penta Original
Parts for the product in question.
6
Group 20 Service procedures
Repair instructions
The working methods described in the Workshop manual
apply to work carried out in a workshop. The engine has
Our common responsibility
been removed and is installed in an engine fixture. Unless Every engine consists of many systems and components
otherwise stated reconditioning work which can be carried that work together. If one component deviates from the tech-
out with the engine in place follows the same working nical specifications this can have dramatic consequences on
method. the environmental impact of the engine even if it is otherwise
Warning symbols used in this Workshop manual (for full in good running order. It is therefore critical that the stated
explanation of the symbols refer to the section ”Safety Pre- wear tolerances are observed, that systems which can be
cautions”) adjusted are correctly set up and that only Volvo Penta Orig-
inal Parts are used on the engine. The stated service inter-
vals in the Maintenance Schedule must be followed.
WARNING! Some systems, such as the components in the fuel system,

require special expertise and special testing equipment for
service and maintenance. Some components are factory
sealed for environmental and product specific reasons. Un-
der no circumstances attempt to service or repair a sealed
IMPORTANT! component unless the service technician carrying out the
work is authorized to do so.
Bear in mind that most chemical products, incorrectly used,
Note: are hazardous to the environment. Volvo Penta recommends
the use of bio-degradable degreasing agents for all cleaning
are not in any way comprehensive since it is impossible to of engine components unless otherwise stated in the
predict every circumstance under which service work or re- Workshop manual. Pay special attention to make sure that
pairs may be carried out. AB Volvo Penta can only indicate oils and washing residue etc are handled correctly for de-
the risks considered likely to occur as a result of incorrect struction, and do not unintentionally end up in nature.
working methods in a well equipped workshop using working
methods and tools tested by AB Volvo Penta.
All operations described in the Workshop manual for
which there are Volvo Penta Special Tools available as- Torque
sume that these tools are used when carrying out the re-
pair. Volvo Penta Special Tools have been specifically de- Correct torque for critical joints which must be tightened us-
veloped to ensure as safe and rational working methods ing a torque wrench are listed under ”Technical Data -
as possible. It is therefore the responsibility of anyone us- torque” and stated in the method descriptions in the Work-
ing other tools or other working methods than we recom- shop manual. All torque data apply to cleaned threads,
mend to determine that there is no risk of personal injury bolt heads and mating surfaces. Torque data stated apply
or mechanical damage or malfunction as a result. to lightly oiled or dry threads. Where grease, locking or
sealing agents are required for screwed joints this is stat-
In some cases special safety precautions and user instruc- ed in both the operation description and in ”torque”.
tions may be required in order to use the tools and chemicals Where no torque is stated for a joint use the general
mentioned in the Workshop manual. Always follow these torque shown in the table below. The torques stated are a
precautions. There are no specific instructions given in the guide and the joint does not have to be tightened using a
Workshop manual. torque wrench.
By following these basic recommendations and using com-
mon sense it is possible to avoid most of the risks involved
in the work. A clean work place and a clean engine will elimi- Dimension Torque
nate many risks of personal injury and engine malfunction. Nm
M5 ......................................... 6
Especially when working on the fuel system, engine lubrica- M6 ....................................... 10
tion system, air intake system, turbocharger unit, bearing M8 ....................................... 25
seals and seals, it is extremely important to avoid dirt or for- M10 ..................................... 50
eign objects entering the parts or systems, since this can re- M12 ..................................... 80
sult in reduced service life or malfunctions.
M14 ................................... 140
7
Torquing with Protractor Sealant

tightening (angle tightening) A number of sealants and locking liquids are used on the en-
gines. The agents have varying properties and are used for
When torquing with protractor (angle tightening), the fastener different types of jointing strengths, operating temperature
is tightened to a predetermined torque and then turned a pre- ranges, resistance to oil and other chemicals and for the dif-
determined angle. Example: a 90° protractor tightening ferent materials and gap sizes in the engines.
means that the joint is tightened a further 1/4 turn in one op-
eration after the stated torque has been applied. To ensure service work is correctly carried out it is important
that the correct sealant and locking fluid type is used on the
joint where the agents are required.
In this Volvo Penta Workshop manual the user will find
that each section where these agents are applied in pro-
duction states which type was used on the engine.
During service operations use the same agent or an alterna-
tive from a different manufacturer.
Lock nuts Make sure that mating surfaces are dry and free from oil,
Do not re-use lock nuts that have been removed during dis- grease, paint and anti-corrosion agent before applying seal-
assembly operations as these have reduced service life ant or locking fluid.
when re-used. For lock nuts with a plastic insert such as Ny- Always follow the manufacturer’s instructions for use regard-
lock® the torque stated in the table is reduced if the Nylock® ing temperature range, curing time and any other instructions
nut has the same head height as a standard hexagonal nut for the product.
without plastic insert. Reduce the torque by 25% for bolt size
8 mm or larger. Where Nylock® nuts are higher, where the Two different basic types of agent are used on the engine
metallic thread is of the same height as a standard hexago- and these are:
nal nut, the torques given in the table apply. 1. RTV agent (Room temperature vulcanizing).
Used for gaskets, sealing gasket joints or coating gaskets.
RTV is visible when a part has been disassembled; old RTV
must be removed before resealing the joint.
The following RTV agents are mentioned in the Workshop
manual: Loctite® 574, Permatex® No. 3, Permatex® No 77.
Old sealant can be removed using denatured alcohol in
all cases.
Strength classes 2. Anaerobic agents. These agents cure in an absence of
Bolts and nuts are divided up into different classes of air. They are used when two solid parts, for example cast
strength; the class is indicated by the number on the bolt components, are installed face-to-face without a gasket.
head. A higher number indicates stronger material. For ex- They are also commonly used to secure plugs, threads in
ample, a bolt marked 10-9 indicates a higher strength than stud bolts, cocks, oil pressure switches etc. The cured ma-
one marked 8-8. It is therefore important that bolts removed terial is glass-like and it is therefore colored to make it visi-
during the disassembly of a bolted joint must be reinstalled in ble. Cured anaerobic agents are extremely resistant to sol-
their original position when assembling the joint. If a bolt must vents and the old agent cannot be removed. When reinstall-
be replaced check in the spare parts catalogue to make sure ing the part, degrease it carefully and then apply new seal-
the correct bolt is used. ant.
The following anaerobic agents are mentioned in the
Workshop manual: Loctite® 572 (white), Loctite® 241
(blue).
Note: Loctite® is a registered trademark of Loctite Corporation,
Permatex® is a registered trademark of the Permatex Corporation.
8
Safety rules for fluorocarbon

rubber
Fluorocarbon rubber is a common material in seal rings for
shafts, and in O-rings, for example.
When fluorocarbon rubber is subjected to high temperatures
(above 300°C/572°F), hydrofluoric acid can be formed,
which is highly corrosive. Skin contact can give severe
chemical burns. Splashes in your eyes can give severe
chemical burns. If you breathe in the fumes, your lungs can
be permanently damaged.
WARNING! Be very careful when working on engines

which have been exposed to high temperatures, e.g.
overheating during a seizure or fire. Seals must never
be cut with an oxy-acetylene torch, or be burned up
afterwards in an uncontrolled manner.
• Always use gloves made of chloroprene rubber (gloves

for handling chemicals) and protective goggles.
• Handle the removed seal in the same way as corrosive
acid. All residue, including ash, can be highly corrosive.
Never use compressed air to blow anything clean.
• Put the remains in a plastic jar which is sealed and pro-
vided with a warning label. Wash the gloves under run-
ning water before removing them.
The following seals are probably made from fluorocarbon
rubber:
Seal rings for the crankshaft, camshaft, intermediate shafts.
O-rings irrespective of where they are installed. O- rings for
cylinder liner sealing are almost always made from fluorocar-
bon rubber.
Note that seals which have not been subjected to high tem-
perature can be handled normally.
9
General information Group 20
Location of identification
plates
Each engine is supplied with two identical identification
plates, of which one is mounted on the cylinder block, see
figure.
The other identification plate should be mounted in a
suitable location adjacent to the engine.
1. Engine model
2. Spec. no.
3. Serial no.
4. Rated net power (without fan) Key to engine model:
5. Rated net power (with fan)
6. Max. rpm For example: TAD1630GE
7. Prelift/Inj. timing T–Turbo charged
T – Turboalimentado
A – Air-to-air charge air cooler
I – Intercooler
W – Water-to-air charge air cooler
D – Diesel engine
16 – Displacement, liters
3 – Generation
0 – Version
P – Stationary engine (Power Pac)
G – Gen Set Engine
H – Raised engine output
V – Engine for stationary and mobile operation
M – Engine for mobile operation
E – Low emission engine
10
Group 20 Special tools
Special tools
The following special tools are used when working on the engine.
The tools can be ordered from AB Volvo Penta by specifying the number shown.
999 1083 999 1801 999 1819 999 2000 999 2061 999 2269 999 2412 999 2457 999 2479
999 2529 999 2658 999 2677 999 2852 999 2929 999 3590 999 6019
999 6062
999 6236
999 6065 999 6066 999 6071 999 6315 999 6225 999 6352 999 6390 999 6394
Tool Designation/use Tool Designation/use

999 1083 Drift for valve guides 999 2929 Drift, coolant pump seal ring
999 1801 Standard handle 18x200 999 3590 Cranking tool for flywheel
999 1819 Puller 999 6019 Support segments
999 2000 Standard handle 25x200 999 6062 Spindle 7/8”-9 UNC
999 2061 Drift for reconditioning coolant pump 999 6065 Pressure gauge 2.5 bar.
999 2269 Drift for fitting flywheel 999 6066 Nipple for feed pressure
999 2412 Drift for reconditioning coolant pump 999 6071 Drift for camshaft bearings
999 2457 Hollow drift for rocker arm bushings 999 6225 Drift for rocker arm bushings
999 2479 Holder for dial indicator 999 6315 Spindle
999 2529 Drift for gudgeon pin 999 6236 Drift for cylinder liners
999 2658 Puller 999 6352 Drift for rocker arm bushings
999 2677 Drift for reconditioning oil pump 999 6390 Gauge extension
999 2852 Press ring 999 6394 Spacer for liner extractor
11
Special tools Group 20
999 6395 999 6398 999 6400 999 6413 999 6419 999 6433 999 6454 999 6478 999 6591 999 6626
999 6662 999 6645 999 6845 999 6848 999 6858 999 6863 999 6960 999 6963
999 6966 999 6942 999 6967 999 6969 999 6970 999 6971 999 6974 999 6975 999 6977

999 6395 Spacer for liner extractor 999 6863 Hollow drift for thermostat seal
999 6398 Gauge 16 Bar 999 6960 Expander
999 6400 Slide hammer for injectors 999 6963 Puller plate
999 6413 Extension for oil pump drive gear 999 6966 Press tool
999 6419 Puller for injectors 999 6942 Milling tool
999 6433 Adapter (cap) with nipple 999 6967 Drift for fitting sealing ring to cylinder liner
999 6454 Extension for camshaft 999 6969 Drift for camshaft bearings
999 6478 Drift for rocker arm bushings 999 6970 Guide tool for camshaft
999 6591 Nipple for oil pressure and boost pressure 999 6971 Handle, camshaft bearings
999 6626 Hollow drift for fitting camshaft bearings 999 6974 Drift for camshaft bearings
999 6662 Pressure gauge 2.5 bar 999 6975 Drift for steel ring for copper sleeve
999 6645 Extractor for cylinder liners 999 6977 Drift for in valve guides, exhaust
999 6845 C-clamp

999 6484 Gauges for injection pump
999 6858 Drift for coolant pump
12
999 6978 999 6997 999 6998 999 6999 999 8000 999 8007 999 8009 999 8010
999 8011 999 8012 999 8017 999 8134 999 8140 999 8238 999 9179
999 9683
999 6962
999 9696

999 6978 Drift for pressing in valve guides, inlet 999 8012 Hollow drift
999 6997 Tool for leakage test, cylinder head 999 8017 Press tool
999 6998 Drift for coolant pump 999 8134 Thread cutting tool for copper sleeve
999 6999 Tool for coolant pump 999 8140 Puller for copper sleeve
999 8000 Drift for coolant pump 999 8238 Drift for seal
999 8007 Puller for injectors 999 9179 Removal tool
999 8009 Adapter for compression test 999 9683 Dial indicator
999 8010 Puller for crankshaft seal 999 9696 Magnetic stand
999 8011 Puller for seal 999 6962 Engine fixture
13
Special tools Group 20
884983 884994 884995 884997

884969
885231 885232
885184
885126
9990192

884969 Flange kit 885184 Flange kit
884983 Tool for seal and fitting wear ring 885231 Connection tool for leakage check
884994 Puller for polygon hub 885232 Sealing tool for leakage check
884995 Drift for polygon hub 9990192 Puller

884997 Tool for crankshaft drive
885126 Piston ring compressor
14
Other special equipment

The following special tools are used when working on the engine. The tool can be ordered from AB Volvo Penta by specifying
the appropriate Part number.
998 5423 998 8183

998 6981 (220V)
998 7057
998 6982 (380V)
115 8959
998 9876
998 6485
988 6173
998 8539
988 6175
981 2546

998 5423 Piston ring tool 998 9876 Dial indicator
998 6981 Oven 220V 998 6485 Assembly stand
998 6982 Oven 380V 115 8959 Torque amplifier (x6)
981 2546 Pin brush, copper sleeve
998 7057 Measuring instrument
998 8183 Circlip pliers 998 6173 Puller for rocker arm bushings
998 6175 Puller
998 8539 Compression gauge
15
Design and Function Group 21
Engine
Design and Function
16
Group 21 Design and Function
Cylinder head
The engine has individual, cast iron cylinder heads each car-
rying four valves. The injectors are centrally positioned in
copper sleeves between the valves.
Cylinder block
The cast iron cylinder block has bearing caps of ductile cast
iron. The main bearing caps are tied to the block sides by re-
inforcing plates.
Seals
Cylinder block - Cylinder liners - Cylinder heads
A direct contact sealing method is used. The upper sealing
face of the liner seals directly against the cylinder head with-
out a gasket. The liner incorporates a flame retainer. Be-
neath the liner collar is a sealing ring. In addition, there is an
extra sealing ring between the liner and cylinder block. The
bottom seals of the liner consists of three rings.
17
Design and Function Group 21
Valve mechanism
Valve mechanism is carried from the camshaft by tappets of
the roller type, short push rods, rocker arms and valve cali-
pers. In each rocker arm is an oil drilling which due to the
movement lubricates the valve caliper and ball cup of the
push rod.
Camshaft
The camshaft is positioned high in the cylinder block and is
journalled by 7 bushings. The front bushing is of a larger di-
mension than the other 6. The camshaft is driven via two
idler gears.
Timing gears
The timing gears are completely built-in, which means that
the crankshaft hub and vibration damper are underneath the
casing cover. This gives a lower level of noise. Genset en-
gines have an additional vibration damper in front of the pul-
ley.
The cooling fan is belt driven. The coolant pump has a pulley
to provide a drive for the alternator.
A. Additional vibration damper
1 Crankshaft drive
2 Idler, oil pump
3 Oil pump drive
4 Coolant pump drive
5 Idler, right
6 Idler, upper
7 Camshaft drive
8 Injector pump drive
9 Idler, left
18
Group 21 Design and Function
Crankshaft/pistons
The crankshaft has 7 main bearings and is nitrocarburized.

The oscillation damper is screw-attached to the polygon hub.
The rear and front crankshaft seal consists of a liptype seal-
ing ring. The front sealing ring seals against a wear ring on
the pulley.
The upper end of the connecting rods is trapezoidal in
shape. The bushing must be line bored after replacement.
The pistons are made of aluminum alloy, have three piston
rings and an inner oil drilling for cooling purposes.
19
Service procedures - engine Group 21
Service procedures
The engine must always be washed before repairs are started
Engine fixture, attaching

Special tools: 998 6485, 999 6962 4
1
Remove the oil cooler as shown in ”oil cooler, replacing”.
Cover the holes with rags or equivalent to prevent dirt or for-

eign matter from entering the engine.
Remove the spacer plate (four screws).
Mount the engine fixture on the engine.
Remove the bypass filter and bracket (four screws).
Lift the engine in place and secure it with screws and nuts in
the holes on the assembly stand (four).
20
Group 21 Service procedures - engine
Compression test Exposing engine body

(Injectors removed) TAD1630/TAD1631
Special tools: 999 8009, 998 8539
1
1 Shut the fuel cocks. Disconnect the battery cables.
2
Drain the coolant.
3
Remove air filters and pipes for the turbo charger. Remove
stays and brackets.
4
Remove the two charge air pipes.
5
Disconnect the starter heater.
TID162/TWD1620/TWD1630/TD164
1
Fit adapter 999 8009. Attach the adapter by means of the in-
jector retainer and nut. Shut the fuel cocks. Disconnect the battery cables. Drain the
coolant.
2
2
Disconnect electric cabling and connections with all sensors
and transducers on the sensor rack. Disconnect the starter
heater.
3
Remove the filters and pipes for the turbo charger. Remove
stays and brackets.
4
Remove the turbo charger from the exhaust pipe and charge
air cooler.
5
Remove the charge air cooler together with the inlet mani-
fold.
Connect compression gauge 998 8539 to 999 8009. Crank

the engine with the starter motor while the stop button is de-
pressed. Read the compression pressure at normal starter
motor rpm.
21
TAD1630/TAD1631/TID162/TWD1620/ 11
TWD1630/TD164
6
Remove the fuel delivery pipe and return fuel pipe together
with the clamps and brackets from the injectors and the in-
jection pump.
On the cylinder heads which are to be removed, bend up the

locking tabs on the exhaust manifold bolts.
12
Fit protective plugs to all injectors and also to the pressure

valve holders in the injection pump.
8
Remove the pipe of the smoke limiter from the inlet pipe
(TAD1630P/V only).
Remove the fuel return pipes together with the copper wash-
ers between the injectors.
Remove the inlet manifold (TAD1630, TAD1631 only).

13
Remove the valve cover.
10
Remove all pipes for distribution of coolants, and the thermo-

stat housing.
22
3
Cylinder head, removing
Special tools: 999 3590, 999 6400, 999 6966, 999 8007
Remove the injectors. If an injector sticks in the copper

sleeve, fit tool 999 6400 and 999 8007 to the injector and
carefully knock out the injector.
Remove the plug from the flywheel casing using a 16 mm

hex socket key. Fit cranking tool 999 3590 in the hole. Ro-
tate the engine until both valve pairs, on the cylinder head to
be taken out, shut. The rocker bridge should not be loaded
with any of the springs.
4
Remove the cylinder head bolts.
5
Remove the rocker arm bridge and both push rods. Lift and Lift off the cylinder head.
turn the tappets 1/4 turn until they rest on the guide stud in
the cylinder head, or remove them. Note: Never put the cylinder head on the sealing surface as
damage can result.
Note: Put all tappets and push rods in a stand or mark them
to make sure that they are returned to their original positions
when reinstalled.
23
6 Cylinder head, disassembling

1
Remove the valves and valve springs. Use a valve spring
clamp to compress the springs for removal of the valve col-
lets.
2
Put the valves in a valve stand in the order they were fitted in
the engine.
3
Clean all parts. Take particular care with the ducts for oil and
coolant. Carry out a leakage test.
Remove all sealing rings from the cylinder block.
Attach 999 6966 (two) to hold the cylinder liner.
24
3
Cylinder head, pressure
testing
(Cylinder head removed)
Special tools: 999 6662, 999 6997 (2 ea)

Before using the pressure testing equipment, check it for ac-
curacy.
Fit 999 6997 (two) to the cylinder head.
Note: Tighten the wing nuts with care so as not do damage

the rubber gaskets of the tool.
1
Connect the pressure testing equipment 999 6662 to an air
supply and set the gauge to 100 kPa (14.5 psi) by means of
the reduction valve.
Note: The knob of the reduction valve can be locked with a

circlip, which is moved in an axial direction.
Connect the hose between 999 6662 and 999 6997.
2 5
Check that the knob on 999 6662 is fully opened.
6
Put the cylinder head into a 70°C (158°F) water bath.
Then close the bleed valve. The pressure gauge dial pointer
must not drop during minutes, otherwise the gauge cannot
be relied upon.
25
7
Cylinder head, inspection
Unevenness of the cylinder head face must not exceed 0.02

mm (0.0008"). If the unevenness does exceed the maximum
of 0.02 mm, or if any blow-by marks are observed, the cylin-
der head must be face-ground or replaced. Make sure that
the stud is secure.
IMPORTANT! Replace all rubber seals.
Cylinder head, face-grinding

Special tools: 999 2479, 998 9876
When face-grinding, check surface smoothness with a dial
indicator. Surface finish after grinding must be max 1.6 RA.
Connect air to 999 6662. Open the valve.
8
Pull out the locking ring on the knob of the reduction valve.
9
Screw in the knob until the pressure reading is 50 kPa. Main-
tain the pressure for one minute.
10
Increase the pressure to 150 kPa. Secure the knob of the
reduction valve by pushing the locking ring down. Shut the The measurement (A) from the face of the valve disc to the
valve on 999 6662. face of the cylinder head must be 0.0–0.4 mm. Should fur-
ther machining of the cylinder head face be required, the
valve seats must be milled down to maintain this measure-
11 ment.
After 2 minutes, check whether the pressure has dropped on The cylinder head height after face grinding must not be less
999 6662, or if bubbles of air can be seen in the bath. than 134.6 mm.
12
Remove the air hose from 999 6662.
13
Remove 999 6997 (two) from the cylinder head.
26
Valve guides, inspection Wear tolerances:

Inlet valve max play 0.30 mm (0.0118")
Special tools: 998 9876, 999 9696
Exhaust valve max play 0.45 mm (0.0177")
To determine the degree of valve guide wear, fit a new valve If these amounts of play are exceeded, the valve guides
into the guide and then measure the amount of play with a must be replaced.
dial indicator.
Put the cylinder head on a flat surface with the head resting
on the valve guides.
2
Fit a new valve into a valve guide pushing the valve down
until the stem rests against the flat surface underneath.
3
Use a dial indicator with a magnetic stand, placing the tip of
the dial indicator against the edge of the valve.
Move the valve sideways in the direction of the exhaust or

inlet ducts. Note the reading of the dial indicator.
27
Valve guides, replacing Valve seats, replacing

Special tools: 999 1083, 999 8336
Special tools: 999 2479, 998 9876
1
The valve seat must be replaced when measurement ”A”,
measured with a new valve, exceeds 1.0 mm.
This measurement applies to both the inlet and exhaust
valves.
Press out the valve guides using tool 1083.

2
Remove the old valve seat by cutting two diametrical notch-

es in the seat and cracking it with a chisel.
Note: Be careful not to damage the cylinder head.
Thoroughly clean the seat location and check the cylinder

head for cracks.
Measure the diameter of the valve seat location. With this
measurement as a basis, check whether a standard size
seat or an oversize seat is required. Machine the valve seat
location if necessary.
Cool the seat in carbon dioxide snow to minus 60- 70°C
(140-158°F) and heat the cylinder head by hosing it with hot
water or some other suitable source of heat. Press in the
seat using a drift.
Machine the seat to the correct angle and width.
Oil the new valve guides and press the guides into the cylin-
der head using drift 999 8336. The tool installs the guides at
the correct height above the cylinder head surface. The
same tool is used for all valve guides.
Note: The guides for intake and exhaust valves should have
the same short chamfer pointing up. Intake valve guides (A)
should have their long chamfer pointing down.
3
Ream valve guides if necessary.
28
Valve seats, grinding Valves, grinding

Before grinding, check the valve guides and replace them if Valve sealing angles:
the wear limits have been exceeded.
Grind the valve seat just enough to give correct form and an-
Inlet 29,5°
gle and to ensure good contact.
Exhaust 44,5°
The seat should be replaced when distance ”A”, measured
with a new valve, exceeds 1.0 mm (0.0394”).
A new seat is ground until the measurement between the The sealing surface should be ground as little as possible,
cylinder head face and the upper area of the valve (A) is 0.0- just enough to remove all signs of damage.
0.4 mm (0.0-0.0158") for both inlet and exhaust valves. If there is an edge of less than 1.40 mm (0.0552")on inlet
This angle is checked with a valve seat gauge after coating valves and 1.55 mm (0.0610") on exhaust valves, the valve
the seat contact surface with a light layer of marking paint. must be replaced. This also applies if the valve stem is bent.
Check for leakage using marking paint.

If leakage is found, regrind the valve seat - not the valve -
and recheck for leakage.
Intake valve
Exhaust valve
29
Cylinder head, assembling Cylinder head, installation

Special tools: 999 2479, 998 9876, 115 8959
1
Oil the valve stems and fit the valves into their guides. Fit the 1
valve springs and the spring washers. Clamp the springs
with a valve spring compressor and fit the collets.
2
If the cylinder cleaning plugs have been removed, make sure
that the sealing surfaces are well cleaned. Fit new gaskets.
Torque the plugs.
IMPORTANT! The plugs must be tightened manually!
Plug diameter:
M30: 60 Nm (44.3 ft-lb).
3/4": 70 Nm (51.6 ft-lb).
Use a brass wire brush to clean the sealing surfaces of

the cylinder block.
IMPORTANT! Take care not to scratch the contact surfaces

which seal against the cylinder liner.
Check the height of the cylinder liner above the face of the
block, see ”Cylinder liner with piston, fitting”.
30
3 9
Fit new greased sealing rings to the cylinder block.
4
Fit the exhaust manifold bolts (two), locking tabs, washers
and sleeves. Put the gasket onto the bolts.
5
Lift the cylinder head carefully into position on the cylinder
block. Make sure that the exhaust manifold gasket is cor-
rectly in position.
6
Screw in the exhaust manifold bolts 2-3 turns. Tighten the head bolts in the specified order and in four
stages.
7 1st stage 50 Nm (36.9 ft-lb)

2nd stage 125 Nm (92.2 ft-lb)
3rd stage 200 Nm (147.5 ft-lb)
Note: Mark the socket and the cylinder head with a felt-
tipped pen.
Dip the cylinder head bolts completely into a rustproofing 4th stage 180° (the angle tightening should be carried out
agent (part No. 282036-3). using torque amplifier 115 8959).
Then place the screws on a net to remove excess.

10
Fit the bolts to the cylinder head. Fit the injector. Torque the attaching yoke nut to 55 Nm
(40.6 ft-lb).
31
11 17
Torque the exhaust manifold bolts to 48 Nm (35.4 ft-lb).
18
Fit new O-rings to the inlet pipes of all cylinders.
(On TWD1630, the delivery pipes to the injectors have to be
fitted before the inlet manifold.)
19
TAD1630P/V only
Connect the smoke limiter hose to the inlet pipe.
20
Fit the tappets, resting them against the camshaft. Connect the cables to the starter heater.
Note: The tappets must be placed in an oil bath before fitting.

New tappets are packed in oil. The oil must not be removed 21
before fitting. Observe good cleanliness when handling the
tappets!
12
Fit the push rods.
Note: Make sure that the tappets and push rods are in their
correct positions.
13
Remove all protective plugs from the injectors and the in-
jection pump.
22
Fit the delivery pipes and the fuel return pipe together with
washers, clamps and brackets.
23
Fit the rocker arm mechanism, torque 48 Nm (35.4 ft-lb). Fit all other dismounted details (brackets filters etc.
14 24
Adjust the valves. See ”Valves adjusting”. Fill with coolant. Bleed the fuel system.
15
Fit the valve cover together with the gaskets.
16
Fit the coolant distribution pipes, and the thermostat housing.
32
5
Rocker arm mechanism,
reconditioning
Special tools: 999 1801, 999 2000, 999 2457, 999 6225, 999
6352, 999 6478, 998 6173, 998 6175
Fit the new bushing using tools 999 1801 and 999 6478
Remove the locking plugs using tools 998 6173 and 998 making sure that the oil holes align with the oil channels
6175. in the rocker arms. The slit in the bushing must point diag-
onally upwards.
2 Note: On completion of pressing, machine-ream the bush-
Clean all parts. Pay particular attention to the oil drilling in the ings.
bearing bracket as well as the rocker arm shaft and rocker
arm oil holes.
6
Oil the rocker arm shaft and fit the rockers.
3
Check the wear on the rocker arm shaft and the ball screw.
The threads on the ball pin and lock nut must be in good con- 7
dition. The surface of the rocker arms which is in contact
with the valve must not be worn or pitted.
Fit the new locking plugs.
Press out the rocker arm bushing using tools 999 1801,
999 2457 and 999 6352.
33
Valves, adjusting Adjusting the valve caliper
5
Special tools: 998,3590
Valves are adjusted with the engine cold. On no condition

should the engine be running since the valves can strike
against the piston and cause serious damage.
Make sure that the stop control is pulled out and the starting
key is turned off.
Valve adjustments are done in accordance with the two-po-
sition method, but also each pair of valves are adjusted in
two stages. The first stage is to adjust the valve caliper, the
second to adjust the rocker arm play.
Slacken the lock nut and adjusting screw for the no. 1 pair
Remove the plug in the flywheel casing and attach crank- of valves on 1st cylinder until there is play between the
ing tool 998 3590. caliper and the valve stem.
2 6
Remove the delivery pipe and the fuel return pipe.
3
Remove all valve covers.
Note: After removing the valve cover, always check the

torque on the studbolt to the rocker arm bridge. Correct
torque 48 Nm (35.4 ft-lb).
4
Crank the flywheel in the engine’s direction of rotation until
1st piston is in the top dead center after the compression
stroke (0° on the flywheel, both pairs of valves on 6th cylin-
der rocking).
Press the valve caliper down.
7
Turn the adjusting screw until it touches the valve stem.
34
8 11
Crank the engine with the flywheel one more full turn in its
direction of rotation until 6th cylinder piston is at top dead
center after the compression stroke and both valve pairs of
1st cylinder are rocking.
Turn it down a further 1/4 turn. Secure the adjusting screw

with the lock nut. 12
Repeat stages 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 on valve pairs no.
Adjusting valves
13
9
On completion of adjustment, remove tool 998 3590 and
fit the plug in the flywheel casing.
14
Fit all valve covers.
Torque: 20 Nm (14.8 ft-lb.).
15
Fit the fuel delivery pipes and the fuel return pipes.
Adjust the valve clearance between the rocker arm and
the valve caliper for pair of valves no. 1 of 1st cylinder.
Valve clearance:
Inlet 0.30 mm (0.0118")

Exhaust 0.60 mm (0.0236")
10
Note: Fuel delivery pipes must never be bent or altered. A
damaged fuel delivery pipe should always be replaced with a
new one.
16
Bleed the fuel system.
After adjusting the valve pair on 1st cylinder, repeat the

procedures of 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 above on valve pairs no. 2,
4, 5, 8 and 9.
35
6
Copper sleeve for injectors,
replacing
Special tools: 999 1801, 999 1819, 998 3590, 999 6400, 999
6960, 999 6975, 999 8007, 999 8134, 999 8140, 981 2546
1
Drain the coolant and disconnect the batteries.
2
Remove the delivery pipe and the fuel return pipe.
3 Remove the steel ring with puller 999 1819.

Remove the appropriate valve cover on the cylinder where
the copper sleeve is to be replaced. 7
Rotate the engine until the piston in the cylinder where the
4 replacement of the copper sleeve is to be carried out is in its
lower position.
Remove the retainer and the injector, fitting a protective plug
to the injector and in the delivery valve holder in the injection
pump. 8
Grease the threaded tap on tool 999 8134.
Note: The grease ensures that swarf will not fall into the cyl-
inder and cause damage. Set the tap so that it extends about
22 mm (0.87")
9
5
Remove the sealing ring from the steel ring.
Make threads in the copper sleeve’s tap with tool 999

8134.
36
10 14
Remove the pin screw for the injector’s yoke. Check that
the screw on tool 999 8140 extends about 22 mm (0.87")
from the tool.
11
Fit a new sealing ring to the cylinder head.
15
Remove the reamer from tool 999 6960.
Screw tool 999 8140 tight in the copper sleeve. Remove
the copper sleeve from the cylinder head.
12
16
Fit a new copper sleeve to 999 6960. Fit the reamer.
17
Smear the inside of the copper sleeve with engine oil.
Remove the sealing ring of the copper sleeve from the cyl-
inder head.
13
Clean the sealing surface between the cylinder head and the
base of the copper sleeve. Tool 9812546 can be used for
this purpose.
18
Fit the copper sleeve together with 999 6960 and the injector
retainer to the cylinder head.
37
19 6975.
Screw down the retainer nut until the copper sleeve bottoms 24
in the cylinder head. Tap down the steel ring carefully until the drift bottoms
against the cylinder head face.
20
25
Insert a new sealing ring into the steel ring.
Hold spindle 999 6960 and screw the nut down. The
reamer will now be pressed up through the bottom section
of the copper sleeve.
21
Screw down the nut until the reamer of the tool loosens from
the copper sleeve.
22
Remove tool 999 6960.
23
26
Fit the injector complete with retainer. Torque the injector
to 55 Nm (40.6 ft-lb).
27
Fit the valve cover.
28
Remove the protective plugs from the injector. Fit the deliv-
ery pipe and the fuel return pipe.
29
Put the steel ring for the copper sleeve onto drift 999
Fill with coolant.
30
Bleed the fuel system. Start the engine and check for leaks.
38
4
Cylinder liners and pistons,
Remove the big end cap. Tap up the connecting rod, with for
removing example the handle of a hammer, so that the piston rings are
released from the cylinder liner. Lift off the piston and con-
necting rod.
Special tools: 999 1801, 999 2529, 998 3590, 999 6394, 999
6395, 999 6645, 999 6963, 999 6966 Note: Scrape off the soot edge on the upper part of the cylin-
der liner to simplify removal of the piston and connecting rod.
1 5
Remove the pan and the cylinder head(s).
If the cylinder liner is to remain on the engine when the pis-
tons are removed, the holders 999 6966 must be fitted so
that the liner is not moved out of position. If the liner should
glide up during removal of the piston then the liner should
also be removed, since there is considerable risk that impuri-
ties will fall down between liner and block and cause leak-
age.
Mark the piston and liner before removing, to make sure

that the same piston and liner are refitted in the same
place as before.
Remove the cylinder liner with extractor 999 6645, sup-
port 999 6394 and 999 6395, and extractor plate 999
6963.
6
Remove the circlips for the gudgeon pin.
Remove the piston cooling nozzle for the cylinder in ques-

tion.
7
Tap out the gudgeon pin carefully with drift 999 and han-
Remove the plug in the flywheel housing and fit cranking dle 999 1801.
tool 3590. Turn the crankshaft so that the piston for the ac-
tual cylinder is at BDC.
8
Remove the piston rings with a piston ring tool.
39
Cylinder liners, measurement Cylinder liners, honing

and inspection For good lubrication and sealing it is important that the liner
walls retain the original honing pattern. See figure. Honing, to
This check consists of measuring wear and checking for restore the pattern, is therefore to be carried out when:
cracks.
Clean the cylinder liners thoroughly before measuring them. • the cylinder liner has scratches (ring seizure,
dirt)
Measure wear with a dial indicator. • the cylinder liner has bright spots (polishing)
Measuring is carried out at several positions diametrically,
and also at different heights. To find out the actual amount of
wear, first set the dial indicator with a gauge ring, using the
cylinder liner original bore as a reference measurement.
1
Mark the piston and liner before removing to make sure
that the same piston and liner are refitted in the same
place as before
2
Measure wear using a piston ring (alt.) Place the cylinder liner in a vise. See figure. Honing of the
cylinder liner when installed in the block is not recommended
Liner wear is easily determined by placing a new piston ring due to the risk of oil channels becoming clogged and the diffi-
at the upper turning position and measuring the piston ring culties to feed correctly.
gap. This is then compared with the piston ring gap below
the lower turning point. The wear is determined by dividing
the difference by 3.14. 3
Remove the carbon edge at the top of the liner. Also clean
Example: under the liner collar and the recess in the block.
Piston ring gap in unworn section: 0.6 mm (0.0236")
Piston ring gap at upper turning point: 1.80 mm (0.0709") 4
Difference: 1.80 mm–0.60 mm = 1.20 mm (0.0472") Use a low speed electric drill with a speed of 200- 400 rpm
and a ”Flex-Hone” tool type GBD. Grade size 80.
Diameter wear: 1.20 mm
=0.38 mm (0.0150") Lubricate the cylinder liner with light engine oil before and
3.14 during honing. Move the honing tool in and out of the cylinder
liner at 60 strokes/min. (One inward and outward stroke
Wear tolerance: per second.)
If the wear is 0.45 - 0.50 mm (0.0177 - 0.0197") the liner

should be replaced. Like pistons, the cylinder liners are clas-
sified which means they must belong to the same class as
the piston. The piston and cylinder liner sets are only availa-
ble from stock as a single, complete unit.
40
5
Cylinder liner seats,
reconditioning
Special tools: 999 2479, 999 9942, 999 6966, 998 9876
Note: Due to tight fitting on some engines, it may be impos-

sible to turn the lining in the cylinder block.
Grinding with grinding paste under the liner collar can in such
cases not be done. Checking of the contact pattern with
marking paint cannot be done.
1
The cylinder liners have a honing pattern where the an- Fit the cylinder liner without sealing rings in the cylinder
gles are carefully calculated to give optimal life span. See block and check the height of the sealing face. Make a note
illustration. of the dial indicator reading.
When honing after a piston ring replacement, the original The correct height should be 0.06-0.10 mm (0.0024–
honing pattern must be followed to keep the lubrication prop- 0.0039").
erties. Removed material is compensated by adding shims which
The honing marks must be formed uniformly and cut evenly are available in various thicknesses. The smallest possible
in both directions over all the cylinder surface. number of shims should be used. Calculate the thickness of
the shims considering the extent of the damage and the
Note: The correct speed must be maintained to obtain the height of the sealing face above the cylinder block face.
correct pattern.
2
6
Before milling the liner shelf, the surface should be rough-
Clean the liner thoroughly after honing. Use warm water, ened up with emery cloth in order not to blunt the sharpness
a brush and detergent (never use thinners, kerosene or die- of the cutter, particularly if the surface has been ground pre-
sel oil). Dry the liner using paper or a cloth without nap. After viously with grinding paste.
drying, lubricate the liner with light engine oil.
Prepare and fit milling tool 999 6942. Make sure that the
tool collar runs free of the intermediate web of the block.
41
4
Cylinder block, face-grinding
Fit the milling tool and yoke. The tool is bolted to the cylinder
block. Place suitable flat washers under the bolt heads. The cylinder block must not be ground below the minimum,
Make sure that the feed bolt does not exert pressure on the specified measurements.
tool.
5
Screw down the feed sleeve until it presses lightly against
the milling tool. Use a T-handle with a 3/4" connection and a
25 mm socket to turn the milling tool. The milling tool should
be turned with steady movements while turning the feed
sleeve at the same time. Stop the feed and turn the mill a few
turns. Check the contact surface of the liner seat and the
height of the sealing face at regular intervals.
6
Engines with liners that cannot be turned:
When correct height has been achieved, stop the feeding
and turn the milling tool some turns. Remove the milling tool
A = Height, upper block face - crankshaft center.
and clean the liner shelf.
Min. 479.8 mm (18.9041")
7
B = Height, lower block face - crankshaft center.
Engines with liners that can be turned:
Min. 119.9 mm (4.7241")
When 0.02 mm (0.0008") remains to the correct height, stop
the feeding motion and turn the milling tool several times.
Smear the bottom face of the liner collar with grinding paste. Note: After grinding the upper block face, the piston height
Fit the liner and rotate it back and forth until the paste is worn must be measured. See, ”Cylinder liner with piston, fitting”.
out. Remove the liner and carefully whip off the paste. Re-
peat this until there is good contact. Check the contact pat-
tern with marking paint by rotating the liner back and forth
and mark the liner so that it is fitted in the same position as
when checking for contact. Clean all parts thoroughly.
42
Pistons, checking
Check the pistons for cracks and other damage. If the piston
has deep lines around the sleeve surface it (liner unit) must
be scrapped. Similarly, if the piston has one or several
cracks in the gudgeon pin hole or in the bottom of the com-
bustion chamber it shall also be scrapped. Cracks in the
edge of the piston top around the combustion chamber are
not serious as a rule. The crack test is carried out as per the
powdered lime method.
Note: If cracks are found in the pistons the fuel injection vol-
ume should also be checked.
Warp, max deviation 0.1 mm (0.0039") on a length of

Pistons, fitting 100 mm
Like the cylinder liners, the pistons are classified, this mean-
ing that a certain class of piston can only be used in an
equivalent class of cylinder liner. The piston and cylinder lin-
er sets are only available from stock as a single, complete
unit.
Connecting rod bushings,
replacing
Piston rings, inspection When replacing connecting rod bushings in a connecting rod
of trapezoidal shape, the bushing must be line bored.
Check the wear surfaces and sides. Black spots on the sur-
The bushing must be bored to give a fit which with the gudg-
faces point to poor contact, in which case the piston rings
eon pin oiled allows the pin to slide through slowly of its own
should be replaced. Piston rings should also be replaced if
weight (temp. 17-20°C (63-68°F).
there is noticeable wear or the cylinders are out of round,
since very often the rings do not take up the same position Following line boring, the connecting rods should be meas-
they had prior to removal. Oil consumption is also a matter of ured in the fixture to check that the hole in the bushing is
significant importance concerning the time at which piston placed correctly in the connecting rod.
rings should be replaced.
Connecting rods, inspection

Check for cracks. Check straightness and warping. Warped
or twisted connecting rods should be scrapped. Check the
connecting rod bushings, this is best done using a new
gudgeon as a gauge. There should be no noticeable play.
Measuring is carried out in a fixture for checking connect-

ing rods.
Straightness, max deviation 0.05 mm (0.0020") on a
length of 100 mm (3.94").
43
Pistons, piston rings and

connecting rods, assembling
Special tools: 999 1801, 999 2529, 998 3590, 885126
1
Fit one of the circlips to the piston.
2
Oil the gudgeon pin and the connecting rod bushings.
3
Heat the piston to about 100°C (212°F). Fit the piston and
connecting rod with the arrow on the piston and the word
Front on the connecting rod pointing in the same direction.
Push the gudgeon pin in with drift 999 1801 and handle 999
1801.
Note: The gudgeon pin should enter easily, it must not be

knocked in.
4
Fit the other circlip.
5
Check that the connecting rod moves smoothly in the gudg-
eon pin journalling.
6
Fit the piston rings to the piston using piston ring pliers.
Make sure that the markings on the piston ring face up-
wards, and that the ring gaps are aligned. Fit the oil scraper
ring first, it can be turned either way. The opening in the
spring of the oil scraper ring should sit opposite the oil ring’s
opening.
44
5
Cylinder liners and pistons,
fitting
Special tools: 999 2000, 999 2479, 998 3590, 999 6236, 999
6394, 999 6395, 999 6645, 999 6963, 999 6966, 999 6967,
998 9876, 885126
1
Carefully clean the liner seat in the cylinder block. Any rust
or deposits on the sealing surfaces must be fully removed.
Use a cleaning fluid and a brass wire brush, blowing dry with
compressed air.
Note: Scraping tools must not be used!
Also clean the grooves for the lower liner seals.

Fit a dial indicator to holder 999 2479 and set the dial indi-
cator to zero against the cylinder block.
2 6
If the liner seat is damaged, it must be repaired. See, ”Cylin-
der liner seats, reconditioning”.
3
Fit the liner without sealing rings into the cylinder block.
Put the tip of the dial indicator against the liner edge and
make a note of the liner height. This measurement is repeat-
ed in four different places on the liner. The height of the liner
above the cylinder block should be 0.06-0.10 mm (0.0024–
0.0039").
7
Fit clamping tool 6966 6966 (two) to hold the liner in position.
Mark the position of the liner in the cylinder block using a
felt tipped pen, for example, and remove the clamping
tools and then the liner.
45
8 10
Fit the sealing ring under the liner collar and place the
ring about 8 mm below the collar.
Fit the sealing rings into the cylinder block.
Note: Lubricate the three lower rings with the lubricant

provided in the ring kit. The lower ring (1543373) is violet.
9
Note: In the case of shims being used for the liner, ap-
ply the bead of sealant to the liner shelf in the cylinder
block.
Note: Do not apply sealant between the shims and the

liner collar.
After applying the sealant, the liner must be installed

within 20 minutes. The liner must be clamped down with
the clamping tool. The clamping force must not be re-
moved before the cylinder is in place and torqued.
When fitting the pistons or if the engine is to be
cranked, all cylinder liners must be locked down with
the clamping tools to prevent movement occurring be-
tween the liner and block.
Apply an even and max 0.8 mm (0.0315") thick bead of

sealant (Part no. 1161277-7) to the cylinder liner.
Note: Too much silicone will damage the engine.
46
11 14
Install the liner in the cylinder block aligning to the previ- Oil the piston and put it into the liner with the marking (ar-
ously made marks. Use standard handle 999 2000 and row) pointing forward.
drift 999 6236. Press with care.
15
12 Check that the bearing shells are a correct fit to the connect-
ing rod and caps. Screw down the caps according to the
markings, using a torque of 250 Nm (184.5 ft-lb).
16
Fit the piston cooling nozzle. Torque the nozzle nut to 25 Nm
(18.45 ft-lb).
17
Check the piston height beneath the face of the cylinder
block. Turn the engine, using tool 998 3590 until the pis-
ton is in T.D.C. (0° on the flywheel).
18
Fit the sealing ring between the block and the collar of the
liner. Use drift 999 6967.
13
Correct piston height 0.9–1.5 mm (0.0355–0.0591").
Fit the clamping tool.
47
19 2
Remove tool 3590 from the flywheel casing and fit the Install the bearing housing on the engine block. Tighten
plug. the screws until the bearing housing is tight against the
engine block.
20
Remove the clamping tools from the cylinder liner when the 3
cylinder head is to be refitted. Install the transmission gear casing. Se ”Sealant, timing gear
casing, replacing”.
4
Mount the screws through the timing gear casing. Tighten
the screws until the bearing housing is tight against trans-
mission gear casing. Tighten the screws alternating in three
Sealant between the fuel steps to the torque indicated below. Start by tightening the
injection pump bearing screws going through the bearing housing and the engine
block.
housing and the cylinder
block TAD1630/TID162/ Screws: Bearing housing - cylinder block
Torque: 53 ±5 Nm (39 ±4 ft-lb)
TWD1620/ TWD1630/
TD164KAE Screws: Transmission gear casing - bearing housing
Torque: 35 ±4 Nm (26 ±3 ft-lb)
In case the fuel injection pump bearing housing has to be
removed, new guide sleeves should be installed and
sealant applied prior to assembly on the engine block.
Note: The fuel injection pump bearing housing is co-ma-

chined with the engine block and therefore should not be re-
placed separately.
Installation
Apply a 2 mm (0.080") thick string of sealant on the fuel

injection pump bearing housing. Install and tighten the
screws within 20 minutes.
48
4
Sealant between the fuel
Clean bearing housing as well as cylinder block and tim-
injection pump bearing ing cover contact surfaces.
housing and the cylinder Install a new locating pin and a new guide sleeve.
block TAD1631 5
Note: The fuel pump bearing housing is co-machined with

the engine block and therefore should not be replaced sepa-
rately.
1
Remove pivot shaft from bearing housing.
Apply a 2 mm (0.08") bead of sealing compound (part No.

1161277) around the cylinder block and timing cover. See
figure.
Note: Bearing housing and thrust washer screws must be

installed and tightened within. 20 minutes.
Remove screws and carefully remove bearing housing

from timing cover and cylinder block.
Install bearing housing with a new O-ring against the tim-

ing cover. Tighten screws in cylinder block.
Note: Tighten screws alternately until the bearing housing

is in contact with the cylinder block.
Then torque screws alternately in three stages to 65 Nm

(47.9 ft-lb).
Remove locating pin and guide sleeve from cylinder
block. 7
Replace bearing housing seal ring.
49
8
Clean the bearing housing carefully. Lubricate bearing
bushings and shaft.
9
Install pivot shaft in bearing housing. Install thrust washer
and torque to 24 Nm (17.7 ft-lb).
Seal on output shaft from

timing gear to injection pump, 5
TAD/1630/ TID162/TWD1620/ Remove the pump coupling and the flange. Clean the
shaft from paint before fitting puller 999 8011 to remove
TWD1630/ TD164KAE, the seal.
replacing
Special tools: 999 8011, 999 8012, 999 8017
1
Disconnect the batteries.
2
Remove the protection plate for the pump coupling.
6
Remove the seal by screwing puller 999 8011 into the
seal.
Note: Push simultaneously on puller 999 8017 so that the

puller threads cut into the steel ring of the seal. Remove
3 the seal by threading in the screw.
Remove the bolts (four) holding the pump coupling.
Note: Do not remove the bolts which hold the flange discs to
the flange since this would alter the setting of the injection
pump. Do not turn the injection pump or the engine.
4
Remove the clamp screw holding the flange to the shaft.
7
Lubricate the lips of the new seal. Oil the shaft. Fit the seal
to the shaft.
50
Seal on output shaft from

timing gear to injection pump
TAD1631, replacing
Special tools: 999 8011, 999 8012
To replace the sealing ring in the bearing housing the fuel in-
jection pump and pump coupling must be removed. See ”Re-
moving the injection pump”.
8
Push in the seal using tool 999 8012 and 999 8017 until
tool 999 8017 bottoms against the shaft.
9
Fit the flange to the shaft.
10
Fit and tighten by hand the bolts on the pump coupling.
Screw puller 999 8011 into the sealing using a drift. Press
on the extractor at the same time so that its threads cut
into the steel ring of the seal.
11
Torque the clamp screw to 85 Nm (62.7 ft-lb). Torque the
bolts on the pump coupling to 56 Nm (41.3 ft-lb).
12
Pull out the old seal by unscrewing the extractor. Hold the
Check the setting of the injection pump. See ”Fuel System, outside of the extractor in place with the drift.
setting the injection angle”.
3
13
Clean the shaft and the seal seat. Lubricate the new seal
Fit the protection plate for the pump coupling. and shaft.
Note: Make sure no contaminants enter the housing.

14
Connect the batteries.
51
Locate seal ring on shaft and tap it in until the seal is level
with the bearing housing. Use drift 999 8012.
5
Install flange, pump coupling and injection pump. Check
the injection angle, se ”Fitting and adjusting the injection
pump”.
52
3
Front sealing ring for coolant
pump, replacing
Special tools: 999 2000, 999 2929
Press the new sealing ring into the holder using tools 999
2000 and 999 2929.
4
Place a bead of sealant on the mating surface of the timing
gear cover.
Remove the drive belt and the belt pulley and the holder
from the timing cover.
Fit the holder on the timing cover.
Remove the sealing ring from the holder. 6

Fit the belt pulley and the drive belts.
53
Sealant, timing gear cover, Assembly

9
replacement Remove the possible sealant residue from the timing gear
cover and the timing gear housing.
Disassembly 10
1
Apply a new string of sealant the timing gear cover. See
Set the electrical circuit breaker on 0 and drain off the cool- figure. Use sealant part no. 1161231-4. Install the timing
ant. gear cover within 20 minutes.
2 11
Remove the radiator and the charge air cooler (TAD- en-
gines) along with hoses and connections.
3
Remove the electrical wires from the alternator. Remove the
alternator drive belts, the alternator and the alternator brack-
et. Remove the driving pulley from its hub.
4
Remove the coolant pump sealing ring retainer.
5
Remove the fan belts. Remove the fan and the fan hub.
TWD1620G/GH, TID162AG, TWD1630G/GE, TAD1630/
TAD1631/G/GE:
Remove the outer torsional vibration damper and the pulley.
6
Remove the six front oil pan bolts.
7
Remove the bolts holding the timing gear cover. The
through-bolts too.
8
Install existing cable clamps on the timing gear cover
Remove the timing gear cover. Use a screwdriver as lever- bolts. Install the alternator along with its bracket.
age and place it at relevant spots. Tap carefully on the cover
with a rubber mallet.
12
IMPORTANT! Make sure not to damage the oil pan gasket.
Should the oil pan gasket be damaged, the pan must be re- Tighten the timing gear cover bolts and the oil pan bolts.
moved and the gasket replaced. Torque:
M8 24 Nm (17.7 ft-lb)
M10 48 Nm (35.4 ft-lb)
M14 140 Nm (103.3 ft-lb)
Oil pan bolts: See ”Workshop manual, Technical Data”.
54
13 2
Install the coolant pump sealing ring retainer. See: Front
sealing ring for coolant pump, replacing”.
14
Fit the pulley and the outer torsional vibration damper (if
any). Torque 48 Nm (44.3 ft-lb)
Note: Check the condition of the sealing ring and the wear
ring.
15
Install:
The fan hub, the fan and the fan belts. The alternator
driving pulley on the coolant pump axle. The alternator Remove the vibration damper.
bracket and the alternator drive belts. The radiator along
with hoses and connections. 3
Connect the electrical wires to the alternator.
16
Fill up with coolant and set the electrical circuit breaker in
”on” position. Check to make sure that there are no leakag-
es.
Timing gears, removing

(with the timing gear cover removed)
Special tools: 999 3590, 999 2658, 884994
The following method should be used to avoid damaging the

valve mechanism: Undo the central screw on the polygon hub. Counter with
tool 999 3590. Pull off the polygon hub with tool 884994.
4
1
Release the tension in the camshaft drive’s screws.
Note: The camshaft must be fixed. If the motor is rotated,

Remove the plug in the flywheel. Fit tool 999 3590. Re- the valves can be damaged if it is not synchronized with the
move the inspection cover for the camshaft on the rear of camshaft. The camshaft drive should be removed last.
the engine. Rotate the engine until the marked hole on the
camshaft’s end is pointing up. See figure.
55
5
Intermediate gears, replacing
Using a felt tip pen, mark the injection pump’s drive bearing
against the intermediate drive and the crankshaft drive. 1
Thus the injection pump’s adjustment will be maintained
Disconnect the hub to the intermediate gears, and thrust
during work.
washers.
2
Dry the mating surfaces so that they are clean. Fit new
thrusts washers, lubricated with engine oil. Then fit the hub
and the intermediate gears.
Remove all four intermediate gears. 3

Dry the mating surfaces so that they are clean and fit new
7 outer thrust washers, lubricated with engine oil. Then fit the
bearing brackets.
1. Inner thrust washer

2. Hub
Remove the crankshaft drive with puller 999 2658. Re- 3. Intermediate gear
move the key. 4. Outer thrust washer
5. Bearing bracket
6. Screws (4 ea)
8
Remove the drives for the injection pump and the cam-
shaft last.
56
6
Timing gears, fitting
Heat the polygon hub to a temperature of 100°C (212°F).
Special tools: 884995, 884997 Fit the hub using drift 884995.
1 7
When the hub has cooled off, torque the crankshaft’s cen-
Fit the crankshaft drive using a key. Use tool 884997. tral screw to 640 Nm (472.3 ft-lb).
Tighten until the drive meets the base.
8
2 Place the vibration damper on the hub before fitting the
Fit all intermediate gears (4pcs). Check that the markings timing gear cover.
on the drives match. See figure. Torque the drives to 65
Nm (48 ft-lb).The intermediate gear for the oil pump shall
be torqued to 48 Nm (35.4 ft-lb).
3
Fit the camshaft drive. Check that the marking agrees with
that on the intermediate drive. Torque the drive to 60 Nm
(44.3 ft-lb).
4
Fit the injection pump drive.
Note: If the drive has not been previously marked, the in-
jection pump must be adjusted. Torque the drive to 58 Nm
(42.8 ft-lb) (TAD1631: 65 Nm (48 ft-lb), TD164KAE: 74
Nm (54.6 ft-lb).
5
Grease the crankshaft journal with molybdenum disulfide.
Fit the centering section of drift 884995 on the crankshaft
journal.
57
Polygon hub, replacing Refitting
(with the timing gear cover removed) 4
Special tools: 999 3590, 884994, 884995 Check the polygon hub and its contact face on the crank-
shaft. Any cutting marks are to be removed with fine emery
cloth.
Grease the crankshaft journal with molybdenum disulfide. Fit
Removal the centering section of drift 884995 on the crankshaft jour-
nal.
1
Block the flywheel. 5
Heat the polygon hub to a temperature of about 100°C

(212°F). Fit the hub using drift 884995.
Remove the vibration damper.
6
When the hub has cooled off, torque the crankshaft’s cen-
tral screw to 640 Nm (472.3 ft-lb).
7
Undo the central screw on the polygon hub. Counter with Place the vibration damper on the polygon hub before fit-
tool 999 3590. Pull off the polygon hub with tool 884994. ting the timing gear cover.
58
5
Sealant, timing gear casing,
replacing
(Timing gears, servo pump, air compressor and coolant
pump removed)
1
Remove the bolts and lift off the timing gear casing.
2
Clean the contact surface on the cylinder block and on the
timing gear casing carefully.
Center the timing gear casing using the injection pump

and the coolant pump hubs of the intermediate gears.
6
Torque the casing bolts to 35 Nm (25.8 ft-lb).
Apply a new string of sealant on the timing gear casing, 2

mm (0.080") thick. See figure. Use sealant Part no. Camshaft, checking for wear
1161277. Install the casing within 20 minutes.
Special tools: 999 3590, 999 6390, 999 9696, 998 9876
Note: The gasket (used on early engines) is replaced by
sealant.
1
4 Remove the delivery and fuel return pipes. Fit protection
Lift the casing into position on the cylinder block and fit all of plugs to the injectors and the injection pump.
the bolts.
Note: Do not yet tighten the bolts. 2

Remove all valve covers.
3
Remove all rocker arm assemblies and push rods.
Note: Mark the push rods or keep them in their proper order
on a rack so that they can be put back in their original posi-
tions in the engine.
59
4 8
Remove the Plug from the flywheel casing. Fit cranking

tool 999 3590.
5
Put a steel ball in the bottom of no. 1 tappet.
Put the magnetic stand on the front cylinder head. Start

check-measuring at no. 1 valve tappet. Make sure that 999
6390 is on top of the steel ball.
6
Fit tip 999 6390 to the dial indicator.
7
Attach the dial indicator to a magnetic stand. Crank the engine until 999 6390 is at its bottom position.
Make sure that the tip of the dial indicator is pre-loaded. Set
the dial indicator to zero.
60
10
Crank the engine around until the tip of the dial indicator
is in its top position. Make a note of the dial indicator read-
ing. The lifting height must not be less than.
Min. inlet 7.80 mm (0.3073").
Min. exhaust 7.35 mm (0.2896").
11
Check the lifting height on all the other cams of the cam-
shaft in this same manner.
12
Remove the magnetic stand, the dial indicator and the
steel ball.
13
Fit the push rods in the order they were fitted previously.
14
Fit the rocker arm assemblies.
15
Adjust the valves, fit the valve covers.
16
Fit the delivery and fuel return pipes.
17
Remove tool 999 3590 from the flywheel casing, fit the
plug.
61
5
Camshaft, replacing
(with the timing gear cover removed)
Special tools: 999 3590, 999 6454, 999 6970
1
Remove all delivery pipes, return pipes and valve covers. Fit
protection plugs to the injectors and the injection pump.
2
Lift up all of the tappets. Place them in order on a rack so
they can be refitted in their correct positions in the engine.
Remove the plug from the flywheel casing and fit cranking
tool 999 3590. Remove the inspection cover.
3
Crank the engine until 1st piston is at its T.D.C. after the
compression stroke (0° on the flywheel). Remove the camshaft cover at the rear end of the cylinder
block.
4
7
Push 999 6970 onto the camshaft.
Remove all rocker arm assemblies and push rods. Re-

move the camshaft inspection covers.
Note: Place the push rods in their proper order on a rack

so that they can be put back in their original positions in
the engine.
62
8 12
Push 999 6970 onto the camshaft.
13
If the pop markings on the camshaft and idler do not coin-

cide, the gear must be marked.
Note: These markings must be made with a felt tipped pen.
Remove the camshaft drive bolts. Fit the camshaft, taking care not to damage the bearings.
9 14
Remove the camshaft drive. Fit and tighten the camshaft axial bearing.
Note: The flat side of the axial bearing should be facing the
10 cylinder block.
Torque 24 Nm (17.7 ft-lb).
15
Fit the camshaft drive (taking note of the markings).
Torque 58 Nm (42.8 ft-lb).
Remove the bolts and the axial bearing. Pull out the cam-
shaft.
11
Clean the new camshaft and lubricate the bearing pins and
the camshaft tappets with engine oil.
63
16
Camshaft bearings, replacing
(Camshaft removed)
Special tools: 999 2000, 999 6062, 999 6071, 999 6626, 999
6969, 999 6971, 999 6974
Removal
1
Expose and remove the camshaft inspection covers.
Remove 999 6970 from the camshaft. Fit the cover.

17
Check the tappet rollers. They should turn easily and must
not have any play. The mating surfaces should be flawless.
If one tappet is damaged, all should be replaced.
Note: The tappets must be placed in an oil bath for a mini-

mum of 20 minutes before fitting. New tappets are packed in
oil. The oil must not be removed before fitting.
IMPORTANT! Observe good cleanliness when han-

dling the tappets!
18
Fit the push rods according to the previously made mark-
ings. Knock out the front camshaft bearing using drift 999 2000
and handle 999 2000
19
Fit the rocker arm assemblies. Adjust the valves. 3
20
Remove tool 999 3590 from the flywheel casing. Fit the plug
and the inspection cover.
21
Fit the valve covers.
22
Fit the delivery and fuel return pipes.
Knock out the 2nd, 3rd and 4th bearings using drift 999
6969 and handle 999 6971. These bearings are knocked
out from the front through the timing gear casing.
4
Knock out the 5th, 6th and 7th bearings from the back us-
ing drift 999 6971. Clean the bearing seats.
64
Refitting 8
Only the front edges of the bearing seats are bevelled. For
this reason, all the bearings must be fitted from the front.
New camshaft bearings are ready-machined and do not
need to be reamed after fitting.
Turn the spindle and press in bearing 7.
Note: When assembling, the in the bearing should line up

with the bearing lube hole in the engine block. The slit should
face upwards.
Carefully tap in bearings 4, 3 and 2 in the stated order.

Use drift 999 6969 and handle 999 6971.
10
Fit the bearing on tool 999 6969and place it in bearing

seat 5. Fit spindle 999 6062 and drift 999 6071 from the
rear and press in the bearing.
Carefully tap in bearing 1. The lube channel should face

forwards.
11
Press in bearing 6 in the same manner. Use hollow drift Fit the camshaft, camshaft drive and transmission gear cov-
999 6626 to lengthen the spindle thread. er according to directions. Place sealant on both inspection
covers. Fit them within 20 minutes. Fit the remaining compo-
nents.
65
6
Main bearings, all, replacing
Remove the upper bearing shells by inserting a pin into the
oil hole of the crankshaft.
Special tools: 999 3590 7
Turn the crankshaft so that the pin carries the upper bearing
1 shell with it.
Remove the pan.
8
2 Use a narrow piece of plastic or wood to remove the axial
Remove the Plug from the flywheel casing. Fit tool 999 3590. bearing.
3 9
Clean the parts and check them for wear.
10
Make sure that the correct size of bearing is being fitted.
11
Oil the shaft journals and the new bearing shells.
12
The upper bearing shells are slid into position by turning the
crankshaft against the engine’s direction of rotation.
Remove the oil pump and the oil delivery pipe. 13

Fit the bearing caps together with the reinforcing plates.
4
14
Torque the bearing caps to 440 Nm (324.5 ft-lb).

Remove all bolts and spacers holding the bearing cap re-
inforcing plates. Fit the spacers and torque the reinforcing plates to 85 Nm
(62.7 ft-lb).
5
Remove the bearing caps, one at a time.
66
15
Crank bearings, wear check or
Fit the oil pump and delivery pipe.
replacement, all
Note: When refitting the oil pump, check the delivery pipe at
its union with the block with regard to flattening of the pipe. (Pan removed)
Push the delivery pipe in until it bottoms in the blocks, thread Special tools: 999 3590
on the union until it stops (<10 Nm/7.4 ft-lb).
Now mark the union with a felt tipped pen and tighten it a fur-
1
ther 60° into the block.
Remove the oil delivery pipe and oil strainer.
16
2
Fit the oil pan. See ”Workshop manual, Technical Data”.
Remove the Plug from the flywheel casing. Fit tool 999 3590.
3
Crank the engine and remove the big-end bearing caps.
Clean all parts and check the bearing pins.
5
Replace any damaged or worn bearing shells.
6
Oil the bearing shells and fit them. Fit the bearing caps ac-
cording to the markings and torque the bolts to 240 Nm
(177.1 ft-lb).
7
Remove tool 999 3590 from the flywheel casing and fit the
plug.
8
Fit the oil delivery pipe and the oil strainer.
Note: Before refitting the oil pump, check the delivery pipe at
the pipe coupling against the block to make sure it has not
been nipped. Push the delivery pipe in until it bottoms in the
block. Torque the union until it stops (<10 Nm/7.4 ft-lb). Now
mark the union with a felt tipped pen and tighten it a further
60° into the block.
67
Crankshaft, replacing 9
Check the oil channels of the new crankshaft and its contact
(Engine removed) surfaces with the bearing shells, cylinder block and caps.
Special tools: 999 3590

10
Examine the bearing shells. Worn or damaged shells must
1 be replaced.
Remove the pan. Remove the oil pump, the oil strainer and
the oil delivery pipe.
11
Put the bearing shells in their respective positions in the en-
2 gine block and caps. Make sure that the bearing shells are
Remove the timing gear cover. correctly fitted and that the caps are undamaged.
3 12
Remove the oscillation damper and the polygon hub. Smear the bearing pins with engine oil and carefully lift the
crankshaft into position.
4
13
Remove the flywheel and the flywheel casing.
Fit the thrust washers for the center main bearing (axial
bearing). Due to the fixing recesses, the thrust washers can
5 only be mounted in one position.
14
Fit the main bearing caps. All of the caps incorporate a re-
cess which must be turned to fit over the guide studs.
Note: Do not yet fit the bolts.
15
Observe the number of the main bearing caps which must
be fitted in that order.
16
Fit the reinforcing plates.
Remove all bolts and spacers which hold the main bear-
ing cap reinforcing plates. 17
Fit the bolts and the spacer sleeves and tighten the reinforc-
ing plates to the engine block. Torque to 85 Nm (62.7 ft-lb).
6
Remove the main bearing bolts and the big-end bearing
bolts. 18
Oil and fit the main bearing bolts. Torque 440 Nm (324.5 ft-
lb).
7
Remove all reinforcing plates, main bearings and big-end
bearing caps.
8
Lift out the crankshaft.
68
19
Check the axial play of the crankshaft. Max play 0.19 mm
Crankshaft
(0.0075"). The crankshaft is nitro-carburized.
A nitro-carburized crankshaft has a greater resistance to fa-
20 tigue and wear than an induction-hardened crankshaft.
Fit the flywheel and the flywheel casing.

Torque: Inspection
Flywheel casing 140 Nm (103.3 ft-lb)
Fywheel 260 Nm (191.7 ft-lb)
The inspection of the crankshaft must be extremely thorough
to avoid unnecessary reconditioning. To determine recondi-
21 tioning requirements, the following applies:
Fit the polygon hub and the vibration damper.
Torque: A. Measure the bearing journals for out-of roundness, wear
Center bolt, crankshaft 640 Nm (472.0 ft-lb). and taper. See ”Workshop manual, Technical Data”.
B. Assess the surface damage.
22 For nitro-carburized shafts, the following applies:
Fit the oil pump, the oil strainer and the oil delivery pipe. What on an induction-hardened crankshaft may be re-
garded as scoring due to dirt can in the case of a nitro-
Note: Before refitting the oil pump, check the delivery pipe at
carburized shaft be the normal surface finish as on a
the pipe coupling against the block to make sure it has not
new crankshaft. The markings show up very clearly on
been nipped. Push the delivery pipe in until it bottoms in the
a shaft that has been in use because of the shiny bear-
block. Torque the union until it stops (<10 Nm/7.4 ft-lb). Now
ing surfaces. Very small particles can loosen from the
mark the union with a felt tipped pen and tighten it a further
thin surface layer after the shaft has been in use for
60° into the block.
some time.
This phenomenon is easily confused with scoring
23 caused by dirt, but close inspection will show that the
marks do not go entirely round the bearing journal and
Fit the timing cover. have uneven edges. These slight defects do not neces-
sarily require regrinding of the crankshaft.
24 As a rule, it is sufficient to polish the bearing journal and
fit a new bearing shell.
Fit the pan. Torque the bolts in a specified order. See
”Workshop manual, Technical Data”.
C. Measure crankshaft alignment (throw).
25 The crankshaft should be placed on either a pair of V-
blocks, under 1st and 7th main bearing journals, or fixed
Fit the pulley and the outer torsional vibration damper (if
between stocks. Measurements should be made on the
any). Torque 48 Nm (35.4 ft-lb).
4th main bearing.
The following applies with regard to the values measured:

1
Less than 0.2 mm (0.0079") - no alignment necessary if
wear and surface damage do not necessitate regrinding.
2
Align with care between 0.2-0.7 mm (0.0079-0.0276") to
avoid over-alignment.
Note: Do not align more than absolutely necessary.
3
More than 0.7 mm (0.0276") - the shaft must be scrapped
due to risk of cracking during alignment.
69
D. Check for cracks 3

Checking must be carried out after alignment and before and
after grinding.
To check, use a magnetic powder test of type Magnaglo, i.e.
fluorescent powder which can be seen under ultraviolet light.
Refer to manufacturer’s instructions on the method to be
adopted. When assessing the cracks, the following applies:
The shaft must be scrapped when cracks longer than 5 mm

(0.2") are adjacent to the area around the oil holes. Cracks
shorter than 5 mm (0.2") can be removed by grinding.
The shaft must be scrapped if there are longitudinal cracks

on the journals and in the fillets.
The shaft must be scrapped when cracks are longer than 10

mm (0.4") outside the marked area. Isolated cracks less
than 10 mm (0.4") are acceptable.
The shaft must be scrapped if there are crosswise cracks

within the marked zone. This applies to both crank pins and
main bearing journals.
70
Reconditioning Flywheel, checking for warp

Special tools: 998 9876, 999 9696, 999 3590
When reconditioning, keep to the following routines:
1
1
Alignment (only as required).
2
Check for cracks.
3
Measure the bearing pins. See ”Workshop manual, Tech-
nical Data”.
4
Grind to undersize as specified in ”Workshop manual,
Mount the dial indicator in a magnetic stand and set the dial
Technical Data”.
indicator to zero with the probe against the flywheel.
5 2
Check for cracks.
6
If you are going to re-nitro-carburize (after grinding to under-
size more than 0.5 mm (0.020"), please note: Nitro-carburiz-
ing can be performed using the gas or salt method based on
the operator’s experience in carrying out the treatment.
7
Check for throw after nitro-carburizing.
8
Align if necessary (throw between 0.2–0.7 mm (0.0079– Crank the flywheel with tool 999 3590, noting the max and
0.0276")). min. values.
9 3
The difference must not exceed 0.15 mm (0.0060") at a
Carry out a magnetic powder test.
measuring radius of 150 mm (6"). In the case of excessive
warp, remove the flywheel. Check for dirt or unevenness be-
10 tween the flywheel and the crankshaft contact face.
The crankshaft must be carefully lapped and cleaned after

nitro-carburizing. The crankshaft must always be thoroughly 4
cleaned after reconditioning. In order that all oil channels are Remove the rotating tool.
cleaned efficiently, late production crankshafts are fitted with
threaded plugs in each piston rod. These plugs should be re-
moved during the cleaning procedure.
71
7
Flywheel, replacing
Fit the flywheel and the bolts.
(Clutch removed)
8
1 Torque the flywheel to 260 Nm (191.8 ft-lb).
Remove the flywheel bolts.
2
Screw two bolts into the flywheel.
3
Using the bolts, lift off the flywheel.
4
Clean the crankshaft flange contact surface.
5
Check the guide pin, replace it if damaged.
6
Clean the flywheel contact surface which mates with the
crankshaft flange. Fit a new flywheel bearing (Power Pack
engines).
72
Ring gear, replacing Flywheel casing, checking for

(Flywheel removed) warp
1 Special tools: 998 9876, 999 9683, 999 9696, 999 3590
1
Clean the flywheel and flywheel casing.
Drill one or more holes in the ring gear and crack it with a
chisel. The ring gear can now be removed.
2
Use a steel brush to clean the contact surface on the fly-
wheel. 2
Fit cranking tool 999 3590.
3
Evenly heat up the ring gear all the way round using a blow
3
torch. Take care not to overheat the ring gear since this
would result in material deterioration. Fit a dial indicator to a magnetic stand.
To check the amount of heat, polish the ring gear to a Mount the magnetic stand on the flywheel with the probe of
shine at several places. At the correct temperature, these the dial indicator against the outer edge of the flywheel cas-
bright spots will become blue (180-200°C/ 356-392°F) ing.
and heating should be stopped.
Crank the flywheel and calculate the difference between the
max and min. values.
4 Transfer the magnetic stand and dial indicator to the opposite
Place the heated ring gear on the flywheel. Tap it into posi- side of the flywheel and carry out the same measurement
tion using a soft drift and a hammer. The ring gear should procedure.
then be allowed to cool slowly in air. The difference between these two results must not exceed
0.20 mm (0.0079").
73
4
Flywheel bearing, replacing
1
Due to a hard fit the flywheel must be removed to allow the
flywheel bearing to be removed using a suitable drift.
Mount the magnetic stand on the flywheel with the probe of

the dial indicator against the inner edge of the flywheel cas-
ing. Crank the flywheel, noting the max and min. values.
The inner edge of the casing must be concentric with the
flywheel within 0.25 mm (0.0099").
5
Should any of the readings in points 3 and 4 be exceeded,
check the contact of the flywheel casing against the cylin-
der block.
Fit a new flywheel bearing using drift 999 2269 and a plastic
6 mallet.
Remove the rotating tool.
74
Crankshaft seal, rear, 3
replacing
Special tools: 999 2000, 999 3590, 999 8010, 999 8238
Knock out the crankshaft seal using tool 999 8010.

4
Clean the seat of the sealing ring in the flywheel casing.
5
1 Apply sealant to the outer edge of the sealing ring and oil the
Remove the flywheel bolts. inner edge of the sealing ring before fitting it with tool 999
8238 and handle 999 2000.
2
6
Lift the flywheel into position. Refit the bolts.
7
Block the flywheel using cranking tool 999 3590.
8
Torque the flywheel bolts to 260 Nm (191.8 ft-lb).
Fit two bolts and lift out the flywheel.
75
Crankshaft seal, front,

replacing
Special tools: 884983
A new vibration damper with a narrower hub entered produc-

tion as of serial no xxxx/35550. At the same time, a spacing
washer was introduced, part number 877303, installed in
front of the vibration damper.
As of serial no xxx/37616, the polygon hub was changed so
that this spacing washer no longer is needed. See Service
Bulletin 26-01 for more information.
To reduce the risk of oil leaks, a new wear ring for the front
crankshaft seal has been implemented. See Service Bulletin
24-01 for more information.
Oil a new sealing ring. Fit it with tool 884983 and 3 M10 x
Note: Wear ring and seal ring should always be replaced at 80 mm bolts. The seal is correctly fitted, 2-3 mm (0.08-
the same time 0.12") from the outer edge of the timing gear cover when the
base of the fitting tool touches the timing gear cover.
1
Remove the fan belt. 5
2
Undo the bolts (6 ea) to the outer vibration damper (if fitted)
and remove the damper and the pulley.
3
Remove the sealing ring in the timing gear cover and the
wear ring on the pulley.
Oil a new wear ring for the pulley. Place the ring against the
internal face of 884983.
Note: Press the wear ring on the pulley using 3 ea M10

bolts or a hydraulic press. The wear ring is correctly fitted
when the tool bottoms.
76
6
Sealant, flywheel casing,
replacing
(Flywheel removed)
1
Remove the flywheel casing from the cylinder block.
2
Remove the old sealant from the cylinder block and on the
flywheel casing.
A = Outer vibration damper (Generating set engines)

3
Fit the pulley and the outer vibration damper (if any). Use
Apply an even 2 mm (0.080") thick bead of sealant (part No.
new O-rings on the bolts. Torque: See ”Workshop manual,
1161277-7) to the block.
Technical Data”.
4
7
Install the fan belts.
Fit the flywheel casing to the cylinder block.
Note: The flywheel casing must be refitted within 20 min-

utes of applying the sealant. Torque 140 Nm (103.3 ft-lb).
77
Application of sealant to cylinder block
78
Group 22 Lubrication system
Lubrication system
Design and Function
General
The engine is pressure lubricated by a gear wheel pump.
The system incorporates five valves:
1. Safety valve
2. Bypass valve for oil cooler
3. By-pass valve for oil filter
4. Reduction valve
5. Piston cooling valve
The lubricating oil is cleaned by two full-flow filters and one

bypass filter. The oil cooler is mounted on the side of the en-
gine.
79
Lubrication system Group 22
(Notice.The engine outline shows a TAD-engine. The lu-

brication system is the same for both TAD and T(I)(W)D
engines.
The oil pump forces the oil through the oil cooler to the 1. Safety valve
two full-flow filters. From these filters the oil is led to the 2. Bypass valve for oil cooler
engine block where it is distributed through ducts and 3. By-pass valve for oil filter
pipes to the lubricating points of the engine. On the oil 4. Reduction valve
pump itself is a safety valve. This opens when pressure in 5. Piston cooling valve
the system becomes too high, allowing the oil to reach the
suction side of the pump via a duct in the pump housing.
The reducer valve regulates the oil pressure. A bypass
valve opens when the counter pressure in the oil cooler
becomes too high, which occurs during cold starts, and
leads the oil past the oil cooler directly out into the system.
80
Group 22 Lubrication system
The piston cooling valve opens when engine revs have The oil cooler maintains the temperature of the lubricating
increased to slightly above idling speed. Oil flows through oil at a relatively low level which is advantageous from the
the piston cooling duct to the nozzles for the pistons. Here, point of view of wear, and also maintains the oil’s benefi-
the oil is sprayed into the annular cooling channels. The cial qualities.
oil then passes through a duct to the bypass oil filter. This
filter has a low through- flow speed and gives a high de-
gree of filtration.
The two full-flow filters have a bypass valve which guaran-

tees lubrication of the engine should the filters become
blocked.
Oil cooler
2. Bypass valve for oil cooler

3. By-pass valve for oil filter
4. Reduction valve
5. Piston cooling valve
1. Oil from the block
2. Oil from the oil cooler
3. Coolant flowing into the oil cooler
4. Coolant flowing out of the oil cooler
81
Service procedures - lubrication system Group 22
Service procedures
The engine must always be washed prior to starting repairs.
Lubricating oil pressure, Oil filters, replacing

checking
Special tools: 999 6591, 999 6398
Clean around the filter bracket and remove the 3 filters us-
ing tool 999 9179.
1 2
Lubrication oil pressure is checked by connecting the pres-
sure gauge and hose to the connection on the oil pressure Moisten the seals of the new filters with oil and screw the fil-
contact. With hot engine and at operating speed, the oil pres- ters on by hand until the seals are in contact with the filter
sure should be 300-500 kPa (43,5-72,5 psi). At engine idling bracket. Then tighten the filters by hand a further half turn.
speed, the oil pressure should be min. 150 kPa (21.75 psi).
Note: Install only Volvo oil filters type ”Long Life.” The
oil filters must not be damaged. If the filter is dented, it
may crack, resulting in engine breakdown.
3
Fill the engine with oil. Crank the engine with the stop button
depressed or the stop control pulled out until oil pressure is
recorded by the pressure gauge.
Note: Cranking the engine with the stop control pulled out
applies when replacing filters and oil cooler or other compo-
nents of the lubricating oil system.
Start the engine and check for leaks around the oil filters.
82
Group 22 Service procedures - lubrication system
4
Oil cooler, replacing
1
Disconnect the oil cooler from the front coolant pipe.
Drain the coolant.

5
Fit new sealing rings to the engine block and to both coolant
2
pipes.
6
Push the new oil cooler onto the front coolant pipe.
7
Bolt the oil cooler to the spacer plate and engine block.
8
Replace the rear coolant pipe.
9
Fill with coolant.
Remove the rear coolant pipe.
3 10
Remove the bolts (4) holding the oil cooler to the engine Fill the engine with oil.
block and spacer plate.
11
Start the engine and check for leaks.
83
4
Oil cooler, leakage test
Connect leak detection equipment 999 6662 to 999 6845.
(Oil cooler removed)
Special tools: 999 6662, 999 6845
1
Flush the coolant side of the oil cooler with water- soluble de-
greasing fluid. Wash the oil side of the cooler with degreas-
ing solvent.
2
In order to discover any small leakages, the oil cooler must
be the same temperature as the room. To achieve this, flush
the oil cooler with water which has the same temperature as
the room until the cooler reaches the required temperature.
Drain off all water in the cooler.
3
Fit leak detection tool 999 6845 and check that it seals cor-
rectly.
Lower the oil cooler into the bath which contains water
that has the same temperature as the room. The leakage
test is to be carried out at 15, 100 and 250 kPa (2.2, 14,5
and 36.3 psi). Begin at 15 kPa and then continue with 100
and 250 kPa. The test period for test pressure each
should last for at least one minute. Air bubbles emerging
from the water connections indicate internal leakage in
the oil cooler. Air bubbles around the oil cooler indicate
external leakage.
5
Lift up the oil cooler and remove the leak detection equip-
ment.
84
4
Oil pump, replacing
(Pan removed)
Special tools: 999 6413, 999 8012
Removal
Remove the idler gear from the bracket.
Remove the delivery oil pipe.
2
Remove the suction oil pipe.
Remove the pump housing from the bracket. Push the shaft
out of the drive gear.
6
Remove the pump from the bracket.
Remove the bolts for the bracket (4). Remove the pump
together with the bracket.
85
Refitting 12
7
Fit the new pump to the bracket.
8
Heat up the pump drive gear to 180° ±20°C (356° ± 36°F).
Fit a new sealing ring to the delivery pipe. Fit the delivery
pipe.
Note: When refitting the oil pump, check the delivery pipe at
its union with the block with regard to flattening of the pipe.
Push the delivery pipe in until it bottoms in the block. Torque
the union until it stops (< 10 Nm/7.4 ft-lb).
Now mark the union with a felt tipped pen and tighten it a fur-
ther 60° into the block.
Tap the drive gear onto the pump shaft. The drive can also
be pressed in using drift 999 6413 and using 999 8012 as a
counterforce.
Note: The clearance between the drive gear and the bracket
should be 0.4-1.0 mm (0.0157–0.0394").
10
Fit the idler gear to the bracket.
Torque: 48 Nm (35.4 ft-lb).
11
Fit a new sealing ring to the suction pipe. Fit the suction pipe
to the pump.
86
The illustration numbers above refer to the relevant point in the text below.
Oil pump, reconditioning

(Safety valve removed)
Special tools: 999 2677, 999 6413, 999 8012
1 4
Remove the flange screws, the bearing end plate, the thrust Remove the gear wheel from the pump housing.
washers, hub and idler gear.
5
2
Press the old bushings out of the pump housing and bracket
Remove the pump housing from the bracket. using drift 999 2677. Press in the new bushings.
Note: The bushings are ready-machined as supplied and
3 need not be reamed.
Push the shaft out of the drive gear.
87
7 8
6 7
Check the housing for scoring and wear, and also check for Check the axial play of the pump using a feeler gauge.
leakage between the bracket and pump housing. In the case Correct play: 0.07–0.15 mm (0.0028–0.0059").
of leakage, the surfaces will be black. The bushings in the
pump housing and bracket must be replaced. The gear
wheels of the pump must be checked concerning wear on 8
the flanks of the teeth, on the outer diameter and the end fac-
Check backlash with a feeler gauge.
es.
Correct play: 0.15–0.30 mm (0.0059–0.0118").
88
9 Note: The clearance between the drive gear and the

Place the gear wheels in the pump housing. bracket should be 0.4-1.0 mm (0.0157-0.0394").
12
10 Fit the thrust washers, the hub, the idler gear and the bearing
Fit the pump housing to the bracket. end plate. Fit the flange screws.
Note: Check that the gears turn easily.
11
Heat up the pump drive to 180°±20°C (356° ± 36°F). Tap the
drive gear on to the pump shaft. The drive can also be
pressed in using drift 999 6413 using 999 8012 as an anvil.
89
Fuel system Group 22
Fuel system
Design and Function
General
The injection system consists of the injection pump, fuel fil-
ters (2 ea), feed pump, injectors and pipes.
The injection pump is mounted on the ”cold” side of the en-
gine (right-hand side of engine).
1. Suction pipe
2. Injection pump
3. Feed pump
4. Manual pump
5. Bypass valve
6. Fuel filters
7. Fuel return pipe
8. Delivery pipes
9. Injectors
10. Fuel return pipe
Fuel filters
The fuel system is fitted with two parallel fuel filters and a
common filter housing. The fuel filters are of a disposable
type and the filter cartridge is a specially wrapped paper fil-
ter.
90
Group 22 Fuel system
1. Injection pump
2. Feed pump
3. Manual pump
4. Smoke limiter (TAD1630P/V)
Injection pump TWD1620G/GH, TID162AG,

TWD1630G/GE
The pump does not have a separate bottom plate. The pump
body and flange are of integral design. The smoke limiter is These engines have an RQ-governor. The RQ- governor is
mounted on top of the governor housing (TAD1630P/V only). mechanical and works by means of speed sensitive gover-
nor flyweights. The governor is used when constant speed is
The pressure leveling device and bypass valve are mounted
to be obtained (1500/ 1800 rpm).
opposite each other at the front of the pump.
The injection pump carries no external markings for check- TAD1630P/V, TWD1630P/V, TID162AP and
ing the injection angle.
TD164KAE
To check the injection angle, the lifting height must be meas-
ured with a dial indicator. The injection pump on TAD/TWD1630P/V, TID162AP and
TD164KAE is equipped with an RQV governor. The RQV-
Note: Repairs requiring work in the injection pump can alter governor is mechanical and works by means of speed sen-
its setting and should only be carried out by specially trained sitive governor flyweights. The speed is regulated throughout
mechanics with the required tools and testing devices at the entire speed range of the engine, from low idling to high
their disposal. idling (variable speed type).
All warranties on the engine are void if the seals are broken
by unqualified mechanics.
Ensure the greatest possible cleanliness when working with
the fuel system.
91
TAD1630G/GE, TAD1631G/GE 1
The injection pump on TAD1630G/GE, TAD1631G/ GE is

fitted with an electronic speed governor. The electronic gov-
ernor system is a control unit which controls the engine
speed. Its task is to:
– maintain the idling speed at the set value.
– maintain the engine’s operating speed at the preset val-
ue despite varying loads.
Unlike the mechanical governor, the electronic governor
does not have governor weights. The speed is instead con-
trolled by the control unit, ”sensing” the difference between
the set speed and the actual speed. The difference value is
converted into a signal to an electromagnet (actuator) which
adjusts the injection pump’s control rod to increase or de- Tighten the tool’s socket head cap screw with a hex sock-
crease the injection quantity. et key.
An overspeed protection must always be fitted beside the

electronic governor to prevent bodily injury or material dam- 2
age if the engine should go out of control.
Seal screw, removal
Place the tool on top of the seal screw’s conical thread

and turn the top of the tool counter-clockwise by hand.
Use a 17 mm key to loosen the seal screw.
When removing seal screw (A) for the injection pump, use
tool 885346 as shown below:
When the seal screw is loose, loosen the socket head cap
screw.
92
Group 22 Fuel system
4 5
New seal screws (two different ones) have a pre-installed,

pre-stressed nut on the conical thread. During assembly,
you turn the nut until it releases (the screw has left-hand
threads). This provides correct torque. Screws apply to en-
gines as follows:
Press hard on the top of the tool and remove it. Unscrew
the seal screw by hand. The seal screw cannot be reused.
Screw Engine
982138 TAD1630
982145 TAD1631, TD164
93
Smoke limiter, TAD1630P/V

A B
The task of the smoke control device is to limit the quantity

of fuel from the injection pump at low boost pressure.
The diaphragm in the smoke control device is activated via
a pipe by the pressure in the inlet pipe. The diaphragm’s
movement operates an angle lever via a link system. The
lower section of the lever acts on the control rod of the injec-
tion pump. In the case of low boost pressure, the lever acts
on the control rod to lower the maximum amount of fuel
available. In the case of a high boost pressure, the lever
permits the control rod to allow a higher maximum quantity
of fuel.
A. Low boost pressure

B. High boost pressure
Feed pump
The feed pump is mounted on the injection pump and is driv-
en by the injection pump camshaft. The feed pump pressure
in the injection pump is determined by the bypass valve
which is mounted on the injection pump. The feed pump has
completely replaceable valves.
Manual pump
The hand pump is mounted on top of the feed pump. The
hand pump has a built-in valve and does not need to be
opened or closed when used.
94
Group 22 Service procedures - fuel system
Service procedures
1
Injection pump, removal
1
Carefully clean the injection pump, pipes and the engine near
the pump. Remove the protection plate for the pump cou-
pling.
2
Undo the pressure pipe, fuel and lubrication pipes at the
pump and the control connections. Fit protective caps.
Remove the plug in the flywheel cover (16 mm hex socket

key) and fit rotating tool 999 3590. Remove the inspection
cover on the flywheel cover. Remove the inspection cover
on the camshaft at the cylinder block’s rear end.
2
Rotate the engine with a ratchet handle to the compression
stroke for No. 1’s cylinder (0° marking on the flywheel). The
camshaft’s marking hole should be pointing up.
3
Undo the clamping screws on the pump coupling. Remove
the screws between the pump coupling and the carrier to the
pump. Press the pump coupling forwards onto the drive axle.
4
Unscrew the pump’s securing screws and lift the pump out.
Ensure that the steel laminates do not get damaged.
Turn back the flywheel in the opposite direction to the

Fitting and adjusting the engine’s direction of rotation about 90° from the starting
point. Then turn it forward in the direction of rotation until
injection pump the correct number of degrees for the pump setting is imme-
diately behind the needle on the flywheel housing. See
”Workshop manual, Technical Data”.
Special tools: 999 3590, 998 9876, 999 6648
Note: Set the degree marking within the upper half of the tol-
erance area which is stated in the specifications.
Note: Check that there is about 0.2-0.3 liters (0.2-0.3 quarts)
of engine oil in the pump and regulator before the injection The setting must be accurately carried out, and do not crank
pump is fitted. Refilling takes place in the regulator housing. the flywheel back against the direction of rotation to finely ad-
just the setting. If the flywheel has been cranked too far, the
setting procedure must be carried out again.
95
Service procedures - fuel system Group 22
4
Screw the injection pump securely to the engine.
5
Screw the carrier securely to the pump coupling (do not
tighten the clamping screws).
6
Fit tool 999 6848 and dial indicator 998 9876. Adjust the
measurement tip so that it rests on the lifter.
9
Set the dial indicator to zero.
10
Remove the overflow valve and hex socket plug from the
pump so that No. 1’s lifter is visible.
7
Rotate the pump coupling until the lifter is at the base posi-
tion.
Rotate the pump coupling in the engine’s rotational di-

rection. Check that the dial test indicator is still at zero
when rotation commences.
96
11 14
Continue to rotate until the lifter has moved up until the value
of the lift from basic circle is shown on the dial indicator.
See ”Workshop manual, Technical Data” for each engine
type. Further rotate the pump coupling until the dial test
indicator shows about 1-2 mm (0.04-0,08”) more than the
figure specified. See ”Workshop manual, Technical Data”.
12
Torque the clamping screws to 85 Nm (62.7 ft-lb).
15
Check that the correct adjustment has been maintained by
again rotate the engine backwards 90°, and forwards to
Tighten the clamping screw sufficiently tight so that the correct setting angle. The dial test indicator should show
pump coupling can be turned with powerful resistance. the correct value for lift from basic circle. See ”Workshop
This must be done to eliminate gear-tooth flank play in the manual, Technical Data”.
timing gears.
16
13
Remove the dial indicator and fixture.
17
Fit the hex socket plug and a new copper washer.
18
Screw in the overflow valve securely.
19
Screw in the fuel and lubricating oil pipes together with new
washers. Connect the controls.
20
Remove the rotating tool. Fit the plug and inspection covers.
Rotate the pump coupling back against the engine’s ro-

tational direction until the test indicator shows the value
for the lift from basic circle. See ”Workshop manual, Tech-
nical Data”.
Note: If the pump coupling is turned too far, it is necessary

to start over from item 10.
97
21 3
Bleed the fuel system and test run the engine. See ”Fuel Crank the flywheel in the direction of rotation until 1st
system, bleeding”. cylinder is on compression, 0° on the flywheel and the
camshaft’s marking hole pointing upwards.
4
Injection pump, setting with
instrument 998 7057
(Injection angle)
Special tools: 999 3590, 998 7057
1
Remove the inspection cover on the camshaft at the back of
the cylinder block.
2
Crank the flywheel back against the engine direction of

rotation about 1/4 turn.
Remove the plug in the flywheel cover (16 mm hex socket

key) and fit rotating tool 999 3590 together with a ratchet.
Remove the inspection cover on the flywheel cover.
98
5 tation.
7
Remove the plug in the governor housing and fit the
measuring instrument sensor. Ground the measuring in-
strument ground cable to a suitable place on the injection
pump.
Crank the flywheel in the direction of rotation until the

correct degree marking immediately behind the needle on
the flywheel housing. See ”Workshop manual, Technical
Data
Note: Set the degree marking within the upper half of the tol-
erance area which is stated in the specifications.
8
The setting must be accurately carried out, and do not crank Tighten down the pump coupling clamping bolt so much
the flywheel back against the direction of rotation to finely ad- that the coupling, with considerable resistance, can be
just the setting. If the flywheel has been cranked too far, the turned against the direction of rotation.
setting procedure must be carried out again.
Note: The pump coupling should always be turned
against the direction of rotation when setting the injec-
6 tion angle. This in order to eliminate any play between the
timing gears as much as possible.
If the pump coupling clamping bolt is not tightened down suf-

ficiently when the pump coupling is turned against the direc-
tion of rotation, there will be insufficient preloading and the
setting will not be exact.
Care must be taken not to damage the pump coupling.
Slacken the pump coupling clamping bolt and turn the

pump coupling about 1/4 turn in the pump direction of ro-
99
12
9
Carefully turn the pump coupling against the direction of Crank the flywheel in the direction of rotation until both
rotation until both light emitting diodes on the instrument the light emitting diodes on the instrument light up.
light up. The injection pump is now in position for the in- Read off the degree marking on the flywheel and check that
jection cycle to commence on No.1 cylinder. the setting lies within the upper area of the specifications giv-
en. See ”Workshop manual, Technical Data
Note: The measuring instrument is very sensitive, which en-
sures that the setting will be exact.
13
Make sure that the pump coupling is not turned too far, but
precisely to the point where both the light emitting diodes Remove the measuring instrument sensor and refit the plug
light up. If the pump coupling is turned to far, the setting pro- in the governor housing.
cedure must be carried out again.
10
Torque the pump coupling clamping bolt according to the

specifications in the ”Workshop manual, Technical Data”.
Checking 14
11 Remove the rotating tool. Replace the plug and the inspec-
tion cover on the flywheel casing
15
Fit the inspection cover to the camshaft.
Crank the flywheel back against the engine direction of

rotation about 1/4 turn.
100
Pump coupling shaft, removing Injectors

Checking and replacing the laminates on the pump cou- The injectors are placed vertically in the middle of the cylin-
pling der through the valve cover.
The injectors’ task is to:
Check that the laminates on the pump coupling for the injec- – Diffuse the fuel to ensure firing and combustion.
tion pump are not cracked or warped.
– Together with the air turbulence, distribute the spray of
Start the engine and let it idle (at about 500 rpm). Check vis- fuel in the combustion chamber so that a mixture of air
ually that the plates are not warped. and fuel is provided.
If the laminates have broken or are warped they must both The tension of the compressed springs determines the injec-
be replaced. tors’ opening pressure.
Max axial play on the pump’s drive shaft, from transmission
to the pump coupling should not exceed 0.1 mm (0.0039"). 1. Diffuser holder
2. Hollow screw
Note: Laminate plates should only be fitted when dry. All 3. Gasket
screws shall be torque tightened. 4. Adjusting washer
5. Spring
Clamping screw: 85 Nm (62.7 ft-lb) 6. Pressure pin
Other screws (8 ea): 56 Nm (41.3 ft-lb) 7. Guide pin
8. Guide
9. Guide pin
10. Diffuser
11. Diffuser nut
101
6
Injectors, replacing
Remove the injector retainers. Remove all injectors.
(All) Note: If it is difficult to remove the injectors, tap gently on
Special tools: 981 2546, 999 6400, 999 8007 them using tools 999 6400 and 999 8007.
1 7
Clean up around all fuel return and delivery pipes as well as Remove the sealing rings from the steel rings.
around the pressure valve retainers on the injection pump.
Note: Clean the copper sleeve’s seal using tool 981 2546.
Use the mounting sleeve to press the brush into the copper
2
sleeve and fit a drilling machine to the brush.
8
Fit new sealing rings.
Remove all delivery pipes together with clamps and

brackets. Remove all fuel return pipes.
3
Fit protective caps to all injectors and to the pressure valve
on the injection pump.
9
4
Torque the retainers to 50 Nm (36.9 ft-lb).
Remove return pipe and the brackets between the injectors
and the injection pump.
10
Refit all valve covers complete with gaskets.
Clean around all injectors and remove all valve covers.
102
11
Injectors, reconditioning
1
Clean the outside of the injector.
2
Dismantle the injector. Pull the injector needle out of the dif-
fuser and place the items in gasoline. If several diffusers are
cleaned at the same time, make sure that the prematched
needles and diffuser sleeves are not mixed up with others.
To avoid this, the diffusers should be placed in order on an
diffuser rack or in different compartments.
3
Refit the fuel tank return pipe together with the brackets
between the injector and the injection pump. Wash all the parts in a sonic cleaner. Blow them dry with
compressed air.
12
Remove all protective caps from the injectors and pressure 4
valves. Check the injector thoroughly. This should be done with a
illuminated magnifying glass or injector microscope. The dif-
fuser sleeve can also be examined under the microscope. If
13
the seat is dented, the diffuser needle must be replaced to-
Fit the delivery pipes together with clamps and brackets. gether with the sleeve or, in cases of less damage, it may be
lapped in a lapping or diffuser grinding machine.
14
Fit the fuel return pipes using new copper washers. Bleed 5
the fuel system and start the engine. Check the other parts.
15 6
Check all connections for leakage. Dip the diffuser parts in clean diesel or calibration oil.
7
Reinstall, adjust opening pressure and check spray pattern
103
Spray pattern
Opening pressure, adjusting
At a pump speed of 4-6 strokes per second, the spray pat-
tern should be uniform and the fuel finely atomized.
Two different pressures apply: On completion of the test, plug the pipe connections and pro-
One for a run-in injector (see Technical Data, ”Opening pres- tect the diffuser tips with caps.
sure”), and one which applies to a new or reconditioned in-
jector fitted with a new thrust spring (”Adjusting pressure”).
The latter is higher since a certain margin must be allowed
for the normal settling of the thrust spring.
Connect a pressure gauge and slowly press down the lever
on the injection tester until the injector opens and releases
fuel. Read off the opening pressure at that instant.
Fuel feed pressure, checking
Special tools: 999 6065, 999 6066
The banjo nipple 999 6066 and pressure gauge 999 6065 are
connected to the outlet on the discharge side of the fuel filter.
If this does not agree with the pressure stipulated by the Pressure is measured after the fuel has passed through the
”Specifications” the setting must be altered. This is done by filter insert. To do this check, first increase engine speed and
means of fitting adjusting washers. then lower it to enable the pressure to read-off at low idle.
The feed pressure must not drop below 100 kPa (14.5 psi).
Adjusting washer for opening pressure!
104
4
Fuel filters, replacing
Clean and fit new gasket on the injection pump. Fit the feed
Special tools: 999 9179 pump.
Note: If lubricating oil has run out of the injection pump, an

1 equal quantity should be replaced afterwards through the
Carefully clean around the filter bracket. regulator’s level plug, at the rear of the regulator.
2
5
Fit the fuel pipes.
6
7
Start the engine and check for leaks.
Remove the filters with tool 999 9179.

3
Moisten the seals of the new filters with oil and then screw
on the filters by hand until the seals are in contact with the
bracket. Now tighten by hand a half turn further. Check
that the new filter has not been damaged. If the filter is dent-
ed, it may crack.
4
5
Start the engine and check for leaks around the filters.
Feed pump, replacing
1
Clean around the feed pump.
2
Remove the fuel pipes from the pump.
3
Remove the feed pump from the injection pump.
105
Inspection
Feed pump, reconditioning Inspect all other parts and replace those that are damaged or
(Pump removed) worn.
Disassembly
Assembly
1
Observe the greatest of cleanliness and rinse the parts in
clean diesel fuel before fitting together. If the pump is not to
be installed immediately, fit protection plugs to the connec-
tions.
Remove the push rod.
1. Housing 9. Valve
2. Union 10. Spacer ring
3. Union 11. Pump plunger
4. O-Ring 12. O-Ring
Remove the hand primer pump. 5. Manual pump 13. Union
6. Gasket 14. O-Ring
7. Cup spring 15. Push rod
3 8. Spring
6
Fit the spacer ring (10 into the pump plunger (11).
7
Fit the valve (9), the cup spring (7) and the spring (8) to the
pump plunger (11). Insert the pump plunger (11) into the
pump housing.
8
Fit the O-ring (4) to the union (3) for the valve.
Remove the union.
4
Remove the valve housing and the plunger.
5
Remove the valve, spring, cups (2 ea) and the spring.
106
9 Replacing the diaphragm

Fit the union (3) and the O-ring (4) to the feed pump housing.
(Can be carried out with the pump fitted to the engine)
10
Fit the hand primer pump (5) and the seal (6). Note: The seals may only be broken by authorized staff.
11 1
Fit the push rod (15). Remove the pipe between the smoke control device and the
inlet pipe.
Note: If the pump is not going to be refitted immediately, fit
protective plugs to both connections.
Smoke limiter
The task of the smoke control device is to limit the quantity of
fuel from the injection pump at low boost pressure.
The diaphragm in the smoke control device is activated via a
pipe by the pressure in the inlet pipe. The diaphragm’s move- 2
ment operates an angle lever via a link system.
Remove the seals on the smoke control device and remove
the upper cover and outer end cover.
3
Rotate the diaphragm 90° and lift it out.
4
Unscrew the nut (1), remove the diaphragm and screw in a
new one.
5
Fit the diaphragm in the smoke control device.
Note: The groove (2) in the axle should be across the

pump’s length direction before rotation. Check after fitting
The angle lever’s lower section operates the injection pump’s that the diaphragm’s axle (3) is correctly secured in the
control rod. yoke.
Low boost pressure High boost pressure

6
Fit the cover and pipe. Seal the screws.
At low boost pressure the angle lever is operated by the con-

trol rod so that a low maximum quantity is maintained.
At high boost pressure the angle lever adopts a position
where the control rod can provide the high maximum quanti-
ty.
Note: The seals may only be broken by authorized staff.
107
Fuel system, bleeding
The fuel system must be vented after the fuel filters or the in-
jection pump have been replaced
1
Make sure that the engine is in operating mode.
Open the bleed nipple (1) on the fuel filter. Press the primer
pump (2), until fuel free from bubbles of air starts to flow out.
Continue to pump 15-20 strokes. Check that there is no fuel
leakage.
Note: In cases where the engine is equipped with fuel shut-

off valve, it is often necessary to bleed on the injection pump
as well. This is done by opening the pressure equalizer (3)
(27 mm U-key). Pump manually until fuel free from air bub-
bles flows out.
108
Group 22 Intake and exhaust systems
Intake and exhaust systems
Design and Function
Charge air cooler
The TAD1630 and TAD1631 are equipped with an air to air

charge air cooler. The purpose of the cooler is to lower the
temperature of the intake air before it is blown into the engine
cylinders.
TWD1620, TID162, TWD1630 and TD164KAE is equipped
with a charge air cooler of the water to air type.
The charge air cooler (intercooler) lowers the air temperature
by about 100°C (TWD) and 150°C (TAD) respectively and
increases engine output. Engine torque is also higher and
fuel consumption is lower.
On the TAD1630 and TAD1631 the charge air is cooled
when it is passing the charge air cooler which is placed be-
hind the engine’s cooler. The air is pressed from the turbo-
charger through the charge air cooler and into the inlet mani-
fold (air to air cooling).
On the TWD1630 the charge air is cooled by the water
cooled charge air cooler placed on top of and on the right
hand side of the engine (water to air cooling).
Turbocharger
The turbo unit is of type:
TAD1630, TAD1631 – Schwitzer S4T
TWD1620, TID162 – Holset HSB0870/B36
TWD1630 – Holset H3B
TD164KAE – Garret TV75
The turbocharger is powered by the exhaust gases which
pass through the turbine housing to reach the exhaust sys-
tem. The passage of the exhaust gases causes the turbine
wheel to spin. On the same shaft as the turbine wheel is a
compressor wheel. The compressor wheel spins in a com-
pressor housing which is connected between the air filter and
the engine’s inlet manifold.
As the compressor wheel rotates, air is sucked in from the
air cleaner. The air is compressed by the compressor wheel
and is forced into the engine cylinders.
109
Intake and exhaust systems Group 22
Air filter
The disposable air filter is of the dry type with a paper filter
element. There is a pressure drop indicator which shows a
red indicator when the filter is clogged and needs replacing.
Starter heater
The pre-heating and post-heating times are a factor of engine
temperature.
The purpose of the starter heater is to warm up the air in the
intake manifold when the engine is started. The heated air
makes for easier starting and also reduces the generation of
exhaust smoke during cold starts.
Exhaust manifold
The exhaust manifold is exposed to significant heat stresses

and fluctuations and is therefore manufactured of a heat-re-
sistant material. The exhaust manifold is cooled by air.
110
Group 22 Service procedures - intake and exhaust systems
Service procedures
The charging pressure should not fall below these levels.
Note: For this test to give a true picture of the situation, it is

Boost pressure, checking essential that the full load condition is maintained a sufficient-
ly long period of time for the pressure to stabilize. It should
also be noted that boost pressure varies with the tempera-
Special tools: 999 6065, 999 6591
ture of the intake air (ambient air).
If boost pressure is measured at any other temperature than

1
+25°C (+77°F), the boost pressure reading must be adjusted
by means of the diagram below.
Example:
A pressure of 100 kPa measured at 0°C is equivalent of 90
kPa at +25°C.
Boost pressure at different temperatures

Fit the connecting nipple 999 6591 and gauge 999 6065 to
the engine’s inlet manifold. A. Measured boost pressure
B. Correction curves
2 C. Temperature of intake air
Measurement should occur continuously with a full load and
full acceleration, while the rpm slowly exceeds the speed lim-
its for the different engine types shown in “Workshop Manual,
Technical Data”.
111
Service procedures - intake and exhaust systems Group 22
In the event of daily operation in dusty or oily air, regular

Rectifying low boost pressure cleaning of the compressor housing and compressor wheel
is recommended. Fouled compressor parts can result in low
boost pressure.
1. Tightness of seals, inlet and exhaust manifolds.
The compressor parts can be cleaned with the unit fitted as
It is essential that the hose between the turbocharger and follows:
the inlet manifold is not cracked or is inadequately clamped.
Remove the compressor housing. Clean the compressor
In addition to a loss in boost pressure, leakage can also housing, compressor wheel and the end head in kerosene or
cause a high exhaust gas temperature which will result in the like. Fit the compressor housing and measure the boost
excessive stresses on the exhaust pipe, turbo, valves and pressure again.
piston rings.
An exhaust system operating with too large a counter pres-
sure reduces boost pressure, gives a lower engine output
and increases exhaust temperature with a related risk of
burnt valves and turbo failure.
When an exhaust system has been rebuilt the back pres-
sure must always be checked in accordance with the in-
structions given. See next page ”Checking exhaust back
pressure”
The following demands must be met when converting an ex-
haust system:
A. The diameter of the connecting pipe must be 1/2-1" larg-
er than the pipe to which it is to be connected.
B. The transition between the existing pipe, to which con-
nection is being made, and the connecting pipe must not
be abrupt. It should be tapered, the taper being about 5. Injection pump
180 mm long.
Check the following:
C. The pipe elbows should have as large a radius as pos-
Governing, injection angle, calibration, fast idle, smoke elimi-
sible. ”Pleating” should be avoided.
nator diaphragm and triggering point, curve plate setting and
sealing.
2. Air filter 6. Feed pressure

Check that the air filters are not blocked and that the correct Check that fuel leakage does not occur and that the pump
filters are being used. The indicator on the air filter inlet pipe provides the correct feed pressure.
must not show red. Replace the filters when necessary.
7. Delivery pipes
3. Accelerator linkage
Check that the pipes are of the correct dimension and that
Check that the accelerator linkage provides full travel of the the holes are not damaged.
injection pump arm.
8. Injectors
4. Turbocharger
Check the markings, opening pressure, spray pattern and
Check if the rotor shaft is sluggish or if the turbine wheel and that the holes are not faulty or blocked.
compressor wheel chafe against their housings. Turn the
wheel at first with a slight pressure, and when with a slight
axial pull. If the wheel is sluggish, the turbocharger must be 9. Engine condition
immediately replaced or reconditioned. Check the wheel for Check the compression pressure and the valve clearance of
damage. the engine.
If the boost pressure remains unsatisfactory once all these

points have been checked and approved, the turbocharger
should be reconditioned or replaced.
112
Checking exhaust back Turbocharger, checking

pressure bearing clearance
Special tools: 884969 (flange kit) TWD1620/-1630, TID162 Schwitzer S4T/Holset H3B/Holset
885184 (flange kit) TAD1630/-1631
HSB870/B36
1
Remove the exhaust pipe from the turbocharger’s exhaust Checking axial and radial clearance is normally done only in
outlet. Remove the studs. conjunction with reconditioning when it is required to ascer-
tain the degree of wear in the unit.
2
Clean the sealing surfaces. Fit the longer studs included in Measuring axial clearance
the flange kit.
3
Fit the measuring flange to the turbine housing with gaskets
on both sides. Fit the exhaust pipe.
4
Connect a transparent plastic hose (or a low pressure ma-
nometer) to the nipple of the measurement flange. The differ-
ence between the water columns (A) gives the back pres-
sure in WC (inches of water).
1. Flange for measuring

2. Exhaust tube
3. Transparent plastic hose, part filled with water
Place a dial indicator with an 8 mm (5/16") shank in the hold-
er as shown. Secure the dial indicator.
5
Run the engine fully loaded and fully accelerated for a few Place the holder on the compressor housing. Make sure that
minutes and check the back pressure. the measuring point rests against the center of the shaft.
Max back pressure in the exhaust system is 1.0 kPa (1000 Press down the holder against the compressor intake and at
mm WC = 0.145 psi). the same time press the turbine rotor up and down by hand.
Read the dial indicator.
An exhaust system with exhaust pressure that is too high
reduces the efficiency of the engine while increasing exhaust Axial clearance:
smoke and engine temperature, which in turn can cause Max 0.20 mm (0.008") .
burnt valves and turbo breakdown.
For TD164KAE max. 0.12 mm (0.005").
For TWD1620 and TID162 max. 0.18 mm (0.007").
113
Measuring radial clearance
Place a rocking arm dial indicator with its measuring point on

the compressor wheel hub.
Press down the wheel at the same time as the rotor on the
opposite end of the shaft is pushed upwards. Set the indica-
tor to zero.
Pull the wheel upwards at the same time as the rotor at the
opposite end of the shaft is pushed downwards.
Radial clearance:
Max. (compressor side) 0.72 mm (0.028").
For TD164KAE max. 0.18 mm (0.007").
For TWD1620 and TID162 max. 0.15 mm (0.006").
IMPORTANT! Radial play shall be measured when the tur-

bine shaft is offset in parallel.
114
Turbocharger, reconditioning
Schwitzer S4T (TAD1630, TAD1631)
1. Compressor Wheel 13. Bearing housing (complete)

2. Lock nut 14. V-clamp
3. Compressor Cover 15. Circlips
4. Piston ring holder 16. Heat Shield
5. Shim (optional) 17. Piston ring
6. Piston ring 18. Turbine housing
7. Cover 19. Shaft and wheel (complete)
8. Screws 20. Snap ring
9. Thrust bearing 21. O-Ring
10. V-clamp 22. Bearings
11. Thrust washers 23. Oil deflector
12. Spacer sleeve
Disassembly Remove the V-clamp (10) securing the compressor cover.
1
4
Mark the relative positions of the compressor cover (3) and
turbine housing (19) to the bearing housing (13). Remove the compressor cover (3).
2 5
Fix the turbine housing in the vise using soft jaws. The turbo- Remove the V-clamp securing the turbine housing.
charger shaft should be vertical.
6
3 Lift the central bearing housing out of the turbine housing.
115
7 10
Gently remove the turbine shaft and wheel by tapping with
a small soft faced mallet on the compressor end of the shaft.
Be careful not to bend or damage the shaft.
11
Place the bearing housing (13) on the turbine backplate (16)
(if fitted) on the bench and remove the insert retaining snap
ring (20).
12
Carefully bend up the cover (7) using two screwdrivers.
Note: Thread a piece of plastic tubing over the screwdrivers

to avoid damaging the bearing housing.
13
Dismantle the insert assembly by pushing the piston ring
Clamp a suitable 12 point socket wrench in the vise with the
holder (4) out of the insert.
socket axis vertical.
14
8
Remove the 2 screws retaining the oil deflector (23). This will
allow the oil deflector, thrust bearing (9), thrust washers (11)
and spacer sleeve (12) to be removed from the bearing
housing.
15
Using suitable circlip pliers, remove the outer circlips from
both ends of the bearing housing, remove the journal bear-
ings and inner circlips.
Cleaning of Parts
1 Aluminum parts
Soak in a non-caustic solvent until all deposits have been
Place the 12 point hub of the turbine wheel into the socket. softened. Clean surfaces with bristle brush and soft scraper.
Release the compressor wheel locknut (2). Steam may be used providing bearing surfaces are protect-
ed.
Note: Use a T-handle wrench together with a universal joint
to avoid side-loading the turbine wheel shaft.
2 Cast iron parts
Soak in non-caustic solvent.
9 Alternatively blast. Be careful with internal profile surfaces.
Remove the compressor nut and slide the compressor
wheel from the turbine shaft. Some models have shims (5)
fitted between compressor wheel and piston ring holder (4).
The position and thickness of any shims should be noted.
Note: If the compressor wheel is sticking it may be heated

with a hot air pistol to a max of 130°C (266°F).
116
3 Shaft and wheel assembly 6 Turbine heat shield (16)

Soak in solvent to remove oily residue. Mask entire shaft Replace if cracked or warped.
section and totally clean wheel and hub using steam. Avoid
concentrating on piston ring seal groove.
7 Piston ring holder (4)
Check piston ring groove width max 1.58 mm (0.0623") and
Inspection of parts for signs of taper or damage to groove. Reject if worn.
8 Thrust washer (11)

1 Bearing Housing
Replace if thrust surfaces are worn. In most cases these
Inspect bearing bore visually for sign of damage or wear. may be reused by reversing the position so that the non
Check turbine end seal bore for damage. worn side is in contact with the thrust bearing.
2 Compressor Wheel (1) 9 Spacer sleeve

Visually inspect for evidence of bent, burred, nicked or erod- This part should show no sign of surface damage or wear.
ed blades, and for evidence of scuffing on the back face.
Very minor damage is acceptable. Reject and replace if
damage appears sufficient to affect wheel balance. Do not
attempt to straighten any bent blades.
Assembly
3 Shaft and wheel assembly
1
Check journal diameter for wear. Minimum diameter is 15.99
mm (0.6300") or 17.43 mm (0.6867") (actual size depends Use only the parts complying with the dimensions outlined in
on model). the inspection instructions above plus an ”Overhaul Kit”.
Check seal groove width max 1.58 mm (0.0623").
Measure eccentricity between large and small shaft diame- 2
ter, max 0.008 mm. T.I.R.(0.0003"). All parts must be washed in clean solvent and dried with
Check balance to 0.36 gm mm (0.0005 oz. inch) in both compressed air.
planes. Replace if outside limits.
3
4 Compressor cover (3) Fit the inner snap rings to the bearing housing bushing. Add
Visually inspect for evidence of contour damage. Replace if a few drops of oil to the bushing and fit the journal bearings
damage is excessive. and outer snap rings.
5 Turbine housing (18) 4

Visually inspect for damage and excess temperature dam- Fit a new piston ring to the groove in the shaft and wheel as-
age such as cracking, pitting, warping, erosion. Reject and sembly.
replace if damage is excessive.
5
Fit turbine backplate (16) over the shaft section so that it
rests on the back of the turbine wheel.
117
6 15
Fit the shaft and wheel etc. into the bearing housing after lu- Fit the compressor wheel (1) and lock nut (2). On models
bricating both shaft and piston ring. Take care not to damage that have shims (5) under the compressor wheel, ensure
the piston ring when inserting the sealing bore. that all shims are refitted (if a new compressor wheel or
compressor cover are to be used, adjust the shims as re-
quired to achieve a minimum clearance between compressor
7 wheel and cover of 0.23 mm (0.09").
Place this assembly in the turbine housing with the shaft ver-
tical.
16
Clamp the appropriate 12 point socket wrench in the vise
8 with the socket axis vertical.
Fit the thrust washer (11) and spacer (12) onto the shaft.
17
9
Fit the thrust bearing (9) into the bearing housing (13) and
lubricate the bearing surfaces.
10
Fit the second thrust washer and oil deflector. Fit the two re-
taining screws and torque to 5.0-5.7 Nm (45-50 in-lb).
11
Fit a new O- ring (21) to the groove in the bearing housing.
12
Fit a new piston ring (6) into the piston ring holder (4).
13
Assemble the piston ring holder assembly into the insert tak- Place the 12 points hub of the turbine wheel into the socket.
ing care not to damage the piston ring.
14
Lubricate the O- ring (21) and mount the insert into the bear-
ing housing and retain with the snap ring. Ensure that the
bevelled edge is turned upward.
118
18
Torque the compressor lock nut with a T-handle torque

wrench to 13.6 Nm (10 ft-lb) and then rotate to an additional
90°-95° and apply 2 drops of Loctite 601 to the threads.
Note: Use a T-handle torque wrench together with a univer-

sal joint to avoid side-loading the turbine wheel shaft.
19
Fit the bearing assembly into the compressor cover (3), align
with the marks, fit the V-clamp (10) and torque the locknut to
11 Nm (8 ft-lb).
20
Fit the bearing assembly into the turbine housing, align with
the marks, fit the V-clamp and torque the locknut to 11 Nm
(8 ft-lb).
119
Holset H3B/HSB 0870/B36, TWD1620,

TID162, TWD1630
36. Thrust flange

4. Bearing Housing
37. Oil Control Ring
5. Turbine housing
38. Heat Shield
6. Shaft and Wheel
43. Insert
7. Compressor Wheel
51. Clamp
8. Compressor Cover
53. Washer
11. Bearing bushing
59. Screw
12. Thrust bearing
61. Compressor Wheel Locknut
13. Piston ring
62. Clamp Locknut
16. Piston ring
64. Snap ring
28. V-Band Clamp
65. Snap ring
31. Oil Slinger
66. Snap ring
32. O-Ring
70. Gasket-Oil Connection
33. Oil Deflector
71. Gasket-Inlet
120
Disassembly 4
Remove the compressor nut and pull the compressor wheel
1 (7) from the turbine’s shaft. If the compressor wheel is stick-
ing it may be heated with a hot air pistol to max 130°C
Clamp the turbine inlet flange and mark the relative positions
(266°F).
of the turbine housing, bearing housing, and compressor
cover.
5
2 Using circlip pliers, remove the large circlip (66).
Remove screws and clamp plates and the compressor cov-
er. Release the v-band clamp lock nut (62) and move the
clamp onto the bearing housing. Remove the bearing hous- WARNING! Extreme caution is required during re-
ing from the turbine housing (5). Remove the clamp.
moval.
3
6
Slide out the insert (43). Remove the O-ring (32) and the oil
slinger (31).
7
Carefully withdraw the shaft and remove the piston ring (16).
Remove the oil deflector (33).
8
Remove the thrust bearing (12) and the thrust flange (36).
Using circlip pliers, remove the outer circlip (64) from the
compressor end. Carefully remove the bearing bushing (11)
and inner circlip (64).
9
Invert the bearing housing and remove the circlip (65) and
the heat shield (38). Using circlip pliers, remove the outer cir-
Clamp a suitable 12 point socket wrench in the vise with the clip (66). Remove the oil control ring (37), bearing (11) and
socket axis vertical. Place the hub of the turbine wheel into inner circlip (64).
the socket. Release the compressor wheel locknut (61).
Assembly
Having cleaned and inspected all items and obtained re-
placement parts, where necessary, assembly can begin.
10
Fit a new piston ring to the shaft and wheel. Fit the inner cir-
clip (64), bearing (11), oil control ring (37) and outer circlip
(64). Fit the heat shield (38).
11
Invert the bearing housing and fit the inner circlip
Note: Use a T-handle wrench together with a universal joint

to avoid side-loading the turbine wheel shaft.
121
12 15
Gently slide the shaft and wheel into the bearing housing. Fit the insert assembly into the bearing housing. Apply mod-
Apply moderate pressure and a slight rotation to allow the erate pressure to correctly seat the insert (43).
piston ring to centralize and enter the chamfered bore of the
bearing housing. Note: It may be necessary to use a small, soft mallet.
WARNING! Do not use force.

16
Using circlip pliers, fit the large circlip (66). Place the bevel-
led side facing up.
WARNING! Extreme caution is required during fitting.

13
Clamp a suitable 12 point socket wrench in the vise with the
socket axis vertical. Place the bearing housing in the socket. 17
Fit the compressor wheel (7). Fit the compressor wheel lock-
nut (61) and tighten down. Torque 40.7 Nm (30.0 ft-lb).
Note: Use a T-handle torque wrench together with a univer-

sal joint to avoid side-loading the turbine wheel shaft.
18
Referring to the marks made previously, fit the bearing hous-
ing using the V-band clamp (28).
14
Fit the thrust bearing (12) and thrust flange (36). Fit the oil
deflector (33) with the angled edge facing down. Fit a new
piston ring (16) to the oil slinger (31) and fit the oil slinger into
the bearing housing. Fit the O-ring (32).
19
Check the axial and radial clearance. See section ”Checking
bearing clearance”.
20
Referring to the marks made previously, fit the compressor
cover to the bearing housing using the screws and washers.
Finally check that the shaft and wheels rotate freely.
122
Note: As an extra precaution to prevent contaminated oil

Measures in case of turbo from reaching the turbocharger, a strainer can be mounted
failure on TAD- engines temporarily in the compressor inlet connection. The engine
must then be run for at least half an hour. Note that the
strainer must then be removed since otherwise, should the
lubricating system not be properly serviced, there is a risk
In case of turbo failure on TAD-engines, it is essential to that oil will not reach the turbocharger due to the blockage of
check the charge air cooler. Should a large leakage of oil be the strainer.
suspected, or foreign objects, such as bits from the broken
compressor wheel, have been forced into the charge air
cooler, the following measures must be taken: 2
Before starting the new turbo, use an oil can to spray oil into
1 the turbo bearing system to provide correct lubrication from
the start.
Check the charge air hoses to the charge air cooler. If there
is any trace of oil on the charge air cooler, the hoses must
be removed and cleaned internally in a suitable solvent 3
(white spirit or equivalent). The charge air cooler must also When replacing a turbo, care must be taken so that flakes of
be cleaned. If the black charge air cooler hose is contaminat- rust or deposits do not drop into the exhaust manifold. These
ed with oil, it must be replaced since oil has a detrimental ef- flakes could damage the turbine of the new unit.
fect on the rubber.
It is also import to clean the intake line from the air cleaner
since any bits lying there from, for example, a fractured com-
2 pressor wheel, would cause an immediate breakdown of the
If failure of the turbo resulted in a fracture on the compressor new turbo.
wheel, the charge air cooler must be pressure tested to Note: the rubber hose (return line) from the turbo to the en-
check whether or not it has been damaged by bits from the gine must be oil-resistant.
compressor wheel.
4
Always check that the injection equipment is in good condi-
tion and that all of the seated components are fitted with au-
thorized, unbroken seals.
Replacing/reinstalling
turbocharger on engine 5
Check that the oil is circulating properly after starting the en-
gine by loosening the return pipe union on the block.
Note: When replacing a turbocharger always determine the To avoid damage to the turbocharger, the engine can be
cause of failure. Repair any damage before the new turbo cranked round with the starter motor, and the stop control
unit is fitted. pulled out, until oil pressure is built up.
When replacing/reinstalling a turbocharger, it is very impor-
tant that the instructions provided with the compressor are
carefully studied.
1
For a turbo unit to operate satisfactorily, one condition is that
the engine oil system and intake system are kept in good
working order, i.e. that the oil is replaced at the recommend-
ed times, that the correct type of oil is used and that the oil
cleaner and air cleaner are also changed as directed.
The initial measure is therefore to check the engine oil and
the oil cleaner and, if so required, to replace the cleaner be-
fore the new turbo unit is fitted. Preferably, the engine should
be run a few minutes before the new turbo unit is fitted.
123
4
Charge air cooler, checking for
leakage, TAD-engines
Special tools: 999 6662, 885231, 885232
Check the pressure tester before use.
Fit connection tool 885231 and sealing tool 884232 together

with new hoses (if needed) on the charge air cooler. Un-
screw the pressure tester reduction valve.
Connect the pressure tester to the charge air cooler.
5
Open the shut-off valve knob and set the gauge to a pres-
sure of 70 kPa (10.2 psi) with the reduction valve.
Connect the pressure tester to the workshop air supply and

set the pressure gauge to 100 kPa (14.5 psi) with the reduc- 6
tion valve. Close the shut-off valve. During one minute pressure may
not drop more than 20 kPa (2.9 psi) otherwise the charge air
Note: To lock the reduction valve knob, move the lock ring cooler cannot be approved.
axially.
7
2 In the event of leakage, repeat the check several times. Also
check the pressure tester hoses and connections.
8
Remove the testing equipment.
9
Connect the charge air hoses.
Shut off the valve. The pressure gauge dial pointer must not
drop during 2 minutes, otherwise the gauge cannot be relied
upon.
3
Disconnect the charge air hoses from the charge air cooler.
124
Group 22 Cooling system
Cooling system
Design and Function
(These illustrations are only examples of the design and function in

the cooling systems for various engines)
1. Radiator
2. Thermostats
3. Distributor pipe for coolant
4. Coolant pump
5. Coolant filter
6. Oil cooler
7. Charge air cooler
125
Cooling system Group 22
Cooling system
The coolant is circulated by an gear-driven pump (4) and is
led in the cylinder block and from there through channels and
openings to the cylinder heads, liner jackets and oil cooler
(6).
On TWD, TID and TD (7), the return flow of fluid from the
cylinder blocks and from the charge air cooler is led via an
outer pipe (3) from the cylinder head to the thermostat hous-
ing (2), which contains two thermostats.
(These illustrations are only examples of the design and function in

the cooling systems for various engines)
1. Radiator
2. Thermostats
3. Distributor pipe for coolant
4. Coolant pump
5. Coolant filter
6. Oil cooler
7. Charge air cooler
Depending of the temperature of the coolant, the fluid is led

either back to the pump, or via an upper radiator hose, into
the radiator.
Around the liners, the cooling jackets of the cylinder block
are divided into an upper and lower plane. The purpose of
this is to concentrate the flow of coolant to the hottest part of
the liner. Through a small gap between the liner and the split
shelf, coolant is led upwards and returns through the cylinder
head.
The coolant space of the cylinder heads is also divided into
two horizontal planes. This means that coolant entering the
head from the block first circulates in the lower section
around the valve seats and injector tips where cooling is vi-
tal. The coolant then flows up into the upper section through
openings around the copper sleeve, circulates around the
valve guides and then leaves via a return pipe which runs
above the cylinder heads.
The left-hand illustration below shows the function of the
thermostat with a cold engine. The picture on the right shows
126
Group 22 Cooling system
the situation with the engine warm. Both thermostats have The filter consists of a filter insert made of pleated paper and
the same opening temperature and they work in parallel. containing a dosage of corrosion-inhibiting additive. When a
Between the distribution gallery of the engine and the return new filter is fitted, the anti- corrosion additive is quickly
pipe of the thermostat housing is a coolant filter. leached out by the passing fluid.
Maximum through-flow is 12 liter/min.
(Pictures show the TAD-version)
The coolant pump is gearwheel-driven and is journalled in a

front two-row ball bearing and a rear roller bearing. A lip seal
and a carbon-ceramic seal are used to seal out oil and cool-
ant respectively. The front section of the pump shaft also
acts as a pulley for the alternator drive belt.
127
Service procedures - cooling system Group 22
Service procedures
4
Remove the belt pulley. Remove the holder for the coolant
pump’s sealing ring.
Coolant pump, replacing

Special tools: 999 2000, 999 2929, 999 6860
Removal
1
Remove the central screw. Remove the flange for the belt
Switch off the main circuit breaker/disconnect batteries.
pulley with puller 999 6860.
2
6
Drain the coolant.
Disconnect the coolant connection at the thermostat hous-
ing.
3
7
Disconnect the connection at the engine block.

8
Slacken the generator’s belt tension. Dismantle the belt ten-

sion device and allow the generator to hang in the bracket.
Remove the coolant pump’s end cover. Remove the coolant

pump from the timing gear casing (3 screws at the front, 2 at
the rear).
128
Group 22 Service procedures - cooling system
Fitting the coolant pump 4

1
Replace the sealing ring in the sealing ring holder, using tool
999 2000 and 999 2929. Scrape the mating surfaces clean.
Apply a bead of sealant and fit the holder for the sealing ring.
5
Screw the belt pulley tight. Fit the drive belt/belts for the gen-
erator.
Place a new O-ring in the groove on the coolant pump. 6

Screw the pump tightly to the timing gear casing. Fill with coolant. Start the engine and check for leaks.
2
Place an O-ring in the groove in the coolant pump’s end cov-
er. Fit the cover. Connect the pipe to the engine block and
thermostat housing. Use new sealing rings.
Fit the flange for the belt pulley. Use a torque wrench for the
central screw.
Torque 60 Nm (44.3 ft-lb)
129
4
Coolant pump, reconditioning
Special tools: 999 1801, 999 2061, 999 2412, 999 2852, 999
6019, 999 6858, 999 6998, 999 6999 999 8000, 998 9876
1
Put the coolant pump in a vise with the impeller facing up-
wards.
Turn the pump about-face in the vise. Remove the circlip

holding the bearing and shaft in the pump housing.
5
Remove the pump from the vise.
2
Remove the screw in the center of the impeller.
Note: Use a screwdriver to counter the coolant pump drive.
Remove the set screws (3) holding the ball bearing in the
pump housing.
7
Put the pump in a hydraulic press with the drive side of the
pump (gear wheel side) facing down.
3
Pull the impeller off of the pump shaft using a bolt size M10 x
70.
Note: Use a screwdriver to counter the coolant pump drive.
130
8 11
Press out the pump shaft together with the ball bearing,
the roller bearing race and the gear wheel. Use drift 999
6858.
9
Turn the pump around in the press to bring the drive side
facing up.
10 Turn the pump over to put the drive side facing down.
Press the ball bearing out of the pump housing using tools
999 1801 and 999 2061. Remove the pump housing from
the press.
12
Press out the seals (2) and the deflector ring with drift 999
1801 inserted through the roller bearing.
Press the gear wheel and the inner ring of the roller bear-
ing off the pump shaft.
131
13 15
Press the ball bearing and stop ring off the pump shaft.
Heat the stop ring to +160°C (+320°F). Press the ring onto
the pump shaft until it stops against the inner race of the
bearing.
Inspection
Seals, deflector ring and ceramic ring must always be re-
placed with new ones. In addition the bearings must be re- 16
placed. Check the fit of the bearings in the pump housing
and on the shaft. The bearing races must not rotate in the
pump housing or on the shaft. If the impeller is damaged it
must be replaced.
Assembly
14
Heat the gear wheel to +160°C (+320°F). Press the gear

wheel onto the pump shaft using tool 999 6998. Press until it
bottoms.
Note: 999 6998 is used on four different occasions during

the assembling of the pump; tool 999 6998 gives the right di-
mensions.
Note: The fitting of the roller bearing is done in two steps.

First press the inner race onto the pump shaft. Then press
the outer race into the pump housing.
Put the ball bearing on tool 999 2412 in the press. Oil the
pump shaft. Press the pump shaft into the bearing. Press un-
til the shaft edge bottoms against the bearing.
132
17 21
Grease the edge of the seal. Put the seal into the pump
Oil the pump shaft and press the inner race of the roller with the metal edge facing upwards.
bearing into position. Press until its stops.
22
18
Put the pump housing in the press. Oil the seat of the roller
bearing in the pump housing.
19
Oil the outer race of the roller bearing. Put the bearing
with the text facing upwards into the pump housing. Press
the bearing into position using tool 999 6998. Press until
its stops.
20
Turn the coolant pump over to bring the drive side facing
down in the press.
Press in the seal with tool 999 8000. Press until the tool
bottoms against the edge of the pump housing.
133
23 25
Turn the pump over to bring the drive side facing upward.
Oil the seat of the ball bearing in the pump housing.
24
Press in the pump shaft until the ball bearing is about 2

mm (0.080") from the circlip groove in the pump housing.
1. Pump shaft
2. Bearing race, roller bearing 26
3. Gear wheel
4. Stop ring
5. Ball bearing
Fit the pump shaft complete with ball bearing, stop ring, gear
wheel and roller bearing race into the pump housing.
Fit the circlip into the pump housing.
134
27 that the pump shaft is free and the walls of the pump shaft
take up the pressing force.

30
Continue to press in the shaft carefully until the outer race
of the ball bearing stops against the circlip in the pump Mount the deflector ring onto the pump shaft with the edge
housing. facing down.
31
28
Press on the deflector ring until tool 999 8000 bottoms
Replace the ball bearing set screws.
against the edge of the pump housing.
Note: Secure the screws with locking fluid (Part No.
1161053-0).
29
Turn the pump over in the hydraulic press to bring the
drive side facing down. Position the pump in the press so
135
32 34
Fit the seal into the pump housing.
33
Mount dial indicator 998 9876 on tool 999 6999. Set the
dial indicator so that it shows 20.0mm (0.8") against a flat
surface.
Press in the seal with tool 999 6998.

35
Position the pump in the press so that the pump stands on

its shaft with the drive side facing down.
136
36 39
Dip the rubber ring in soapy water. Place the rubber and
ceramic rings in the center of the impeller. Put the impeller
onto the pump shaft.
Remove 999 6998 from the pump. Check that the center
37 of the impeller is 4.8 mm (0.1890") above the edge of the
pump housing.
40
Fit the screw in the center of the impeller.
Place 999 6999 on the impeller so that the dial indicator

probe is on the edge of the pump housing.
38
Apply pressure to the impeller on the pump shaft until the dial
indicator shows 15.2 mm (0.5988").
137
Extra coolant pump,

reconditioning (TD164KAE)
Special tools: 999 2412, 999 6315, 999 6858,
999 6998
6
Note: All numbers in parenthesis refer to the illustration Press out bearing (6) and bearing shaft (5A) with punch 999
above the text. 6858.
7
1
Check that the drain plug (16) holes are not obstructed
Note: Mark the position of the gable (3) on the coolant pump (should be 7 mm (0.275") dia.
housing (2) prior to removal.
8
Remove the gable (3) and remove O-Ring (13). Clean and check parts regarding wear and other damage,
2 9
Press out the impeller (12) and the shaft (5), use punch 999 Apply grease to the bearing shaft (5A) and press on the new
6858. bearing (6) with punch 999 2412.
3 10
Remove the belt pulley (4) with a suitable puller. Remove Apply grease to the bearing seat in the coolant pump hous-
spacer ring (10). ing
4 (2). Press on the new bearing (6) and the bearing shaft (5A)
Remove the bearing snap ring (9), spacer ring (8) and pro- with punch 999 2412.
tective shield (7). 11
5 Install protective shield (7), spacer ring (8) and snap ring (9).
Remove seal ring (11).
Note: Turn the spacer ring chamfer and lock ring shoulders
towards the bearing.
138
12 16
Install spacer ring (10) on the bearing shaft (5A). Screw 999 6315 into the bearing journal (5A) where the belt
13 pulley (4) is located, until it bottoms.
Place a washer between the impeller and the press tool so
Press the belt pulley (4) in place with punch 999 2412. Place the shaft (5) may protrude through the washer.
a support under the bearing shaft (5A), such as a pipe with The washer should be 2 mm (0.080") thick, with an I.D. that
27 mm (1.063") I.D. and 34 mm (1.338") O.D.. is greater than the shaft (5) diameter.
14 Press the impeller (12) on the shaft (5).
Note: Seal ring (11) is delivered complete, not as shown in Note: Let the coolant pump rest on the nut on 9996315 dur-
the illustration. ing the entire press operation.
Press a new seal ring (11) in the coolant pump housing (2) 17
with punch 999,6998. Install the gable (3) with a new O-Ring (13).
15
Place a wide metal plate between the shaft (5) and the press
tool so the shaft is level with edges of the coolant pump
housing.
Apply bearing grease and press the shaft (5) into the bearing
shaft (5A).
139
6
Sleeve thermostats, replacing
1
Drain the coolant.
2
Remove the pipe between the thermostat housing and the
upper radiator hose. Push the pipe to one side.
Remove the old sealing rings by tapping them down with

3 a suitable drift.
Remove the pipe between the coolant pump and the thermo- Note: Do this carefully so as not to damage the sealing ring
stat housing. contact surfaces in the housing.
4
7
Remove the thermostat housing.
Fit the new sealing ring to drift 999 6863
Note: Fit the sealing ring with the wide metal edge facing up-
5
ward.
Remove the thermostats and the O-rings.
140
8
Sleeve thermostats, checking
A function check of the old thermostat must be carried out
before fitting a new one. Thermostats are removed according
to the instructions shown under “Sleeve thermostats, replac-
ing”.
1
Check that the thermostat has closed fully. This can be done
by holding it up against the light. There must be no visible
gap. If the thermostat does not close properly, replace it.
Tap the sealing ring in with the drift until the drift bottoms
against the thermostat housing.
9
Fit the thermostats and O-rings.
Heat water in a receptacle to:

10
TAD1630G, TAD1631G, TD164KAE 75°C (167°F)
Fit the thermostat housing.
Others 70°C (158°F)
Immerse the thermostat in the receptacle as illustrated.
11
Fit the pipe between the coolant pump and thermostat hous-
3
ing with seals.
Check after at least 30 seconds that the thermostat is still
closed.
12
Fit the pipes between the thermostat housing and the upper
4
radiator hose.
13
Fill with coolant.
14
Perform a leakage test.
Now heat the water to boiling point (100°C (212°F). Check

after at least 30 seconds at boiling point that the thermostat
has opened at least 9.5 mm (0.374").
If the thermostat does not open, replace it.
141
7
Coolant manifold seals,
Remove connections and pipes as one unit.
replacing
8
Removal
1
Switch off at main circuit breaker/disconnect batteries.
2
Drain the coolant.
Disconnect electrical cables and engine temperature sen-

sor.
3
Disconnect the rear coolant pipe from the oil cooler
9
4
Disconnect the coolant pipe from the thermostat housing.
Remove screws (4) that hold the oil cooler to the center plate
on the engine block.
5
Disconnect the oil cooler from the front coolant pipe.
10
Remove the sealing rings (3) from the coolant pipe.
Disconnect all pipe connections.
142
Refitting 16
11 Fit the rear coolant pipe to the oil cooler together with the
new sealing rings.
17
Fit the new seals to the coolant manifold.
18
Fit new sealing rings (4) to the coolant pipe.
12
Fit the manifold as one unit.
19
Fit the coolant pipe together with its connection
13
Restore the engine temperature sensor and the electrical

connections.
20
Remove the old sealing rings from the center plate of the Fill with coolant.
oil cooler. Fit new sealing rings.
21
14
Replace the oil lost when the oil cooler was removed.
Push the oil cooler onto the front coolant pipe.
22
15
Test the cooling system for leakage.
Bolt the oil cooler to the center plate and the cylinder block.
23
Start the engine and check for oil leaks.
143
Clean the cooling system thoroughly before filling. Run

Coolant the engine warm immediately after filling to get the best
The coolant should be a mixture of anti-freeze additive and possible effect from the additive.
water or, where there is no risk of freezing, anti-corrosion To maintain the protection against corrosion, the coolant
additive and water, see below. should thereafter be supplemented with further 1/2 liter anti-
The coolant should be replaced and the system flushed corrosion additive every 400th hour of operation.
clean once a year. At the same time check all hoses and Note: Other types of anti-corrosion additive, glycol or anti-
connections and fix any leakage. Replace all loose, swollen freeze must absolutely not be mixed with this anti-corrosion
or otherwise damaged hoses. additive. The anti-corrosion additive does not prevent the for-
mation of ice and should only by used where the temperature
is always above 0°C (32°F).
Anti-freeze
The anti-freeze prevents corrosion in the cooling system and WARNING! Anti-corrosive agents are harmful to
also freezing during the winter. We recommend using 50% health (poisonous if consumed). See warnings regard-
Volvo Penta anti-freeze* (ethylene glycol, bluegreen) and ing filling coolant, next page!
50% pure water (as neutral as possible). This coolant mix-
ture gives protection against freezing down to about –
40°C (–40°F) and should be used year-round.
Checking coolant level
For lower temperatures a greater quantity of anti- freeze is
required according to the table below. The level should be about 4-5 cm (2") below the filler cap’s
sealing edge. There must be an air space to allow for expan-
Notice: To get full protection against corrosion, always use
sion of the coolant.
at least 40% anti- freeze. This means that topping-up, when-
ever necessary, should be done with the corresponding anti-
freeze mixture.
WARNING! Do NOT open the pressure cap (bleed
Note: Volvo Penta anti-freeze must not be mixed with any
cock) when the engine is hot. Steam or hot coolant
other kind of anti-freeze.
can spray out and the system pressure will be lost.
Part No. 1141646-8: 5 liters (1.3 US gals).
Part No. 1141647-6: 210 liters (55.5 US gals).
An insufficient quantity of coolant can lead to poor circula-
Mixing table, antifreeze/water tion, which increases the risk of overheating, resulting in
damage to the engine.
Portion as a percentage of antifreeze of total coolant
Note: Daily check of the coolant level or topping up through
volume for freeze protection down to about:
the fill opening is allowed only when the engine is stopped
–28°C (–18°F) –40°C (–40°F) –56°C (–69°F) and cold.
40 % 50 % 60 %
Draining the coolant

At the most, the freezing point can be lowered to -56°C (-
69°F) (60% anti-freeze). Increasing the mixture of anti- Before draining the coolant, stop the engine, unscrew the fill-
freeze past this point reduces the protection from freez- er cap.
ing. Check carefully to make sure that all the water is drained.
Mix the anti-freeze with water in a separate container prior to
filling the cooling system.
Draining points:
WARNING! Anti-freeze is harmful to health (poison- – Radiator
ous if consumed). – Engine block, right side
– Coolant pump
Anti-corrosion additives
– Oil cooler, engine
The easiest way to prevent corrosion is to use a suitable
mixture of genuine Volvo Penta anti-freeze (glycol) all year – Charge air cooler (TWD1630)
round (at least 40%).
When there is never any danger of freezing, and if a water/
glycol mixture is not used year-round, use water with Volvo
Penta anti-corrosion additives (Part No. 1141526-2). Anti-
corrosion additive is available in quantities of 1/2 liter. Mixing
ratio 1:30.
144
On engines with a separate expansion tank (optional

Coolant, filling equipment), the filling of large volumes is done directly
To ensure excellent cooling of the engine, it is vital to check through the filler opening on the radiator, until the system
that the correct coolant volume is added when coolant is be- is vented and completely filled. Close the venting cock,
ing replaced. Coolant levels that are too low can cause the screw on the filler cap and finally fill the separate expan-
engine to be damaged due to overheating (piston seizure). sion tank to between the MIN and MAX marks.
Since the coolant volume varies between various engine

types and installations, we recommend that a sufficient vol- Coolant temperature too high
ume of coolant (fresh water with glycol, or anti-corrosion ad-
ditives) is mixed in a container before filling. This process Too high coolant temperature can be caused by:
assures that the correct volume of coolant is added to the – Low coolant level, air in the system
engine and that no air-pockets remain in the system.
– Reduced air flow through the radiator, dirty radiator
See current Instruction Book/Workshop manual regarding
– Poor drive belt tension
coolant volumes and filling/venting the cooling system.
– Blocked cooling system
Note that if there is a heating plant, water heater or equiva-
lent connected to the engine cooling system, a commensu- – Faulty thermostat
rately larger volume of coolant is required. There may also – Faulty temperature gauge
be additional vent cocks.
– Faulty setting of injection pump with regard to the pre-
Filling must not be done so fast that air is locked in the sys- injection angle
tem. The air must be able to pass out through the filler open-
ing.
Filling should be carried out with the engine stopped. The en-
gine must not be started until the system has been vented
and completely filled.
If a heater system is connected to the engine’s cooling sys-
Coolant temperature too low
tem, the heat control valve should be fully opened and the Too low coolant temperature can be caused by:
heater system vented during filling.
– Faulty thermostat
Flush clean the cooling system before filling with coolant.
– Faulty temperature gauge
Check all hoses and connections and fix any leaks. Close
the drain cocks.
Fill with coolant to the correct level, see “Checking coolant Temperature gauge, checking
level”. Check that the cooling system is properly vented by
carefully opening the venting cock after the engine has been Remove the temperature sensor. Connect the cables to the
started and has reached operating temperature. Any remain- temperature gauge and immerse the sensor in hot water.
ing air must be removed. The engine must not be started un- Compare the temperature gauge reading with that of a ther-
til the system has been vented and completely filled. mometer.
1
WARNING! Do NOT open the pressure cap (bleed
Remove the level switch
cock) when the engine is hot. Steam or hot coolant
can spray out and the system pressure will be lost.
WARNING! Remove the level switch very carefully
The pressure loss means that circulation in the sys-
tem can be impaired, leading to overheating and en- when the engine is hot. Steam or hot coolant can
gine damage. Hot fluids and hot surfaces can cause spray out.
burns.
2
Place a plug M10 x 1 in the hole in the expansion tank.
Topping-up should be carried out with the same mixture as is
already used in the cooling system.
3
Clean the tip of the switch if it is oxide coated. Connect the
wire to the switch, (the switch must not be connected to en-
gine body, ground).
145
4
Drive belts, adjusting
Start the engine.
Replace belts which have become oily, worn or damaged in
any way.
5
Note: Belts that work in pairs should always be replaced at
the same time.
Tension the alternator belts after loosening the alternator.

Correct tension is obtained when the belts can be de-
pressed about 10 mm (0.400") midway between the pul-
leys.
The engine is equipped with an automatic belt tensioner for
the fan belts.
Connect a wire between the engine body and the level
switch.
6
Cooling system, cleaning
Alarm and/or automatic stop should be triggered after 4 sec- The cooling system (including the charge air cooler on
onds. TWD1630) should be cleaned when replacing the coolant.
It is generally sufficient to flush through with clean water. If
the cooling system has large rust and mud deposits we rec-
Coolant leakage ommend the following cleaning method:
Loss of coolant can occur in two ways:
1
– Loss of coolant during running
Empty and flush the system clean. Use Volvo radiator
– Loss of coolant after stopping a hot engine cleaning kit, part no 1141658, or dissolve 1 kg (2.2 lbs) of
Coolant loss during running can be due to leaks in the cooling oxalic acid* in 5 liter (5.3 qt) hot water and pour the mixture
system or air or combustion gases being pressed into the into the cooling system. Top up with clean water.
cooling system causing the coolant to be forced through the * Not marketed by Volvo Penta, can be purchased from chemical
pressure valve. The fault can be in the compressed air com- stores.
pressor, it fitted, or leakage at the cylinder head gaskets. Chemical formula for oxalic acid: C2H2O4.
Chemical formula for sodium hydrogen carbonate: NaHCO3.
Loss of coolant after stopping a hot engine is generally due to
a faulty pressure valve (filler cap). WARNING! Protect hands and face. Oxalic acid is
poisonous and hazardous to the skin.
2
Run the engine until it reaches normal operating tempera-
ture and then for about another 2 hours.
Checking radiator and charge
Note: Any heater controls must be set to “hot”.
air cooler
3
Should higher than normal coolant temperatures be observed, Drain the system and flush out immediately and thoroughly
the passage of air through the charge air cooler and radiator with clean water. For this purpose the thermostat housing
(TAD1630/ TAD1631) must always be checked. (thermostat), upper and lower radiator hoses, drain cocks
and plugs should be removed to give the best possible
Check that the external cooling sections of the radiator and
draining speed. Do not forget the engine heater or heater el-
the charge air cooler are not blocked by insects or other im-
ement, if fitted. Continue flushing until the water coming out
purities that can restrict the air flow. If obstructions are found
is clean. It is essential to remove all oxalic acid, otherwise
use a mild grease- dissolving detergent and water. Never
the remains can increase the risk of further corrosion.
use water at high pressure or compressed air.
Straighten out any bent cells in the cell system. Flush the ra-
diator from the front. In cases of more serious blockage the 4
radiator must be removed entirely and then cleaned with a Dissolve 200 grams (7 oz.) of bicarbonate* (sodium hydro-
mild detergent. Also check that the fan cover has not come gen carbonate) in 5 liters (5.3 qt) of water an pour into the
loose or is leaking in any other way. cooling system. Top up with clean water.
Also check that the fan cover and, if fitted, the sealing strip
fitted between the fan cover and the charge air cooler has not Note: Never use soda (sodium carbonate Na2CO3) as in-
come loose or is leaking in any other way. correct handling can result in severe corrosion damage.
146
5 A
Run the engine at normal operating temperature for about Check that the knob on the relief valve (A) is fully opened
10-15 minutes. This must be done thoroughly in order to and connect the test device to the compressed air system.
neutralize the oxalic acid. Open cock (B) and adjust the relief valve until a pressure of
100 kPa (14.5 psi.) is indicated on the gauge.
6
Flush the system thoroughly clean according to point 3. In-
creased flushing effect can be obtained by mixing water with
air, in which case flushing must, without exception, be
carried out from bottom to top (radiator), or from the
drain cock in question on the cylinder block.
Note: Remove the filler cap from the expansion tank/radia-

tor. In the case of separate expansion tank, this should also
be flushed from the bottom and up with the filler cap removed
for efficient cleaning. Flush the heater, if fitted, with the hoses
removed to be sure that remaining deposits are removed.
7
If there is still rust and slime the cooling system, repeat the
steps under points 1–6.
When cleaning, check that all hoses are free from defects. Note: The relief valve’s knob can be locked by moving the
Replace if necessary. locking ring axially.
8 Note: Always follow applicable safety regulations.
Fill the system with a coolant recommended by Volvo Penta.

See section “Coolant”. Check to make sure that there are no B
leaks.
Close cock (B). The pressure must not drop during two min-
utes if the test device is to be considered reliable.
Pressure testing
Cooling system, pressure- 1
testing Remove the coolant filler cap and instead fit cap 999 6433 on
the radiator. Plug the connection to an extra plastic expan-
sion tank, if fitted, during the pressure- testing.
Special tools: 999 6662, 998 9860 with compressed air and
999 6433. Or use standard pressure testing gear.
2
Ensure that the knob on the relief valve (A) is fully opened
Checking pressure-testing device 999 and connect the hose from the pressure-testing device to the
cap 999 6433.
6662
Before using the pressure-testing equipment it must be
checked as follows: 3
Seal the drain line from the filler pipe.
4
Connect the pressure-testing device 999 6662 to the com-
pressed air system and open the cock (B).
147
5
Tighten the lock ring for the knob on the relief valve. In-
crease the pressure by tightening the knob until the pressure
gauge reads 70 kPa (10.15 psi).Lock the knob by pressing
in the lock ring and close the cock (B).
6
Check during one minute that the pressure does not drop. If
there is difficulty in locating the leak, drain the coolant, re-
pressurize the system and apply soapy water to hose con-
nections, drain cocks etc., until the leak is found.
Notice: Make sure that the pressure never exceeds 70 kPa
(10.15 psi. Check that the pressure does not rise. Increased
pressure can, among other things, damage the coolant pump
seal.
Note: Always follow applicable safety regulations.
7
Remove the testing device.
Pressure valve, checking
The pressure valve is located in the filler cap. For this test
the same pressure-testing device is used as for testing for
leakage in the cooling system. See previous section.
1
Drain part of the coolant and connect the pressure- testing
device with a nipple to any plugged hole in the cooling sys-
tem.
2
Extend the draining hose from the filler pipe with a hose
which opens out into a vessel containing water.
3
Apply the pressure, see “The cooling system “Pressure test-
ing”, in the previous section, and read the pressure gauge
when the valve opens (water will bubble in the vessel with
the drain line/filler cap).
For correct opening pressure, see “Workshop manual,
Technical Data).
148
Group 22 Electrical system
Electrical system
The engines are equipped with a 2-pole electrical system
with an alternator. System voltage is 24 volts. Starting with auxiliary battery
Important WARNING! The batteries (especially auxiliary batter-

ies) contain an oxyhydrogen gas mixture which is
For engines with alternators the following is applicable: very explosive. A spark generated by connecting the
jumper cables incorrectly is sufficient to explode a bat-
tery and cause personal injury and damage.
IMPORTANT! Never break the circuit between alter-
nator and battery when the engine is running. The If the batteries are frozen they must be thawed out first be-
main switch must therefore not be switched off until fore attempting to start them with an auxiliary battery.
the engine has stopped.
1
1 Check that the auxiliary batteries are connected (in series or

parallel) so that the rated voltage corresponds with the en-
Cables shall not be disconnected while the engine is running gines system voltage.
since this can also damage the voltage regulator.
2
2
First connect the red jumper cable (+) to the auxiliary bat-
Batteries, battery cables and cable terminals shall be tery’s plus terminal and then to the dead battery.
checked regularly. The battery poles shall be well- cleaned
and the cable shoes always tightened and well greased so
that no interruption occurs. All cables shall be well tightened, 3
and there shall be no loose connections. Then connect the black cable (-) to the auxiliary battery. And
Note: Do not interchange the battery’s plus and minus poles lastly to a point some way off from the dead batteries, e.g. at
when fitting the batteries. Refer to the wiring diagrams. the main switch, minus cable or connection of minus cable to
Check drive belt tension regularly. the start engine.
6
3
Start the engine.
When starting with auxiliary batteries, see “Starting with
auxiliary battery”. Note: Do not interfere with connections when attempting to
start (spark risk) and do not lean over batteries.
4
When repairing the alternator, both battery cabled shall be 7
removed first. The same applies for quick-charging of batter- Remove cables in exactly the reverse order to which the
ies. were connected.
Note: Follow applicable safety instructions when charging Note: The regular cables to the standard batteries must nev-
batteries. er be disconnected.
Arc welding
When arc welding on the engine or on installed components,
always prepare as follows:
Remove the 2 battery cables and then remove all the alter-
nator cables from the alternator.
Attach the welding clamp to the component to be welded and
as close to the welding spot as possible. Never attach the
welding clamp to the engine or in a way that the current will
have to pass through a bearing.
IMPORTANT! After the welding is finished: Install the

alternator cables before installing the battery cables.
149
Electrical system Group 22
Electronic speed governor
Wiring
To control unit
Connecting the actuator for 24V system voltage
The stop solenoid/fuel shut off valve (8) connected live during operation (optional). Stop the engine with switch (6).
Notice: Later versions of stop solenoids have built-in transient protection. Therefore, only a separate transient protection (7)
for the Control Unit is required.
1. Control Unit 5. Fuse (fast) 8A 9. Engine speed pickup for overspeed

protection
2. Actuator 6. Main switch 10. Engine speed switch (rpm switch)
3. Pickup 7. Transient protection 11. Relay
4. Multi-turn potentiometer* 8. Stop solenoid/Fuel shut off valve 12. Battery
* Not from Volvo Penta
150
Wiring diagrams
Group 22
1.
Instrument panel and engine
(except TWD1620 and TID162)
(equipped with stop sole-
noid).
Position key for diagram 1 and 2
1. Oil pressure gauge

2. Coolant temperature gauge
3. Rev. counter with built-in hour counter
4. Warning lamp, charging
5. Semi-automatic fuses (manual resetting)
6. Stop button
7. Interlock
8. Start button
9. Relay for coolant level switch (option)
10. Relay for coolant temp. switch, oil pressure switch
11. Holding current relay (operating current and instrument)
12. Terminal block (extra receptacles, fused receptacle for auto-
matic stop, shutdown in case of fault).
13. Relay for starter heater
14. Starter heater
15. Starter motor
16. Battery
17. Alternator
18. Start relay
19. Coolant temp sensor
20. Coolant temp. switch (normally open)
21. Oil pressure sensor
22. Oil pressure switch (normally open)
23. Coolant level switch (option)
24. Stop solenoid (diagram 1)/Fuel shut-off valve (diagram 2),
(energized during operation)
25. Horn
26. Union
27. Main switch
28. Relay
29. Rpm sensor for overspeed protection
30. Engine overspeed switch
31. Fuse, 8A
*1 Disconnect during installation of GAC regulator.
Wiring diagrams
151
152
Wiring diagrams
2. TID162) (equipped with fuel shut-off valve).
Instrument panel and engine
(except TWD1620 and Cable areas in mm² (see color code in wiring diagram).
1.5 mm² applies when no other area is shown2
Color code
BL = Blue
OR = Orange
LBL = Light blue
VO = Violet
BN = Brown
R = Red
LBN = Light brown
SB = Black
GN = Green
W = White
GR = Grey
Y = Yellow
Battery cable areas are related to battery positioning.

Distance, starter motor – batteries:
max 2 m (6.5 ft.), area = 70 mm2
max 4 m (6.5 ft.), area = 120 mm2
Relationship mm2/AWG*
*American Wiring Gauge
mm2 1,0 1,5 2,5 10 16
Group 22
Group 22
2. Cable areas in mm2 (see color code in wiring diagram).
Instrument panel and engine 1.5 mm² applies when no other area is shown2
for TWD1620 and TID162.
Color code
BL = Blue
OR = Orange
LBL = Light blue
VO = Violet
BN = Brown
R = Red
LBN = Light brown
SB = Black
GN = Green
W = White
GR = Grey
Y = Yellow
Battery cable areas are related to battery positioning.

Distance, starter motor – batteries:
max 2 m (6.5 ft.), area = 70 mm2
max 4 m (6.5 ft.), area = 120 mm2
Relationship mm2/AWG*
*American Wiring Gauge
mm2 1,0 1,5 2,5 10 16

AWG 16 (17) 15 (16) 13 7 5
Wiring diagrams
153
154
Wiring diagrams
AWG 16 (17) 15 (16) 13 7 5
3.
Connection of alarm separator (option) to instrument pan-

el.
1. Relay for coolant level switch (option)

2. Relay for coolant temp. switch, oil pressure switch
3. Holding current relay (operating current and instrument)
4. Alarm separator
5. Connection
6. Terminal block (extra receptacle fused for 16A. Receptacle for
automatic stop, shutdown in case of fault).
7. Warning lamp, high coolant temp. (option)
8. Warning lamp, low coolant level (option)
9. Warning lamp, low oil pressure (option)
10. Terminal block for engine cables
11. Coolant temp. switch (normally open)
12. Oil pressure switch (normally open)
13. Union
Group 22
Group 22
Dotted line represents existing cable
4.
Connection of time relay kit (accessory)
for connection of starter heater.
1. Time relay
2. Contact piece, 8-pole.
3. Ignition switch
4. Temperature switch (option)
5. Starter heater
6. Indicator lamp (starter heater connected)
7. Battery
8. High output relay for starter heater
9. Fuse, 8A)
Wiring diagrams
155
Troubleshooting Group 22
Troubleshooting
1. Engine does not start

Starter motor does not turn engine
CAUSE REMEDY
• Discharged batteries Charge/replace the batteries (or connect auxiliary batteries
as described in section “Starting with auxiliary battery”).
• Main switches off Turn on the main switches.
• One of the semi-automatic fuses in the junction box Reset the fuse by pressing the button.
has tripped (position 5 in the engine wiring diagram)
• Poor contact/breaks in connections and electrical cables Rectify any open-circuits/loose connections. Check for oxi-
dation on the contacts. Clean them and spray with damp-in-
hibitor spray. See “Wiring diagrams”.
• Faulty ignition switch/start button Replace ignition switch/start button
• Faulty start relay Replace start relay
• Faulty starter motor/solenoid Check starter motor/solenoid.
• Water in compression chamber Do not make any more attempts to start if you suspect water
in compression chamber. Check the engine.
Starter motor turns slowly
CAUSE REMEDY
• Discharged batteries Charge/replace the batteries (or connect auxiliary batteries
as described in section “Starting with auxiliary battery”).
dation on the contacts. Clean them and spray with damp-in-
hibitor spray. See “Wiring diagrams”.
156
Group 22 Troubleshooting
Starter motor turns over as usual but engine does not start
CAUSE REMEDY
• Air in fuel system Bleed the fuel system, see “Fuel system, bleeding”.
• No fuel
– fuel cocks closed Open the fuel cocks
– fuel tank empty Fill with fuel
– fuel filters clogged (due to contaminants/kerosene Fit new fuel filters (pre-filters and/or fine filters).
precipitation in the fuel as a result of low outside Bleed the system. See “Fuel system, bleeding”.
temperature)
• Stop solenoid/fuel shut off valve connected/ seizing Check that stop solenoid/fuel shut off valve is in operating
position
• Insufficient preheating
– incorrect starting procedure Try start again as shown in the Instruction Book
– starter heater is not engaged Check that none of the semi-automatic fuses has tripped
(position 5 in engine wiring diagram). Reset the fuse by
pressing the button.
Check the electrical cables, the interlock button and the re-
lay for the starter heater. Insufficient air flow to engine.
• Blocked combustion air intake Check air intake for blockage.
2. Engine starts but stops again or runs unevenly

CAUSE REMEDY
• Air in fuel system Bleed the fuel system. See “Fuel system, bleeding”.
• No fuel
– fuel cocks closed Open the fuel cocks.
– fuel tank empty Fill with fuel.
precipitation in the fuel as a result of low outside temperature) Bleed the system. See “Fuel system, bleeding”.
• Stop solenoid/fuel shut off valve connected/ seizing Check that the stop solenoid/fuel shut off valve is in operat-
ing position
• Insufficient preheating
– incorrect starting procedure Try start again as shown in the Instruction Book
– starter heater is not engaged Check that none of the semi-automatic fuses has tripped (po-
sition 5 in engine wiring diagram). Reset the fuse by pressing
the button.
Check the electrical cables, the interlock button and the relay
for the starter heater. Insufficient air flow to engine
157
Troubleshooting Group 22
• Insufficient air flow to engine

– air filter blocked Fit new air filter or clean the air filter. Check ventilation to
engine room.
• Faulty injectors Check/replace injector(s).
3. Coolant temperature too high

CAUSE REMEDY
• Coolant level in engine too low (air in system) Fill the engine with coolant and vent the system See “Cool-
ant, filling”.
• Faulty thermostat Install a new thermostat
• Clogged radiator and/or charge air cooler (TAD) Clean See “Cleaning cooling system”.
• Faulty circulation pump Overhaul/replace the circulation pump.
• Faulty temperature gauge/sensor Check/replace temperature gauge/sensor
• Faulty setting of injection angle Check/adjust the injection angle.
4. Coolant temperature too low

CAUSE REMEDY
• Faulty thermostat Install a new thermostat
5. Engine does not reach correct speed at wide open throttle

CAUSE REMEDY
• Engine overloaded If possible reduce the load
• Insufficient fuel flow
precipitation in the fuel as a result of low outside temperature) Bleed the system. See “Fuel system, bleeding”.
• Water in fuel Clean fuel tank. Drain water from pre-filter, if any.
• Insufficient air flow to engine
– faulty injector(s) Fit new air filter/clean air filter
– air leak between turbo and engine’s inlet manifold Check the rubber hose between turbo and the connecting
pipe, plus other connections. Tighten the hose clips.
– faulty turbo charger Clean the compressor assembly. Overhaul the turbo com-
pressor if needed.
– poor engine room ventilation Check that the ventilation ducts to the engine room are not
blocked.
• Accelerator incorrectly adjusted Adjust the accelerator.
• Excessive back pressure in exhaust system Check that the exhaust pipe is not restricted in any way.
158
Group 22 Troubleshooting
• Faulty setting of injection pump Adjust pump setting.

• Faulty smoke limiter
– smoke limiter seizing Overhaul smoke limiter.
– pressure pipe between inlet manifold and smoke Fit new pressure line
limiter leaking
– faulty diaphragm in smoke limiter Replace diaphragm in smoke limiter.
– faulty setting Adjust smoke limiter setting.
• Stop lever position Check that the stop lever is in full operating position.
6. Engine runs on
CAUSE REMEDY
• One of the semi-automatic fuses in the junction box has Reset the fuse by pressing the button.
tripped (position 5 in the engine wiring diagram)
dation on the contacts. Clean them and spray with damp-
inhibitor spray. See “Wiring diagrams”.
• Faulty stop button Replace stop button.
• Faulty stop solenoid/fuel shut off valve Check, replace Stop solenoid/Fuel shut off valve.
159
160
Report form
Do you have any complaints or other comments about this manual? Please make a copy of
this page, write your comments down and send them to us. The address is at the bottom. We
would prefer you to write in English or Swedish.
From: ........................................................................................
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Refers to publication: ..................................................................................................................................................................
Publication No: ............................................................................ Date of issue: .........................................................................
Proposal/Justification: .................................................................................................................................................................
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Date: .........................................................................
Signed: ......................................................................
AB Volvo Penta
Teknisk Information
Avd. 42200
SE-405 08 Göteborg
Sweden
(742302 English 09–2004

Workshop Manual: TID162AP, TD164KAE, TWD1620G/GH, TAD1630G/GE/P/V, TAD1631G/GE, TWD1630G/GE/P/V

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Workshop manual

Cylinder block, face-grinding ....................................... 42 Oil cooler, replacing ..................................................... 83

Fuel system ................................................................... 90 Cooling system ........................................................... 125

If working in proximity of an engine which is operat-

Check that the warning or information labels on the

Never start the engine without installing the air cleaner

WARNING! Possible danger of personal injury, exten-

All fuels and many chemical substances are flamma-

WARNING! The components in the electrical system

© 2001 AB VOLVO PENTA

About this Workshop manual Certified engines

WARNING! Some systems, such as the components in the fuel system,

Torquing with Protractor Sealant

Safety rules for fluorocarbon

WARNING! Be very careful when working on engines

• Always use gloves made of chloroprene rubber (gloves

Tool Designation/use Tool Designation/use

Tool Designation/use Tool Designation/use

999 6845 C-clamp

Tool Designation/use Tool Designation/use

884983 884994 884995 884997

Tool Designation/use Tool Designation/use

884995 Drift for polygon hub 9990192 Puller

Other special equipment

998 5423 998 8183

Tool Designation/use Tool Designation/use

Design and Function

A. Additional vibration damper

The crankshaft has 7 main bearings and is nitrocarburized.

Engine fixture, attaching

Cover the holes with rags or equivalent to prevent dirt or for-

Remove the spacer plate (four screws).

Mount the engine fixture on the engine.

Remove the bypass filter and bracket (four screws).

Compression test Exposing engine body

Connect compression gauge 998 8539 to 999 8009. Crank

On the cylinder heads which are to be removed, bend up the

Fit protective plugs to all injectors and also to the pressure

Remove the inlet manifold (TAD1630, TAD1631 only).

Remove all pipes for distribution of coolants, and the thermo-

Remove the injectors. If an injector sticks in the copper

Remove the plug from the flywheel casing using a 16 mm

6 Cylinder head, disassembling

Attach 999 6966 (two) to hold the cylinder liner.

Special tools: 999 6662, 999 6997 (2 ea)

Fit 999 6997 (two) to the cylinder head.

Note: Tighten the wing nuts with care so as not do damage

Note: The knob of the reduction valve can be locked with a

Unevenness of the cylinder head face must not exceed 0.02

IMPORTANT! Replace all rubber seals.

Cylinder head, face-grinding

Connect air to 999 6662. Open the valve.

Valve guides, inspection Wear tolerances:

Move the valve sideways in the direction of the exhaust or

Valve guides, replacing Valve seats, replacing