This document describes three experiments using an Arduino microcontroller to implement a basic traffic control system, control the system using a timer, and take external inputs. It provides code examples and diagrams for each experiment. The first uses LEDs and delay functions to control a traffic light system. The second adds a timer to control delays. The third adds an external switch input to change the direction of lights on an airport runway approach system. The conclusion states the experiments helped learn about microprocessors, defining pins, timers, and delays in Arduino.
This document describes three experiments using an Arduino microcontroller to implement a basic traffic control system, control the system using a timer, and take external inputs. It provides code examples and diagrams for each experiment. The first uses LEDs and delay functions to control a traffic light system. The second adds a timer to control delays. The third adds an external switch input to change the direction of lights on an airport runway approach system. The conclusion states the experiments helped learn about microprocessors, defining pins, timers, and delays in Arduino.
This document describes three experiments using an Arduino microcontroller to implement a basic traffic control system, control the system using a timer, and take external inputs. It provides code examples and diagrams for each experiment. The first uses LEDs and delay functions to control a traffic light system. The second adds a timer to control delays. The third adds an external switch input to change the direction of lights on an airport runway approach system. The conclusion states the experiments helped learn about microprocessors, defining pins, timers, and delays in Arduino.
This document describes three experiments using an Arduino microcontroller to implement a basic traffic control system, control the system using a timer, and take external inputs. It provides code examples and diagrams for each experiment. The first uses LEDs and delay functions to control a traffic light system. The second adds a timer to control delays. The third adds an external switch input to change the direction of lights on an airport runway approach system. The conclusion states the experiments helped learn about microprocessors, defining pins, timers, and delays in Arduino.
Introduction: In this experiment, we were familiarized about microcontroller by implementing a basic traffic control
system. After that, a timer was used to control the same traffic system and finally, we learned about the method of taking external inputs in Arduino by implementing a runway approach light. For this experiment Arduino and some led was used.
Theory and Methodology :
Arduino: Arduino is an open-source platform used for creating interactive electronics projects. Arduino consists of both a programmable microcontroller and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your computer, used to write and upload computer code to the microcontroller board. Arduino Uno also doesn’t need a hardware circuit (programmer/ burner) to load a new code into the board. We can easily load a code into the board just using a USB cable and the Arduino IDE (that uses an easier version of C++ to write a code).
Timer: Every electronic component of a sequential logic circuit works on a time base. This time base helps to keep all the work synchronized. Without a time base, devices would have no idea as to when to perform particular actions. Thus, timers is an important concept in the field of electronics.
A timer / counter is a piece of hardware built in the Arduino controller. It is like a clock, and can be used to measure time events. Basically, a timer is a register whose value increases/decreases automatically.
Flowchart:
Figure 1 Traffic control system using microcontrollers
Code:
TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM USING MICROCONTROLLERS
#define RED_PIN 8 #define YELLOW_PIN 10 #define GREEN_PIN 12 int red_on = 3000; int red_yellow_on = 1000; int green_on = 3000; int green_blink = 500; int yellow_on = 1000; void setup() { // ports for connecting LEDs pinMode(RED_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(YELLOW_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(GREEN_PIN, OUTPUT); } void loop() { // turning on voltage at output red LED digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH); // to make red LED on delay(red_on); // to turn yellow LED on digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, HIGH); delay(red_yellow_on); // turning off RED_PIN and YELLOW_PIN, and turrning on greenLEd dig italWrite(RED_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); delay(green_on); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW); // for turning green Led on and off for 3 times for (int i = 0; i < 3; i = i+1) { delay(green_blink); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); delay(green_blink); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW); } // for turning on yellow LED digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, HIGH); delay(yellow_on); digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, LOW); } TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM WITH TIMER TIMER
#define RED_PIN 8 //define name of pins used
#define YELLOW_PIN 10 #define GREEN_PIN 12 //define the delays for each traffic light color int red_on = 3000; //3s delay int red_yellow_on = 1000; //1s delay int green_on = 3000; //3s delay int green_blink = 1500; //.5s delay int milliseconds = millis(); int yellow_on = 1000; //1s delay int delay_timer (int miliseconds) { int count = 0; while(1) { if(TCNT0 >= milliseconds ) // Checking if 1 milisecond has passed { TCNT0=0; count++; if (count == miliseconds) //checking if required miliseconds delay has passed { count=0; break; // exits the loop } } } return 0; } void setup() { //define pins connected to LEDs as outputs pinMode(RED_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(YELLOW_PIN, OUTPUT); pinMode(GREEN_PIN, OUTPUT); //set up timer TCCR0A = 0b00000000 ; TCCR0B = 0b11111000; //setting prescaler for timer clock TCNT0= 0; } void loop() { //to make red LED on digitalWrite(RED_PIN, HIGH); delay_timer(red_on); //to turn yellow LED on digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, HIGH); delay_timer(red_yellow_on); //turning off RED_PIN and YELLOW_PIN, and turrning on greenLED digitalWrite(RED_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, LOW); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); delay_timer(green_on); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW); //for turning green Led on and off for 3 times for(int i = 0; i < 3; i = i+1) { delay_timer(green_blink); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, HIGH); delay_timer(green_blink); digitalWrite(GREEN_PIN, LOW); } //for turning on yellow LED digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, HIGH); delay_timer(yellow_on); digitalWrite(YELLOW_PIN, LOW); }
int LED_blink = 700; //define variable for switch press int switch_read; //defining a variable which will read the state of the switch int LED_sequence=1; //defining which way the LEDs will light up (left to right or right to left) int delay_timer (int miliseconds) { int count = 0; while(1) { if(TCNT0 >= __) // Checking if 1 milisecond has passed { TCNT0=0; count++; if (count == miliseconds) //checking if required miliseconds delay has passed { count=0; break; // exits the loop } } } return 0; } void setup() { //define pins connected to LEDs as outputs and the switch as input pinMode (RED1, OUTPUT); pinMode (RED2, OUTPUT); pinMode (RED3, OUTPUT); pinMode (RED4, OUTPUT); pinMode (RED5, OUTPUT); pinMode (RED6, OUTPUT); pinMode (LEDSWITCH, INPUT); //set up timer TCCR0A = 0b00000000; TCCR0B = 0b11111000; //setting prescaler for timer clock TCNT0=0; } void loop() { switch_read=digitalRead(switch1); if (switch_read==LOW){ LED_sequence=!LED_sequence; } if (LED_sequence==1){
//to make green1 LED blink
digitalWrite(RED1, HIGH); delay_timer(LED_blink); digitalWrite(RED1, LOW); //to turn red1 LED blink digitalWrite(RED2, HIGH); delay_timer(LED_blink); digitalWrite (RED2, LOW); //green2 blink and so on digitalWrite(RED3, HIGH); delay_timer(LED_blink); digitalWrite(RED3, LOW);
digitalWrite(RED6, HIGH); delay_timer(LED_blink); digitalWrite (RED6, LOW); delay_timer(LED_blink); } } Conclusion: After completing the experiment we learn about microprocessor, how to define pins in arudino and also about timer function and delay function. We implemented three different circuit to test our skills and the result was successful.
References: 1) https://www.arduino.cc/. 2) https://www.coursera.org/learn/arduino/lecture/ei4ni/1-10-first-glance-at-a-program 3) Jeremy Blue; Exploring Arduino: Tools and Techniques for Engineering Wizardry 4) AIUB Lab Manual Student Copy
