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    Ethers

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    Karthik Sharma
    Ethers can be prepared in two main ways: 1) By dehydration of alcohols using acids like sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. The product depends on reaction conditions - ethene or ethoxyethane from ethanol. 2) Using Williamson synthesis where an alkyl halide reacts with a sodium alkoxide in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Good results are obtained with primary alkyl halides, while tertiary alkyl halides give alkenes. Phenols can also be converted to ethers.

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    Ethers

    Uploaded by

    Karthik Sharma
    14 views3 pages
    Ethers can be prepared in two main ways: 1) By dehydration of alcohols using acids like sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. The product depends on reaction conditions - ethene or ethoxyethane from ethanol. 2) Using Williamson synthesis where an alkyl halide reacts with a sodium alkoxide in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Good results are obtained with primary alkyl halides, while tertiary alkyl halides give alkenes. Phenols can also be converted to ethers.

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    Ethers can be prepared in two main ways: 1) By dehydration of alcohols using acids like sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. The product depends on reaction conditions - ethene or ethoxyethane from ethanol. 2) Using Williamson synthesis where an alkyl halide reacts with a sodium alkoxide in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Good results are obtained with primary alkyl halides, while tertiary alkyl halides give alkenes. Phenols can also be converted to ethers.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    14 views3 pages

    Ethers

    Uploaded by

    Karthik Sharma
    Ethers can be prepared in two main ways: 1) By dehydration of alcohols using acids like sulfuric acid or phosphoric acid. The product depends on reaction conditions - ethene or ethoxyethane from ethanol. 2) Using Williamson synthesis where an alkyl halide reacts with a sodium alkoxide in a nucleophilic substitution reaction. Good results are obtained with primary alkyl halides, while tertiary alkyl halides give alkenes. Phenols can also be converted to ethers.

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    Ethers

    Preparation:
    1. By dehydration of alcohols:
    Alcohols undergo dehydration in the presence of protonic acids(H 2SO4, H3PO4). The formation of
    raction product, alkene or ether depends on the reaction conditions.
    e.g. ethanol is dehydrated to ethene in presence of sulphuric acid at 443K and at 410K;
    thoxyethane is the main product.

    2. Williamsons Synthesis:
    An alkyl halide is allowed to react with sodium alkoxide.

    This reaction involves nucleophilic substitution of halide ion by an alkoxide ion.

    Good results are obtained if alkyl halide is primary, if a tertiary alkyl halide is used an alkene is
    the only product. It is because alkoxides are not only nucleophiles but strong bases as well. They
    react with alkyl halides leading to elimination reactions.

    Phenols are also converted to ethers by this method:

    Aditya Baser 2006-07


    Physical properties

    Physical properties of ethers are very similar with alkanes and alcohols. With respect to boiling
    point, ethers resemble alkanes more than alcohols due to less polarity than alcohol while; with
    respect to solubility in water, ethers resemble alcohols more than alkanes due to H–bonding with
    water.

    In general, the boiling point of alcohols are unusually high because of hydrogen bonding.
    Attractive forces are present in liquid phase of ethers and alkanes, but lack – OH groups so
    cannot take part in intermolecular hydrogen bonding, are much weaker, so their boiling points
    are less.

    Chemical properties:
    1) Cleavage of C-O bond in ethers:
    The Cleavage of C-O bond in ethers takes place under drastic conditions with excess of hydrogen
    halides.

    Alkyl aryl ethers are cleaved at the alkyl-oxygen bond due to low reactivity of aryl-oxygen bond. The
    reaction yields phenol and alkyl halide.

    When primary or secondary alkyl groups are present, it is the lower alkyl group that forms alkyl
    iodide.

    When one of the alkyl group is a tertiary group, the halide formed is a tertiary halide.

    Aditya Baser 2006-07


    Electrophilic substitution in alkyl aryl ethers:
    The alkoxy group (-OR) is o,p- directingand activates the aromatic ring towards electrophilic substitution.

    i) Halogenation:

    ii) Friedel Crafts Reaction:

    iii) Nitration:

    Aditya Baser 2006-07

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