UNIT – IV

SOCIAL PROBLEMS

I. Fill in the blanks with appropriate answers:

1. The child labour is prohibited as per ……………………..article of
the constitution. (24)
2. Child marriage prevention act was implemented in the
year .................. (2006)
3. A national policy was implemented in the year ……………for the
welfare of child labour.(2016)
4. The law prohibiting female feticide was implemented in the year
…………. (1994)
5. The law protecting children from sexual crimes was implemented
in the year .................... (2012)

II. Answer the following questions in one sentence each:

1. What is child labour?
 If children below the age of 14 years are working for the
financial consideration, then it is called as „Child Labour‟ .

2. When did „Child Adolescent Labour Prohibition and Regulation

Act come into force?
 1986

3. When did Protection Children from Sexual Offences Act come into
existence?
 2012

4. What is Female Feticide (foeticide)?

 Female Feticide is an attempt to stop the natural growth of a
female fetus in the womb of a mother or aborting the fetus
forcibly

5. What is Hunger?
 Hunger is a state where the necessary calorie of food is not
available for the individual
6. What is „Invisible Hunger‟ ?
 An individual needs requisite quantity of proteins,
carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and salts. If these requirements
are not fulfilled, it is called as „Invisible Hunger

7. What is Child Marriage?

 The marriage that takes place between a boy of below 21 years
and a girl who is below 18 years is child Marriage.

8. When did Child Marriage Prohibition Act come into force?

 2006

III. Answer the following questions:

1. What are the features of „Child Adolescent Labour Prohibition
and Regulation Act of 1986?
 No children below 14 years be employed in any sector for any
reasons. According to the article 14 of this act, a fine of
Rupees 50,000 and 2 years imprisonment is imposed on
violators.
 Any family cannot engage their children of below 14 years in
any household activities during school hours. If they are
engaged, the parents and the head of the family is declared as
offenders and imposed a fine of rupees 10,000 on them.
 As per this act, children between the age of 15 and 18 are
considered as Adolescent children. And these adolescent
children should not be employed in any dangerous
employment. If violated a fine of rupees 50,000 is imposed on
the violators.

2. What are the Reasons for Child Labour?

 Lack of social environment that honours and protect Child
rights is the main reason for child labour, child marriage,
human trafficking of children.
 The greedy owners who strive for less wages and more work is
the reason for child labour.
 Due to agricultural crisis resulting out of drought and other
reasons leads to the migration of families to urban centers and
children end up working in hotels, fire crackers manufacturing
 units and other dangerous sectors which fall under
unorganized sector.
 Failure to implement compulsory and universal education has
resulted in non availability of education to all children.

3. What are the Demerits of Child Labour?

 Child labour affects the physical and psychological growth of
children negatively.
 Children who have worked as child labour suffer from various
ill health as adults.
 As children engaged in labour at tender age, they become
illiterates.
 As a result they miss their basic rights.
 Child labour restricts the social and economic mobility of the
families. Children become target of exploitation repeatedly in
such families.
 This crisis leads to child marriage and human trafficking
among children. As a result, the risk of sexual exploitations
becomes more for children especially for girls.
 Many of the children get infected with various diseases and
many become physically deformed.

4. What are the solutions for the problem of Child Labour?

 Ensuring Gender equality always.
 Stopping migration of helpless families
 Creating awareness on child marriage and human trafficking.
 Ensuring better implementation of child rights through Gram
panchayets.

5. What are the unique features of Protection Children from Sexual

Offences Act?
 Penetrative Sexual Assault
 Aggravated Penetrative Sexual Assault
 Sexual Assault
 Aggravated Sexual Assault
 Sexual Harassment
 Using children to produce Pornographic movies
 Collection of obscene photographs
6. What are the aspects of Hunger index?
 The average of people who receive less than minimum calorie
of food required.
 The average of children who are below five years of age and
underweight.
 The mortality rate of children below five years of age.

7. What are the types of Gender Discrimination?

 Inequality in Birth Rate
 Inequality in Infrastructure
 Inequality in Opportunities
 Inequality in Ownership
 Inequality in family

8. What are the reasons for Child Marriage?

 Gender discrimination is the primary reason for the Child
Marriage
 Lack of proper implementation of law.
 Poor implementation of legal provisions in school education

9. What are the provisions of Child Marriage Prohibition Act 2006?

 As per this law, it is a crime to marry even when either of the
couple is minor.
 It is crime even if a major man marries a minor girl or vice
versa.
 If a child marriage takes place, the people who initiated the
marriage, the who conducted or motivated the marriage are
liable for imprisonment of two year and fine of rupees one
lakh.
 As per provisions of this law under column 9, 10 and11; the
priest, the photographer, videographer, cook, provider of
Shamiyana services, musicians, vehicle drivers and whoever
took part in the marriage all are liable for punishment
10. What are the ill effects of Child Marriage?
 The holistic development of children is stunted by child
marriage and they lose the power of questioning.
 As a result, violations like sexual assaults on children become
more and more increased.
 Many rights of children like education, childhood,
entertainment, interaction with friends continue to be violated.
 Children fall into the trap of malnutrition, anemia, diseases,
abortions, infanticide and maternal mortality increases.
 The chance of girl becoming a widow at a young age is also
more and becomes a victim of violence easily.

11. What are the Solutions for Child Marriage?

 Implementing the education Development Programmes
without lapses can prevent school dropouts before 18 years of
age.
 This means all the children within 18 years of age should be
within the schooling system and should have 100%
attendance.
 Similarly, birth registration is compulsory and 100% birth
registration target is needed.
 Importance should be given to girls‟ education. They should be
empowered on priority basis. A child marriage should always
be reported, questioned and opposed.

12. What are the reasons for Child Trafficking?

 Child labour
 child marriage
 school dropout
 poverty
 negligence in the families
 bonded labour
 frequent migrations and shifting of residences
 over exposure to internet and social media
 social inequalities
 gender discrimination
 lack of skills
 financial difficulties in the families
13. What are the ill effects of Child Trafficking?
 It affects the holistic development of children.
 Children are exposed to physical, psychological and
sexual exploitation.
 Many children become infected with HIV/AIDS and
other sexually transmitted diseases.
 They undergo unwanted pregnancy, abortions, forced
pregnancies, murders and drug addictions, and many
other unwanted developments take place in the society

14. What are the Remedial actions for Child Trafficking?

 Formation of Child Right Clubs schools of Karnataka.
 Formation of „Child Protection Committees‟ in
schools of Karnataka.
 Organizing „Children Grama Sabha‟ in all the villages
of the state and listen to the various problems of
children under 18 years of age.
 Formation of „Child Rights Protection Units‟ in all the
Gram/ Taluk/Zilla panchayet levels and organizing at
least one meeting in two months could address the
issues related to children.
 Formation of „Women and Children Trafficking
Prevention‟ committees at Gram/Taluk/Zilla
Panchayet and organizing at least one meeting in two
months could solve the problems better.
 Formation of „Baalika Sanghas‟ in all the anganawadis
of the state.