Villaflor, Jesus Jr. O 2019-30506

VILLAFLOR, JESUS JR.
O
2019-30506
P203- Land Use Planning
1. What are the general principles that should be followed in Coastal Land
Use Planning?
Coastal Land Use planning is considered a tool to improve the use of coastal
resources. It incorporates the context within which it operates; the capability
required to assess, evaluate and monitor the outcomes; and the process
through which it could be attained.
a. Linkage. The management aspect of “linkage” pertains to the effective

conservation of marine and coastal resources. This requires integration with
land use planning and management, which is based on the principle of
protection of common resources and cooperation and coordinative action
for their conservation and judicious use.
b. Sustainability through Participatory Approach. The planning and
allocation of coastal resources involve continuing negotiation process
between and among various stakeholders namely: national government
agencies (NGAs), the local government units (LGUs), the private sector,
non-government organizations (NGOs) and civil society organizations
(CSOs). Such processes involve the resolution of conflicts and consensus-
building.
c. Productivity and Biological Limits. The use of coastal resources is
determined by their biological capacity and ecological limits. The “carrying
capacity” (ability of a resource to absorb stress or perturbation without
unacceptable environmental degradation) of coastal ecosystems should be
considered.
d. Biodiversity Protection. These areas with diversity of ecosystems and
species should be protected and conserved for their ecological and
economic importance. Habitats of rare and endangered species of wildlife
such as: birds, reptiles, fish should be delineated and protected through the
collaborative efforts of DENR and LGUs.
e. Depth. The non-visibility of underwater activities leads to a misperception
that the sea is not only an inexhaustible source of food but a convenient
place to dispose of waste.
f. Socio-Cultural Relevance and Requirements. Coastal zone plans should
be sensitive to the needs, aspirations and culture of the zone’s inhabitants
and the indigenous cultural communities therein.
g. Conservation of Resources. This involves the provision of additional
financial resources by the government to address increasing pressures on
the coastal zone arising from the legitimate or illegitimate competing
interests.
h. Capability Building. This pertain to education, training and professional
development of LGU planners and managers and researchers on issues
and problems on coastal zone management and development.
i. Institutional Framework. This refers to the involvement of several decision
makers and stakeholders (i.e., NGAs, LGUs, NGOs, CSOs and People’s
Organizations) in land use allocation and coastal resources utilization and
development. All these efforts should be integrated and redirected or
refocused to supplement and complement one another within the context of
sustainable development and in conformity with land use planning principles
and laws.
j. Integration. This involves the integrated coastal zone management (ICZM)
approach to coordinate the initiatives of the various coastal economic
sectors towards long-term optimal socio-economic outcomes, including the
resolution of use conflicts and beneficial trade-offs.
k. Ecological Viability. This refers to the sustainability of the productive
functions of the coastal zone within the limits of its carrying capacity which
includes: harvests from fishing are maintained at sustainable levels, that
pollution loads are kept at levels which will not unduly compromise the ability
of the bay to support other economic activities, such as coastal tourism.
l. Social Feasibility. This shall be operationalized through measures that will enable
development to proceed without compromising the bay’s ecological functions.
Particular emphasis shall be given to actions that will result in the minimization of
social costs.
m. Social Acceptability. The support of the entire community is important for
the coastal land use plan because almost all sectors have a role to play in
its implementation.
n. Political Viability. This pertains to the degree in which the political leaders
support the coastal land use plan; likewise in the involvement in the planning
process to get their support and ownership of the plan; and the political
implications, the coastal land use plan implementation may have in the
region.
o. Precautionary Principle. This is a process of decision-making in which a
cautious approach is initially taken by policy makers in the absence or lack
of reliable information from which to base their decisions and actions.
Under this principle, resources should not be utilized if it could not be
ascertained that their use and development would not destroy the
environment.
2. What are the imperatives in the preparation of Coastal Land Use Plan?
Coastal land use planning refers to the process of comprehensively studying

resources, economic activities and societal needs, including problems and
opportunities in specific coastal planning areas, or coastal zones, and
proposing actions for their future development. It also involves the rational
allocation of dryland and wetland components of the area for various uses. It
identifies, examines and provides solutions to major issues and conflicts in
coastal resource allocation and utilization.
Imperatives in the Preparation of Coastal Land Use Plan
a) Conduct of Resource Inventory and Stocktaking (Ecological Profiling)

‒ the primary information needed is coastal land use planning are the
findings of the diagnoses of the present status of coastal zone resources.
The data/information needed for the coastal ecological profile are the
following:
Outline of an ecological profile includes:
a. Population and demographic characteristics
b. Biophysical characteristics – this further includes location and

boundaries, land resources, forest resources, groundwater resources,
mineral resources, coastal resources, hydrology and climate, natural and
geologic hazards.
c. State of environment and natural resources – further includes sources

and levels of pollution, natural resources depletion/degradation.
d. Land use – further includes present coastal land use/water use, land use
issues and problems, water issues and problems.
b) Conduct of Survey and Mapping of Coastal Zone Subsystems or

Coastal Land Classification
‒ The Coastal Zone Planning boundary shall be ascertained through the

conduct of a land use survey and mapping of coastal subsystems or coastal
land sub-classifications. Maps serve as tools for issue identification. The
preferred map scale for an overview of the coast is 1:25,000 to 1:50,000, while
for in-depth physical planning and the preparation of land use and zoning plans,
the preferable scale is 1:10,000. Maps of subsystems may be sourced from
DENR, National Mapping and Resource Information Authority (NAMRIA) or
Bureau of Soils and Water Management (BSWN). The following are the
subsystems to be mapped out:
1) Woodlands 8) Brackishwater
2) Agricultural Lands 9) Estuaries
3) Sand Dunes 10) Seabed
4) Mineralized Areas 11) Coral Reefs
5) Pasture Land 12) Seagrass
6) Freshwater Swamps 13) Mangroves
7) Tidal Flats Swamps Beds 14) Ecologically Significant Islands
Actual survey is conducted to validate or update information on the status of

the use of these subsystems.
A “Coastal Atlas“ would be a useful reference material in preparing a land use

plan for a coastal area. This consists of the following set of easily reproducible
maps prepared on a common scale:
1) The first set of maps shall delineate biological, geographic and other physical
features.
2) The second set shall include the natural hazards map indicating the levels of
risks to new developments arising from storm surges, earthquakes, landslides,
erosion, floods, etc.
3) Overlay maps of shellfish beds, wetlands and endangered species habitat

shall depict more specific biological resources. Other overlay maps showing
other environmental aspects and/or development constraints as required (e.g.,
critical habitats, endangered species, etc.) may be undertaken.
4) The resulting maps shall guide planners and policy-makers on the type and
intensity of new development and identification of priority areas for protection
or land acquisition.
5) Coastal Renewable Resources: Description of fisheries and aquaculture

activity and yields, by species and seasons, extent of mangrove forest, activities
and products, and extent of exploitation.
6) Critical Habitats: Identification of habitats of critical importance, such as

mangroves, wetlands, beaches, dunes, seagrass beds, coral reefs, tidal flats,
estuaries, lagoons, etc.
7) Protection Areas: Description and evaluation of areas that should be

designated as parks, reserves or other types of protected areas, as well as
address restoration needs, among others.
8) Important Species: Identification of coastal species of particular significance,

or of economic value; their habitats; and trends of population growth and their
restoration needs.
9) Resource Problems: Information on special problem situations, such as

highly polluted estuaries; extensive mangrove clearing for aquaculture ponds;
destruction of coral reefs; and root causes of their impairment.
10) Natural Hazards: Identification of situations that lead to increased risk of

natural hazards, such as badly eroded beaches, flooded lowlands and islands,
degraded coral reefs, and depleted mangrove cover.
11) Socio-Economic Status: Statistics and other forms of information on

demographic, social organization of coastal communities and economic
conditions.
12) Users of Coastal Areas and Resources: Identification of users for tourism
and recreation, manufacturing, maritime trade, mining, industrial users, etc. The
resource inventory forms a major bulk of the ecological profile. Socio-economic
assessment is also part of this inventory.
3. Who are the relevant stakeholders in the coastal and marine areas? How do
you intend to balance interests of relevant sectors?
The coastal dwellers (households), fishermen or fisher folk organization,

tourism players/other business sector, LGUs, Fishery Law Enforcement Team (PNP,
Coast Guard, Philippine Navy), Municipal Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
Management Council, NGOs, Academic Institution and the Philippine Ports Authority
are the relevant stakeholders in the coastal and marine areas.
To balance the interests of the identified stakeholders, there is a need to

conduct a Stakeholder Analysis. Through this process, the impact or level of impact of
intended plan (program, project and activities (PPAs) and regulations) for the coastal
and marine areas will identified, the extent of influence that stakeholders have over
the identified plan will be established, the importance of identified PPAs to the
stakeholders will be known and the stakeholder’s possible contribution for the
implementation of the identified PPAs as well as identify their potential to block or
hinder its implementation.
With the available information gathered and analyzed, the identification of

strategies for engaging the participation and commitment of the stakeholders will be
undertaken and eventually be part of the prepared plan.

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VILLAFLOR, JESUS JR.

a. Linkage. The management aspect of “linkage” pertains to the effective

Coastal land use planning refers to the process of comprehensively studying

a) Conduct of Resource Inventory and Stocktaking (Ecological Profiling)

Outline of an ecological profile includes:

a. Population and demographic characteristics

b. Biophysical characteristics – this further includes location and

c. State of environment and natural resources – further includes sources

b) Conduct of Survey and Mapping of Coastal Zone Subsystems or

‒ The Coastal Zone Planning boundary shall be ascertained through the

Actual survey is conducted to validate or update information on the status of

A “Coastal Atlas“ would be a useful reference material in preparing a land use

3) Overlay maps of shellfish beds, wetlands and endangered species habitat

5) Coastal Renewable Resources: Description of fisheries and aquaculture

6) Critical Habitats: Identification of habitats of critical importance, such as

7) Protection Areas: Description and evaluation of areas that should be

8) Important Species: Identification of coastal species of particular significance,

9) Resource Problems: Information on special problem situations, such as

10) Natural Hazards: Identification of situations that lead to increased risk of

11) Socio-Economic Status: Statistics and other forms of information on

The coastal dwellers (households), fishermen or fisher folk organization,

To balance the interests of the identified stakeholders, there is a need to

With the available information gathered and analyzed, the identification of

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