Faculty: MMIK Solution Batch: 182

Faculty: MMIK Solution Batch: 182
# Define Solution, solvent and solute.
Ans: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances on molecular level.
The constituent of the mixture present in a smaller amount is called the Solute and the one
present in a larger amount is called the Solvent.
For example, when a smaller amount of sugar (solute) is mixed with water (solvent), a
homogeneous solution in water is obtained.
Concentration of a solution
The concentration of a solution is defined as the amount of solute present in a given amount of
solution.
Concentration is generally expressed as the quantity of solute in a unit volume of solution.
Concentration = Quantity of solute / Volume of solution
A solution containing a relatively low concentration of solute is called dilute solution. A solution
of high concentration is called concentrated solution.
Ways of expressing concentration:
Per cent by Weight:
It is the weight of the solute as a per cent of the total weight of the solution. That is,
% by weight of solute = (Wt.of solute / Wt.of solution) x 100
For example, if a solution of HCl contains 36 per cent HCl by weight, it has 36 g of HCl for 100
g of solution.
Mole Fraction:
A simple solution is made of two substances; one is the solute and the other solvent. Mole
fraction, X, of solute is defined as the ratio of the number of moles of solute and the total number
of moles of solute and solvent. Thus,
Xsolute = (Moles of solute) / (Moles of solute + Moles of solvent)
If n represents moles of solute and N number of moles of solvent,

Xsolute = n / n+N
Molarity:
Molarity (symbol M) is defined as the number of moles of solute per litre of solution. If n is the
number of moles of solute and V litres the volume of solution,
Molarity = Moles of solute / Volume in litre
Molality:
Molality of a solution (symbol m) is defined as the number of moles of solute per kilogram of
solvent:
Molality (m) = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent in Kg
A solution obtained by dissolving one mole of the solute in 1000 g of solvent is called one molal
or 1m solution.
Normality:
Normality of a solution (symbol N) is defined as number of equivalents of solute per litre of the
solution:
Normality (N) = Equivalent of solute / Volume of solution in litre
# State and explain Henry’s law. Mention its limitations:

Ans: The relationship between pressure and solubility of a gas in a particular solvent was
investigated by William Henry (1803). He gave a generalisation which is known as Henry’s
Law. It may be stated as : for a gas in contact with a solvent at constant temperature,
concentration of the gas that dissolves in the solvent is directly proportional to the pressure of the
gas.
Mathematically, Henry’s Law may be expressed as, C α P
Or, C = k P
Where, P = pressure of the gas; C = concentration of the gas in solution; and k=
proportionality constant known as Henry’s Law Constant. The value of k depends on the nature
of the gas and solvent, and the units of P and C used.
Limitations of Henry’s Law:
It applies closely to gases with nearly ideal behaviour.
(1) At moderate temperature and pressure.
(2) If the solubility of the gas in the solvent is low.
(3) The gas does not react with the solvent to form a new species. Thus ammonia (or HCl) which
react with water do not obey Henry’s Law.
NH3 + H2O = NH4+ + OH-
(4) The gas does not associate or dissociate on dissolving in the solvent.
Prob # 1: The solubility of pure oxygen in water at 20°C and 1.00 atmosphere pressure is 1.38 ×
10–3 mole/litre. Calculate the concentration of oxygen at 20°C and partial pressure of 0.21
atmosphere.
Prob # 2: At 20° C the solubility of nitrogen gas in water is 0.0150 g/litre when the
partial pressure of N2 is 580 torr. Find the solubility of N2 in H2O at 20°C when its partial
pressure is 800 torr.
# Define the term colligative properties.

Ans: A colligative property may be defined as one which depends on the number of particles in
solution and not in any way on the size or chemical nature of the particles.
Dilute solutions containing non-volatile solute exhibit the following properties:
(1) Lowering of the Vapour Pressure
(2) Elevation of the Boiling Point
(3) Depression of the Freezing Point
(4) Osmotic Pressure
The essential feature of these properties is that they depend only on the number of solute
particles present in solution. Being closely related to each other through a common explanation,
these have been grouped together under the class name Colligative Properties.
# State Raoult’s law.
Ans: Raoult’s Law states that, the relative lowering of the vapour pressure of a dilute solution is
equal to the mole fraction of the solute present in dilute solution. If p is the vapour pressure of
the solvent and ps that of the solution, the lowering of vapour pressure is (p – ps). This lowering
of vapour pressure relative to the vapour pressure of the pure solvent is termed the Relative
lowering of Vapour pressure. Thus,
Relative Lowering of Vapour Pressure = (p-ps) / p
Raoult’s Law can be expressed mathematically in the form:
(p-ps) / p = n / (n + N)
Where, n = number of moles or molecules of solute
N = number of moles or molecules of solvent.
# Derive Raoult’s law.

Ans: The vapour pressure of the pure solvent is caused by the number of molecules evaporating
from its surface. When a nonvolatile solute is dissolved in solution, the presence of solute
molecules in the surface blocks a fraction of the surface where no evaporation can take place.
This causes the lowering of the vapour pressure. The vapour pressure of the solution is,
therefore, determined by the number of molecules of the solvent present at any time in the
surface which is proportional to the mole fraction. That is,
ps α N / (n + N)
where, N = moles of solvent and n = moles of solute.

Or,
ps = k N / (n + N) ………………………..(1)
k being proportionality factor.
In case of pure solvent n = 0 and hence
Mole fraction of solvent = N / (0 +N) = 1
Now from equation (1), the vapour pressure p = k
Therefore the equation (1) assumes the form
ps = p N / (n + N)
or, ps / p = N / (n + N)
or, 1- ps / p = 1- N / (n + N)
or, (p-ps) / p = n / (n + N)
This is Raoult’s Law.
#1 Calculate the vapour pressure lowering caused by the addition of 100 g of sucrose (mol mass
= 342) to 1000 g of water if the vapour pressure of pure water at 25°C is 23.8 mm Hg. [0.125
mm Hg].
# Describe the determination of molecular weight of a solute from relative lowering of vapour
pressure.
Ans: The molecular mass of a nonvolatile solute can be determined by measuring the lowering of
vapour pressure (p – ps) produced by dissolving a known weight of it in a known weight of the
solvent.
If in a determination w gram of solute is dissolved in W gram of the solvent, m and M are
molecular masses of the solute and solvent respectively, we have:
No. of Moles of solute (n) = w/m
No. of Moles of solvent (N) = W/M
Substituting these values in the Raoult’s law Equation,
(p-ps) / p = n / (n + N) ...(Raoult’s Law Eq.)
(p-ps) / p = (w/m) / (w/m) + (W/M) ……………………..(1)
Since for very dilute solution, the number of moles (molecules) of solute (w/m), is very small, it
can be neglected in the denominator. The equation (1) can now be written as,
(p-ps) / p = w M / m W …………………………...(2)
Knowing the experimental value of (p – ps) / p, and the molecular mass of the solvent (M), the
molecular weight of solute (m) can be calculated from (2).
# 1 The vapour pressure of ether (mol mass = 74) is 442 mm Hg at 293 K. If 3g of a compound
A are dissolved in 50 g of ether at this temperature, the vapour pressure falls to 426 mm Hg.
Calculate the molecular mass of A. Assume that the solution of A in ether is very dilute. (122.6)
# 2 18.2 g of a compound is dissolved in 100 g of water at 50°C. The lowering of vapour

pressure produced is 5 mm Hg. Calculate the molecular mass of the compound. The vapour
pressure of water at 50°C is 92 mm Hg. (57.05)
# How is the molecular mass of a solute determined from elevation of boiling point?
Ans: When a liquid is heated, its vapour pressure rises and when it equals the atmospheric
pressure, the liquid boils. The addition of a non volatile solute lowers the vapour pressure and
consequently elevates the boiling point as the solution has to be heated to a higher temperature to
make its vapour pressure become equal to atmospheric pressure. If Tb is the boiling point of the
solvent and T is the boiling point of the solution, the difference in the boiling points (ΔT) is
called the elevation of boiling point.
T – Tb = ΔT
Hence the elevation of boiling point is directly proportional to the lowering of vapour pressure.
or ΔT α p – ps ……………………..(1)
Since p is constant for the same solvent at a fixed temperature, from (1) we can write
ΔT α (p – ps) / p …………………………..(2)
But from Raoult’s Law for dilute solutions,

(p-ps) / p α w M / m W ………………………….(3)
Since M (mol mass of solvent) is constant, from (3)
(p-ps) / p α w / m W ………………………………(4)
From (2) and (4),
ΔT α w / m W
or, ΔT = kb x w / m W ……………………..(5)
where kb is a constant called Boiling point constant or Ebulioscopic constant of molal elevation
constant. If w/m = 1, W = 1, kb = ΔT. Thus,
Molal elevation constant may be defined as the boiling-point elevation produced when 1 mole of
solute is dissolved in one kg (1000 g) of the solvent.
If the mass of the solvent (W) is given in grams, it has to be converted into kilograms. Thus the
expression (5) assumes the form
ΔT = kb x w / m (W/1000) …………………….(6)
m = (1000 x kb x w) / ΔT x W …………………...(7)
where ΔT = elevation of boiling point; kb = molal elevation constant; w = mass of solute in
grams; m = mol mass of solute; and W = mass of solvent in grams.
#1 . The boiling point of a solution containing 0.20 g of a substance X in 20.00 g of ether is 0.17
K higher than that of pure ether. Calculate the molecular mass of X. Boiling point constant of
ether per 1 Kg is 2.16 K. (127.81)
#2 Acetone boils at 56.38°C and a solution of 1.41 grams of an organic solid in 20 grams of
acetone boils at 56.88°C. If K for acetone per 100 g is 16.7, calculate the mass of one mole of the
organic solid. (235 g)

Faculty: MMIK Solution Batch: 182

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Faculty: MMIK Solution Batch: 182

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Faculty: MMIK Solution Batch: 182

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Faculty: MMIK Solution Batch: 182

# Define Solution, solvent and solute.

Ans: A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances on molecular level.

Concentration is generally expressed as the quantity of solute in a unit volume of solution.

Concentration = Quantity of solute / Volume of solution

Ways of expressing concentration:

Per cent by Weight:

% by weight of solute = (Wt.of solute / Wt.of solution) x 100

Xsolute = (Moles of solute) / (Moles of solute + Moles of solvent)

If n represents moles of solute and N number of moles of solvent,

Molarity = Moles of solute / Volume in litre

# State and explain Henry’s law. Mention its limitations:

# Define the term colligative properties.

# Derive Raoult’s law.

where, N = moles of solvent and n = moles of solute.

# 2 18.2 g of a compound is dissolved in 100 g of water at 50°C. The lowering of vapour

But from Raoult’s Law for dilute solutions,

You might also like