Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Chapter 3
Heat Transfer
الديناميكا الحرارية
Chapter III
Saturated Vapor
Latent heat:
Latent heat of fusion: the amount of energy absorbed
during melting is called the latent heat of fusion and is
equivalent to the amount of energy released during freezing.
Latent heat of vaporization: the amount of energy absorbed
during vaporization is called the latent heat of vaporization
and is equivalent to the energy released during condensation.
The magnitudes of the latent heats depend on the temperature
or pressure at which the phase change occurs.
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer, Chapter III 15
Latent heat
During a phase-change process, pressure and temperature are
obviously dependent properties, and there is a definite relation
between them, that is, Tsat = f (Psat).
There are two ways a substance can pass from the solid to vapor
phase: either it melts first into a liquid and subsequently
evaporates, or it evaporates directly without melting first.
Passing from the solid phase directly into the vapor phase is
called sublimation.
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer, Chapter III 21
The P-T Diagram
This diagram is often called the phase diagram since all three
phases are separated from each other by three lines.
Dividing by mt yields
Quality is related to the
horizontal distances on P-v
vavg = (1 – x) vf + x vg and T-v diagrams
Dividing by mt yields
The analysis given above can be repeated for internal energy
and enthalpy with the following results:
All the results are of the same format, and they can be
summarized in a single equation as
yavg = yf + xyfg
where y is v, u, or h.
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer, Chapter III 34
EXAMPLE
A rigid tank contains 10 kg of water at 90°C. If 8 kg of the water
is in the liquid form and the rest is in the vapor form, determine
(a) the pressure in the tank and (b) the volume of the tank.
A rigid tank contains saturated mixture.
From Table A–5 that uf = 504.50 kJ/kg and ufg = 2024.6 kJ/kg.
There are several equations of state, some simple and others very
complex. The simplest and best-known equation of state for
substances in the gas phase is the ideal-gas equation of state.
This equation predicts the P-v-T behavior of a gas quite
accurately within some properly selected region.
Ru = 8.31447 kJ / kmol K
V =mv PV = mRT
It has been experimentally observed that the ideal-gas relation
given closely approximates the P-v-T behavior of real gases at
low densities. At low pressures and high temperatures, the
density of a gas decreases, and the gas behaves as an ideal
gas under these conditions.
Thermodynamics & Heat Transfer, Chapter III 55
THE IDEAL-GAS EQUATION OF STATE
In the range of practical interest, many familiar gases such as air,
nitrogen, oxygen, hydrogen, helium, argon, neon, krypton, and
even heavier gases such as carbon dioxide can be treated as
ideal gases with negligible error (often less than 1 percent).
V = (4 m) (5 m) (6 m) =120 m3
Percentage of error
([|vtable - videal|/vtable] x 100)
involved in assuming steam to
be an ideal gas, and the region
where steam can be treated as
an ideal gas with less than 1
percent error.
Thus,