AE 60022

AE 40030
ADVANCED GAS TURBINE THEORY

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 AE 60022 / AE 40030 ADVANCED GAS TURBINE THEORY

1. General propulsion systems,

1. Introduction to Jet Propulsion systems
2. Theory of intakes and exhaust systems,
thrust reversers, 2. Types of aircraft engines
3. Jet engine noise and methods of noise 3. Jet engine Thermal Cycle analysis
reduction, 4. Two spool and Three spool configurations
4. Cycle analysis of one and two spool 5. Engine Installation & Theory of Intakes
engines, 6. Exhaust nozzles
5. Equilibrium running of gas turbine engines, 7. After burners and Thrust reverser
6. Design and off-design performance, 8. Design considerations for axial flow
Component matching, Transient behaviour, turbomachines
7. Design consideration of axial flow
9. Design and off-design performance
multistage machines, stream line curvature
10.Component matching
method, radial equilibrium equation

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Course Pre-requisites

Introduction to Aerospace Propulsion,

or

A course in Engineering Thermodynamics

Additionally :

A course in Fluid Mechanics and Gas dynamics

would be helpful

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Work Ethics
• DO participate and ask questions. For order in class, raise your hand when
asking a question.
• BRING all specified ENGINEERING equipment like Notebook, Calculator,
Gas table.
• HAND IN all Assignments ON TIME! Failure to do so may result in
consequences…YOU KNOW..
• SHOW CARE and concern for each other. Help one another in homework.
BUT NO COPYING OF ENTIRE ASSIGNMENTS!
• Design projects--- Group work
• IF you are LATE in class Do not take permission….. Take your seat without
disturbing whole class.
• Attendance---- Be Physically and Mentally present.

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Course Evaluation

Examination Scheme
Teaching
Component
Scheme Hours
Course Weightage
Course Name Hours / CE
Code
Week
C SEE MS + ES
L T P
Att.
AE60022
ADVANCED GAS 3 - 0 3 3 0.20 0.30 0.50
AE 40030 TURBINE THEORY

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

Weekly -3 Lectures

1. Introduction to Propulsion systems

2. Types of aircraft engines 4 Lectures
3. Jet engine Thermal Cycle analysis 7 Lectures
4. Two spool and Three spool configurations
5. Engine Installation &Theory of Intakes 8 Lectures
6. Exhaust nozzles
8 Lectures
7. After burners and Thrust reverser
8. Design considerations for axial flow 6 Lectures
turbomachines
9. Design and off-design performance 7 Lectures
10.Component matching

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Text/References
0. Class notes / Lecture notes
1.Saravanamuttoo, H.I.H., Rogers G.F.C., Cohen H.; Gas Turbine Theory, 2001, Pearson
2.El-Sayed Ahmed, Aircraft Propulsion and gas Turbine Engines , 2008, T&F,CRC press.
3.Saeed Farokhi, Aircraft Propulsion, 2009, John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
4.Kaluse Hunecke , Jet Engines-Fundamentals of theory, design and Operation, Motor books Internation
5.Hill Philip, Peterson Carl, Mechanics and Thermodynamics of Propulsion, 1992, Addison Wesly
6.Mattingly J D , Elements of Propulsion – Gas Turbines and Rockets, 2006, AIAA Education series.
7.Mattingly J D , Aircraft engine design, 2006, AIAA Education series.
8.Gordon C. Oates, Aircraft Propulsion Systems Technology and Design, 1989, AIAA Education series.
9.Roy Bhaskar, Aircraft Propulsion, 2008, Elsevier (India)

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Course Projects
Rules..
1. Thermal Cycle analysis 1. Group may be of maximum 3 members and need to be
2. Intakes defined in advance.
3. Exhaust nozzles 2. Decide Engine in advance for the study.
4. Component matching 3. For the same engine specification perform all design work.

GASTURB
Joachim Kurzke AED Sys Excellent project
Mattingly J D will get
Excellent group grades.

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Aerospace Engines

Air breathing Non-Air breathing

Engines Engines

Reciprocating Jet propulsion

engines engines

Ramjet Scramjet Pulsejet Gas turbine Turbo ramjet Turbo rocket

or
Jet engine

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Jet Engines

Turbojet Turboprop Turboshaft Turbofan Unducted Ducted fan

Propfan Engine

Non A/B With A/B Propeller/ Rotor

Industrial
On Compressor Single Counter rotating
turbine
shaft propeller fan propeller fan

Propeller/ Rotor
Driven by free
Turbine
Next
Slide

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Turbofan Engines

Forward fan Aft fan Advanced

ducted fan
High Bypass Low Bypass
Mixed flow Unmixed flow ratio ratio

Non afterburning Afterburning

Non A/B With A/B

Single spool
Geared fan
Two spool

Ungeared fan
Three spool

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

Evolution of aero engines.

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Trade
studies Mission
analysis
Technologies
Thermodynamics
Components
Aerodynamics
Inlet
Heat transfer
Fan
Combustion
Compressor
Structures
Combustor
Acoustics
HP Turbine
Gear boxes
LP Turbine
Materials
Nozzle
Manufacturing
Controls

Design
Integration Methods
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Engine design—from concept to manufacture

Mission PRELIMINARY DESIGN

Weight

Cycle
Performance

Scaling
Engine Component
Configuration Test

Component Component
Performance Design

Manufacture

Engine Test
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Lecture 2,3
AE 60022 & AE 40030
ADVANCED GAS TURBINE THEORY

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Turbojet Engine

After burner Number of spools

With After Without After Single spool Two spool

burner burner

Axial flow Centrifugal Axial-Centrifugal

compressor compressor compressor

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Single spool Turbojet Engine

Compressor
CC

Diffuser

Turbine
Nozzle

J85-GE-17A turbojet engine from General Electric (1970) Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Hans von Ohain
Frank Whittle Engine

The first axial gas turbine engine designed

by Prof. Dr. Herbert Wagner. Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
Single spool Turbojet Engine Westinghouse J34
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
Single spool Turbojet Engine Double spool Turbojet Engine

MIG23 afterburner
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Why afterburner ?

• After burning (reheat) method which augmenting the basic thrust of engine.

• Increasing thrust without adding extra weight or complexity

• Improve aircraft takeoff, climb and combat performance for supersonic aircraft.

With Without
afterburning afterburning
Altitude

time
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Turbojet Engine

• Use of high exhaust gas velocity increases the Thrust developed by the engine.

• Simplicity of design,

• Efficient at supersonic speed.

• Improvement in efficiency.
• SFC
• Power at supersonic flight.
????
• Noise

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

Secondary stream

Primary stream

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

The jet velocity of turbojets is generally very high…..
results in poor propulsive efficiency for subsonic flight.
How can we correct that defect?
Commercial aircrafts
The solution is simple: Military aircrafts

• We extract energy from the hot gas stream with a low pressure turbine (LPT) located between the high
pressure turbine (HPT) and the nozzle.
• The jet velocity becomes smaller due to the additional power extraction and the propulsive efficiency
of the primary exhaust stream increases.

• The LPT provides a certain amount of shaft power which we can use to drive either a compressor with low
mass flow and high pressure ratio or one with high mass flow and low pressure ratio.
• In the latter case, the excess compressed air is expanded in a second outer nozzle and delivers additional
thrust.

• We can adjust both the primary and the secondary nozzle exit velocities as we like……
• If we extract a lot of energy from the primary gas stream, we get a low primary jet velocity.
• If we use this energy to supply a second jet with a similar jet velocity, then we get a very significant increase
in propulsive efficiency compared with that of our original turbojet.
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Turbofan Engines

Forward fan Aft fan

High Bypass Low Bypass

Mixed flow Unmixed flow ratio ratio

Non afterburning Afterburning

Non A/B With A/B

Single spool
Geared fan
Two spool

Ungeared fan
Three spool

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Single-spool Turbofan engine
Compressors Combustion
Turbines
Chamber Nozzle/Exhaust
Inlet
Bypass airflow
Bypass ratio  
Primary airflow

m
 Cold
m Hot
 fan
m

 core
m

•At nozzle exit, fluid flow at primary and secondary nozzle are mixed.
Optional: Afterburner, Convergent or Con/Di Nozzle
• Turbojet engines are easy to handle because there are only two main design variables:
The compressor pressure ratio and the burner exit temperature (TET).
• With the turbofan we have two more variables:
The bypass ratio (i.e. the mass flow ratio mfan/mcore) and the fan pressure ratio or that of the bypass
stream pressure ratio. Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Two spool turbofan - Low bypass ratio

Divergent
Air Intake Nozzle

LP
Compressors
LP Turbines
Burner
HP
Compressors HP Turbine
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 mixer

Maximum Thrust:
takeoff thrust: 2,050 lbf (9.1 kN)
OPR: 24
BR: 2.9
SFC: <0.7 lb/lbf/h (20 g/kN/s)
T-to-W: >5

GE Honda HF120 Aero Engine

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 F-15 Aircraft

Bypass ratio : 0.63:1

Maximum Thrust : 14,590 pounds-force (64.9 kN) military thrust,
23,770 pounds-force (105.7 kN) with afterburner
OPR: 25:1
SFC: Military thrust: (0.73 lb/(lbf·h))
T-to-W ratio: 7.4:1
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Three spool turbofan-low bypass ratio

Divergent
Nozzle
Air Inlet

LP
Compressor
LP Turbine
IP Combustor
Compressors HP IP Turbine
Compressors HP Turbine
Dr. Chetan S. Mistry
 Variable cycle engine
Noise reduce

(a) Take off

(b) Supersonic cruise

Optional: Afterburner, Convergent or Con/Di Nozzle

A variable cycle engine (VCE) is an engine that is designed to operate efficiently

under mixed flight conditions, such as subsonic, transonic and supersonic.

Requirements/ Expectations from Engine

- Fuel economy during supersonic and subsonic cruise (c) Subsonic cruise
- Noise

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry

 Low bypass Turbofan Engine

• Modest increase in diameter to accommodate bypass fan.

• Capable of supersonic speeds with minimal thrust drop at high speed and altitude ..

• More Efficient than the turbojet at subsonic operation.

• Noise generated is less compare to turbojet.

• Complex to accommodate dual shaft design.

????
• Inefficient compare to turbojet due to higher cross sectional area

Dr. Chetan S. Mistry