Digital Paper Trail

17 February 2020
Willsherlyne Beaubrun
The benefits of international trade on a developing country’s economy
(Haiti). Digital paper trail
Is it possible for international trade to pull a country out of poverty in a
relatively “short” amount of time?
Keywords: Make a list of 3-5 keywords and phrases for research:
International trade in developing countries, developing country economy,
International export in countries, foreign trade in… (insert country name),
imports/exports

Tentative List of References: One is an ebook, a book, and several

articles
Citations in APA in alphabetical order

1. Amadeo, K. (2019, July 4). How to Ruin an Emerging Market Success Story. Retrieved February
16, 2020, from http://www.thebalance.com/brazil-s-economy-3306343 (Brazil is the largest
economy in South America and eight largest in the world… )
2. Brazil. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2020, from https://ustr.gov/countries-
regions/americas/brazil (trade between U.S. and Brazil that might’ve helped the economy of
Brazil… )
3. Brazil. (2019). Retrieved February 16, 2020, from https://www.heritage.org/index/country/brazil
(talks about the economic freedom of Brazil and also were it places in the global economy…)
4. Cambodia trade statistics. (2016). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from
https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/KHM (This is a graph comparing Cambodia’s
economic growth to world growth and GDP growth…)
5. Cambodia: Foreign investment. (2019, December). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from
https://santandertrade.com/en/portal/establish-overseas/cambodia/investing-3 (Looks at
foreign investment in Cambodia…)
6. Export Impact For Good. (n.d.). Retrieved February 16, 2020, from
http://www.intracen.org/country/cambodia/ (gives an overview of the country and export
potential…)
7. Godinho, D. (n.d.). Why Trade Is Key to Brazil's Economic Recovery. Retrieved February 16, 2020,
from https://www.americasquarterly.org/content/brazil-should-open-trade (Examines how
economic trade can help Brazil’s economy…)
8. Haiti. (2019). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://www.heritage.org/index/country/haiti
(talks about the economic freedom of Haiti and also were it places in the global economy…)
9. Hall-Eastman, J. (2016, November 30). Five Companies Investing in Developing Countries.
Retrieved February 16, 2020, from https://borgenproject.org/investing-in-developing-countries/
( A list of some countries that have business overseas…)
10. Hanson, S. (2012, July 2). Brazil on the International Stage. Retrieved February 16, 2020, from
https://www.cfr.org/backgrounder/brazil-international-stage (What Brazil brings to the table in
global economics…)
11. Kastner, M. (2017, March 14). How US Crop Dumping Keeps Haiti Poor and Dependent: Michael
Kastner. Retrieved February 17, 2020, from https://fee.org/articles/how-us-crop-dumping-
keeps-haiti-poor-and-dependent/ (countries like the u.s. shoving excess crops dwn Haiti’s
throat only strangles the economy more even though they claim they only have good intentions
of providing aid…)
12. Kling, A. (2019). International Trade. Retrieved February 16, 2020, from
https://www.econlib.org/library/Enc/InternationalTrade.html (Gives description of what
international trade is…)
13. Kumar, S. (2006). Challenges and benefits of international trade on
developed and transitional economies and individual companies: a
case study. International Journal of Management & Enterprise
Development, 3(6), 558–578. https://doi.org/10.1504/IJMED.2006.010354
Abstract: The article presents a study which assesses the effects of
international trade on developed and transitional economies and
individual companies through the use of empirical and qualitative
analyses. Multiple regression analysis has indicated the relationships
between global import and export transactions in goods and services
of the U.S. and Russia. Findings showed that there is a strong
correlation between world of trade and a well-established economy.
14. Kwon, T.-H. (2019). Population Change and Development in Korea. Retrieved February 16, 2020,
from https://asiasociety.org/education/population-change-and-development-korea (Briefly
talks about development in South Korean economy…)
15. Laureyn, P. (2018). Q&A: How to Transition One of the Fastest-Growing Economies in the World
to a Green Growth Model. Retrieved February 16, 2020, from
http://www.ipsnews.net/2018/11/qa-transition-one-fastest-growing-economies-world-green-
growth-model/ (Talks about how Cambodia is one of the fastest growing economies…)
16. Lechthaler, W., & Mileva, M. (2018). Who Benefits from Trade Wars?
Intereconomics, 53(1), 22–26. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10272-018-0714-y

Abstract: Even though economists keep on emphasising the benefits of

international trade, protectionism is on the rise in many industrialised
countries. The authors argue that a potential explanation for this
phenomenon can be found in the short-run distributional effects of import
tariffs: while protectionism hurts the economy from an aggregate
perspective (i.e. GDP goes down), unskilled workers in import-competing
sectors benefit in the short run and do not lose in the long run. They might
therefore lend political support to protectionism.
 17. Lee, J.-W. (2015, January 28). How South Korea can sustain strong growth. Retrieved February
16, 2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/01/how-south-korea-can-sustain-
strong-growth/
18. Meyer, C., & Kirby, J. (2012). Standing on the Sun: How the Explosion of Capitalism
Abroad Will Change Business Everywhere. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School
Publishing Corporation.
19. Nanda, N. (2008). Expanding frontiers of global trade rules: The political
economy dynamics of the international trading system (1st ed.). doi:
https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203929025

Abstract: “This book analyses one of the most controversial areas in the
political economy of international trade, namely the issues surrounding the
creation of newtrade rules. Various concerns are addressed, including the
environment, labour standards, intellectual property rights, trade facilitation,
competition policy, investment and government procurem”

20. Overview. (2019, October 15). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from
https://www.worldbank.org/en/country/haiti/overview
21. Ruta, M. (2015, October 21). How can trade help developing countries? Retrieved February 16,
2020, from https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2015/10/how-can-trade-help-developing-
countries/
22. Santacreu, A. M., & Zhu, H. (2018, March 20). How Did South Korea's Economy Develop So
Quickly? Retrieved February 16, 2020, from https://www.stlouisfed.org/on-the-
economy/2018/march/how-south-korea-economy-develop-quickly
23. Stagars, M. (2014). Impact investment funds for frontier markets in
Southeast Asia: Creating a platform for institutional capital, high-
quality foreign direct investment, and proactive policy. Journal of
Asset Management, 15(6), 347–352. https://doi.org/10.1057/jam.2014.35
24. Abstract: “Southeast Asian frontier economies, such as Cambodia,
Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam, have enjoyed impressive average GDP
growth between 6 and 8 per cent since the year 2000. They are
catching up on entrepreneurship initiatives and investment policy with
emerging markets and promise strong growth in the medium and long
term. When investable assets qualify as impact investments, they yield
a positive, sustainable benefit for the local population and the
environment. This investment style is becoming important for global
investors in developed markets who are willing to forgo a small portion
of financial returns to make sure companies use their capital for a
worthwhile purpose. A blended investment approach combines several
asset classes in a portfolio to reduce financial risk. By combining
impact investing with a blended approach, frontier market investments
may captivate the attention of new sources of capital from high-net-
worth individuals and institutions. Next to improved access to finance,
 high-quality foreign investment has the power to jumpstart a positive
feedback loop, which may result in outperformance of projected GDP
growth rates, accelerated inclusive growth and improved capacity
development. Early investment in clean technology and innovative
business opportunities can help develop these markets more
effectively, as they offer a clean slate for a sustainable development
model.”
25. Thailand. (2019). Retrieved February 16, 2020, from
https://www.heritage.org/index/country/thailand
26. U.S. Government Publishing Office (2018, April 11). Market Access Challenges in China.
Retrieved February 16, 2020, from https://www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/CHRG-
115shrg36645/pdf/CHRG-115shrg36645.pdf
27. Thailand Exports By Country and Region. (2018). Retrieved February 17, 2020, from
https://wits.worldbank.org/CountryProfile/en/Country/THA/Year/LTST/TradeFlow/Export/Partn
er/all/
28. Gnangnon, S. K. S. G. & Brun, J. (2019). Trade openness, tax reform
and tax revenue in developing countries. World Economy, 42(12), 3515–
3536. https://doi.org/10.1111/twec.12858

Abstract :”This article investigates empirically whether the effect of tax

reform (involving the progressive replacement of trade tax revenue with
domestic tax revenue) in developing countries' tax revenue performance
(measured by tax revenue‐to‐GDP ratio) depends on the degree of trade
openness of these countries. The analysis has used an unbalanced panel
data set of 95 developing countries over the period 1981–2015 and the
two‐system GMM approach. Results suggest that tax reform is positively
and significantly associated with tax revenue performance in developing
countries, with the magnitude of this positive effect increasing as
countries experience a higher development level. Additionally, and more
importantly, countries that further open up their economies to
international trade enjoy a higher positive effect of tax reform on tax
revenue than countries that experience a lower degree of trade openness.
Therefore, these findings should help dissipate the concerns of
policymakers in developing countries that greater openness to
international trade would further erode their tax revenue, including by
lowering their international trade tax revenue. In fact, the implementation
of an appropriate tax reform in the context of greater trade openness
would generate higher tax revenue, while concurrently allowing countries
to reap the well‐known benefits of international trade.”
 29. GASSELING, K. (2017). The Threads of Justice: Economic Liberalization
and the Secondhand Clothing Trade between the United States and
Haiti. Boston College Law Review, 58(4), 1279–1319.

Abstract: “After World War II, as economic liberalization spread across the
globe through international negotiations like the General Agreement on
Tariffs and Trade, so too did used clothing. Though many proponents of the
trade laud its capacity to create employment opportunities in less developed
countries, critics suggest it has a more insidious deleterious effect on local
industry. To this day, however, little research has been done regarding the
symbiotic relationship between trade liberalization and the secondhand
clothing industry. Some economic scholars suggest that current approaches
to liberal trade--unilateral trade preferences particularly--stymy, instead of
stimulate sustainable and just economic growth in less developed countries.
The secondhand clothing industry, though a relatively minor component of
global trade in apparel, may play a crucial role in justifying inequitable trade
programs and allowing well-intentioned donors to unwittingly foist
unmanageable burdens onto the very people they intend to help.”

30. The Global Factory: Foreign Assembly in International Trade. (1985).

International Executive, 27(3), 19–20.
https://doi.org/10.1002/tie.5060270309

Abstract: “This article presents information about the book "The Global Factory:
Foreign Assembly in International Trade," by Joseph Grunwald and Kenneth
Flamm. This book examines the alternative of foreign assembly or shared
production, as a means for industries to adapt to the changing patterns of
international competition. This relatively new addition to the changing
international division of labor responds to the decline of traditional high-
wage industries in the older, economically advanced countries of the world,
and the subsequent emergence of these industries or parts of them-in low-
wage developing countries. Grunwald and Flamm focus on the transfer of
assembly operations abroad, particularly the worldwide internationalization
of the semiconductor industry. The authors concentrate their examination on
activities between the U.S. and three of its neighbors: Mexico, Haiti and
Colombia. Chapter one of the book reviews the overall international
reorganization of production. Chapter two concentrates on assembly abroad
as it relates to the U.S. Chapter three commences the case studies with an
analysis of the worldwide semiconductor industry.”