CHAPTER 3

LONG-TERM FINANCIAL PLANNING

AND GROWTH
Answers to Concepts Review and Critical Thinking Questions

1. Time trend analysis gives a picture of changes in the company’s financial situation over time.
Comparing a firm to itself over time allows the financial manager to evaluate whether some aspects
of the firm’s operations, finances, or investment activities have changed. Peer group analysis involves
comparing the financial ratios and operating performance of a particular firm to a set of peer group
firms in the same industry or line of business. Comparing a firm to its peers allows the financial
manager to evaluate whether some aspects of the firm’s operations, finances, or investment activities
are out of line with the norm, thereby providing some guidance on appropriate actions to take to adjust
these ratios if appropriate. Both allow an investigation into what is different about a company from a
financial perspective, but neither method gives an indication of whether the difference is positive or
negative. For example, suppose a company’s current ratio is increasing over time. It could mean that
the company had been facing liquidity problems in the past and is rectifying those problems, or it
could mean the company has become less efficient in managing its current accounts. Similar
arguments could be made for a peer group comparison. A company with a current ratio lower than its
peers could be more efficient at managing its current accounts, or it could be facing liquidity problems.
Neither analysis method tells us whether a ratio is good or bad; both show that something is different,
and tell us where to look.

2. If a company is growing by opening new stores, then presumably total revenues would be rising.
Comparing total sales at two different points in time might be misleading. Same-store sales control
for this by only looking at revenues of stores open within a specific period.

3. The reason is that, ultimately, sales are the driving force behind a business. A firm’s assets, employees,
and, in fact, just about every aspect of its operations and financing exist to directly or indirectly support
sales. Put differently, a firm’s future need for things like capital assets, employees, inventory, and
financing are determined by its future sales level.

4. Two assumptions of the sustainable growth formula are that the company does not want to sell new
equity, and that financial policy is fixed. If the company raises outside equity, or increases its debt-
equity ratio, it can grow at a higher rate than the sustainable growth rate. Of course, the company could
also grow at a faster rate if its profit margin increases, if it changes its dividend policy by increasing
the retention ratio, or its total asset turnover increases.
 CHAPTER 3 - 21

5. The sustainable growth rate is greater than 20 percent, because at a 20 percent growth rate the negative
EFN indicates that there is excess financing still available. If the firm is 100 percent equity financed,
then the sustainable and internal growth rates are equal and the internal growth rate would be greater
than 20 percent. However, when the firm has some debt, the internal growth rate is always less than the
sustainable growth rate, so it is ambiguous whether the internal growth rate would be greater than or
less than 20 percent. If the retention ratio is increased, the firm will have more internal funding sources
available, and it will have to take on more debt to keep the debt/equity ratio constant, so the EFN will
decline. Conversely, if the retention ratio is decreased, the EFN will rise. If the retention rate is zero,
both the internal and sustainable growth rates are zero, and the EFN will rise to the change in total
assets.

6. Common-size financial statements provide the financial manager with a ratio analysis of the company.
The common-size income statement can show, for example, that cost of goods sold as a percentage of
sales is increasing. The common-size balance sheet can show a firm’s increasing reliance on debt as a
form of financing. Common-size statements of cash flows are not calculated for a simple reason: There
is no possible denominator.

7. It would reduce the external funds needed. If the company is not operating at full capacity, it would
be able to increase sales without a commensurate increase in fixed assets.

8. ROE is a better measure of the company’s performance. ROE shows the percentage return earned on
shareholder investment. Since the goal of a company is to maximize shareholder wealth, this ratio
shows the company’s performance in achieving this goal over the period.

9. The EBITD/Assets ratio shows the company’s operating performance before interest, taxes, and
depreciation. This ratio would show how a company has controlled costs. While taxes are a cost, and
depreciation and amortization can be considered costs, they are not as easily controlled by company
management. Conversely, depreciation and amortization can be altered by accounting choices. This
ratio only uses costs directly related to operations in the numerator. As such, it gives a better metric to
measure management performance over a period than does ROA.

10. Long-term liabilities and equity are investments made by investors in the company, either in the form
of a loan or ownership. Return on investment is intended to measure the return the company earned
from these investments. Return on investment will be higher than the return on assets for a company
with current liabilities. To see this, realize that total assets must equal total debt and equity, and total
debt and equity is equal to current liabilities plus long-term liabilities plus equity. So, return on
investment could be calculated as net income divided by total assets minus current liabilities.

11. Presumably not, but, of course, if the product had been much less popular, then a similar fate would
have awaited due to lack of sales.

12. Since customers did not pay until shipment, receivables rose. The firm’s NWC, but not its cash,
increased. At the same time, costs were rising faster than cash revenues, so operating cash flow
declined. The firm’s capital spending was also rising. Thus, all three components of cash flow from
assets were negatively impacted.

13. Financing possibly could have been arranged if the company had taken quick enough action.
Sometimes it becomes apparent that help is needed only when it is too late, again emphasizing the
need for planning.
22 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

14. All three were important, but the lack of cash or, more generally, financial resources, ultimately spelled
doom. An inadequate cash resource is usually cited as the most common cause of small business
failure.

15. Demanding cash up front, increasing prices, subcontracting production, and improving financial
resources via new owners or new sources of credit are some of the options. When orders exceed
capacity, price increases may be especially beneficial.

Solutions to Questions and Problems

NOTE: All end-of-chapter problems were solved using a spreadsheet. Many problems require multiple
steps. Due to space and readability constraints, when these intermediate steps are included in this solutions
manual, rounding may appear to have occurred. However, the final answer for each problem is found
without rounding during any step in the problem.

Basic

1. Using the DuPont identity, the ROE is:

ROE = (Profit margin)(Total asset turnover)(Equity multiplier)

ROE = (.061)(1.87)(1.35)
ROE = .1540, or 15.40%

2. The equity multiplier is:

Equity multiplier = 1 + D/E

Equity multiplier = 1 + .85
Equity multiplier = 1.85

One formula to calculate return on equity is:

ROE = (ROA)(Equity multiplier )

ROE = .073(1.85)
ROE = .1351, or 13.51%

ROE can also be calculated as:

ROE = Net income/Total equity

So, net income is:

Net income = ROE(Total equity)

Net income = .1351($910,000)
Net income = $122,895.50

3. This is a multi-step problem involving several ratios. The ratios given are all part of the DuPont
Identity. The only DuPont Identity ratio not given is the profit margin. If we know the profit margin,
we can find the net income since sales are given. So, we begin with the DuPont Identity:

ROE = .14 = (Profit margin)(Total asset turnover)(Equity multiplier)

ROE = (Profit margin)(Sales/Total assets)(1 + D/E)
 CHAPTER 3 - 23

Solving the DuPont Identity for profit margin, we get:

Profit margin = [(ROE)(Total assets)]/[(1 + D/E)(Sales)]

Profit margin = [(.14)($1,520)]/[(1 + 1.35)($3,300)]
Profit margin = .0274

Now that we have the profit margin, we can use this number and the given sales figure to solve for net
income:

Profit margin = .0274 = Net income/Sales

Net income = .0274($3,300)
Net income = $90.55

4. An increase of sales to $42,112 is an increase of:

Sales increase = ($42,112 – 37,600)/$37,600

Sales increase = .1200, or 12.00%

Assuming costs and assets increase proportionally, the pro forma financial statements will look like
this:

Pro forma income statement Pro forma balance sheet

Sales $42,112.00 Assets $ 151,200.00 Debt $ 37,000.00
Costs 29,232.00 Equity 105,151.20
EBIT 12,880.00 Total $ 151,200.00 Total $142,151.20
Taxes (21%) 2,704.80
Net income $10,175.20

The payout ratio is constant, so the dividends paid this year is the payout ratio from last year times net
income, or:

Dividends = ($2,700/$9,085)($10,175.20)
Dividends = $3,024

The addition to retained earnings is:

Addition to retained earnings = $10,175.20 – 3,024

Addition to retained earnings = $7,151.20

And the new equity balance is:

Equity = $98,000 + 7,151.20

Equity = $105,151.20

So the EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $151,200 – 142,151.20
EFN = $9,048.80
24 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

5. The maximum percentage sales increase without issuing new equity is the sustainable growth rate. To
calculate the sustainable growth rate, we first need to calculate the ROE, which is:

ROE = NI/TE
ROE = $20,066/$88,000
ROE = .2280, or 22.80%

The plowback ratio, b, is one minus the payout ratio, so:

b = 1 – .30
b = .70

Now we can use the sustainable growth rate equation to get:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Sustainable growth rate = [.2280(.70)]/[1 – .2280(.70)]
Sustainable growth rate = .1899, or 18.99%

So, the maximum dollar increase in sales is:

Maximum increase in sales = $49,000(.1899)

Maximum increase in sales = $9,306.67

6. We need to calculate the retention ratio to calculate the sustainable growth rate. The retention ratio is:

b = 1 – .20
b = .80

Now we can use the sustainable growth rate equation to get:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Sustainable growth rate = [.11(.80)]/[1 – .11(.80)]
Sustainable growth rate = .0965, or 9.65%

7. We must first calculate the ROE using the DuPont ratio to calculate the sustainable growth rate. The
ROE is:

ROE = (PM)(TAT)(EM)
ROE = (.057)(2.65)(1.60)
ROE = .2417, or 24.17%

The plowback ratio is one minus the dividend payout ratio, so:

b = 1 – .70
b = .30
 CHAPTER 3 - 25

Now, we can use the sustainable growth rate equation to get:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Sustainable growth rate = [.2417(.30)]/[1 – .2417(.30)]
Sustainable growth rate = .0782, or 7.82%

8. An increase of sales to $9,462 is an increase of:

Sales increase = ($9,462 – 8,300)/$8,300

Sales increase = .14, or 14%

Assuming costs and assets increase proportionally, the pro forma financial statements will look like
this:

Pro forma income statement Pro forma balance sheet

Sales $ 9,462 Assets $ 21,774 Debt $ 8,400
Costs 7,399 Equity 12,763
Net income $ 2,063 Total $ 21,774 Total $ 21,163

If no dividends are paid, the equity account will increase by the net income, so:

Equity = $10,700 + 2,063

Equity = $12,763

So the EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $21,774 – 21,163
EFN = $611

9. a. First, we need to calculate the current sales and change in sales. The current sales are next year’s
sales divided by one plus the growth rate, so:

Current sales = Next year’s sales/(1 + g)

Current sales = $320,000,000/(1 + .12)
Current sales = $285,714,286

And the change in sales is:

Change in sales = $320,000,000 – 285,714,286

Change in sales = $34,285,714
26 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

We can now complete the current balance sheet. The current assets, fixed assets, and short-term
debt are calculated as a percentage of current sales. The long-term debt and par value of stock
are given. The plug variable is the addition to retained earnings. So:

Assets Liabilities and equity

Current assets $57,142,857 Short-term debt $42,857,143
Long-term debt $110,000,000

Fixed assets 200,000,000 Common stock $45,000,000

Accumulated retained earnings 59,285,714
Total equity $104,285,714

Total assets $257,142,857 Total liabilities and equity $257,142,857

b. We can use the equation from the text to answer this question. The assets/sales and debt/sales are
the percentages given in the problem, so:

EFN =  Assets  × ΔSales –  Debt  × ΔSales – (PM × Projected sales) × (1 – d)

 Sales   Sales 
EFN = (.20 + .70) × $34,285,714 – (.15 × $34,285,714) – [(.09 × $320,000,000) × (1 – .30)]
EFN = $5,554,286

c. The current assets, fixed assets, and short-term debt will all increase at the same percentage as
sales. The long-term debt and common stock will remain constant. The accumulated retained
earnings will increase by the addition to retained earnings for the year. We can calculate the
addition to retained earnings for the year as:

Net income = Profit margin × Sales

Net income = .09($320,000,000)
Net income = $28,800,000

The addition to retained earnings for the year will be the net income times one minus the dividend
payout ratio, which is:

Addition to retained earnings = Net income(1 – d)

Addition to retained earnings = $28,800,000(1 – .30)
Addition to retained earnings = $20,160,000

So, the new accumulated retained earnings will be:

Accumulated retained earnings = $59,285,714 + 20,160,000

Accumulated retained earnings = $79,445,714
 CHAPTER 3 - 27

The pro forma balance sheet will be:

Assets Liabilities and equity

Current assets $64,000,000 Short-term debt $48,000,000
Long-term debt $110,000,000

Fixed assets $224,000,000 Common stock $45,000,000

Accumulated retained earnings 79,445,714
Total equity $124,445,714

Total assets $288,000,000 Total liabilities and equity $282,445,714

The EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $288,000,000 – 282,445,714
EFN = $5,554,286

10. a. The plowback ratio is one minus the dividend payout ratio, so:

b = 1 – .25
b = .75

Now, we can use the sustainable growth rate equation to get:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Sustainable growth rate = [.121(.75)]/[1 – .121(.75)]
Sustainable growth rate = .0998, or 9.98%

b. It is possible for the sustainable growth rate and the actual growth rate to differ. If any of the
actual parameters in the sustainable growth rate equation differ from those used to compute the
sustainable growth rate, the actual growth rate will differ from the sustainable growth rate. Since
the sustainable growth rate includes ROE in the calculation, this also implies that changes in the
profit margin, total asset turnover, or equity multiplier will affect the sustainable growth rate.

c. The company can increase its growth rate by doing any of the following:

- Increase the debt-to-equity ratio by selling more debt or repurchasing stock.

- Increase the profit margin, most likely by better controlling costs.
- Decrease its total assets/sales ratio; in other words, utilize its assets more efficiently.
- Reduce the dividend payout ratio.
28 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Intermediate

11. The solution requires substituting two ratios into a third ratio. Rearranging D/TA:

Firm A Firm B
D/TA = .35 D/TA = .45
(TA – E)/TA = .35 (TA – E)/TA = .45
(TA/TA) – (E/TA) = .35 (TA/TA) – (E/TA) = .45
1 – (E/TA) = .35 1 – (E/TA) = .45
E/TA = .65 E/TA = .55
E = .65(TA) E = .55(TA)

Rearranging ROA, we find:

NI/TA = .08 NI/TA = .07

NI = .08(TA) NI = .07(TA)

Since ROE = NI/E, we can substitute the above equations into the ROE formula, which yields:

ROE = .08(TA)/.65(TA) ROE = .07(TA)/.55 (TA)

ROE = .08/.65 ROE = .07/.55
ROE = .1231, or 12.31% ROE = .1273, or 12.73%

12. Profit margin = Net income/Sales

Profit margin = –£18,137/£279,386
Profit margin = –.0649, or 6.49%

As long as both net income and sales are measured in the same currency, there is no problem; in fact,
except for some market value ratios like EPS and BVPS, none of the financial ratios discussed in the
text are measured in terms of currency. This is one reason why financial ratio analysis is widely used
in international finance to compare the business operations of firms and/or divisions across national
economic borders. The net income in dollars is:

Net income = Profit margin × Sales

Net income = –.0649($359,815)
Net income = –$23,358.24

13. a. The equation for external funds needed is:

EFN =  Assets  × ΔSales –  Debt  × ΔSales – (PM × Projected sales) × (1 – d)

 Sales   Sales 

where:

Assets/Sales = $24,200,000/$21,860,000 = 1.11

ΔSales = Current sales × Sales growth rate = $21,860,000(.15) = $3,279,000
Short-term debt/Sales = $5,100,000/$21,860,000 = .2333
Profit margin = Net income/Sales = $1,807,500/$21,860,000 = .0827
Projected sales = Current sales × (1 + Sales growth rate) = $21,860,000(1 + .15) = $25,139,000
d = Dividends/Net income = $361,500/$1,807,500 = .20
 CHAPTER 3 - 29

so:

EFN = (1.11 × $3,279,000) – (.2333 × $3,279,000) – (.0827 × $25,139,000) × (1 – .20)

EFN = $1,202,100

b. The current assets, fixed assets, and short-term debt will all increase at the same percentage as
sales. The long-term debt and common stock will remain constant. The accumulated retained
earnings will increase by the addition to retained earnings for the year. We can calculate the
addition to retained earnings for the year as:

Net income = Profit margin × Sales

Net income = .0827($25,139,000)
Net income = $2,078,625

The addition to retained earnings for the year will be the net income times one minus the dividend
payout ratio, which is:

Addition to retained earnings = Net income(1 – d)

Addition to retained earnings = $2,078,625(1 – .20)
Addition to retained earnings = $1,662,900

So, the new accumulated retained earnings will be:

Accumulated retained earnings = $10,200,000 + 1,622,900

Accumulated retained earnings = $11,862,900

The pro forma balance sheet will be:

Assets Liabilities and equity

Current assets $7,935,000 Short-term debt $5,865,000
Long-term debt $5,800,000

Fixed assets 19,895,000 Common stock $3,100,000

Accumulated retained earnings 11,862,900
Total equity $14,962,900

Total assets $27,830,000 Total liabilities and equity $26,627,900

The EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $27,830,000 – 26,627,900
EFN = $1,202,100

c. The ROE is:

ROE = Net income/Total equity

ROE = $1,807,500/$13,300,000
ROE = .1359, or 13.59%
30 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

And the retention ratio is:

b = Retention ratio = Retained earnings/Net income

b = $1,446,000/$1,807,500
b = .80

Now, we can use the sustainable growth rate equation to get:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Sustainable growth rate = [.1359(.80)]/[1 – .1359(.80)]
Sustainable growth rate = .1220, or 12.20%

d. The company cannot just cut its dividends to achieve the forecast growth rate. As shown below,
even with a zero dividend policy, the EFN will still be $786,375.

Assets Liabilities and equity

Current assets $7,935,000 Short-term debt $5,865,000
Long-term debt $5,800,000

Fixed assets 19,895,000 Common stock $3,100,000

Accumulated retained earnings 12,278,625
Total equity $15,378,625

Total assets $27,830,000 Total liabilities and equity $27,043,625

The EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $27,830,000 – 27,043,625
EFN = $786,375

The company does have several alternatives. It can increase its asset utilization and/or its profit
margin. The company could also increase the debt in its capital structure. This will decrease the
equity account, thereby increasing ROE.

14. This is a multi-step problem involving several ratios. It is often easier to look backward to determine
where to start. We need receivables turnover to find days’ sales in receivables. To calculate receivables
turnover, we need credit sales, and to find credit sales, we need total sales. Since we are given the
profit margin and net income, we can use these to calculate total sales as:

Profit margin = Net income/Sales

.0860 = $386,000/Sales
Sales = $4,488,372
 CHAPTER 3 - 31

Credit sales are 80 percent of total sales, so:

Credit sales = $4,488,372(.80)

Credit sales = $3,590,698

Now we can find receivables turnover by:

Receivables turnover = Credit sales/Accounts receivable

Receivables turnover = $3,590,698/$191,300
Receivables turnover = 18.77 times

Days’ sales in receivables = 365 days/Receivables turnover

Days’ sales in receivables = 365/18.77
Days’ sales in receivables = 19.45 days

15. The solution to this problem requires a number of steps. First, remember that:

Current assets + Net fixed assets = Total assets

So, if we find the current assets and the total assets, we can solve for net fixed assets. Using the
numbers given for the current ratio and the current liabilities, we solve for current assets:

Current ratio = Current assets/Current liabilities

Current assets = Current ratio(Current liabilities)
Current assets = 1.29($1,450)
Current assets = $1,870.50

To find the total assets, we must first find the total debt and equity from the information given. So, we
find the net income using the profit margin:

Profit margin = Net income/Sales

Net income = Profit margin × Sales
Net income = .081($7,380)
Net income = $597.78

We now use the net income figure as an input into ROE to find the total equity:

ROE = Net income/Total equity

Total equity = Net income/ROE
Total equity = $597.78/.143
Total equity = $4,180.28

Next, we need to find the long-term debt. The long-term debt ratio is:

Long-term debt ratio = .34 = Long-term debt/(Long-term debt + Total equity)

Inverting both sides gives:

1/.34 = (Long-term debt + Total equity)/Long-term debt = 1 + (Total equity/Long-term debt)

32 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Substituting the total equity into the equation and solving for long-term debt gives the following:

1 + ($4,180.28/Long-term debt) = 2.94

Long-term debt = $4,180.28/1.94
Long-term debt = $2,153.48

Now, we can find the total debt of the company:

Total debt = Current liabilities + Long-term debt

Total debt = $1,450 + 2,153.48
Total debt = $3,603.48

And, with the total debt, we can find the total debt & equity, which is equal to total assets:

Total assets = Total debt + Total equity

Total assets = $3,603.48 + 4,180.28
Total assets = $7,783.76

And finally, we are ready to solve the balance sheet identity as:

Net fixed assets = Total assets – Current assets

Net fixed assets = $7,783.76 – 1,870.50
Net fixed assets = $5,913.26

16. This problem requires you to work backward through the income statement. First, recognize that
Net income = (1 – TC)EBT. Plugging in the numbers given and solving for EBT, we get:

EBT = $13,150/(1 – .24)

EBT = $17,302.63

Now, we can add interest to EBT to get EBIT as follows:

EBIT = EBT + Interest paid

EBIT = $17,302.63 + 3,460
EBIT = $20,762.63

To get EBITD (earnings before interest, taxes, and depreciation), the numerator in the cash coverage
ratio, add depreciation to EBIT. Note, since there is no amortization in this problem, EBITDA equals
EBITD.

EBITD = EBIT + Depreciation

EBITD = $20,762.63 + 4,380
EBITD = $25,142.63

Now, plug the numbers into the cash coverage ratio and calculate:

Cash coverage ratio = EBITD/Interest

Cash coverage ratio = $25,142.63/$3,460
Cash coverage ratio = 7.27 times
 CHAPTER 3 - 33

17. We can start by multiplying ROE by Total assets/Total assets

Net income Net income Total assets

ROE = = ×
Equity Equity Total assets

Rearranging, we get:

Net income Total assets

ROE = ×
Total assets Equity

Next, we can multiply by Sales/Sales, which yields:

Net income Equity Sales

ROE = × ×
Total assets Total assets Sales

Rearranging, we get:

Net income Sales Total assets

ROE = × ×
Sales Total assets Equity

Next, we can multiply the preceding three factor DuPont equation by EBT/EBT, which yields:

Net income Sales Total assets EBT

ROE = × × ×
Sales Total assets Equity EBT

We can rearrange as:

Net income EBT Sales Total assets

ROE = × × ×
EBT Sales Total assets Equity

Finally, multiplying this equation EBIT/EBIT and rearranging yields:

Net income EBT Sales Total assets EBIT

ROE = × × × ×
EBT Sales Total assets Equity EBIT

Net income EBT EBIT Sales Total assets

ROE = × × × ×
EBT EBIT Sales Total assets Equity
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

The interpretation of each term is as follows:

(1) This is the company's tax burden. This is the proportion of the company's profits retained after
paying income taxes.
(2) This is the company’s interest burden. It will be 1.00 for a company with no debt or financial
leverage.
(3) This is the company’s operating profit margin. It is the operating profit before interest and taxes
per dollar of sales.
(4) This is the company’s operating efficiency as measured by dollar of sales per dollar of total assets.
(5) This is the company’s financial leverage as measured by the equity multiplier.
34 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Common Common Common

18. 2018 size 2019 size base year
Assets
Current assets
Cash $11,459 2.90% $14,453 3.13% 1.2613
Accounts receivable 29,247 7.40% 33,304 7.21% 1.1387
Inventory 52,655 13.32% 60,689 13.14% 1.1526
Total $93,361 23.62% $108,446 23.48% 1.1616
Fixed assets
Net plant and equipment 301,978 76.38% 353,330 76.52% 1.1701
Total assets $395,339 100% $461,776 100% 1.1681

Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current liabilities
Accounts payable $58,483 14.79% $66,623 14.43% 1.1392
Notes payable 24,973 6.32% 24,735 5.36% .9905
Total $83,456 21.11% $91,358 19.78% 1.0947
Long-term debt 34,500 8.73% 44,700 9.68% 1.2957
Owners' equity
Common stock and paid-in
surplus $54,000 13.66% $56,500 12.24% 1.0463
Accumulated retained earnings 223,383 56.50% 269,218 58.30% 1.2052
Total $277,383 70.16% $325,718 70.54% 1.1743
Total liabilities and owners' equity $395,339 100% $461,776 100% 1.1681

The common-size balance sheet answers are found by dividing each category by total assets. For
example, the cash percentage for 2018 is:

$11,459/$395,339 = .0290, or 2.90%

This means that cash is 2.90 percent of total assets.

The common-base year answers are found by dividing each category value for 2019 by the same
category value for 2018. For example, the cash common-base year number is found by:

$14,453/$11,459 = 1.2613

This means the cash balance in 2019 is 1.2613 times as large as the cash balance in 2018.

19. To determine full capacity sales, we divide the current sales by the capacity the company is currently
using, so:

Full capacity sales = $530,000/.90

Full capacity sales = $588,889
 CHAPTER 3 - 35

So, the dollar growth rate in sales is:

Sales growth = $588,889 – 530,000

Sales growth = $58,889

20. To find the new level of fixed assets, we need to find the current percentage of fixed assets to full
capacity sales. Doing so, we find:

Fixed assets/Full capacity sales = $620,000/$588,889

Fixed assets/Full capacity sales = 1.0528

Next, we calculate the total dollar amount of fixed assets needed at the new sales figure.

Total fixed assets = 1.0528($605,000)

Total fixed assets = $636,962

The new fixed assets necessary is the total fixed assets at the new sales figure minus the current level
of fixed assets.

New fixed assets = $636,962 – 620,000

New fixed assets = $16,962

21. Assuming costs vary with sales and a 20 percent increase in sales, the pro forma income statement
will look like this:

Pro Forma Income Statement

Sales $ 1,069,920
Costs 873,480
Other expenses 21,888
EBIT $ 174,552
Interest 13,400
Taxable income $ 161,152
Taxes (22%) 35,453
Net income $ 125,699

The payout ratio is constant, so the dividends paid this year is the payout ratio from last year times
net income, or:

Dividends = ($36,224/$103,007)($125,699)
Dividends = $44,204

And the addition to retained earnings will be:

Addition to retained earnings = $125,699 – 44,204

Addition to retained earnings = $81,495

The new retained earnings on the pro forma balance sheet will be:

New retained earnings = $174,730 + 81,495

New retained earnings = $256,225
36 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

The pro forma balance sheet will look like this:

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 29,136 Accounts payable $ 78,240
Accounts receivable 44,484 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 100,080 Total $ 94,560
Total $ 173,700 Long-term debt 155,000
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 475,800 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 256,225
Total $ 386,225
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 649,500 equity $ 635,785

So the EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $649,500 – 635,785
EFN = $13,715

22. First, we need to calculate full capacity sales, which is:

Full capacity sales = $891,600/.80

Full capacity sales = $1,114,500

The full capacity ratio at full capacity sales is:

Full capacity ratio = Fixed assets/Full capacity sales

Full capacity ratio = $396,500/$1,114,500
Full capacity ratio = .35576

The fixed assets required at the projected sales figure is the full capacity ratio times the projected
sales level:

Total fixed assets = .35576($1,069,920) = $380,640

So, EFN is:

EFN = ($173,700 + 380,640) – $635,785 = –$81,445

Note that this solution assumes that fixed assets are decreased (sold) so the company has a 100
percent fixed asset utilization. If we assume fixed assets are not sold, the answer becomes:

EFN = ($173,700 + 396,500) – $635,785 = –$65,585

 CHAPTER 3 - 37

23. The D/E ratio of the company is:

D/E = ($81,520 + 155,000)/$304,730

D/E = .7762

So the new total debt amount will be:

New total debt = .7762($386,225)

New total debt = $299,773

This is the new total debt for the company. Given that our calculation for EFN is the amount that must
be raised externally and does not increase spontaneously with sales, we need to subtract the
spontaneous increase in accounts payable. The new level of accounts payable, which is the current
accounts payable times the sales growth, will be:

Spontaneous increase in accounts payable = $65,200(.20)

Spontaneous increase in accounts payable = $13,040

This means that $13,040 of the new total debt is not raised externally. So, the debt raised externally,
which will be the EFN, is:

EFN = New total debt – (Beginning LTD + Beginning CL + Spontaneous increase in AP)
EFN = $299,773 – ($155,000 + 81,520 + 13,040) = $50,213

The pro forma balance sheet with the new long-term debt will be:

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 29,136 Accounts payable $ 78,240
Accounts receivable 44,484 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 100,080 Total $ 94,560
Total $ 173,700 Long-term debt 205,213
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 475,800 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 256,225
Total $ 386,225
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 649,500 equity $ 685,998

The funds raised by the debt issue can be put into an excess cash account to make the balance sheet
balance. The excess debt will be:

Excess debt = $685,998 – 649,500 = $36,498

To make the balance sheet balance, the company will have to increase its assets. We will put this
amount in an account called excess cash, which will give us the following balance sheet:
38 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 29,136 Accounts payable $ 78,240
Excess cash 36,498 Notes payable 16,320
Accounts receivable 44,484 Total $ 94,560
Inventory 100,080
Total $ 210,198 Long-term debt 205,213
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 475,800 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 256,225
Total $ 386,225
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 685,998 equity $ 685,998

The excess cash has an opportunity cost that we discussed earlier. Increasing fixed assets would also
not be a good idea since the company already has enough fixed assets. A likely scenario would be the
repurchase of debt and equity in its current capital structure weights. The company’s debt-assets and
equity-assets are:

Debt-assets = .7762/(1 + .7762) = .44

Equity-assets = 1/(1 + .7762) = .56

So, the amount of debt and equity needed will be:

Total debt needed = .44($649,500) = $283,824

Equity needed = .56($649,500) = $365,676

So, the repurchases of debt and equity will be:

Debt repurchase = ($94,560 + 205,213) – 283,824 = $15,949

Equity repurchase = $386,225 – 365,676 = $20,549

Assuming all of the debt repurchase is from long-term debt, and the equity repurchase is entirely from
the retained earnings, the final pro forma balance sheet will be:
 CHAPTER 3 - 39

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 29,136 Accounts payable $ 78,240
Accounts receivable 44,484 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 100,080 Total $ 94,560
Total $ 173,700 Long-term debt 189,264
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 475,800 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 235,676
Total $ 365,676
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 649,500 equity $ 649,500

Challenge

24. The pro forma income statements for all three growth rates will be:

Pro Forma Income Statement

15 % Sales 20% Sales 25% Sales
Growth Growth Growth
Sales $1,025,340 $1,069,920 $1,114,500
Costs 837,085 873,480 909,875
Other expenses 20,976 21,888 22,800
EBIT $167,279 $174,552 $181,825
Interest 13,400 13,400 13,400
Taxable income $153,879 $161,152 $168,425
Taxes (22%) 33,853 35,453 37,054
Net income $120,026 $125,699 $131,372

Dividends $42,209 $44,204 $46,199

Add to RE 77,817 81,495 85,173

We will calculate the EFN for the 15 percent growth rate first. Assuming the payout ratio is constant,
the dividends paid will be:

Dividends = ($36,224/$103,007)($120,026)
Dividends = $42,209

And the addition to retained earnings will be:

Addition to retained earnings = $120,026 – 42,209

Addition to retained earnings = $77,817

The new retained earnings on the pro forma balance sheet will be:
40 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

New retained earnings = $174,730 + 77,817

New retained earnings = $252,547

The pro forma balance sheet will look like this:

15% Sales Growth:

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 27,922 Accounts payable $ 74,980
Accounts receivable 42,631 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 95,910 Total $ 91,300
Total $ 166,463 Long-term debt $ 155,000
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 455,975 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 252,547
Total $ 382,547
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 622,438 equity $ 628,847

So the EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $622,438 – 628,847
EFN = –$6,409

At a 20 percent growth rate, and assuming the payout ratio is constant, the dividends paid will be:

Dividends = ($36,224/$103,007)($125,699)
Dividends = $44,204

And the addition to retained earnings will be:

Addition to retained earnings = $125,699 – 44,204

Addition to retained earnings = $81,495

The new retained earnings on the pro forma balance sheet will be:

New retained earnings = $174,730 + 81,495

New retained earnings = $256,225
 CHAPTER 3 - 41

The pro forma balance sheet will look like this:

20% Sales Growth:

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 29,136 Accounts payable $ 78,240
Accounts receivable 44,484 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 100,080 Total $ 94,560
Total $ 173,700 Long-term debt 155,000
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 475,800 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 256,225
Total $ 386,225
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 649,500 equity $ 635,785

So the EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $649,500 – 635,785
EFN = $13,715

At a 25 percent growth rate, and assuming the payout ratio is constant, the dividends paid will be:

Dividends = ($36,224/$103,007)($131,372)
Dividends = $46,199

And the addition to retained earnings will be:

Addition to retained earnings = $131,372 – 46,199

Addition to retained earnings = $85,173

The new retained earnings on the pro forma balance sheet will be:

New retained earnings = $174,730 + 85,173

New retained earnings = $259,903
42 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

The pro forma balance sheet will look like this:

25% Sales Growth:

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 30,350 Accounts payable $ 81,500
Accounts receivable 46,338 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 104,250 Total $ 97,820
Total $ 180,938 Long-term debt $ 155,000
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 495,625 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 259,903
Total $ 389,903
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 676,563 equity $ 642,723

So the EFN is:

EFN = Total assets – Total liabilities and equity

EFN = $676,563 – 642,723
EFN = $33,840

25. The pro forma income statements for all three growth rates will be:

Pro Forma Income Statement

20% Sales 30% Sales 35% Sales
Growth Growth Growth
Sales $1,069,920 $1,159,080 $1,203,660
Costs 873,480 946,270 982,665
Other expenses 21,888 23,712 24,624
EBIT $174,552 $189,098 $196,371
Interest 13,400 13,400 13,400
Taxable income $161,152 $175,698 $182,971
Taxes (22%) 35,453 38,654 40,254
Net income $125,699 $137,044 $142,717

Dividends $44,204 $48,194 $50,189

Add to RE 81,495 88,851 92,529

At a 30 percent growth rate, and assuming the payout ratio is constant, the dividends paid will be:

Dividends = ($36,224/$103,007)($137,044)
Dividends = $48,194

And the addition to retained earnings will be:

 CHAPTER 3 - 43

Addition to retained earnings = $137,044 – 48,194

Addition to retained earnings = $88,851

The new retained earnings on the pro forma balance sheet will be:

New addition to retained earnings = $174,730 + 88,851

New addition to retained earnings = $263,581

The new total debt will be:

New total debt = .7762($393,581)

New total debt = $305,482

So, the new long-term debt will be the new total debt minus the new short-term debt, or:

New long-term debt = $305,482 – 101,080

New long-term debt = $204,402

The pro forma balance sheet will look like this:

Sales growth rate = 30% and debt/equity ratio = .7762:

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 31,564 Accounts payable $ 84,760
Accounts receivable 48,191 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 108,420 Total $ 101,080
Total $ 188,175 Long-term debt 204,402
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 515,450 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 263,581
Total $ 393,581
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 703,625 equity $ 699,063

So the excess debt raised is:

Excess debt = $699,063 – 703,625

Excess debt = –$4,562

At a 30 percent growth rate, the firm will need funds in the amount of $4,562 in addition to the
external debt already raised. So, the EFN will be:

EFN = $49,402 + 4,562

EFN = $53,964
44 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

At a 35 percent growth rate, and assuming the payout ratio is constant, the dividends paid will be:

Dividends = ($36,224/$103,007)($142,717)
Dividends = $50,189

And the addition to retained earnings will be:

Addition to retained earnings = $142,717 – 50,189

Addition to retained earnings = $92,529

The new retained earnings on the pro forma balance sheet will be:

New retained earnings = $174,730 + 92,529

New retained earnings = $267,259

The new total debt will be:

New total debt = .7762($397,259)

New total debt = $308,337

So, the new long-term debt will be the new total debt minus the new short-term debt, or:

New long-term debt = $308,337 – 104,340

New long-term debt = $203,997
 CHAPTER 3 - 45

Sales growth rate = 35% and debt/equity ratio = .7762:

Pro Forma Balance Sheet

Assets Liabilities and Owners’ Equity

Current assets Current liabilities
Cash $ 32,778 Accounts payable $ 88,020
Accounts receivable 50,045 Notes payable 16,320
Inventory 112,590 Total $ 104,340
Total $ 195,413 Long-term debt $ 203,997
Fixed assets
Net plant and Owners’ equity
equipment 535,275 Common stock and
paid-in surplus $ 130,000
Retained earnings 267,259
Total $ 397,259
Total liabilities and owners’
Total assets $ 730,688 equity $ 705,596

So the excess debt raised is:

Excess debt = $705,596 – 730,688

Excess debt = –$25,092

At a 35 percent growth rate, the firm will need funds in the amount of $25,092 in addition to the
external debt already raised. So, the EFN will be:

EFN = $48,997 + 25,092

EFN = $74,089

26. We need the ROE to calculate the sustainable growth rate. The ROE is:

ROE = (Profit margin)(Total asset turnover)(Equity multiplier)

ROE = (.042)(1/.80)(1 + .37)
ROE = .0719, or 7.19%

Now, we can use the sustainable growth rate equation to find the retention ratio as:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Sustainable growth rate = .11 = [.0719b]/[1 – .0719b]
b = 1.38

This implies the payout ratio is:

Payout ratio = 1 – b
Payout ratio = 1 – 1.38
Payout ratio = –.38, or –38%

This answer indicates a dividend payout ratio of negative 38 percent, which is impossible. So, the
growth rate is inconsistent with the other constraints. The lowest possible payout rate is 0 (without
46 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

issuing stock), which corresponds to a retention ratio of 1, or total earnings retention. This problem
illustrates a key point we made in the chapter: Sustainable growth analysis forces the user to make
internally consistent assumptions.

As an aside, we should note that it is possible to have a retention ration greater than 1 if the company
issues new stock. However, since the growth rate we are evaluating is perpetual, the company would
have to issue stock every year, forever. But, doing so violates our underlying assumption that the
sustainable growth rate requires no new equity.

In this case, the maximum sustainable growth rate for this company is:

Maximum sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Maximum sustainable growth rate = [.0719(1)]/[1 – .0719(1)]
Maximum sustainable growth rate = .0775, or 7.75%

27. We know that EFN is:

EFN = Increase in assets – Addition to retained earnings

The increase in assets is the beginning assets times the growth rate, so:

Increase in assets = A  g

The addition to retained earnings next year is the current net income times the retention ratio, times
one plus the growth rate, so:

Addition to retained earnings = (NI  b)(1 + g)

And rearranging the profit margin to solve for net income, we get:

NI = PM(S)

Substituting the last three equations into the EFN equation we started with and rearranging, we get:

EFN = A(g) – PM(S)b(1 + g)

EFN = A(g) – PM(S)b – [PM(S)b]g
EFN = –PM(S)b + [A – PM(S)b]g

28. We start with the EFN equation we derived in Problem 27 and set it equal to zero:

EFN = 0 = –PM(S)b + [A – PM(S)b]g

Substituting the rearranged profit margin equation into the internal growth rate equation, we have:

Internal growth rate = [PM(S)b]/[A – PM(S)b]

Since:

ROA = NI/A
ROA = PM(S)/A
 CHAPTER 3 - 47

We can substitute this into the internal growth rate equation and divide both the numerator and
denominator by A. This gives:

Internal growth rate = {[PM(S)b]/A}/{[A – PM(S)b]/A}

Internal growth rate = b(ROA)/[1 – b(ROA)]

To derive the sustainable growth rate, we must realize that to maintain a constant D/E ratio with no
external equity financing, EFN must equal the addition to retained earnings times the D/E ratio:

EFN = (D/E)[PM(S)b(1 + g)]

EFN = A(g) – PM(S)b(1 + g)

Solving for g and then dividing both the numerator and denominator by A:

Sustainable growth rate = PM(S)b(1 + D/E)/[A – PM(S)b(1 + D/E )]

Sustainable growth rate = [ROA(1 + D/E)b]/[1 – ROA(1 + D/E)b]
Sustainable growth rate = b(ROE)/[1 – b(ROE)]

29. In the following derivations, the subscript “E” refers to end of period numbers, and the subscript “B”
refers to beginning of period numbers. TE is total equity and TA is total assets.

For the sustainable growth rate:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROEE × b)/(1 – ROEE × b)

Sustainable growth rate = (NI/TEE × b)/(1 – NI/TEE × b)

We multiply this equation by:

(TEE/TEE)

Sustainable growth rate = (NI/TEE × b)/(1 – NI/TEE × b) × (TEE/TEE)

Sustainable growth rate = (NI × b)/(TEE – NI × b)

Recognize that the denominator is equal to beginning of period equity, that is:

(TEE – NI × b) = TEB

Substituting this into the previous equation, we get:

Sustainable rate = (NI × b)/TEB

Which is equivalent to:

Sustainable rate = (NI/TEB) × b

Since ROEB = NI/TEB

The sustainable growth rate equation is:

Sustainable growth rate = ROEB × b

48 – SOLUTIONS MANUAL

For the internal growth rate:

Internal growth rate = (ROAE × b)/(1 – ROAE × b)

Internal growth rate = (NI/TAE × b)/(1 – NI/TAE × b)

We multiply this equation by:

(TAE/TAE)

Internal growth rate = (NI/TAE × b)/[(1 – NI/TAE × b) × (TAE/TAE)]

Internal growth rate = (NI × b)/(TAE – NI × b)

Recognize that the denominator is equal to beginning of period assets, that is:

(TAE – NI × b) = TAB

Substituting this into the previous equation, we get:

Internal growth rate = (NI × b)/TAB

Which is equivalent to:

Internal growth rate = (NI/TAB) × b

Since ROAB = NI/TAB

The internal growth rate equation is:

Internal growth rate = ROAB × b

30. Since the company issued no new equity, shareholders’ equity increased by retained earnings. Retained
earnings for the year were:

Retained earnings = NI – Dividends

Retained earnings = $80,000 – 44,000
Retained earnings = $36,000

So, the equity at the end of the year was:

Ending equity = $260,000 + 36,000

Ending equity = $296,000

The ROE based on the end of period equity is:

ROE = $80,000/$296,000
ROE = .2703, or 27.03%

The plowback ratio is:

Plowback ratio = Addition to retained earnings/NI

Plowback ratio = $36,000/$80,000
 CHAPTER 3 - 49

Plowback ratio = .45, or 45%

Using the equation presented in the text for the sustainable growth rate, we get:

Sustainable growth rate = (ROE × b)/[1 – (ROE × b)]

Sustainable growth rate = [.2703(.45)]/[1 – .2703(.45)]
Sustainable growth rate = .1385, or 13.85%

The ROE based on the beginning of period equity is

ROE = $80,000/$260,000
ROE = .3077, or 30.77%

Using the shortened equation for the sustainable growth rate and the beginning of period ROE, we get:

Sustainable growth rate = ROE × b

Sustainable growth rate = .3077 × .45
Sustainable growth rate = .1385, or 13.85%

Using the shortened equation for the sustainable growth rate and the end of period ROE, we get:

Sustainable growth rate = ROE × b

Sustainable growth rate = .2703 × .45
Sustainable growth rate = .1216, or 12.16%

Using the end of period ROE in the shortened sustainable growth rate results in a growth rate that is
too low. This will always occur whenever the equity increases. If equity increases, the ROE based on
end of period equity is lower than the ROE based on the beginning of period equity. The ROE (and
sustainable growth rate) in the abbreviated equation is based on equity that did not exist when the net
income was earned.