TEXT:SPRINGS

Engl
ishCourseBook
SecondYearPre-Uni
ver
sit
y

1.ROMEOANDJULI ET
-Wi
l
li
am Shakespear
e
Answert
hef
oll
owi
nginaword,
phraseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI
ONS ANSWERS
1 Whatdi
dJuliett
eachthetor
ches? Toburnbright
2 WheredidJuli
etseem t
ohangupon? Uponthecheekofnight
3 TowhichornamentwasJulietcompar
ed? Ari
chjewel i
nEthi
ope’s
ear
4 Whatdoest hephr ase‘
ear t
ht oodear’ Ararebeauty
mean?
5 Whoi scompar edt oasnowydov e? Jul
i
et
6 Whendot hehandsofRomeobecome Whenhet
ouchesJul
i
et
bl
essed?
7 whatdoesJul ietcompar eRomeowi th? Tothedayinni
ght
8 Whatdoest hephr ase‘
newsnow’ mean? Loveaspureassnow
9 WhatdoesJul i
etwantRomeot obecome Li
tt
lestar
s
af
terherdeath?
10 WhydoesJul i
etwantRomeot obecome Sothatall
theworldwi
l
l
l
it
tl
estarsafterherdeath? beinlovewit
hnight
11 Whenwi l
lRomeomaket hefaceofheav en Whenhei scutandmade
sofi
ne? i
ntoli
ttl
estar
s
12 HadRomeoev erseentruebeautytil
lthat No
ni
ght?

KEYPOI NTSONTHEPOEM
 ThecityofVer ona
 RomeoandJul iet
 Noblefamilies-Mont aguesandCapul ets/ani
mosity
 Capulets’
par ty
 I
ntenseandpassi onatelove
 Romeo’ sglorif
icati
onofJul i
et’
sbeaut y
 Jul
iet’
sbeaut ysur passesthebrightnessoftorches
 Arichjewel
 Jul
ietiscompar edtoasnowydov e
 Romeomeet saf t
erthedance
 Jul
ietprai
sesRomeo
 Compar estot hedayi nnight
 Newsnowonr avensback
 Shewant sRomeot obel i
tt
lest
ar safterherdeath

1
QUESTI
ONS
1) HowdoesRomeogl
ori
fyJul
i
et’
sbeaut
y?
2)Whyaccordi
ngt
oJul
ietwoul
dallt
heworl
dst
opwor
shi
ppi
ngt
hegar
ishsun?

Thepoem RomeoandJul ieti sanext ractfrom Wi ll

iam Shakespear e’st ragedy‘Romeo
andJul i
et’.Mont aguesandCapul etswer ethet wonobl efami l
iesofVer ona.Theywer e
archr ivalsandknownf ort heiranimosi ty.ThoughRomeobel ongedt oMont agues,he
attendedt hepar tyhost edbyCapul ets, i
ndisguise.Ther eint hepar t
yhesawJul i
etand
wasf ascinat edbyherenchant i
ngbeaut y.Thepoem expr essesRomeoandJul i
et’
s
i
nt enseandpassi onatel ovef oreachot her.
Romeo gl ori
f i
es the beaut y ofJul iet.He f i
nds t hatherbeaut y
sur passest hebr i
ght nessoft hebur ni
ngt orches.Andsheseemst ohangupont he
cheekofni ghtli
kear i
chj eweli nEthiope’sear.Romeowasf ascinat edbyt herichand
rarebeaut yofJul iet.Hecompar esherwi thasnowydov eamongt het roopingcr ows.
Heexpr esseshi sdesi ret omeetandt ouchher .Sot hathisr udehandswi l
lbecome
blessed.Heopenl yadmi tst hathehadnev erseensuchat ruebeaut yi nhi sli
fe.
Jul i
eti s al so equal l
yf ascinated by t he handsome and br i
ght
per sonalit
yofRomeo.Shecompar eshi mt othedayi nni ghtandpr ai seshi sattracti
ve
disposition.Shecal l
shi sl ov eanewwhi tesnowwhi chi spureandper fect.Juli
etwant s
Romeot obecuti ntol i
ttlest arsaf t
erherdeat h,sot hathewi l
lmaket hef aceofheav en
sof ine.Andt heent i
rewor l
dwi llfal
li
nl ovewi t
hni ghtforgetti
ngt hegar nishSun.

2.TOODEAR
-LeoTol
stoy

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI ONS ANSWERS

1 Wheredidthekingdom ofMonacol ie? Neart hebordersofFranceand
I
tal
y
2 Whatwast hepopulationofMonaco? Sev ent housand
3 Howmanysol diersdidt hearmyof Si
xtysol di
ers
Monacohav e?
4 Namet hethi
ngsthatwer etaxedin Tobacco, wine,
spir
it
sanda
Monaco. pol
l-t
ax
5 Wheredidthespecialsour ceof Gami nghouse
rev
enuecomef rom fort heking?
6 Namet hegamepl ayedi nMonaco. Roulette
7 Whatwast heunusual incidentt
hat Amur der
happenedinMonaco?

2
 8 Whatwast hehi tchintheexecutionof Theyneitherhadaguil
l
otine
thecr i
minal? noranexper t
.
9 Whatwast hepuni shmentawar dedt o Tohav ehisheadcutoff
/death
thecr i
minal? puni
shment .
10 Whathel pdi dt hekingofMonacoseek Amachi neandanexperttocut
from France? theheadof f
11 Whodi dtheki ngofMonacoconsi der ThekingofI t
aly
.
the‘brotherofmonar ch’
?
12 Whatwast heonl ywayt ogetridoft he Topayhi
m pensi
on
criminal?
13 Whatwast hesum f ixedaspensi on? 600Fr
ancs
14 Wher edidt hecr iminalsett
leatthe Acr
ossthef
ront
ier
end?
15 Whatdi dt hecr iminaldowithhis Heboughtabi
tofl
and
annuity?
16 Whatwasnewi t
em ofexpenditurethat Theexpensesoft
hecr
imi
nal
thekingnot iced? andtheguard.

KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

 Monaco-at i
nylittl
ekingdom
 Vari
oust axes
 Gaminghouse-aspeci alsourceofincome
 Murder-theunusual i
ncident
 Deathsent ence
 Nogui l
loti
neoranexper t
 Kingwr i
testoFr anceandI tal
ybutpr ovedcostl
y
 Changeofdeat hsentencei nt
ol i
fei
mpr isonment
 600francsannual maintenance
 Thecr i
minal doesnotwantt oleave
 Pension/onet hi
rdofannui tyinadvance
 Thecr i
minal l
eav es

QUESTIONS
1)Whatmadet hekingofMonacoal t
erhi
sdecisionsindeal
i
ngwiththecri
minal
?
2)Whydi dtheauthorit
iesinMonacofai
ltocarr
youtthedeathsent
ence?
3)Whywast hecri
mi nalf
inal
l
yoffer
edpensionin‘TooDear’
?Howdidthisoff
er
benef
ithi
m?

ANSWER
“TooDear”,i
soneoft hef
inestshor
tst
ori
eswri
tt
enbyLeoTol st
oy.I
tri
diculest
heway
thatthedeci
sionsaremadebyt heki
ngsandadminist
rat
ors.Andexplainshow t
he
cri
minal
sareletgofr
eelywit
houtbei
ngpuni
shedsev
erely
.

3
 Monacowasal i
ttl
ekingdom wi thsev ent housandpopul ations.Itwasneart he
border sofFr anceandI tal
y.Ithadaki ng,mi nisters,courti
ersandasmal lar myofsi xty
soldiers.Theki ngusedt ocollectt axesont het hingssuchast obacco, wine,spi r
it
sand
apol ltax.Butt hespeci alrevenuecamef rom t hegami nghouses.Thepeopl eplayed
roulettewhi chwasgener ati
ngal otofi ncomef ort heking.
Once,anunusuali ncidenthappenedi nMonaco.I twasamur der.Thecr i
mi nal
wast r
iedi nt hecour tandawar dedt hedeat hpuni shment .Butt hepr oblem was,t hey
hadnei t
heramachi nenoranexper ttocutt heheadof f.Sot hekingsoughtt hehel pof
FranceandI taly.Bot ht hecount ri
eswer ereadyt ohel pbychar ging16000f rancsand
12000f rancsr espect iv
ely,butt heki ngthoughtt hati twast oocost ly
.Thent hear myof
Monacowasr equest edt oexecut ethepuni shment ,
thiswasr efusedont hegr oundt hat
thear mywasnott rainedi nit.
Finall
yt heki ngdeci dedt oal t
erthedeat hpuni shmenti ntol i
fei mpr isonment .
Accor dinglyaguar dwasappoi ntedandt hecr i
mi nalwasputi nacel l
.Ev ent hisalso
provedcost lyast heki ngf oundanewi tem ofexpendi t
ureof600f r
ancsev erymont h.
Theguar dwasdi smi ssedbutt hecr iminaldi dn’trunaway .Hehadnowher et ogoand
hadf orgot t
ent owor k.Theonl ywayt ogetr idoft hecr i
mi nalwast opayhi m apensi on.
Thecr imi nalagr eedt oit,andr eceivedonet hi r
dofannui ty.HeleftMonacoandset tl
ed
acrosst hef ront i
er.Ther ehel ivedpeaceabl yandwel l
.

3.
ONCHI
LDREN
-
Khal
il
Gibr
an

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI ONS ANSWERS

1 Whodoest hewor d,‘
He’ ref
erto? God/ Pr ophet
2 Whodot hechil
drenr eall
ybelongto? Tot hel ife
3 Whatcant heparentsgivetheirchi
ldren? Love
4 Whatcan’ttheparentsgivetheirchil
dren? Theirt houghts
5 Whatcant heparentshouse? Bodiesoft hechi l
dren
6 Whatcan’ttheparentshouse? Soulsoft hechildren
7 Wheredot hesoulsoft hechil
drendwel l
? Inthehouseof
tomor row
8 Wherecan’
ttheparent svisi
tinthei
rdreams? Thehouseoft omor r
ow
9 Whatshoul
dt heparentsst r
ivefor? Tobel ikethei
rchi ldr
en
10 Whatshoul
dnott hepar entsseek? Maket hechildrent obe
l
iket hem
11 Whoarethe‘bows’? Thepar ents
12 Whoaretheli
v i
ngarrows? Thechi ldr
en
13 Whoseesthemar kupont hepathofinfi
nit
e? Thear cher
14 WhodoestheGodl ov e? Botht hepar entsand
chi
ldr en

4
 KEYPOI
NTSONTHEPOEM

 Awomanr equesti
ngprophettospeakonchildren
 Chil
drenbel ongtolif
enott oparents
 Parentscangi velovebutnotthoughts
 Parentsmaygi v
esheltertobodiesbutnott
heirsoul
s
 Chil
dren’ssoulsdwel li
nthehouseoft omor
row
 Bows-par ents.Liv
ingarrows-chil
dren.
 God-thear cher
 Archerlovesbot hchil
drenandpar ent

QUESTIONS
1)Howshouldparent
sraisethei
rchi
ldr
enaccordi
ngtothespeakerof‘
OnChildr
en’
?
2)Howi sthepar
ent-
chi
ldrenrel
ati
onshi
pbroughtoutusi
ngthemet aphorofbows
andarr
owsi
n‘Onchil
dren?

ANSWER
“
OnChi ldren”i saphi l
osophi calpoem wr i
tt
enbyKhal ilGibr an.Thet hemeoft he
poem i st her el
ationshipbet weent hepar entsandchi ldren.Tr aditionallyt hepar ents
exerciseal otofaut hor ityov ertheirchi ldren.Andt heyt r yhar dt oi mposemanyt hings
ont hem.I tisjustbecauset heyhav egiv enbi rthstot hem.
Butt hepoett hi
nksi not herway .Thechi ldrendon’ tbel ongt otheirpar ents;
theyreallybel ongt ot hel i
fe.Thepar entscan’ townorcl aimt heirr i
ght sov ert hechildren.
Thought hechi l
drencomef rom t heirpar ent sbutt heybel ongt ol i
fe.Thepar entscan
givet heirl ov e butnott heirt hought s as t he chi l
dren hav et heirown i ndi
v i
dual
personality.
Thepar ent scanonl yprot ectt hebodi esoft hei
rchi ldrenbutnott heir
souls.Thesoul soft hechi ldrenl i
eint hehouseoft omor row.Theycant rytobel i
ket he
chil
drenbutshoul dnev erattemptt omaket hechildrent obel i
ket hem.Thechi ldren
belongt ot hef utur
eandnott othepast .Thef uturenev erst ayswi thy est erday .
Thepar entsar eliket hebowst hroughwhi cht heliv i
ngar rowsar esent .It
i
st hear cher,t heGodwhoseest hemar kupont hepat hofi nfinit
e.Ther eforet he
parentsshoul dactl i
ket hegui dinglightst ot hechi l
dr enandnev erbesoaut horit
ativein
theiratti
tudes.Thechi ldrenar et hecr eat i
onofGodandt heyhav et obef r
eef rom any
bondage.

4.EVERYTHI
NGINEEDTOKNOW ILEARNEDINTHEFOREST
-VandanaShi
va

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI
ONS ANSWERS
1 Wheredi
dVanadanaShiva’
secol
ogi
cal I
ntheHimalayanforest
s.
j
our
neystar
t?
2 WhatwasVandanaShiv
a’sfat
her
? Afor
estconservat
or.

5
3 Wher edi dVandanaShi val ear nabout Fr om t heHi mal ay anf or ests.
ecologyf rom?
4 Whatdi dt hemot her scompose‘ songs Aboutt reesandf or ests.
andpoems’ about ?
5 Whati s‘Chi pko’? Anonv iolentmov ement
againstl ar gescal e
defor est at i
on.
7 Whatdi dVandanaShi vadoasa Participat edi n
Chipkoact i
vist? paday at ras/ document ed
defor est at i
on
8 Whatwast hedr amat icChi pkoact ion Bachni Dev ipr otest edagai nst
happenedi nAdv ani ? herhusband.
9 Whatar et heef f ectsofl oggi ng? Landsl i
des, f loods, scar cit
yof
wat er, fodderandf uel .
10 Whatdi dVandanaShi valear nf r
om Aboutbi odi v ersityand
Chipko? biodiv er sitybasedl i
v i
ng
economi es
11 Namet hebookwr ittenbyVandana Monocul turesoft heMi nd
shiva.
12 Wher ewast heNav adhany aFar m InDoonVal ley .
started?
13 Whendi dt heNav adhany aFar m st art
? In1994.
14 WhatwasNav adhany a? Amov ementf orbi odiv ersit
y
conser v ationandor gani c
farmi ng
15 Whatdi dbi odiv ersityt eachVandana Abundanceandf reedom/
Shiva? Cooper ationandmut ual givi
ng
16 Whatpr ompt edUNt oi nit
iat ea Theconst itut i
onofEquador .
discussi onont her ightsofnat ure?
17 Whatdoest hewor d‘ apar thei d’mean? Separ at eness
18 Whati smeantby‘ ecoapar theid’ Thesepar at enessofhuman
accor dingt ot heaut hor? beingsf rom nat ure.
19 Whatev entint hehi stor ymar kedt he Thei ndust ri
al revolut i
on.
beginni ngofsepar atenessofhuman
beingsf rom nat ur e
20 Whatdoest heEar thUni ver sityteach? TheEar thDemocr acy .
21 EarthDemocr cyi sashi ftf rom Ecocent ri
sm
anthropocent r
ism t o…………………….
22 Wher ewast heEar thUni v ersi ty AtNav adhany aFar m
l
ocat ed?
23 Bywhom wast heEar thUni ver si
ty Rabi ndr anat hTagor e.
i
nspi red?
24 Wher ehav eI ndia’sbesti deascome Trees, riversandl akes.
fr
om accor dingt oTagor e?
25 Whatdoest hef or estt eachaccor ding Enoughness/pr inci pleof
toVandanaShi v a? equal ity.

6
 26 Whati
sthebegi
nni
ngofj
oy? Theendofconsumer
ism

KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

 Ecologi calj
our neyf rom t hef orestsofHimalaya
 Father-Forestconser vator .Mot her-afarmer
 Chipkomov ement -
defor estat i
on
 Logging- scarcityofwat er,fodderandf uel
/womenaf f
ected
 Bachni Devi’
sf i
ght
 Bio-di
v ersi
ty-i
nt ensiveandor ganicfarming
 Nav adany aFar m 1994
 RightsofNat ure-Ecuador ,Bolivi
aandUN
 Earth-adeadmat ter-i
ndust rialrevol
ution
 EarthUni versit
y -Eart
hDemocr acy-fr
eedom forspeci
es
 Tagor e’sideals-trees,ri
v ersandl akessourceofknowledge/t
hought
s
 Nature-sour ceofbeaut yandj oy
 Consumer ism andaccumul ati
on

QUESTIONS
1)“ Theconservationofbio-diver
sit
yistheanswert othef oodandnutri
tioncr i
sis”
.
Dicuss?
2) ‘Conservati
onofbi odi
versi
tyiscrucialforthesustenanceofbot hnat ureand
humansoci ety’
.Discusswi t
hrefer
encet oVandanaShiva’sessay.
3)Br ingoutthesignifi
canceofbio-di
versit
yandt her
ight
sofnat ureasexplainedby
VandanaShi vainheressay .

“Ever ythi
ngINeedt oKnow ILear nedi nt heFor est ”,i sanessaywr ittenby
VandanaShi va.Itdeal swi t
ht hemoder ni deassuchasdef orest ati
on,ecosy stem,bi o
diversity,or ganicfarmi ngandr ight sofNat ure.
VandaShi vawasbr oughtupi nt heHi mal ayanf orest s.Herf atherwasaf orest
conser vat orandmot her ,afarmer .Shel earnedev erythi
ngf r om t heHi mal ayanf orest s.
Shewasassoci atedwi ththe‘ Chi pkoMov ement ’
,anonv i
ol entmov ementagai nst
deforest ation.VandanaShi vawasv er
ymuchi nfluencedbyt hewomenwhopr otest ed
againstl oggi ng.Thel oggingwast hecauseofl andsl i
des,f loodsandscar cityofwat er .
Thewomenwer et hev icti
msast heyhadt owal kf orlongerdi st ancesi nor dertof etch
wat er,fodderandf uelfortheirhear t
hs.
Vandana Shi va was agai nst monocul ture.She pr ef er r
ed bi odiver
sity and
biodiversi t
ybasedeconomi es.Ther eforeshest ar tedNav adhany af armi n1994.The
farmer swer egivendemonst rationandt r
aining.Sheconser ved600v arieti
esofr iceand
150v arietiesofwheat .Nav adhany awasamov ementf orbi odiv er si
tyconser vationand
organi cf armi ng.
Vandana Shi va st r
onglysuppor ted t he rights ofnat ur e.And she gi v es t he
exampl eofEcuadorwhi chhasr ecogni zedt her i
ght sofnat ur ei ni tsconst i
tuti
on.Thi s
i
nspi red t he Uni t
ed Nat i
ons Or ganizat i
on t o ar range conf er ence t o discuss t he

7
domi nationofpeopl eov ernat ur
e.Sheexpr essesherdisappointmentov ertransforming
thelivingearthint
ot hedeadmat terwhichst art
edwiththei ndustri
alrevolution.
TheEar t
hUni versitywhi chwasst artedinNavadhany a,teachesEar thDemocr acy
.
The Ear th Democr cy means f r
eedom f or all species and t he f reedom and
responsi bi
li
ti
es ofhumans i nr ecognizing and protecti
ng t he otherspeci es.She
stressest heneedofecocent r
ism asagai nstanthr
opocentrism.
TheidealsofRabi ndr anathTagor ehav eagreatinfl
uenceonVandanaShi va.She
quot esTagor e’
s‘Tapov an’.Thi sisanessaywher eTagor eclaimst hatt hef orestsare
thesour ceofmat erialandi ntell
ectualr
egener ati
onofourI ndiancivil
i
zat i
on.I ndi
a’sbest
i
deashav ecomewher emanwasi ncommuni onwitht r
ees,r i
versandl akes.Vandana
Shivai soft heopi niont hatnat ureist hebestt eacher.Andsheappeal st hatweal l
shoul dstoptreati
ngear t hasadeadmat ter.

5.ASUNNYMORNI NG
-Ser
afi
nandJoaqui
nAl
var
ezQui
nter
.

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI ONS ANSWERS

1 Howol dwasDonaLaur a? Seventyyear
s.
2 Wher edoest heactionoft heplaytakeplace? AttheparkinMadr
id.
3 WhodoesPet r
amakef ri
endshipwi t
h? Withtheguard.
4 WhatdidDonaLaur abr i
ngev erydaytothe Breadcrumbs.
park?
5 Whodi dDonaLaur afeedev erydayinthepark? Bi
rds/pi
geons.
6 Whohadoccupi edDonGonzal o’sbench? Threepr
iest
s.
7 Wher edidDonGonzal osit? ByDonaLaura.
8 Wher edidDonGonzal otakehisgunanddog Tohisestat
e.
everydayf orhunti
ng?
9 Whatmakespeacebet weenDonaLaur aand Api
nchofsnuf
f.
DonGonzal o?
10 Wher ewasDonaLaur aboughtup? Val
encia.
11 Wher ewasDonGonzal ofrom? Marcela.
12 Whoi sreferredtoas‘TheSi lv
erMai den’?
DonaLaur a.
13 Whodi dDonaLaur alove? Thegallantl
ov er
/Don
Gonzalo
14 Whodidthepar
entsofDonaLaur
awanthert
o Wit
ht hemer chant.
marr
ywit
h?
15 Wheredi
dthegall
antl
overdi
e? I
nAf r
ica.
16 WhodidDonGonzalorunawaywit
h? Wit
ht heball
etdancer.

8
 KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

 Meeti
ngbet weenDonGonzal oandDonaLaur a
 Asunnymor ning/ParkinMadr id
 Complaineachot hernotfr
iendly
 Apinchofsnuf fbri
ngspeace
 Fi
cti
ti
ousstoryof‘ Thesil
vermai den’and‘gal
lantl
ov er
’
 Meeti
ngandexchangi ngfl
ower s
 Dualwit
hthemer chant/t
hel overhides
 Gonzal
owr i
tesl et
tersbutwer eint
ercepted
 Gonzal
oandLaur agetseparated
 Thegall
antloverjoinsarmy-goest oAf r
icaanddies
 Thesil
vermaidenl eavesherhouse-goest obeach-sweptawaybywav
es
 DonGonzaloandDonaLaur ahidetheirreali
denti
ty

QUESTIONS
1)‘Theway sofPr ovi
dencearestr
ange.’
Howisthi
strueincaseofDonGonzal
o
andDonaLaur a?
2)‘ASunnyMor ning’revol
vesaroundconceal
i
ngandr ev
eali
ngLauraandGonzal
o’s
i
denti
ty.El
aborate.
3)‘ASunnyMor ning’portr
aysthewitandhumourt
hroughDonGonzaloand Dona
Laur
a’sspontaneousreacti
ons.Expl
ain.

ANSWER
"ASunnyMor ning,"isacomedyof  
i
noneact ,bySer afinandJoaqui nAl var ez
Quintero.I tisahumor ouspl aywhi cht ell
st hest oryofDonGonzal oandDonaLaur a
whol ov edeachot heront heiry outhbutwer eforcedt osepar at einl if
e.Thepl aybegi ns
onasunnyaut umnmor ningi naqui etcor nerofapar ki n Madr id.DonaLaur aa
handsome sev entyy earol dl adyi sf eeding pigeons i nt he par k.Don Gonzal o,a
gentlemanofsev enty,gout yand i mpat i
entent ers.Themeet ing oft heLaur aand
Gonzal oint hepar kst ri
kest henot eofhumour .
Theconv ersationbet weent het wosev entyy earol dsbegi nssar casticall
y,t hey
accuseeachot her.DonGonzal ocal lsher" Senileoldl ady!”
.Shef indshi m" ani l
l-
natur ed
oldman!Lat erapi nchofsnuf fhel pst ocleart heirheads,andbr ingspeacebet ween
them.Thent hey starttalkingoft heirhomet ownsandot herthi ngs.ThenLaur arev eals
thatshel ivedi nav il
laMar i
cela,.Gonzal oissur pr
isedt oheart hename“ Maricel
a.”He
thent ell
st hatheknowsagi rlwhol ivedi nthatv i
llainMar i
cel a,whowasper hapst he
mostbeaut i
fulwomanhehasev erseen.Heal sorev ealsthatt hegi rl’
snamewasLaur a
Llor
ent e.Bot hoft hem r eali
zeeachot hert obef ormerl overs.
DonaLaur awasknowni nherl ocalit
yas‘ TheSi lverMaiden. ’ Shewasf airasal i
ly
.
Shewasi nl ovewi thGonzal o, thegal lantlover.Heusedt opassbyonhor sebackev ery
mor ningt hrought her osegar denandt ossedupabal conyoff l
ower stoherbal cony

9
whi chshecaught .Onhi swaybacki nt heaf ternoonshewoul dt ossthef l
ower sbackt o
him.ButLaur a’spar entswant edtomar ryherof ft oamer chantwhom shedi sli
ked.One
dayt herewasaquar relbet weenGonzal oandt hemer chant ,thesuitor.Sohef l
edf rom
hishomet ownt o 
Sev il
le 
andt hent o 
Madr id.Event houghhet ri
edt ocommuni catewi th
Laur athroughl ett
ers, all
at temptsf ai
led.Het henj oinedt hearmyandwentt o Afr i
ca.
Accor dingt oDonGonzal o,hi s‘cousi n-t hel overofLaur a’metwi thagl or i
ous
deat hin Afri
ca.Laur awai tedf orherbel ov ed’sar rivalf orday s,mont hsanday ear.But
thenonedayshewentt ot heseashor e,wr oteherl ov er’snameont hesandandsat
downuponar ock.Thet idesr oset other ockandsweptheroutt osea.Thi sisnar r
at ed
bybot hGonzal oandLaur arespectively.Buti nreal ityaf terthreemont hsGonzal or anof f
to Pari
s withabal l
etdancerandLaur aont heot herhand,gotmar r
iedaftertwoy ear s.
 
   
 
Thust hereisat hreadofhumourr unningt hr oughoutt hepl ay.Evenafterr ealizing
eachot hertheypr etendt obenotandf r
amest oriesaboutt heirowndeat hs.Laur a
posesher sel
ft obet hef ri
endoft her ealLaur aandGonzal oast hecousinoft he‘ dead
Gonzal o.’

6.WHENYOUAREOLD
-
W.B.Yeat
s
Answert
hef
oll
owi
nginawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI ONS ANSWERS

1 Whodoes‘ You’ r
efertointhepoem? Youngwoman.
2 Whatdoes‘ book’refertointhepoem? Memor i
es.
3 Whatshouldt heyoungwomandr eam of? Softl
ookofherey es.
4 Whatdidthemenl oveabouther ? Moment sofgladgr ace.
5 Whoisthe‘oneman’ i
nthepoem? Thespeaker.
6 Howisthespeaker ’
slovedif
f erentfr
om Helovesherpilgr
im
ot
hers? soul.
7 Whatdoest hephr ase‘Yourchangi ngface’ Thespeaker’sl
ovei snot
mean? temporar
y
8 Whatshouldt heladymur murabout ? Abouthowl ovefl
ed.
9 Wheredidthel ovehideatlast ? Amidacr owdofst ars.

KEYPOI
NTSONTHEPOEM

 Thespeakeraddr
essinghisbelov
ed
 Askshertoreadthebookwhenshebecomesol
d
 Askshertodream ofhersof
tlooks
 Other
slovedherphysical
beauty

10
  Thespeakerlov
esherpil
gri
m soul
 Helovedherjoysandsor
rows
 Shesi
tsbythegl owi
ngbars
 Murmuringabouthowlovefl
ed

QUESTIONS
1)Howdoest hespeakerdi
sti
nguishhi
slov
efrom t
hatoft
heot
her
sint
hepoem
‘
WhenYouAr eOl
d’?
2)‘Thespeakeraddr essesay oungladyinheroldage.
’Commentonthetime
sequenceusedbythepoetin‘WhenyouAreOld’
.

ANSWER
‘WhenYouAr eOl d’,i
sabeaut i
fulpoem wr i
ttenbyW.B.Yeat s.Thet hemeoft he
poem isl ove.Heret hespeakeri stryi
ngt oexplainhisbel ovedhowi sloveisat rueand
dif
ferentone.Hei saddr essing ay oung womanwhom hel ov ed al ot
.Whenshe
becomesol dandgr ay,
thespeakerwant shert otaket hebookandr eadi tslowl ysit
ti
ng
bythef ir
e.Anddr eam ofhersof tl
ookst hatshehadonce.
Therewer emanymenwhol ovedher ,
butt heylovedonl yhermoment sofglad
grace.Hei snotsur ewhet hertheirlovef orherwast rueorfalse.Thespeakerher eis
try
ingt oconv incehert hatt heot herslovedonl yherphy si
calbeaut y .Buthel ovedher
pil
gri
m soulandt hesor rowsofherchangi ngface.By‘ changi ngf ace’thespeaker
meanst hathel ovedbot hherj oy sandsor rows.Hemakesi tcl
eart hathi slovei snota
tempor aryone.
Thepoem r eturnst othet i
mef rameofherol dage.Sittingbyt hegl owingbars
sheshoul dmur mursadl yabouthowl ovef l
edandwentont hemount ains.Andhowhi d
hisfaceami dacr owdofst ars.Thet imesequenceoft hepoem i simpor t
antbecause
thi
si sn’treall
ywr itt
enf rom theper spect iv
eoft wool dpeople.I t’swr it
tenaboutt wo
youngpeopl ei
magi ningwhatl i
fewi l
lbelikewhent heyar eold.

7.THEGARDENER
-
P.Lankesh

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1 Whathel
pedtheaut
hort
oconceiv
etheSt
ory Hisencounterwithan
“
TheGardener
”? ol
dman.
2 Whydidt
heowneremploytheol
dman? Hewaswel lv
ersedin
agri
cul
ture.
3 Whatwast
heowner
’swi
fewor
ri
edabout
? Theownerst opped
worki
nghar d.
4 Whatst
orydi
dtheol
dmant
ell
thewi
fe? ThestoryofTammanna
andBasav ai
ah.
5 Whatwast
hemosti
mpor
tantamongal
lthe Hisri
valr
ywi t
h

11
 possessi
onsofTammanna? Basavai
ah.
6 Howmuchl anddi dTammannaown? Onethousandacr es.
7 Whatuniqueideadi dTammannahaveto Composi ngbal
ladsand
annihi
l
ateBasav aiah? si
ngingthem.
8 WhatdidBasav aiahdoinst
eadofsi
ngi
ng Heperformedhis
bal
lads? agri
cult
uralt
asksmor e
di
li
gently
9 Whatwasthelasti
deaofTammannato Todie.
deat
royBasav
aiah?
10 Whatdoesamanl ooseaf
terapar
ti
cul
arage? Hi
sname.

KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

o I
tisaboutmy ster yofhumanr el
ations
o Ri
valryanditsconsequences
o Gardener-wellversedi nagri
cultur
e/ i
ntel
l
igent
o Ownerbecomi ngl azy /
wifewor r
ied
o TammannaandBasav aiah’
sr i
valr
y
o Basavaiahencroachi ngTammanna’ sland
o Tammannast artedcomposi ngandsi ngi
ngball
ads
o Basavaiahamassedweal th
o Tammanna’ sdeci si
ont odie
o Tammanna’ srepent ece

QUESTIONS
1)Gi v
eanaccountofthestr
ategiesusedbyTammannat odest
royBasavai
ah.
2)Br i
ngoutthechangesi
nthel i
fest
yleoft
heowneraft
erthear
riv
alof‘
The
Gardener
’.
3)HowdoesTammannat aker evengeonBasav
aiahthr
oughinv
isibl
emeans?

ANSWER
“TheGar dener ”
, i
sashor tstor
ybyP. Lankesh.Ittell
susthest or yofr ivalryandit
s
consequences.Thest oryistoldinamul tipl
enarrativetechniquewhi chr ev eal
sthe
mysteryofhumanr el
at ionshi
p.Ther i
valrybet weenTammannaandBasav aiahkeeps
mov i
ngf rom visualdomai ntotheinvi
sible.Bot hofthem adoptdi fferentst rategiesand
counterstrategiestochal l
engeeachother’sweal t
h.
Thegar deneri sanol dmanwhol ivesi nChannapat na.Hei sat allfi
gur ewitha
l
ongbeakl i
kenose.Buthei sveryint
ell
igentandwel lversedinagricultur e.I
ti sbecause
ofhishardwor kandi nt ell
i
gence,hegotaj ob.Hecoul dunderstandt hepr oblemsoft he
workersv erywel l.Whent hegardenerst oppedt hepet t
ythefts,theowner ’
si ncome
i
ncreased.Thent heownerbecamel ethar gicandst oppedwor ki
nghar d.Besi desthe
ownerdev el
opedal lkindsofbadhabi tsandhadbecomeanext rav agant .Thismadet he
wif
eanxi ous.Thegar denert r
iedto consol eherwi thhi sstoryofTammannaand
Basavaiah.
Tammannahadonet housandofacr esoflandwher easBasav aiahownedonl y

12
ei
ghthundr edacr es.SoBasavai ahaskedTammannat osellt wohundr edacr esofhi s
l
andwhi chher efused.Basavai
ahwasmadwi thr ageandhewental ongwithhispeopl e
andencr oachedTammanna’ sl
andf or
cibl
y.Tammannast ar
tedsear chingamet hodthat
couldanni hil
ateBasav ai
ah.Hehi tuponani deaofcomposi ngbal ladsandsi nging.He
becamev eryf amousandhi sr eputati
onstar tedspreadingal laround.ButBasav aiah
couldn’tdot his;insteadhewentonamassi ngal lkindsofmat erialwealt
h.Oneday
Tammannawasi llandBasav aiaht houghtt hatTammanna’ sdeceasewoul dbehi s
heal
t h.ButTammannaatl astt
houghtofanot herideaofpuni shingBasav ai
ah.Thatwas
death.Fool i
shBasav aiahgaveat oughcompl et i
onanddi edatt heend.

8.TOTHEFOOTFROM I TSCHILD
-PabloNer
uda
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi nawor
d,phraseorasent
ence[1mar
keach]

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1 Whatwoul dt
hefootl
iketobe? Abutt
erfl
yoranappl
e
2 Whatdot hest
onesandbitsofglassesref
er Har
dshipsofl
if
e.
t
o?
3 Whatteachesthef
ootthatitcannotfl
y? Stones, bi
tsofglass,
streets,l
addersand
paths.
4 Whereisthef ootcondemnedt olivei
n? Inashoe.
5 Whatdot hesof tnai l
schangeinto? Opaquesubst ance.
6 Whendot hesof tnail
staketheform of Whent hechil
dgr ows
eyel
essrepti
les? old.
7 Wheredoest hef ootwal k? Inthef i
elds,mines,
mar ketandmi nistr
ies.
8 Howl ongwillthef ootwalk? Unt i
lthemanchooses
tost op
9 Wheredoest hef ootdescendatl ast? Under ground.
10 Whatdoest i
met eachthechil
d? Thati tcannotfly.
11 Whatdoest hephr ase“condemnedt oli
vei
na Apr isoner
shoe”suggest?
12 Whatisthechi ld’
sf ootnotyetawareof? It
’saf oot.
13 Wheredoest hef ootf al
l? Inthebat tl
eoflife.

KEYPOI
NTSONTHEPOEM

 Foot-thesymbol ofthejourneyofl
ife
 Continuouslytoi
li
ng
 Thechi l
d’sdream-butt
erfl
yoranapple
 Hardshipsteachingthelessonofreal
ity
 Softnail
sgr owintohardopaquesubst ance
 Bli
ndf ootwalkseverywhere

13
  Footdescendi
ngint
ounder
ground
 Deathmarkstheendofj
ourney

QUESTI
ONS
1)Bringoutt
hestagesofhardshi
psfacedbyt
hefootaf
terbei
ngconf
inedi
nashoe.
2)Bringoutt
hecontrastbet
weenil
lusi
onandreal
i
tyi
nthepoem.

ANSWER
“ToTheFootFr om ItsChil
d”, i
sabeaut i
fulnarrativepoem wr i
tt
enbyPabl o
Ner uda.Thet hemeoft hepoem i sjour
neyofl if
e.Itnarrateshowt hehar dshi
psofl i
fe
crusht hedr eamsandi maginationofachi ld.From bi r
thtodeat hamangoest hr ough
various har dshi ps and di ffi
culti
es.Her et he poetuses ‘ the f oot’,met aphorical l
y
suggest ingthatt hef oottoilsthroughoutt hel i
fe.I
twor kscont i
nuousl ywithoutrestand
withoutst oppingany where.
Thechi ld’sfooti snoty etawar eoft hatit’
saf oot .Itwoul dl i
ket obea
butterflyoranappl e.Butast het i
mepassest hestones,bitsofgl asses, str
eets,ladder s
andt hepat hst eacht hefoott hatitcan’tfly.Andi tcan’tbeaf rui
tbul gi
ngonabr anch.
Thust hedr eamsoft hechi l
dar edefeated.I tbecomesapr i
sonerconf inedtoashoe
andf allsinthebat t
leofl i
fe.Ast hetimemov esthef ootgrowsi ni t
sownwayandl oses
i
tst ouchwi thi t
sf ell
ows.I tisalmostbl i
nd.
Whent hechi ldgr owsup,t hesof tnailsoft hef ootbecomehar d.They
changei ntoanopaquesubst ance.Theygr ow ashar dast hehor ns.Thet i
nypet aled
toesoft hechi l
dar eoutoft r
im andt akethef orm ofey el
essr ept il
es.Att heendt hef oot
facest hedanger sofdeat h.
Thebl indf ootwal ksandwal kswi t
houtr estandst oppi ngnowher e.Now i ti sa
man’ sf ootwal kingi nt hefiel
ds, mines,mar ketsandmi ni
stri
es.I tneitherknowsl ovenor
sleep.I twal ks unt i
lman chooses t o st op.Fi nall
yt he f ootdescends i nt ot he
under groundandmeet sit
send.

9.IBELI
EVETHATBOOKSWILLNEVERDI
SAPPEAR
Rober
tAl
fi
nowi
thJor
geLui
sBorges

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI ONS ANSWERS

1 WherewasBor geseducat ed? Fr
om hisfather
’sli
brar
y.
2 Whowasanext raordinarypersonf orBorges? Hismother.
3 Whatisgiventousasr awmat eri
al ascl
ay Humil
iati
ons/misfor
tunes
accor
dingtoBor ges? /embarrassments.
4 Whatispoetryaccor dingtoBor ges? Anaestheti
cact.
5 Nameanyonemet aphort hatBorges Ti
meandr i
ver.
consi
derimportant?
6 Whatarethebooksanext ensi
onof ? I
magi
nat
ionandmemor
y.

14
 KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

 LuisBor geshadamul ti
facetedper
sonalit
y
 Educatedf rom fat her’sli
brary
 Greatrespectf ormot her
 Feelsgui l
tyfornotgi vi
ngt hedeser
vedhappinesstoher
 Bli
ndnessi sawayofl if
e
 Everyt
hingi sgi v
enf orapur pose
 Humi l
iations,mi sfortunesandembar rassmentsasrawmat
eri
al
 Poetryanaest heticact
 Poetry-magi cal,
my steri
ousandunexpl ai
nabl
e
 Booksar etheext ensionofouri maginati
onandmemor y

QUESTI
ONS
1)Whyaccordi
ngt
oBorgeswi
ll
booksneverdi
sappear
?
2)Whatval
uedoesBor
gesseei
nli
ter
atur
e?Whyi ti
simpor
tantf
othemanki
nd?

ANSWER
“
IBel ieveThatBookswi llNev erDi sappear ”isani nterv i
ewwi ththeAr gentinean
wr i
terJorgeLui sBor gesbyRober toAl i
fano.Bor geshadamul ti
facet edpersonality.He
wasashor tst orywr i
ter,apoet ,essay istandat ransl atorandwasbor ninBuenosAi res.
InthisinterviewBor gesr evealshi sthought saboutl ifeandl it
eratur e.
Borgeswaseducat edf r
om hi sfat her’
sl ibraryr athert hanf r
om anyhi gh
schoolorauni v
er sity.Themot herwasaki ndhear tedandagr aci ouswomanwhohad
noenemi es.Shehadal otofi nfluenceonBor ges.Hef eltsomewhatgui ltyfornot
havinggiv enhert hedeser vedhappi ness.
Borgesbecamebl indatt heageof55buthenev ercompl ai
nedabouti t.
Insteadheconsi der edi tasar esource.Heaccept edhi sbl i
ndnessandconsi dered
humi l
iati
ons,mi sf ortunes and embar rassment s as r aw mat erial
.Apar tf rom hi s
personaldet ail
sBor gesexpr esseshi sv i
ewsonpoet ryandl iterature.Accordingt ohi m
poet r
yisbot hanaest het i
candpoet icact .Itismagi cal,my steri
ousandunexpl ainable.
Hesay st hatpoet ryist heuseofr ightwor dsi nr ightpl ace.And her educesal l
met aphorsi nto5or6gr oupssuchast imeandr i
ver,li
feanddr eams,deat handsl eep,
andst arsandey es.
Het houghtt hatbookswi llnev erdisappearbecauset heyaretheext ension
ofouri magi nati
onandmemor i
es.Themoder nt echnol ogydoesaf fectthebooks.The
booksar et hegr eatmemor yofal lcent uries.Thei rf unctiont her eforeisirr
eplaceabl e.
Borgesf i
rml ybel iev edt hatifbooksdi sappear ,
sur elyhistorywoul ddi sappearandatt he
endmanwoul ddi sappear .

15
 10. Heav
enI
fYouar
eNotHer
eOnEar
th
-Kuv
empu

Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1 Wherei
sheav enaccordi
ngt othepoet? Onear
th.
2 Whohavetobegodst omaket hi
seartha Our
sel
ves.
heav
en?
3 Wherei
stherolli
ngsurffound? Attheedgeofwav es.
4 Wheredoesthetendersunshinelean? Onthev erdantgar
den.
5 Whendoestheheav enli
eallover? I
nthespl endorof
har
v estandof
moonl i
ght.
6 Whocr eatesheavenonear t
hbyimbibingand Thepoet .
spi
ll
ingt hesongofnectar?
7 Whatdoest hephr ase‘
songofnectar’
refer Abeaut i
fulsongcreat
ed
to? bypoet
8 Whati smor ebeauti
ful
thantheheaven Theear t
h.
accordingtothepoet?

KEYPOI NTSONTHEPOEM
 Thethemeofnat ur
eandbeaut y
 Transformationofhumanbei ngsint
ogods
 Developingdivi
nequali
ties
 Changingt heeart
hintoheav en
 Beautif
ul obj
ectsofnature-
roaringstr
eam,
rol
l
ingsur
f
 Harvestandmoonl ight
 Poetcreat i
ngheaventhroughsweetsongs

QUESTIONS
1)Whenaccor di
ngtothespeakercanther
ebenoGodsin‘
Heaven,I
fyouar
enot
onEart
h’?
2)Whocancr eateheavenoneart
hin‘Heaveni
fyouar
enotonEart
h’?

ANSWER

16
 “HeavenIfYouAr eNotHer eOnEar th” ,i
sbeaut i
fulpoem byKuv empuonnat ure
t
h
andi tsbeauty.Kuv empui soneoft hegreat estKannadapoet softhe20 cent ury.He
wasawar dedJnanpi thawar dforhis“ Ramay anaDar shanam” .
Thethemeoft hepoem i show wet hehumanbei ngscant r
ansformt hisear th
i
nt oaheav enbyf ollowingt hepathofv ir
tue.Theconceptofheav enisanabst racti
dea.
Butwecanhav et heheav enhereont heear thitselfbybecomi ngourselvesgodsand
ny mphs.Thepoetexpect sust odev el
opnobl eanddi v
inequaliti
essothatt heearthwi l
l
bet ransfor
medi ntoapl acebeaut y.
Theobjectsofnat uresuchas‘ r
oaringst ream’,‘r
olli
ngsurf’
,‘t
endersunshi ne’
,
‘
v erdantgarden’andt hegent l
esunmaket hisear thabeaut if
ulheaven.Thespl endour
ofhar vestandthemoonl ightthathasspr eadal lov ermaket hiseart
habeaut i
fulplace.
Thepoetcr eat
esheav enonear t
ht hroughhi ssweetsongs.Thust hepoem cel ebr
at es
thebeaut yofnatureandi tsbeaut y.

11. “
JapanAndBr
azi
lThr
oughATr
avel
er’
sEy
e”
-Geor
geMi
kes
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1 Whatareweconvincedaboutwhenwear
ein Wear eamongt hewell-
Japan? manner edpeople.
2 WheredothepeopleofJapanli
ve? Inanov ercrowded
i
sland.
3 Whatdot heJapaneser espectmore? Privacy .
4 Whati sbowingequal t
o? Shaki nghandsor
kissingont hecheek.
5 Whatmakesdi f
ferenceinJapanese’bowi
ng? Ther ankandposi t
ionof
thepeopl e.
6 Whatdi dthedeerdoaf t
erbowing? Itsnat chedt hef
ood.
7 Whatshoul dwedowhi l
eeati
ngsoupi n Wehav etomakenoi se.
Japan?
8 Whatar ethestr
eet sofCopacabana Wi t
hbeaut if
ulbl
ack
decoratedwith? mosai cs.
9 Whatar eextr
emel yexpensi
veinBrazil
? Mot orcar .
10 Whoar ethehunt erandprey? Thedr iverand
pedest r
ian.

KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

 Atravel
ogue-
astoryofatrav
el
 Peopleandcult
ureofJapanandBr
azi
l
 Pri
vacyinJapan
17
  Bowingmani a
 Makingsoundwhi l
eeatingsoup
 Brazil
i
answalkslowly
 Driv
ingspeedil
y
 Carsareexpensive
 Li
feofpedestri
ans-di
ffi
cul
t
 Thedr i
ver
squarrelbutnoangerorhost
il
it
y
 Depicti
onofpositi
veandnegati
veaspects

QUESTIONS
1)HowdoesGeor geMikesdescr
ibebowingtobeaquaint
erandinf
ecti
oustrai
tof
Japanesepeopl
e?
2)Whosel i
fei
sbecomingmorehazardousinBrazi
lev
erydayaccor
dingtoGeorge
Mikes?
3)Gi veanaccountoft
heJapanesemaniaforbowingasdescr
ibedbyGeorge
Mikes.

ANSWER
“
JapanandBr azilThroughaTr aveler’
sEy es” ,isat ravel
ogue.I tt el
l
susast ory
aboutthepeopl eandcul t
ureoft het wocount r
ies, theyar eJapanandBr azi
l.Iti
swrit
t en
byGeor geMi kes,apubl i
sherandj ournalistfr
om Hungar y .
Japani sani slandwhi chi sov ercr
owdedbutt hepeopl ear eext r
emelywel l
manner ed.Theyr espectpr i
vacymor ethanany thingel se.Fori nstancet heykeept he
tel
ephoneonat ableoronacashcount erast heydon’ thaveenoughpl acesfort he
booths.Onecant alkabouthi sbusi nessoraboutl ov e, butnobodyl i
stenst ohim.
TheJapanesehav eamani af orbowi ng.Ev erybodybowst oev erybodyelse.Their
actofbowi ngi snat uralandi ni
mi table.Thebowi ngi snei t
hermor enorl essthan
shakinghandsorki ssingont hecheeks.Thedept handl engthofbowi ngdependson
thesoci alpositi
onsandr anksofpeopl e.Int heJapanese’cul tur
eoneshoul dmake
noisewhi l
eeat i
ngt hesoup.Andi tisasi gnofappr eci ati
on.
Thepeopl eofBr azilarev erysl ow whent heyar ewal ki
ngbutt hesamepeopl e
becomedanger ouswhent heyar edr i
vingcar s.Becausenospeedi sfastenoughf or
them.Thought hecar sarev eryexpensi veinBr azilbutt hei rnumberi sincr easi
ngleaps
andbounds.Thel i
feoft hepedest ri
ansi ssodi f
ficultt hatsomet i
mesi tbecomes
i
mpossi bletocr osst heroads.Thedr ivershav ewar sbutt her
eisnoangerorhost ilit
y
andnohoot ing.Her et hewr i
terdepi ctsbot htheposi ti
v eandnegat iveaspect soft he
JapaneseandBr azi l
ians.

12. TheVot er
-Chi
nuaAchebe

18
 Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
nawor
d,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1 Whatwast heshor tnamef orRufusOkeke? Roof
.
2 Wher edidRoofwor kasabicycl
erepai
rer
’s I
nPortHar
cour
t.
apprenti
ce?
3 NameRoof ’
svil
lage. Umuofia.
4 WhatdoesPAPst andfor? Peopl
eAl l
iancePar
ty.
5 WhatwasMar cusI beintheoutgoi
ng AMinisterofCul
tur
e.
government?
6 WhatwasRoofexper ti
n? I
nelect
ioncampaigni
ng.
7 WhatwasMar cusI bebeforehejoi
ned Aschoolteacher
.
poli
ti
cs?
8 Whatpr omisedidt hePAPmake? Pi
pebor newater.
9 ExpandPOP. Pr
ogr essi
ve
Organizat
ionPart
y
10 Whowast hestr
angerthatvi
sitedRoof? APOPcampai gner
.
11 Namet helocaldei
tymentionedinthestory
. I
yi
.
12 Howmuchmoneydi dthePOPcampai gner 5pounds
offerRoof
?
13 Whowast hecandi
dateforPOP? Maduka
14 Whatwast heel
ect
ionsymbol ofMarcusIbe? Car
15 WhatwasRoof ’
sdi
lemmaatt heend? Whethertovot
efor
MarcusIbeorMaduka
16 Whatdi dt
hepeoplereali
zeafterMarcusIbe’
s Hiswealt
h
feasti
ng?
17 Whatmesmer i
zedRoof? 5pounds

KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

 Ashor tstory
 Evi
lsofel ect
ions
 Weaknessesf orpowerandmoney
 RufusOkeke–ay oungmanf r
om Umuof
ia
 Expertincampai gni
ng
 MarcuI be-Themi ni
sterf
orCult
ure-
PAPpar
ty
 Formerschool t
eacher
 Amassedweal thinfi
veyear
s
 Maduka–POPpar ty
 Rooftakesf i
vepounds
 Dil
emmai nRoof

QUESTI
ONS

19
 1)‘
Roofisaclevermanipulator
.’Justi
fy.
2)‘
TheVot er
’ri
dicul
esthepowerandsel f
ishnessofMar
cusIbe.Explai
n.
3)Doyouthinkthat‘Thevoter’
isrighti
ndemandi ngmoneyt
ov oteforMarcusI
be?
Expl
ain

ANSWER
“TheVot er”,i
sashor tstor ywr it
tenbyChi nuaAchebe.Hei sav erywel lknownpoet ,
nov elistandast orywr it
er .“ThingsFal lApar t”,“ArrowOfGod” , “
NoLongerAtEase” ,are
someofhi sbestnov els.
I
n“ The Vot er ”
,Chi nua Achebe br ingsoutt he ev il
sofel ectionsi n moder n
democr acyandt hehumanweaknessesf orpowerandmoney .Ruf usOkeke, MarcusI be
andMadukaar et hei mpor tantchar acter soft hest ory.Roofi say oungandener get i
c
manf rom Umuof ia.Peopl er espect edandt rustedhi mf orhissi ncer i
t yandi nnocence.
Liket heot herboy shedi dn’tabandonhi sv i
llagei nor dert oseekabet terjobi ntheci ti
es.
Hest ay edi nthev ill
aget ogui det hepeopl e.
Roofwasar eal exper tinel ectioncampai gningandhewor kedf orMar cusIbe,the
mi nisterf orcul t
ur ei nt heout goinggov er nment .Mar cusI bewasaschoolt eacherand
l
at erhej oinedpol iticst oav oidt hedi smi ssalf rom ser vi
ce,ast herewasacompl ai
nt
agai nsthi mf rom at eacher .Wi t
hinf iv ey earsheear nedal otofweal thandmany
degr ees.Heownedt wol ongcar sandbui l
tal argemansi onwhi chhenamedi tas
“Umuof i
aMansi on” .Af t
erat t
endi ngMar cusI be’ sf eastpeopl ereal i
zedhi sweal thand
theydeci dedt hatt hi stimet heywoul dnotv otef orhi mf reeofchar ge.
Roofwasst ronglysuppor ti
ngt hePAPcandi dateMar cusI be.Ev enhewasi n
char geofwhi sper ingcampai gnanddi st ribut ingmoney .Her emi ndedt hepeopl eabout
thepr omi seofpi pebor newat er.Butt hedaybef or eelect i
onaPOPcampai gnerv i
sited
Roofandof feredhi mf i
vepounds.Roofnotonl yt ookt hemoneyheev ent ookoat hon
thedei tyIyitov otef orMaduka.Butont hedayofel ect i
on, hewasi nadi lemma.Fi nall
y
het ookt hebal l
otpaper ,torei tintotwopi ecesandputt hem ineachoft heboxes.
Thus Chi nua Achebe ex poses t he candi dat es,v oters and t he elect i
on
campai gner s.

13. WHERETHEREI
SAWHEEL
-P.Sai
nath
Answert
hef
oll
owi
ngi
naword,
phraseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTIONS ANSWERS
1 Whi
chwasthedi st
ri
ctthatpromotedcy
cli
ng Pudukott
ai.
asamovement ?
2 Whatdoecycl
ingsymbolizeaccor
dingt
othe Independence,f
reedom
womenofPudukottai
? andmobi li
ty.
3 WhatwasFathima? Secondaryschool

20
 t
eacher
.
4 Whowast heAr ivolicoordinator
? N.
Kannammal
.
5 Whowasoneoft hepi oneersofcycl
ing N.
Kannammal
.
mov ement?
6 Wher edi
dt he‘cy cli
ngt r
ainingcampt ake Ki
l
akur
uchi
vil
l
age.
place?
7 Whosebr ainchildwascy cli
ng? Sheel
aRaniChunkath.
8 WhatwasSeel aRani Chunkat h? Formerdi
str
ictcol
l
ector
.
9 Howmanywomenpar ti
cipatedint
hecy cl
e 1500women.
rall
yatPudukot tai.
1 Whowr otet hefamouscy cli
ngsong? Mut
huBhaskar
an.
0
1 Whatdidt hecy clingboost ? I
ncome.
1
1 Whatdidt hecy clingcutdown? Timewastedi
nwai
ti
ng
2 forbuses

KEYPOI
NTSONTHELESSON

 Cycli
ngasamov ementinPudukot tai
 Ruralwomen’ spartici
pati
on
 Helpedtofightagai nstpovertyanddependence
 N.Kannammal -thepioneerofcy cl
i
ngmov ement
 Vi
ciousattacksonwomen
 Cycli
ngtrai
ni ngcampatAr ivoli
onSunday s
 Cycli
ng-t
hebr ai
nchildofSheelaRaniChunkat
 I
thelpedint hel i
teracydri
ve
 Cycli
ngboost edincomeandr educeddependence

QUESTIONS
1)Howdoescy cl
i
ngempowerr ur
alwomenaccordi
ngtoP.Sainat
h?
2)How di dSheel aRaniChunkathempowerthePudukott
aiwomenbyi ncludi
ng
cycli
ngintheli
ter
acydr
ive?
3)Di scusshowcy cl
ingmovementhasempoweredther
uralwomenofPudukkott
ai.

ANSWER
“WhereThereIsAWheel ”isanessaywr it
tenbyP.Sai nath.Itnarr
ateshowcy cli
ng
broughtwealthandeconomi cdev el
opmentamongwomeni nthepoorandbackwar d
di
stri
ctofPudukottaiinTamilnadu.
Therewasacy cli
ngmov ementt hroughoutt hedi st
ri
ctofPudukot t
ai.Ther ural
womenspeci all
ytheneo-li
ter
at esacti
velypar t
ici
pated.Theser ur
alwomenusedcy cli
ng
asaweapont of i
ghtagainsttheirpovert
yanddependence.Womenagr i
cul
tur
al workers,
quarrylabourer
s and v i
ll
age heal t
h nur ses were among t he fans ofcy cli
ng.N.
Kannammalwasoneoft hepi oneersofcy cl
ingmov ement .Accordingtohercy cli
ng
gavewomenconf idenceandi treducedt heirdependenceonmen.Thewomenhadt o

21
putupwi t
hv i
ciousat t
acksont hei
rchar acterinthebegi nningbutthisdidnotdet er
them.Cy cl
ingcampswer ehel
di nArivolionSunday sandal ar
genumberofwomen
parti
cipated.
Thecy clingmov ementwast hebrainchildofSheel aRaniChunkat h,theformer
dist
ri
ctcol lector.Sheev enencouragedt hebankst osanct ionloansforwoment obuy
thebicy cl
es.Cy cl
ingplayedanimpor t
antr oleintheli
teracydr i
veast hewomencoul d
reacht her emot ev il
l
ages.Thecy cl
ingmov ementboost edt heincomeofwomen.For
them itcutdownt heti
mewast edinwai tingforbuses.Thewomencoul dcoverlar
ge
areast osel ltheirproduces.I
talsoreducedt heirdependenceonf at
hers,br
othersand
husbands.

25. WATER
-Chal
l
apal
l
i Swar
oopaRani
Answert
hef
oll
owi
nginaword,phr
aseorasent
ence[
1mar
keach]

QUESTI ONS ANSWERS

1 Whatdoest hephr ase‘ generati
ons-oldstri
fe’ Theconf l
ictbet weenthe
r
eferto? vi
ll
ageandt hewada.
2 Whatdi f
ferenceofr acedoest hewat erknow? TheSamar i
awomanand
Jesust heJew
3 Whoseagonydoest hewat erknow? Theagonyoft he
panchama.
4 Whodi dn’thav ether i
ghtt odrawapotof Thepanchama.
waterfrom thewel l?
5 Whathumi l
iatedt hewadagi r
l? Pouringwat erfrom
di
stance.
6 Whodi dSuv arthammaoppose? TheKammal andlords.
7 Whatdi dSuv arthammaaskt heKamma Nottopol l
utet hepond
l
andlords? water.
8 Whatist hewat erwi tnesst o? Tocent uriesofsoci al
i
njustice.
9 Whichmi ght ymov ementdi dthewat ercause? TheMahadst ruggle.
1 Whatdoesasi ngledr opofwat erembody ? Tearsshedov er
0 generations.
1 Whatdoest hephr ase‘ wondrousf esti
val‘
refer Theweekl ybat h.
1 t
o?
1 Wherecanwat ersi tinnocently? I
nBi sleribottl
e.
2
1 Whatist henewnamef orwat er? Mineral water.
3

22
 KEYPOI
NTSONTHEPOEM

 Anar rati
vepoem
 Discri
mi nati
onont hebasisofcasteandcreed
 Theagonyofl owcast epeople
 Wat erhasal onghistoryofconfl
i
ct
 Knowst hediff
erenceofrace
 Samar iawomanandJesus
 Panchamahadnor i
ghttodrawwater
 Wadagi rl
humi l
iat
ed
 Suvarthamma’ sf i
ght
 Mahadst ruggl
e
 Thespeaker ’
schil
dhoodmemor i
es
 Wat erasacommodi t
y
 Fall
ingint hehandsofmul ti
nati
onalcompanies

QUESTIONS
1)Whyi swateramightymovementaccordi
ngtothespeakerof‘
Water
’?
2)Howdoest hepoem ‘Wat
er’demonst
ratethedispar
it
yanddiscr
imi
nati
oni
nour
soci
etyusi
ngwaterasasymbol?

ANSWER
“Wat er”isanar rativepoem wr i
t tenbyChal lapalliSwar oopaRani .Thepoem
dealswi t
ht hest r
uggl eagai nstdiscri
mi nationont hebasi sofcast eandcr eed.I t
narrateshow t helow cast epanchamasunder wentt hehar dshipsandexpl oitat
ionsin
thehandsoft heuppercast epeopl e.
Accordi ngtothespeakerwat erisnotani nsignif
icantt hingbecausei thasal ong
historyofconf l
i
ct.Itcreat edahugegapbet weent hev i
llageandwada.Wat eralso
knowst hedi ffer
enceofr acebet weentheSamar i
awomanandJesust heJew.I tissad
thatt hepanchamahadnor i
ghtt odrawapotofwat erfrom awel l.Theyhadt owaitall
dayneart hewel ljustf orapotofwat er .Thewadagi rlwasi nsult
edast heShudr a
pour edwat ert oherfrom adi st ance.
Suvarthamma was beat en and t hreatened when she opposed t he Kamma
l
andl ordspol luti
ngthepond.Wat erl
edt omanymi ghtymov ement sli
keMahadst ruggle.
Everydr opofwat erembodi est earsoft hedal i
tsandpanchamas.Theuppercast e
peopl eenjoyedt hebat ht wiceadaybutt hepanchamashadonl yaweekl ybath.
Thespeakerr emember sherchi l
dhoodwhensheusedt ocar r
yapotofwat eron
herheadandusedt owal kmi l
est oget her.Wat erwasr esponsi bl
ef oranumberof
atrociti
esont helowcast epeopl e.Theirhouseswer ebur nt;menandwomenwer ekill
ed
brutally
.Itswal l
owedv i
llageaf t
erv i
ll
age.Wat erisbot hacr eatoranddest ructorand
now i thasbeent r
eatedl i
keacommodi ty.Itisunf ort
unat et hatithasf all
eni ntothe
handsoft hemul t
i-
national compani eslikePepsi .

23
 GRAMMAR

01 Rightformsofv erbs
02 Repor t
edspeech
03 DialogueWriti
ng(LanguageFunct
ions)
04 IdiomsandPhr ases
05 Linkers
06 Not eMaking
07 Let t
erofAppli
cati
on
08 SpeechWr it
ing/ReportWri
ti
ng
09 Pronouns
10 Rear r
angementofj umbl
edsegments

1.RI
GHTFORMSOFVERBS
Quest
ionNo26[
3Mar
ks]

1)Romeol
ovedJul
i
et
2)Jul
i
etwaslov
edbyRomeo

Whenwest udytheabovesentenceswef i
ndoutthatther eisnochangeinthe
meaning.Buttheonl
ydif
fer
enceisinthewayofexpression.Sent
enceno(1)
,isan
Act
ivesentenceandt
hesentenceno(2),
isaPassi
vesentence.

St
ruct
ureofanAct
iveSent
ence:
(S+V+O)

SUBJECT + VERB + OBJECT

Romeo l
oved Juli
et

St
ruct
ureofaPassi
vesent
ence:
(O+HV+MVI
IIFORM /
PP+BY+SUBJECT)

OBJECT + HELPINGVERB+MAI
NVERB/
PPFORM +BY +SUBJECT
Jul
i
et was l
oved by Romeo

24
  Not
e:Ver
binAct
iveVoi
cei
scal
l
edanAct
iveVer
b.Ex-l
oved

 Not
e:Ver
binPassi
veVoi
cei
scal
l
edaPassi
veVer
b.Ex-wasl
oved

St
ruct
ureofpassi
vev
erb:
HV+MVIIIFORM
was +l
oved

Questi
on:
Af ence…………….( bui
ld)ar
ound Tammanna’sland byBasav
aiah.Bothofthem
……………… ( encour
age)bythei
rsupport
ers.Tammanna………………. .(adv
ise)byhi
s
support
ersaboutt
hevari
ousmeansavai
labl
eforget
ti
ngbackhisl
and

Answer :
Af encewasbui l
taround Tammanna’sland byBasavai
ah.Bot
hoft hem were
encouragedbythei
rsupport
ers.Tammannawasadv isedbyhissuppor
ter
sabout
thevari
ousmeansavail
abl
eforgett
ingbackhi
sland

Question:
I
nt heToyki ngdom,acouncil…………( call
)toconsi
derwhat………………(coul
d,do)and
i
t…………….( deci
de)tosendalettert
oItal
y
Answer :
I
nt heToyki ngdom,acouncilwascalledtoconsi
derwhatcoul
dbedoneandi twas
decidedtosendal et
tert
oItaly

2.REPORTEDSPEECH
Questi
onNo34[5Marks]

KI
NDOFSENTENCE CONJUNCTI
ON EXAMPLES
USED
Dir
ect:Gonzal
osai
d,“
theyhav
e
1.Assertive occupi
edmybench”.
(Repor t
ingverb)
Said,repli
ed. I
ndirect:
Gonzal
osaidt
hatt
heyhad
explained,added, t
hat occupiedhi
sbench
pointed,declared,
suggest ed,admi t
ted,

2.
Int
err
ogat
ive

A.“
Wh”Quest
ions same“ Wh” Di
rect
:Gonzal
o,“
whatdoy
ouwi
sh?
”
wordofthe
B.YesorNo dir
ectspeech I
ndi
rect
:Gonzal
oaskedwhatshe

25
Quest
ions. wi
shed.
I
forwhet
her
(
Repor
ti
ngVer
b) Dir
ect
:Gonzal
o,“
Hav
ethepr
iest
s
gone?
”
asked,questi
oned,
enquir
ed,inqui
red, I
ndir
ect:
Gonzal
oaskedi
fthepr
iest
s
hadgone.

NOTETHESTRUCTRE
Di
rect:
Verb+Subject
I
ndir
ect:Subj
ect+Ver
b

I
mperat
ive
(
Report
ingVer
b) Di
rect
:Roofsai
d,“
vot
efort
hecar
.

ordered,
request
ed, t o Indi
rect
:Roofr
equest
edt
ovot
efort
he
commanded, begged, car
advised,
warned.
Dir
ect:Laur
asai
d,“
Whatanat
roci
ous
Exclamator
y t
hat l
i
eitis”
!
(Report
ingVer
b)
exclai
med
I
ndir
ect
:Laur
aexcl
aimedt
hati
twasa
gr
eatat
roci
ousl
ie.

Quest
ion:
1

DonaLaur
a:Doyouuseashoebr ushasahandker
chief
?
DonGonzal
o:Whatrighthaveyoutocri
ti
cizemyact
ions?
DonaLaur
a:Aneighbor’
sright
DonGonzal
o:Idon’
tcaretolist
entononsense.
DonaLaur
a:Youarev er
ypolit
e.

ReportedSpeech:
DonaLaur aquesti
onedDonGonzal oifheusedhisshoebr ushasahandkerchieffor
whichheaskedherast owhatr
ightshehadtocri
ti
cizehisacti
ons.DonaLaur
ar epli
ed
thatshehadanei ghbour’
sri
ght
.DonGonzalocontinuedthathedidn’
tcar
etolistento
nonsensebutDonaLaur aremar
kedthathewasverypoli
te.

Quest
ion:
2
DonaLaura:Areyoucomi ngtomorrow?
DonGonzalo:Mostcertainl
y,i
fiti
sasunnymorning.Andnotonl
ywil
lIscar
eawayt
he
bi
rdsbutIwill
bringafewcr umbs.
DonaLaura:Thankyouv erymuch.Bir
dsar
egratefulandr
epayatt
ent
ion.

26
ReportedSpeech:
DonaLaur aasked DonGonzal oifhewascomi ng nextday.DonGonzalor epl
i
ed
posit
ivel
yandcontinuedt
hatnotonlyhewouldscar
eawayt hebi
rdsbuthewouldbri
ng
afew crumbs.DonaLaur athankedhim andsaidthatbi
rdsweregrat
efulandrepaid
att
enti
on.

3.DI
ALOGUEWRITING(LANGUAGEFUNCTI
ONS)
Quest
ionNo:28[
4Marks]

Al anguagef unctionist heuseofanexpr essi

on(asent enceoraphrase)fora
specif
icpur pose.Itist hepur poseofspeaking.Forexampl ewhenwesay ,“Good
mor ni
ng”ourpur posei sgr eeti
ngsomeone.Andwhenwesay ,“Iam sorr
y”our
purpose i s apologizing.I n our everyday conver
sati
ons we use i nnumerable
expressionsfordiff
er entpurposes.
Al anguage teacher ’
st ask i sto make the eff
ecti
ve communi cat
or.These
l
anguagef unct
ionshel pthest udentsdevelopi
ngcommuni cati
veski
ll
s.Thestudents
mustbeexposedt ov ocabularyandgr ammat i
calstr
ucturesassoci
atedwi t
ht he
l
anguagef unct
ions.

LANGUAGEFUNCTI
ONS EXPRESSIONSUSED RESPONSES
Goodmorning….
. Goodmor ning…..
Goodaft
ernoon….
. Verygoodmor ni
ng………
1.
Expr
essi
onofgr
eet
ing Goodeveni
ng….. Goodaf ternoon…..
Goodni
ght……. Goodev ening…..
Goodni ght…….
Ial
way s……. I
sitso…. .
Ioften…… Thatisnice….
2.Expressi
onofper
sonal Somet i
mesI……. . Thatisgr eat….
habits Iusually……. Thatisgood…. .
Bye……. Okthen…….
Byenow…… Bye,takecar e….
Goodby e…. Goodby e…. .
3.Expr
essi
onofl
eav
e Seey oul ater……. Fi
ne…. .
taki
ng Seey ousoon…. Allr
ight…. .
MayIt akel eav e…. Bye-Bye…
Wel li
tist i
mef ormenow
…
Woul dy oupl ease….. Whynot……….
Couldy oupossi bl
y…. Don’
tworr
y…………..
Ifyoudon’ tmi nd…… Byal
lmeans………

27
4.
Expr
essi
onofr
equest
s Sorryt otroubl
eyou……
Iwoul dbegr atef
ul ify
ou
….
Ihopey oudon’tmi nd….
Il
ike…… Thati
sf i
ne…. .
Iam f ondof…. I
tissoni ce….
Il
ov e……. Thati
sv erygood…
……. .ismyf avour
ite…… Good, keepi tup….
Iam addi ctedto……. Thati
sv erybad…
5.
Expressi
ngLi
kesand Ienjoy……. Verygood…. .
Di
sli
kes Iam cr azyabout…. Sointeresting….
Idon’ tl
ike… I
sit?....
..
..
.
Idisli
ke….
Ihat e……
Inev erli
ke….

Iam grateful toy ou……. I

tismypl easur
e….
Iti
sver yniceofy ou……. . I
tismypl easur
e….
6.
Expr
essi
ngGr
ati
tude Iti
sver ykindofy ou…. . I
tismydut y…….
Thanky ousomuch…. . Welcome…….
Ibegy ourpar don…. I
tisOK…
Iapologize…. . I
tisallri
ght….
7.
Expr
essi
ngApol
ogy Iam sosor ry…. Don’tworry…
Iam extremel ysorry…. Nothingtoworry
Sosad…….
Howsad!……
8.
Expr
essi
ngsy
mpat
hy Isympat hizewi t
hy ou…
Mysy mpat hiesar ewith
you..
MayI…. . Byall
means….
Wouldi tbeal lri
ghtifI…… Whynot……
9.seeki
ngPer
missi
on CanI……. Goahead……
Shall
I…. . Cer
tainly…….
Iam sor r
yt osay…. Sor
ryf or…….
10.
Complai
ning Iregr
ett oinf ormy ou…. Wewi l
l t
akenot
e…….
.
11.
Congr
atul
ati
ng Congratulat i
ons….
Imustcongr at ul
atey ou.
. Thanky
ou….
.
Wewoul dliket o
congratulate..

Questi
on:Compl etethefol
l
owingdialogue.(Deepakandhi swif
eRanipl
ant
ohav
ea
hol
iday.Theydiscusstheopti
ons.
)
Deepak: Rani
,todaymybosst ol
dmet hatIcouldt akeav acati
on.
Rani : Wow!………………………………….( congratulat
ing)
Deepak: …………………………………………. .(Suggestingapl ace)
Rani : ………………………………………; itwillbetoocol d(disagreei
ng)

28
 Deepak :
………………………………………I
twi
l
lbel
ovel
y(Gi
vi
nganopt
ion)

Answer:
Deepak:Rani ,t
odaymybosst ol dmet hatIcoul dtakeav acati
on.
Rani : Wow!Iwoul dliket ocongr at ulatey ou.
Deepak: Shallwegot ooot y?
Rani : Noi ti
swi nterseason; itwill bet oocol d.
Deepak : Thenhowaboutgoi ngt oGoa, Itwi l
lbelovely.
Questi
on:(Rajui sst udyi
ngi nPUCI Iy ear .Hei ssufferi
ngf r
om feversohewant sto
meettheprincipalandgetl eav e)
Raj
u : ……………………………….( seeksper missiontoentertheoffi
ce)
Pri
nci
pal: ………………………………. Whati st hemat terRaju.(gi
vespermissi
on)
Raj
u : Si
r,Iam suffer i
ngf rom f ev erf orsomeday s.……………………………. .
………………………( request st osanct ionleave)
Pri
nci
pal: ……………………. .(givesper mi ssi on)
Raj
u : ……………………. (thanks)
Answer:
Raj
u : MayIcomei nsi r
?
Pri
nci
pal: Yes,comei n.Whati st hemat ter,Raju?
Raj
u :Si r
,Iam suf feringf rom f ev erf orsomeday s.Wouldy oupleasesancti
on
me leavef ort woday ssir?
Pri
nci
pal: Nopr oblem, youmayt akel eav e.
Raj
u : Thanky ouv erymuchsi r
.

4.I
DIOMSANDPHRASES
Questi
onNo.
29[
2Marks]

IdiomsandPhr asesaregroupofwor dswhichhav eadi ffer

entmeani
ngwhenused
toget
her.Peopl
eof t
enusethem asawayofsay i
ngsomet hing.
Example:Rooff
eltasthoughhewerebeingspl
itint
wo.
Here‘spl
iti
ntwo’isanidi
omati
cphrasewhichmeans‘ confusedori
ndil
emma’
.

Alistofidi
omsandphr
ases
IDIOMSANDPHRASES MEANI NG
hardputt o somethingdi
ffi
cultt
odo
getridof tobecomef r
eefrom somet
hingorsomeone
brokedown tocryorweep
putupwi th tol
erate
goi nfor tochoose
cutdownon toreduce
tothrowaway tolose
passby misssomethingorsomeone
facelitup toshowhappiness

29
giveup toabandon
takebyst orm tosucceedov erwhelmingly
thecal m bef or
ethest
orm peaceful timebef or
eat r
ouble
i
nf ullswi ng verybusy
i
nhi ghspi r
it
s tobei ngoodmood
keepawhol eskin saveonesel fwi t
houtsuffer
inghar
m
l
eaphi gher overexci tement
l
ookbl ue sad
l
ooki ngf orwardto toexpect
runint o totakeordr iv
e
Zipal ong tomov ef ast
Shrunki nt o tobecomesmal ler
runoutof shortage
hitoutat toface
taket o tobecomef ondof
takepar t topar t
icipate
takeaccountof toconsi derpar ti
cularf
acts
takecar eof l
ookaf ter
Cutdown tosav e
Hitupon toodiscov er
Allandsundr y oneandal l
togethol dof toreach
toputupwi th totolerate
totakeanap tohav esl eepf orawhil
e
Mov eaway towithdr aw
Mov et o toshift

Quest
ion:Fi
l
lint
hebl
anksbychoosi
ngt
heappr
opr
iat
eexpr
essi
onsgi
veni
nbr
acket
s.
(
2x1=2)

(
tobei
nhi
ghspi
ri
ts,
tot
hrowaway
,passby
)

Mar
cusknewthathewoul
dwinbuthedi dn’
twant………………………asi
ngl
evot
e.Al
lthe
whi
l
eRoofwei
gheddownwithgui
l
t,pr
etended…………………………

Answer
Marcusknewt
hathewoul
dwinbuthedi dn’
twantt
othrowawayasi
ngl
evot
e.Al
lthe
whil
eRoofwei
gheddownwi
thgui
l
t,pr
etendedtobei
nhighspi
ri
ts.

Quest
ion:
(
cutdownon,
putupwi
th,
goi
nfor
)

30
Alotofwomeni nPudukott
aiwereunabl
etowaitf
orl
ady’
scycl
es.Ther
efor
etheyhad
t
o……………………men’ scy cl
e.Theyknew t
hatbi
cycl
es……………………………t i
me,wastedin
wait
ingf
orbuses.

Answer:AlotofwomeninPudukot
taiwer
eunabl
et owaitf
orlady
’scy
cles.Ther
efor
e
theyhadtogoi nf
ormen’
scycl
e.Theyknewt
hatbicycl
escutdownontime,wast
edin
waiti
ngforbuses.

5.COHESI
VELI
NKERS
Quest
ionNo30[
4Marks]

Li
nkersorli
nki
ngwordsar
ethewor
dswhi
char
eusedt
oconnectwor
ds,
phr
ases,
cl
auses,andsent
ences

Quest
ion:
Fil
li
nthebl
ankswi
tht
hel
i
nker
.

Quest
ion:

(bef
ore,
and,alt
hough,as)
………………………. Roofwoul dhaveputi t
.Thenhehadr ecei
vedast rangevi
sitfr
om t
he
l
eaderofPOPcampai gnt eam.……………………heandRoofwer ewellknowntoeachot
her.
…………………………mi ghtevenbecalledfr
iends,hi
svisi
twascoldbusinessl
i
ke.Nowords
werewasted.Heplacedfivepoundsonthef l
oor………………………...Roof

Answer:
AsRoofwoul dhaveputi t
.Thenhehadr ecei
vedast r
angevi
sitf
rom theleaderofPOP
campaignt
eam.Al thoughheandRoofwer ewellknowntoeachother.Andmi ghteven
becall
edfr
iends,hi
sv i
sitwascoldbusi
nesslike.Nowordswerewasted.Hepl acedf
ive
poundsonthefloorbeforeRoof

Question:
(but,
suchas,and,i
naddit
ionto)
Lookatawast egarbagedump………………………….Veget ablewaste,paperandbroken
glass,youwillf
indaconsiderableamountofplast
icmaterial…………………….Shampoo
bottl
es, bags …………………………. .worn out shoes. Vegetable scr
aps paper are
biodegradabl
e……………………………. .glassandplast
iccont
inuet oaccumulat
eandharm
theenv i
ronment
.

Answer:
Lookatawast egarbagedumpsuchasv egetabl
ewast e,paperandbr
okengl
ass,you
wil
lfi
ndaconsider
ableamountofplasti
cmat eri
ali
naddi t
iontoShampoobot
tl
es,bags
andwornoutshoes.Veget abl
escrapspaperar ebiodegradabl
ebutgl
assandplasti
c
cont
inuetoaccumul
at eandharmtheenvi
ronment .

31
 6.NOTEMAKI NG
Quest
ionNo:31.[
1/2x8=4Mar
ks]
 Not
ethePoints.
 Readtheshor tpassagecaref ully
.
 Don’
tr ushthroughit
.
 Understandthegist.
 I
dentif
yt hemai npoi
nts.
 Remembert heessenti
aldetails.
 Fi
lli
nt heblankswithessential detai
l
s.

Exercise
Sealshav eastreaml i
nedbodyandfourfl
ippers.Sotheyar
esuit
edtoli
veinwat
er.They
comet olandtor est,
mateandgivebir
th.Togetherwithwal
rust
heybelongt
otheorder
‘
Pinnipedia’meani ng‘wi
ngfoot’
.Theyliveallovertheworl
dbutaremostcommoni n
Arct
icandAnt arcticwher
ethereispl
entyoff ood.Theyhavebeenhuntedf
orthei
rfur
andbl ubber.
Seal
ssuitedtoliv
ei n

1
Comet
olandt
o

2 3 4

Bel
ongt
o

5
meani
ng

hunt
edf
or

7 8

32
 7.
WRI
TINGALETTEROFAPPLI
CATI
ON
(Quest
ionNo:
32[
5Marks]
)

ADVERTISEMENT:
Thest
udentsarer
equi
redt
ost
udyt
hegi
venadv
ert
isementcar
eful
l
y.Andnot
edownt
he
fol
l
owingpoint
s

I
ndi
aTodayRequi r
es,Journal
i
sts
Qual
if
icat
ion:M.A.I
nJournali
sm/ MassCommuni cati
on
Candi
datesWith3YearsExperi
enceWi l
lBeGivenPrefer
ence
ShouldHaveExcl
lentCommuni cat
ionSki
ll
Appl
yWi t
hin10Day sTo
TheEditor
I
ndiaToday
No.1M. G.Road
Bangalore

 I
dent
if
ythecompanyort hepersonwhor equiresthepositi
on
 I
dent
if
ythepositi
onort hepostthati
sr equi
red
 I
dent
if
ythenameoft henewspaperinwhi cht headver
tisementhasappear
ed
 I
dent
if
ythedateoft hepublicat
ionoftheadv erti
sement
 I
dent
if
ytheprescri
bedqual i
fi
cati
on
 I
dent
if
ytheaddressoft hecompanyort heper sontowhom t heappl
i
cati
onhas
t
obesent

FORMATOFALETTEROFAPPLI
CATI
ON

XXX
YYY
YYY
 
00/
00/
0000
 
………………

33
 ………………
………………
 
Respectedsi
r/Madam
Subj
ect:Appli
cati
onf ort
hepostof…………………………………
Ref : Youradvert
isementpubl
ishedi
n……………………….
dated….
/…….
./……….
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………( Bodyofthel
ett
er)
 
Thanky ou
Yoursfait
hful
l
y
Si
gnature
XXX

MODELLETTEROFAPPLI
CATI
ON

Adv
ert
isementThatAppear
edi
nTheVi
j
ayav
ani
dat
ed10-
12-
2014

ROYALENFI ELD
WANTED
Recepti
onist
Qual
if
icat
ion:I
IPUCwi t
hcomput erknowl
edge
Knowl
edgeofKannada,Engli
shandHi ndil
anguagesi
smust
Appl
yimmedi atel
yto
TheManager
Classi
cMot ors
KusagalRoad,Keshwapur ,
Hubl
i-
23

XXX
YYY
YYY
 
12/
12/
2014
 
TheManager
Classi
cMot or
s
Kusgal Road,
Keshwapur
,Hubl
i
-23
 
Dearsir/Madam
Subject:
Appli
cati
onf orthepostofRecept
ioni
st
Ref : Youradvert
isementpublishedi
nTheVijay
avani..Dated10/12/
2014
I
nr esponsetoyouradv erti
sementmenti
onedinthereference,Iwoul
dli
ketoappl
y
forthepostofreceptionist
.

34
 Ihav epassedI I
PUCwi t
hadi st
incti
onandIhav eadi pl
omacour seincomputer.
BesidesIam f l
uenti
nKannada,Engl i
shandHi ndi
.Inadditiontot hi
sIhav ean
experienceofhavingworkedasar ecepti
oni
stfortwoyears.
Herewi thIhaveencl
osedar esume.Ihopethatitwil
lmeetallofyourrequi
rement
s
  Thanky ou
Yoursf ai
thf
ull
y
Si
gnatur e
XXX
RESUME

Name :XXX
Father’
sName :
MMM
Dateofbi r
th :00-00-
0000
PermanentAddr ess:YYY
YYY
YYY
Nationali
ty :I
ndian
LanguagesKnown : Kannada,Engl
i
shandHi
ndi
EducationalQual
ifi
cat
ions
Nameofthe Boar
d/Uni
ver
sit
y Year
/Mar
ks Subj
ect
sst
udi
ed
exami
nat
ion
SSLC SSEB 2010.490/
625 K.
E.H.
SS.
Sc.
Mat
hs
PUC Pre-
Uni
ver
sit
yEdu 2012.540/
600 Kan.Eng,
Hist
,Eco,
P
Dept olSc,Soc

Experi
ence :
Twoyear
s
OtherHobbi
es :
Readi
ng,
li
steni
ngt
omusi
candspor
ts

Pl
ace:
Dat
e:

Si
gnat
ure

XXX

8.SPEECHWRI TING
AND
REPORTWRI TING
(
Anyone)
Quest
ionNo33[5Marks]

SPEECHWRI
TING:

35
I
ntroduct
ion:
“Aspeechisanoral
communicat
ionwhi
chi
susual
l
ymadei
npubl
i
cei
theronaf
ormal
oronaninformal
occasi
on”

Aspeechvar
ies…..
-
Accordi
ngtotheaudiencethatwearespeaki
ngto
-
Accordi
ngtothetopi
ct hatwearespeaki
ngabout
-
Accordi
ngtotheoccasionthatwearespeaki
ngon

Someexampl
esofspeeches

 Thanky ouspeech
 Farewellspeech
 Wel comespeech
 Speechont opicofinter
est
 Speechonsoci al
issues
 Speechont heint
roducti
onofguest
s

Not
ethePoi
nts

 St
udyt het
opicgivenforspeechwrit
ing.
 I
dentif
ytheaudienceandaddressaccordingl
y.
 I
dentif
ytheoccasionofthespeech.
 Organi
zethethoughtsinalogical
order.

Thest
ruct
ureofgoodspeechwr
it
ingi
sasf
oll
owi
ng.

A.Beginni
ng
B.Middle
C.End

A.Beginning(Int
roduction):
 I
tincludestheaddr esst otheaudi
ence.
 I
ntroductionofthet opicthatyouar
egoingtospeak.
 Ment i
ontheoccasi ononwhi chyouarespeaki
ng

B.Mi
ddl
e(Body
):

 I
tincludesthedetai
lsoft
hesubj ectofspeech.
 Thethoughtsshouldbeor ganized.
 Thereshouldbeal ogi
calprogression.
 Avoidtherepet
it
ionofthepoi nts.

36
 C.End(
Concl
usi
on)
:

 I
tincl
udesthesummer yoft
hemainpoi
nts.
 Concludewi
t hacompell
i
ngremar
k.
 Saythanksforl
ist
eni
ngtoyou.

EXAMPLE- 1
Youaret hesecretaryofy ourCol l
egeUni on.Youhav ei
nv i
tedtheDistr
ictCommi ssioner
asthechi efguestfortheCol l
egeDay .Basedont hef oll
owi ngdet
ail
sabouthi m,writea
speechinabout100wor dst oint r
oducehi m atthef uncti
on.
Name :DrNi ranjan
Bir
thplace :Bangal ore
Educati
on :M.B.B. S.from Bangal oreUniversi
ty
I
.A.S.- -
--
2005bat ch
Profi
l
e :Startedcar eerasanI .A.
S.probationer.Post
edasAsst .
Commi ssionertoHav eri
-Gotthebudgetsanct i
onedf orci
ty
Drinkingwat erprojectandear nedgoodname.NowD. C.i
ny our
town

Answer
:

Goodmor
ning

Respect
edPr
inci
pal
,bel
ovedt
eacher
s,mydearf
ri
ends,
ladi
esandgent
lemen.

I
,XXXXt hesecr
etar
yofCol
legeUni
on,haveagreathonourandpri
vi
leget
obeableto
i
ntr
oducey outoday’
schi
efguestDrNi r
anj
an,ont hi
sauspici
ousoccasionofour
Col
legeDay.

DrNir
anjanwasbor
ni nBangal
oreandstudiedi
nthi
sGar denCit
yonly
.Her ecei
vedhi
s
M.B.
B.S.degr
eef
rom Bangal
oreUni
versi
ty.AndhepassedI.A.
S.i
ntheyear2005.

DrNir
anjanstar
tedhi
scareerasanI.
A.S.probat
ioner
.Thenpost
edasanAssi st
ant
Commissionert
oHaveri
.AsanAsst.
Commi ssi
onerhegotthebudgetsanct
ionedfor
ci
tydr
inkingwater
.Thi
swashi sr
emarkabl
eachievementandi
tbroughthim agood
name.

Hehasdi st
ingui
shedhimselfasasincer
eoff
icer
.Het ookseveralmeasurest
oputan
endtothemenaceofcor rupti
on.Andhehasagr eatconcernf orthedowntr
odden
peopl
e.Wear everyfort
unatetohaveanhonestandsincer
eof f
icerli
keDrNir
anjanas
ourDi
str
ictCommi ssi
oner.

Iam sur
ethaty
ouwi
l
lal
lenj
oyhi
swor
dsofwi
sdom.

37
Thanky
ouoneandal
l
.

EXAMPLE- 2
QUESTI ON:Imagi neyouarethesecret
aryofEcoCl ubofyourcol
lege.Ontheoccasi
on
of “Wor l
d EnvironmentDay”y ou ar
er equi
red to gi
vea speech on theneed f
or
awarenesst opr eservenat
ure.Basedont hef ol
l
owinginfor
mati
onwr i
teaspeechin
about100wor ds.
-needf orconservati
on
-causeofdest ructi
on
-depleti
onofozonel ayer
-heal
t hhazards

ANSWER:
Goodmor ningev erybody
Respect edPr incipal,mybel ovedl ecturersanddearf ri
ends.
t
h
As y ou al lknow t hatev eryy ear5 June i s celebrated as “ World
EnvironmentDay ”t ocr eateglobalawar eness inor dertot akeaposi tiv
eenv i
ronment al
actiont opr otectnat ureandpl anetear th.Asapar tofi twehav eassembl edher e.IXYZ
,thesecr etar yoft heEcoCl uboft hi
si nstit
uti
on isher ebef orey outopr esentsomeof
myv i
ewsont he“ Wor ldEnv i
ronmentDay ”.
Everyoneofusknow t hei mport
anceofnat ure.Itconsi stsofal ll i
vi
ng
beingsonear th,whi char emut uall
ydependentoneachot her .Becauseoft hepol l
uti
on
somebi rdsandani mal sar eont hev ergeofext i
nct i
on.Sot hereisanur gentneedf or
thepr eserv ati
onofnat ure.Thei ncreasingnumberofv ehiclesandi ndustriesisl eadi
ng
totheexcessi v
er eleaseofcar bondi oxide.Thisisnotonl yr esponsibl
ef orthedepl eti
on
ofozonel ay erbutal socausi ngmanyheal thhazards.Man, birdsandani mal salldepend
onpl antsandt rees.
Ont hisgr eatdayIhumbl yrequestallofy out opl anttreesonal lt
hespeci al
occasi onst haty oucomeacr ossandi nspi
reotherst odoso.Wi t
hthisIwoul dl i
ket o
concludemyspeech.
Thanky ouoneandal l
.

REPORTWRI
TING:

Int
roduct
ion:I
tissai
dt hatapicturei
sworthat housandwor ds,
soalsoagr aph
provi
desuswithani n-
depthinformati
onaboutv ar
ietyofthi
ngs.Theyhelpusto
compareandcont r
astv ar
iousfactsandfi
gures.
Graphsareveryusefuli
nthef i
eldssuchasindustry,
trade&commer ce,
education,

38
sci
enceandt
echnol
ogy
.

SOMEOFTHEDI CTIONARYDEFI NITIONSOFAGRAPH

 Graphisadi agram showingt her el
ati
onbetweenv ariablequanti
ti
es,t
ypical
lyof
twovar i
abl
es,eachmeasur edal ongoneofapai rofaxesatr i
ghtangl
es.
 adiagram representi
ngasy stem ofconnect ionsori nterr
elati
onsamongt woor
moret hi
ngsbyanumberofdi stincti
vedots,l
ines,bars,etc.
 Adiagram thatexhibit
sar elationship,oft
enfuncti
onal ,betweentwosetsof
number sasasetofpoi nt
shav ingcoor di
nat
esdeter minedbyt herel
ati
onship.
 Apictori
aldevice,suchasapi echar torbargraph,usedt oi l
l
ustr
atequantit
ati
ve
rel
ati
onships.Alsocalledchar t.

Example:
1.
Asur v
eywasconduct
edtounder
standhowtheP.U.C.st
udentsspendtheirl
eisuret
ime.
Basedont hei
nfor
mat
iongi
veninthepiechar
tbelow,prepar
eacr i
ti
calreportforyour
col
legemagazi
ne

Repor
t:

Thesur veyprov i
desampl eevidencet hathowt heP. U.C.studentsmi susetheirl
eisure
ti
mei nsteadofut il
izi
ngi ttogetr efreshed.Theyseem t ohav ef orgot
tenthegood
hobbi
essuchaspai nt
ing,sketching,scul pti
ngandmusi c.Itisev i
dentfrom thedat a
thatmostoft hest udentsareaddi ctedt ot el
ev i
sion.Theyspendal mosthalfoft hei
r
l
eisur
et i
mei nwat chingmov i
es,spor t
sandser i
alsonT. V.
Asar esultofthist hest udent
sar egrowi ngmor ev i
olentandaggr essiveinthei
rconduct .
Theyhav elitt
let ime f orplay i
ng,sl eeping and goi ng outwi t
hf ri
ends.Itisr eall
y
unfor
tunatet hatthest udentsdon’ tknow whatt odowi tht hei
rleisureti
me.Theyar e
underthei mpressi ont hatlei
suret i
memeansmer rymaki ng.Thereforeitisnecessary
onthepar tofbot ht heteacherandt hepar ent
stocounsel thestudents.

09.PRONOUNS
Quest
ionNo: 34[
4x1=4Mar
ks]

Defi
nit
ion:
Pronouni
sawor dusedi
nst
eadofanoun.Pr
onounsar
eusedi
nor
dert
o
avoi
dtherepeti
ti
onofnouns.

39
Ki
ndsofPr
onouns

Per
sonal
pronouns I
,We,
You,
He,
She,
It,
They

Possessi
vepr
onouns My,Our
,Your
,Hi
s,Her
,It
s,Mi
ne,
Our
s,y
our
s,Thei
rs,
Her
s,

Ref
lexi
vepr
onouns My
sel
f,Your
sel
f,Hi
msel
f,I
tsel
f.

I
nter
rogat
ive Who,
Whom,
Whose,
What
,whi
ch,
pr
onouns

Rel
ati
vepr
onouns Who,
That
,Whi
ch,

Demonst
rat
ive Thi
s,Ther
e,That
,Those.
pr
onouns

Di
str
ibut
ivepr
onouns Each,
Ever
y,Ei
ther
,Nei
ther
.

I
ndef
ini
tepr
onouns Anyone,
Any
body
,Someone,
Somebody
,Noone,
Nobody.

QUESTI
ON:
1Whatdot
heunder
li
nedwor
dsi
nthef
oll
owi
ngext
ractr
efert
o?

Luisa’
spar entsdi
dnotappr oveofhermar riagetoatelegr
aphoperator,andherson
Gabr i
el,t
heoldestoftwel
vechildr
en,wassentt ol
iv
ewi thhi
smat er
nalgrandparents.
Mar quezlatersai
dthathisloveofstorytel
l
ingcamef r
om hisgr
andpar ents.Af
terthe
ri
otshewentt otheuniversi
tyinCartagena,wherehetookupj ournal
ism tosuppor t
himself.
i.her :
i
i.his :
i
ii
.wher e :
i
v.himsel f :

ANSWER:
i.her :
Loui
sa’s
i
i.hi
s :
Marquez’
s
i
ii
.where :
Cart
gena
i
v.himsel
f :
Marqueza

10.ARRANGEMENTOFJUMBLEDSEGMENTS

40
 Quest
ionNo:
35(
1Mar
k)

WORDORDERI NENGLI SH
 Asent encei sdivi
dedintotwoparts1.Subj
ectand2.Predi
cat
e
Subjectpar
tincludes-anoun, pronounoranounphrase
Predicat
epartincludes-ver
bs, v
erbphrasesandcomplements

Quest
ion:Knowledge/
notj
ust/t
hesourceofwasandfr
eedom/
theforest
Answer:Thefor
estwasnotjustthesour
ceofknowl
edgeandf
reedom.

Quest
ion:Ex
tremely/
expensiv
e/i
nBrazi
l/
motorcars/
are
Answer:Motorcar
sareextremel
yexpensi
veinBrazi
l

41