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    Desarrollo Embrionario Temprano: Células Germinales Primordiales (CGP)

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    Yar CB
    1. The document discusses primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are determined early in embryonic development. PGCs migrate to the gonad and become the progenitor cells that form eggs and sperm. 2. There are two processes for PGC specification - autonomous specification using cytoplasmic determinants like in nematodes and flies, and conditional specification using signals from surrounding cells, which is common in mammals. 3. The document provides examples of PGC migration in various organisms like frogs, mice, and Drosophila, and the mechanisms that guide their migration including chemoattraction, repulsion, and changes in adhesion.

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    Desarrollo Embrionario Temprano: Células Germinales Primordiales (CGP)

    Uploaded by

    Yar CB
    15 views30 pages
    1. The document discusses primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are determined early in embryonic development. PGCs migrate to the gonad and become the progenitor cells that form eggs and sperm. 2. There are two processes for PGC specification - autonomous specification using cytoplasmic determinants like in nematodes and flies, and conditional specification using signals from surrounding cells, which is common in mammals. 3. The document provides examples of PGC migration in various organisms like frogs, mice, and Drosophila, and the mechanisms that guide their migration including chemoattraction, repulsion, and changes in adhesion.

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    Archivo 3CGP

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    1. The document discusses primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are determined early in embryonic development. PGCs migrate to the gonad and become the progenitor cells that form eggs and sperm. 2. There are two processes for PGC specification - autonomous specification using cytoplasmic determinants like in nematodes and flies, and conditional specification using signals from surrounding cells, which is common in mammals. 3. The document provides examples of PGC migration in various organisms like frogs, mice, and Drosophila, and the mechanisms that guide their migration including chemoattraction, repulsion, and changes in adhesion.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    15 views30 pages

    Desarrollo Embrionario Temprano: Células Germinales Primordiales (CGP)

    Uploaded by

    Yar CB
    1. The document discusses primordial germ cells (PGCs), which are determined early in embryonic development. PGCs migrate to the gonad and become the progenitor cells that form eggs and sperm. 2. There are two processes for PGC specification - autonomous specification using cytoplasmic determinants like in nematodes and flies, and conditional specification using signals from surrounding cells, which is common in mammals. 3. The document provides examples of PGC migration in various organisms like frogs, mice, and Drosophila, and the mechanisms that guide their migration including chemoattraction, repulsion, and changes in adhesion.

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    Desarrollo embrionario temprano: Células

    germinales primordiales (CGP)

    Universidad de Cartagena
    Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales
    Programa de Biología
    Biología del Desarrollo
    Morphological changes of the
    spermatogonias
    • Golgi apparatus appereances

    • Proacrosomic vesicle
    • Displacement of centriole

    • Acrosomic vesicle
    • Proximal centriole
    • Distal centriole
    • Golgi displacement
    • Distal centriole induce
    axonema formation

    • Axonema elongation
    • Outer acrosomal memebrane
    • Inner acrosomal membrane
    • Enzimatic acrosomal content
    Morphological changes of the
    spermatogony

    • Nucleus
    elongation
    • Acrosome
    elongation

    • Annulus
    formation
    • Spiral
    mitochondrial
    assembling

    • Posnuclear cap
    appereance
    Oogenesis

    At birth, a female
    has all the primary
    oocytes already
    formed
    Frozen in
    prophase I
    After puberty,
    meiosis continues
    with 1 or 2 oocytes
    each month
    Only complete
    meiosis if fertilized
    • Two step process;

    • Primordial germ cells (PGCs) are determined in a specific location


    in the embryo

    • PGCs migrate to the gonad and become the progenitor


    population for eggs and sperm

    • Autonomous Specification Conditional Specification


    • Egg cytoplasmic determinants Signals from surrounding cells
    Majority of sexually reproducing
    • Called ‘Germ Plasm’ organisms
    • Nematodes, flies, frogs Including mammals
    The nematode Caenorhabditis elegans

    Remember cleavage and gastrulation:


    Asymmetrical divisions produce a
    stem cell (P-lineage), “founder” cell.

    Stem cell divisions are meridional

    Founder cell divisions are equatorial


    Gastrulation in C. elegans
    P-granules hold cytoplasmic determinants in C. elegans
    PIE-1: Blocks all transcription, thus all differentiation
    Germ plasm also has blocks to translation, stem cell factors,
    controls for asymmetric divisions and meiosis inducing agents.

    P4

    Blue is DNA marker, Green is P-granule marker


    Blue stain marks transcriptional activity

    P4
    Synctitial cleavage in Drosophila is followed by cellularization
    Localization of germ cell-less (gcl) gene products

    Human males with mutant homolog are often sterile


    Pole plasm forms during cellularization

    - mitochondria
    - fibrils
    - polar granules
    no transcription
    no translation
    germline stabilization

    anterior posterior
    Germ plasm at the vegetal pole of frog embryos

    Marker
    for frog
    homolog
    of fly/worm
    translation
    blocker,
    Nanos
    Conditional Specification of mammalian PGCs

    • Posterior of epiblast at the junction of the primitive streak and


    extraembryonic ectoderm
    • Cells are no different from other epiblast
    • Specified in gastrulation before 3 layers form
    • Wnts from endoderm make them competent
    • BMPs from extraembryo ectoderm finish it
    Picture the blastocyst full of yolk.....
    Poor old Henson discovered this node as well but didn’t get the naming rights
    Germ Cell Migration: Drosophila

    Germ cells
    passively ride
    endoderm
    Germ Cell Migration: Drosophila

    Endoderm expresses
    repellent molecules

    Germ band
    is retracting

    PGCs and gonad


    progenitors in 2
    migration streams
    Germ Cell Migration: Drosophila

    Combination of chemoattraction
    and repulsion drive them to gonad

    E-cadherin MET
    forms epithelium
    around PGCs
    Remember: Germ plasm at vegetal pole in frogs

    Marker
    for frog
    homolog
    of fly/worm
    translation
    blocker,
    Nanos
    Germ Cell Migration: Frogs

    During cleavage the germ plasm rises up until it


    ends up in the endoderm at top and back near lip
    Germ Cell Migration: Mice
    PGCs formed in extraembryonic epiblast

    10-100 cells
    @ Day 6.5
    in mice
    Germ Cell Migration: Mice
    Once formed, they migrate directly into the hindgut endoderm
    and migrate anteriorly through Day 9 dividing the entire time

    They leave
    the gut by
    the dorsal
    mesentary
    and enter
    the genital
    ridges by
    Day 12 as
    2500-5000
    PGCs.
    In mammals, the presence of a Y chromosome determines
    the male phenotype.

    Evidence that SRY is the testis determining factor

    SRY is detected in gender reversal:


    XX males who have a translocation of the sry region to an
    X or another chromosome

    XY females who have a deletion of the SRY region


    In transgenic mice, a 14 kb genomic DNA encoding SRY can
    transform XX females into phenotypic males.

    SRY is expressed in male gonads at the time of sex


    determination.

    SRY encodes a DNA binding protein of the HMG class and


    is thought to function as a master switch for the regulation
    of testis specific genes.
    An XX mouse transgenic for Sry is male
    The mice shown here are male (left) and female (right). However, the female has
    male external genitalia due to the transgenic grafting of the Sry gene onto one of
    the X chromosomes in the female. Notice the Sry band she shows when we look at
    the blot profile.
    SRY acts on the indifferent gonad to
    start the process of male sexual
    development
    Proposed regulatory cascade
    for Drosophila somatic sex
    determination
    C. elegans
    4. Spermatogenesis

    Spermatozoon is a small, highly


    streamlined cell,
    specialized to deliver a nucleus to an
    egg far away, and to activate
    development of the egg.

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