Sadollah Et Al 2020 Sustainability and Optimization PDF

sustainability
Review
Sustainability and Optimization: From Conceptual
Fundamentals to Applications
Ali Sadollah 1 , Mohammad Nasir 2 and Zong Woo Geem 3, *
1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Science and Culture, Tehran, Iran; [email protected]
2 Research Department of Energy, Materials and Energy Research Center, Karaj, Iran; [email protected]
3 Department of Energy IT, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
* Correspondence: [email protected]

Received: 13 January 2020; Accepted: 2 March 2020; Published: 6 March 2020
Abstract: In recent years, both sustainability and optimization concepts have become inseparable
developing topics with diverse concepts, elements, and aspects. The principal goal of optimization is
to improve the overall sustainability including the environmental sustainability, social sustainability,
economic sustainability, and energy resources sustainability through satisfying the objective functions.
Therefore, applying optimization algorithms and methods to achieve the sustainable development
have significant importance. This paper represents a considerable review on the employed
optimization methodologies to sustainability and the sustainable development including sustainable
energy, sustainable buildings, and sustainable environment. Since energy optimization is one of
the major necessities of sustainability, sustainable development is investigated from the energy
perspective. In addition, the concept, definitions, and elements of the sustainability and optimization
have been presented, and the review of the optimization metaheuristic algorithms used in recent
published articles related to sustainability and sustainable development was carried out. Thus,
it is believed that this paper can be appropriate, beneficial, and practical for students, academic
researchers, engineers, and other professionals.
Keywords: metaheuristics; optimization algorithms; sustainable development; sustainable energy

resources; sustainable buildings
1. Introduction
With the publication of the Brundtland Report “Our Common Future,” the concept of sustainable
development has spread since 1987 [1]. The definition of the United Nations Brundtland Commission
on sustainability has become more dynamic than others. We call sustainability the technology that
meets today’s needs without jeopardizing the future generations’ ability to meet their own needs.
Therefore, sustainability is a multidisciplinary concept, based on this understanding that covers
different aspects of life. Clearly, sustainability is a concept in the core of the planet that focuses on the
condition and depletion of the biophysical environment of Earth [2,3]. In 2015, the General Assembly
adopted the 2030 Agenda for sustainable development. They adopted the Agenda for its action to
combat poverty, protect the planet, and enhance everybody’s lives and opportunities. This paper
focuses on reviewing trends and recent research papers in sustainability and energy efficiency (i.e.,
Goals 7 and 12) and sustainable building design (i.e., Goals 11 and 15) problems out of 17 sustainable
development goals.
Optimization is one of the most important tools for achieving sustainability. Optimization is
a search process for a specific problem according to special conditions of that problem. In fact,
optimization refers to finding processes of optimal values for a given network parameter, using all
feasible values for the minimization or maximization of network output. The goal of optimization is to
Sustainability 2020, 12, 2027; doi:10.3390/su12052027 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

Sustainability 2020, 12, 2027 2 of 34
discover the best feasible response with the consideration of the problem constraints. The presence
of complex scientific and engineering problems calls for using optimization methods to solve the
desired problem. Due to the time consuming and complexity of exact methods, utilizing intelligent
optimization algorithms has crucial importance.
Optimization of many complex scientific problems which require solutions with accurate
computations and appropriate time cannot use classical methodologies. In this regard, nature
can be considered as a rich source which, like a powerful mechanism, provides principles and concepts
in order to design artificial computational methods for solving complex optimization problems.
Metaheuristic optimization algorithms, which are also called smart and modern optimization
algorithms, are categorized as stochastic optimization algorithms employed for finding optimal
solutions. The word “metaheuristic” was first adopted by Glover [4] when introducing TS as a novel
heuristic method. Heuristic optimization methods are a set of algorithms for optimization of problems
which search solution space to find optimal response randomly but purposeful and simple [4]. The
metaheuristic optimization algorithms have outsourced approaches from local optimum and are
capable of finding optimum solutions in wide ranges of optimization problems [5,6].
Metaheuristic optimizers are methods which are inspired by studying the natural phenomena.
Due to their potential and strength, the optimization algorithms have been used in many and various
subjects related to sustainability and sustainable development including environmental sustainability,
social sustainability, economic sustainability, sustainable energy resources, sustainable buildings,
sustainable environment, and more. A variety of articles based on optimization techniques have
been published in different international journals. Excellent exploitation and exploration strategies
of metaheuristic optimization algorithms have made these algorithms a good alternative for solving
optimization problems.
In recent decades, researchers have developed various types of metaheuristic optimization
algorithms [7]. These methods have been expanded by mimicry of some well-known processes,
primarily in biology, physics, chemistry, math, society, and nature [8]. There are different categorizations
of metaheuristic optimization algorithms proposed in the literature [9,10]. Generally, algorithms
inspired by nature can be divided into four main categories including EA, SI, PCMB algorithms, and
finally the HB algorithm.
GSO [11,12], GAs [13], PSO [14], TLBO [15], HS [16], TS [4] and WCA [17] are the some of the
well-known algorithms that are used in order to optimize different problems. A large number of
writers in literature have addressed sustainability optimization. In [18], for energy systems, a new and
comprehensive model for the evaluation of durability was introduced. This model follows a holistic
approach which impacts sustainability. It addresses various disciplines, including energy, exergy,
environment, society, technology education, and the energy system’s dimension.
A multi-objective model of optimization, which offers a comprehensive method of maximizing
sustainability through all three pillars, was introduced in [19]. This article provides a strategy for
optimizing the supply chain networks that includes economic, environmental, and social sustainability
as three pillars of sustainability. This provides a comprehensive overview of measures and indicators for
evaluating the three pillars and links each indicator to a supply chain network portion. A multi-target
optimizing model was modified to cover three cost goals as a part of the supply chain network:
economic, environmental, and social sustainability.
In [20], a petrochemical network was planned for Kuwait by developing an optimization model
where some sustainability indicators were used as objectives. In [21], in order to determine the
configuration of industrial metal-fabrication systems, with the greatest sustainable efficiency in three
sectors and six facilities, a methodology combined with Monte Carlo simulation was suggested. In [22],
multi-objective optimizing the repair choice for infrastructures exposed to natural hazards with the
greatest sustainable contribution was suggested.
In [23], in order to identify the most sustainable electricity generation planning scenario in
Indonesia for 2050, a multi-target optimization model was presented. In [24], a method was designed
to optimize sustainability of a combined heat and power generation system integrated wastewater
treatment plant. In [25], sustainability optimization was also pointed out in the nuclear industry.
In [26], optimization models for the optimum implementation of selected sustainability activities
called sustainability programs were designed to maximize the efficiency of the manufacturing industry
in line with established budgetary and minimum threshold constraints on technological, social, and
socio-economic parameters. In addition to modeling shown in this paper [26], a random process is
proposed for searching the ANNs for the optimal durability system, the importance of the sample
problem is described. Sensitivity analysis is performed to understand the model’s behavior. It is
noted that the performance of sustainability depends on constraints such as budget restrictions and
performance criterion threshold values.
In [27], as a new optimization technique for the sustainable growth of supply chains, the TTS
optimization concept was implemented. The TTS approach seeks to replace existing methods of
optimization. Its main focus is on the timeframe to achieve a sustainable and stable condition of the
system under consideration.
A decision-making issue with the quality-based product recovery was explored in [28] with
multiple optimization goals, including economic, environmental, and societal performance of
sustainability. In this article, MOEA was utilized for solving the MOOP problem and finding
an optimal solution.
A principal contribution of this paper is its summary of a significant research review of all
applicable optimization methods to sustainable building design and energy efficiency problems. A
description of the popular heuristic optimization algorithms covering direct search, processes, and
other bio-inspired algorithms is available. Because green energy resources, systems, and technologies
are the major elements of sustainable development, optimization approaches used for sustainable
energy resources, sustainable buildings in the literature are investigated and evaluated in details in the
current paper.
The remainder of this paper is organized as follows. Section 2 presents sustainability. Section 3
identifies optimization, its concept, definition, objectives, and methodologies related to metaheuristic
optimizers as well. Section 4 addresses optimization and sustainable development in the literature,
given with concise explanations of its applications and contributions. Section 5 further addresses
studies in this paper. Section 6 concludes the findings and purpose of this review paper.
2. Sustainability
2.1. Concept of Sustainability

It is obvious that sustainability is at the heart of this concept, focusing on the condition of the
biophysical environment of the earth, particularly with regard to the use and depletion of natural
resources. It is more a matter of finding a sort of permanent state to support the people of the earth or
a part of it, without endangering the health of human beings, animals, and plants.
In this regard, other attempts have also been made for providing foundations, ideas, and concepts
related to sustainability. The general concept of sustainability compared and contrasted by Brown
et al. in [29] with different definitions and roots in order to move toward a common understanding
(see Table 1). Brown et al. [29] concentrated on definitions including “sustainable biological resources
use,” “sustainable agriculture,” “carrying capacity,” “sustainable energy,” “sustainable society and
sustainable economy,” and “sustainable development”. Each one of them emphasized different
subjects. In this context, roots of sustainability in accordance with the sustainability definitions consist
of “ecological/carrying capacity,” “resource/environment,” “biosphere,” and “critique of technology,”
“no growth–slow growth,” and “ecodevelopment”. In their view, these six meanings converge around
two major aspects of results with focus on ecology and the economy [29].
Table 1. A summary of the sustainability definitions and concepts.
Roots of Definitions of
Points of Emphasis Points of Emphasis
Sustainability Sustainability
Maintenance of natural systems so Optimum and maximum ability
Ecological/carrying
that they can support human life Carrying capacity of Earth’s systems to support
capacity
and well-being human life and well-being
Promoting economic growth only
Maximum sustainable yield
to the extent and in ways that do Sustainable use of
Resource/environment from natural systems, such as
not cause deterioration of natural biological resources
forests and fisheries
systems
Concern with the impacts of Maintaining productivity of
humans on the health of the Earth farming during and after
Biosphere Sustainable agriculture
and its ability to support human disturbances such as floods and
populations droughts
Rejection of the notion that science Renewable alternatives to fossil
Critique of technology and technology, by themselves, Sustainable energy fuel reliance to produce heat
will protect and save the Earth energy
Limits to the ability of the Earth to Maintaining human systems to
Sustainable society and
No growth–slow growth support the health and well-being support economic and human
economy
of ever growing populations well-being
Adapting business and economic Promoting economic growth
development activities to realities only to the extent and in ways
Ecodevelopment Sustainable development
of natural resource and that do not cause deterioration
environmental limits of natural systems
Sustainability is a concept widely understood and discussed. In fact, it is subject to vast partiality
and subjectivity. Therefore, sustainability is a multi-disciplinary concept, based on an understanding
covering various aspects of life. The principle areas that impact sustainability are highlighted in
Figure 1. In addition, the areas are in various ways intertwined. The social sphere affects the cultural
Sustainability 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 38
realm, for example, while the economic sphere influences public policy.
Figure 1. The backbone

Figure 1. Theof sustainable
backbone development
of sustainable developmentand thekey
and the key areas
areas for understanding
for understanding the concept the concept of
of sustainable development
sustainable development [18]. [18].
2.2. Elements of Sustainability

Overall, a sound and thorough analysis of every factor and element contributing directly
Optimization methods for environmental sustainability—social and economic—are developed
or indirectly to this concept
separately. [19]. Since,leads
energyto
canan objective
be seen understanding
as a key factor andand
in poverty reduction evaluation of sustainability.
the improvement
Nonetheless, an internationally
of living accepted
standards, energy standard
resources for sustainable
and the sustainability assessment
dimensions is not
must integrate available. This is
together.
largely becauseThus, technical dimension relating to functional and technological advantages is considered by some
models are often blamed for their subjectivity, their sense of sustainability, or their lack
authors as energy resources sustainability. In this case, the sustainability measures for optimization
of clarity [18]. consist of environmental, social, economic, and energy resources sustainability.
3. Optimization
Optimization is a search process for a specific problem according to special conditions of that
problem. Optimization refers to finding a process of optimal values for a given network parameter
using all feasible values for the minimization or maximization of network output. The goal of
optimization is to discover the best feasible response with the consideration of the problem
constraints. The presence of complex scientific and engineering problems leads to using optimization
2.2. Elements of Sustainability

Optimization methods for environmental sustainability—social and economic—are developed
separately. [19]. Since, energy can be seen as a key factor in poverty reduction and the improvement of
living standards, energy resources and the sustainability dimensions must integrate together. Thus,
technical dimension relating to functional and technological advantages is considered by some authors
as energy resources sustainability. In this case, the sustainability measures for optimization consist of
environmental, social, economic, and energy resources sustainability.
3. Optimization
Optimization is a search process for a specific problem according to special conditions of that
problem. Optimization refers to finding a process of optimal values for a given network parameter
using all feasible values for the minimization or maximization of network output. The goal of
optimization is to discover the best feasible response with the consideration of the problem constraints.
The presence of complex scientific and engineering problems leads to using optimization methods
to solve the desired problem. Due to time consuming and complexity of exact methods, utilizing
intelligent optimization algorithms has crucial importance.
Optimization of many complex scientific problems which require solutions with accurate
computations and appropriate time cannot use classical methodologies. In this situation, nature
can be considered as a rich source which, like a powerful mechanism, provides principles and concepts
in order to design artificial computational methods for solving such complex optimization problems.
Heuristic optimization methods are a set of algorithms for optimization problems which search in
problem search space to find optimal response randomly, but purposeful and simple [30,31].
After developing a heuristic optimization algorithm, for instance TS, researchers found that some
natural phenomena, despite being random, are interestingly moving toward near-optimal states. These
optimization algorithms are usually inspired by nature. The metaheuristic optimization algorithms
have outsourced approaches from local optimum and are capable of finding optimum solutions in a
wide range of optimization problems [32,33]. General algorithms inspired by nature can be divided
into four main categories: EAs, SI algorithms, PCMB algorithms, and finally HB algorithms.
The EAs are a subset of evolutionary computations and are categorized in the AI group. The
evolutionary algorithms are inspired by the evolutionary and genetic behaviors of creatures. These
algorithms consist of GAs [13], DE [34], BBO [35], and ES [36]. Other well-known algorithms of EAs
include PBIL [37], GP [38], VCS [39], and NNA [40].
The second group of metaheuristic optimization algorithms are the SI algorithms which are
usually inspired by intelligent behaviors of creatures in nature. A majority of algorithms belongs to the
SI category, unlike the EAs class that only utilizes genetic laws. They always take full advantages of
each solution in the search space to provide better solutions for optimal solving of a given problem [39].
4. Optimization and Sustainable Development

The definition of the concept of sustainable development is a good starting point for this section.
Sustainable development is a term that has been widely used and for which many meanings have
been suggested in the past three decades. Several papers have recently discussed the meaning
of sustainability [41] and sustainable development [42,43] and how it can be operationalized and
identified [44].
Even if they are sometimes considered interchangeably, the concept of sustainable development is
slightly separate from sustainable. It should be known that the concept of sustainable development
includes a reference to development that is not necessary in order to sustain a system.
Sustainability is defined as "capacity for long-term development", while sustainable development
is the mechanism through which sustainable development is achieved or considered [45]. "A dynamic
process that allows everyone to realize their own potential and improve their quality of life so as
identified [44].
Even if they are sometimes considered interchangeably, the concept of sustainable development
is slightly separate from sustainable. It should be known that the concept of sustainable development
includes a reference to development that is not necessary in order to sustain a system.
Sustainability 2020, 12, 2027
Sustainability is defined as "capacity for long-term development", while sustainable 6 of 34
development is the mechanism through which sustainable development is achieved or considered

[45]. "A dynamic process that allows everyone to realize their own potential and improve their quality
to protect and improve the life-support systems of the world at the same time, as a way to achieve
of life so as to protect and improve the life-support systems of the world at the same time, as a way
sustainable development as a process" [45] recalls the results of the Forum for the Future. A sustainable
to achieve sustainable development as a process" [45] recalls the results of the Forum for the Future.
development can be the only solution to these problems.
A sustainable development can be the only solution to these problems.
Sustainable development is the synthesis of preservation of energy resources, environmental
Sustainable development is the synthesis of preservation of energy resources, environmental
sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability, as illustrated in Figure 2. Clean energy
sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability, as illustrated in Figure 2. Clean
and technologies are a key component of sustainable development for three main purposes.
energy and technologies are a key component of sustainable development for three main purposes.
Figure
Figure 2. Factors affecting
2. Factors affecting sustainable
sustainable development
development interdependence
interdependence [46].
[46].
Firstly, they generally produce less EI than other sources of energy. There are a wide range
Firstly, they generally produce less EI than other sources of energy. There are a wide range of
of green energy options. Secondly, they were not able to be depleted. When used in appropriate
green energy options. Secondly, they were not able to be depleted. When used in appropriate
applications carefully, green energy resources can provide reliable and sustainable energy almost
applications carefully, green energy resources can provide reliable and sustainable energy almost
indefinitely. Thirdly, it promotes decentralization of systems and locally independent solutions, thus
indefinitely. Thirdly, it promotes decentralization of systems and locally independent solutions, thus
increasing the flexibility of the system and offering economic gains to small, fragmented communities.
However, the small scale of the equipment also decreases the amount of time required from design to
operation to make it more suitable to meet unpredictable production [46].
Indeed, the biggest problem with renewable energy such as wind and solar energies is that they
are intermittent. Also, they would require warehouses full of massive batteries, and at this size, a
major problem becomes apparent.
However, the life-cycle perspective is of paramount importance when evaluating EI. Moreover,
when following this perspective, even in energy systems assimilated as renewable, there is high
demand for fossil resources cumulated along the life-cycle stages, even higher than a conventional
(fossil) "competitor".
Figure 3 illustrates the major considerations involved in developing green energy technologies
including social, EIs, marketing, technological and economic factors. In addition to these considerations,
a series of parameters (factors) can be identified which are important for developing green energy
policies and strategies. These include information to the general public, environmental education,
innovation stimulation, technology promotion, financing, and very important tools and techniques of
elaborate evaluations.
For future sustainable energy environments, green energy technologies are expected to play a key
role. Energy demand is likely to be the main factor deciding the role of green energy and technologies.
Therefore, green electricity from renewable sources, such as hydraulic energy, solar, wind, geothermal
energy, wave, biomass, etc., can be produced to address the energy demand. Green energy innovations
are largely influenced by strong and influential patterns that are grounded in fundamental human
needs. Wastes (e.g., waste-to-energy incineration plants converted into usable forms of energy) and
biomass sources are considered to provide renewable energy/green energies.
To achieve a comprehensive sustainable development, using optimization methods and
subsequently optimizing the objective functions of the problems in relation to energy resources
major problem becomes apparent.
However, the life-cycle perspective is of paramount importance when evaluating EI. Moreover,
when following this perspective, even in energy systems assimilated as renewable, there is high
demand for fossil resources cumulated along the life-cycle stages, even higher than a conventional
(fossil) "competitor". 7 of 34
Figure 3 illustrates the major considerations involved in developing green energy technologies
including social,
sustainability, EIs, marketing,
environmental technological
sustainability, economicand economic factors.
sustainability, Insustainability
and social addition toisthese
very
essential. Green energy resources, systems, and technologies are the key components offor
considerations, a series of parameters (factors) can be identified which are important developing
accomplishing
green energy
sustainable policies and in
development, strategies. Theseoptimization
the following include information
methods.toThey
the general public,
are applied environmental
to the sustainable
education, innovation stimulation, technology promotion, financing,
energy and buildings in the literature, and are discussed and analyzed in detail.and very important tools and
techniques of elaborate evaluations.
Figure 3. Considerations involved in development of green energy technologies [46].

Figure 3. Considerations involved in development of green energy technologies [46].
4.1. Optimization and Sustainable Energy
For future sustainable energy environments, green energy technologies are expected to play a
The main focus of sustainable energy is to move towards electricity production and powering
key role. Energy demand is likely to be the main factor deciding the role of green energy and
equipment by means other than fossil fuel consumption. Recently, there has been a shift in focus
technologies. Therefore, green electricity from renewable sources, such as hydraulic energy, solar,
because the quantities of fossil fuel used to produce energy are too big. This means that dependence on
wind, geothermal energy, wave, biomass, etc., can be produced to address the energy demand. Green
fossil fuels was once considered untenable because these resources would be eradicated in the world.
energy innovations are largely influenced by strong and influential patterns that are grounded in
Today, however, because of the environmental impact of burning them, that dependency has been
fundamental human needs. Wastes (e.g., waste-to-energy incineration plants converted into usable
considered unsustainable. Now that the issue of global climate change has emerged, it is clear that
forms of energy) and biomass sources are considered to provide renewable energy/green energies.
the burning of fossil fuels is the primary cause for the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere.
To achieve a comprehensive sustainable development, using optimization methods and
Therefore, because the fossil fuels have many carbon dioxide emissions, finding sustainable alternatives
subsequently optimizing the objective functions of the problems in relation to energy resources
has become an imperative.
sustainability, environmental sustainability, economic sustainability, and social sustainability is very
As a result, those interested in climate protection advocate sustainable energy as a means for
essential. Green energy resources, systems, and technologies are the key components of
reducing carbon emissions. This will inevitably lead to an increasing reliance on energy sources such
accomplishing sustainable development, in the following optimization methods. They are applied to
as solar, wind, geothermal, hydro-electric, and sometimes nuclear. This focus on renewables is a
the sustainable energy and buildings in the literature, and are discussed and analyzed in detail.
somewhat narrower version of the concept of sustainable energy.
Another more comprehensive concept is to reduce the energy demand generated by consumer
goods production.
4.1. Optimization andFor example,
Sustainable by increasing the efficiency of energy resource usage, and/or by
Energy
replacing toxic energy resources with less environmentally friendly energy sources, energy consumption
typically decreases environmental effects. Such behavior will promote sustainable development and
raise living standards through a cleaner climate. A sustainable supply of sources of energy, to be
accomplished through the following, is provided by sustainable development:
• Sustainable energy resources available at a reasonable cost which can be used for all necessary
tasks without detrimental societal effects. The generally accepted endpoints are energy resources
like fossil fuels (coal, oil, and natural gas), and uranium. Others, such as sunshine, wind, and falls
in water are generally regarded as renewable and relatively long-term sustainable [47]. Wastes
and biomass fuel are sometimes seen as sustainable energy sources (convertible to useful energies
through waste-to-energy incineration and other processes).
• Efficient utilization of energy resources for improving their benefits while preventing their use.
That recognizes that all energy resources are to a certain extent limitable, enabling them to
contribute to the long-term growth and thus to a more sustainable development. In addition
to energy sources which can eventually make cost-performing changes, the need for resources
(energetic, material, etc.) will be reduced to create and sustain energy systems and devices and
the related environmental impacts will also be reduced. [47].
Figure 4 shows that approximately 1/4 of global final energy consumption in 2017 was made by
the residential sector (a total of 8918 Mtoe). Over the last few decades, this share has not changed
significantly and it is projected to continue to be similar. The data source given in Figure 4 is the
International Energy Agency. It describes the residential sector as the combined pool of all households
in the region, also known as the household market [47].
4. 19734. and
Figure Figure 1973 2017 shares
and 2017 of of
shares world
worldelectricity finalconsumption
electricity final consumption (Source:
(Source: IEA, World
IEA, World Energy Energy
Balances,
Balances, 2019).2019).
In the In the transportation

transportation sector,
sector, roughlyhalf
roughly half the
the supply
supplyofof renewable
renewableprimary energyenergy
primary is usedisto used to
produce electricity and heat in countries of the OECD. However, the majority of renewables in the
residential, commercial, and public services sectors are being consumed globally. This is a result of
residential, commercial,
the extensive and
use of publicsolid
organic services
fuels sectors are being
in developing consumed
countries' globally.
residential ThisThe
sectors. is aglobal
result of the
extensive use of and
electricity organic solid fuelsare
heat production in based
developing countries’
on 38.6 percent residential
of renewable sectors.
energy; whileThe
41.7global
percentelectricity
is
and heat production
spent are based
on the residential, on 38.6 percent
commercial, of renewable
and government energy;
sector (see while
Figure 5). 41.7 percent is spent on the
residential, commercial, and government sector (see Figure 5).
Balances, 2019).
In the transportation sector, roughly half the supply of renewable primary energy is used to
residential, commercial, and public services sectors are being consumed globally. This is a result of
the 2020,
Sustainability extensive use of organic solid fuels in developing countries' residential sectors. The global
12, 2027 9 of 34
electricity and heat production are based on 38.6 percent of renewable energy; while 41.7 percent is
spent on the residential, commercial, and government sector (see Figure 5).
Figure 5. International sectoral renewable energy used in 2017.
In the following, the review was made on recent published papers in this topic. Table 2 shows the
reviewed papers in the literature.
Table 2. Main characteristics of some the reviewed papers in the literature.
Optimization Optimization
Ref. Problem Objective Function Year
Method Single-objective Multi-objective
• Fuel cost
[48] Optimal power flow MJAYA • Emission cost × 3 2019
• Power loss
Optimization of Renewable
[49] AFSA Cost of generation 3 × 2016
Energy Sources in a Microgrid
Optimal integration of
renewable energy sources for
[50] autonomous tri-generation PSO • Total cost 3 × 2018
combined cooling, heating,
and power system
Optimal design of Microgrid’s
network topology and • Cost
[51] HS • Power loss × 3 2019
location of the distributed
renewable energy resources
Sustainable renewable energy • Cost of Energy

[52] planning and wind farming GAs (LCOE) 3 × 2018
optimization
• Cost of generation
Sustainable Indonesian Multi-objective • Lowest
[53] × 3 2015
electricity system optimization model CO2 emissions
• Investment costs
Design of distributed energy Mixed-integer linear • Total
[54] × 3 2017
supply systems programming (MILP) annualized costs
• Slip
Sustainable energy-generating Random restart local • Rotor current
[55] • Power factor × 3 2019
induction machine search optimization
• Starting toque
[56] Sustainable energy systems P-graph model • System cost 3 × 2017
Sustainable NOx emission Online neural

[57] reduction at a coal-fired power network modeling • NOx emission rate 3 × 2019
station and PSO
• Power shortage cost

Monte Carlo • Energy storage cost
[58] Optimal design of HRES simulation and • Power × 3 2015
(STRONG) generation cost
• Carbon emission
[59] CHPED SRPSO • Generation cost 3 × 2019

Monte Carlo
Optimal design of storage cost
[58] simulation and ×  2015
HRES • Power
(STRONG)
generation cost
• Carbon
emission
• Generation
[59] CHPED SRPSO  × 2019
cost
In [48], Jaya’s new version called MJAYA was presented with four different targets, reflecting
In [48], Jaya’sofnew
the minimization fuel version called MJAYA
cost, emission was presented
minimization, with four
transmission powerdifferent targets, reflecting
loss reduction, and the
the minimization of fuel cost, emission minimization, transmission power loss
improvement of the tension profile, to solve the problem of the OPF. Comparing other reported reduction, and the
improvement
approaches of thethat
suggests tension profile,algorithm
the MJAYA to solve the problem to
is preferable of other
the OPF. Comparing
methods. otherproposal
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isapproaches suggests that
a population-based the MJAYA
optimization algorithm
algorithm is preferable
consisting to other
of simple methods.
steps The MJAYA
only using commonproposal
control
is a population-based optimization algorithm consisting of simple steps only using common
parameters (i.e., maximum number of iteration and population sizes). For further explanation, Figure control
6
parameters
displays the (i.e., maximum
suggested number
flowchart for of
theiteration
MJAYAand population
algorithm sizes).
for OPF For further explanation, Figure
resolution.
6 displays the suggested flowchart for the MJAYA algorithm for OPF resolution.
Figure6.6. Diagram
Figure Diagram of
of MJAYA’s
MJAYA'sproposed
proposedsolution
solutionfor
forthe
theOPF
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[48].
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performedamongamongfourfouroptimization
optimizationalgorithms
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orderto
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reduce
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power loss in the power distribution network equipped with renewable energy resources. These
loss in the power distribution network equipped with renewable energy resources. These
algorithms are GSA, BA, ICA and FPA. Placing RDGs such as wind energy and photovoltaic
algorithms are GSA, BA, ICA and FPA. Placing RDGs such as wind energy and photovoltaic energy energy can
lead to a reduction of power loss in an electrical power network. The suggested
can lead to a reduction of power loss in an electrical power network. The suggested heuristic heuristic algorithms
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RDGs network tonetwork
in the distribution reduce
energy loss. The results of ICA show its efficiency and superiority over the other algorithms that have
been suggested.
In [49], an optimization algorithm is used for the optimal energy scheduling problem and the
optimization of renewable energy sources in the micro-grid, called the Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm.
The efficiency of the algorithm is checked through a microgrid scenario to schedule generation.
The findings are checked by comparison to the established multiplicative reduction algorithm for
additive increase.
In [50], a simulation model was developed for optimization of different configuration alternatives
of autonomous renewable energy sources and CCHP systems for meeting cooling, heating, and
electrical loads, based on the photovoltaic-thermal panel, wind turbine, thermal energy storage,
electrical energy storage, absorption chiller, electric chiller, and electric heater. To optimize the process,
a newly developed E-PSO algorithm is examined and validated. Figure 7 displays the simulation
phaseSustainability
flowchart. 2020, 12, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 38
Figure 7. Diagram
Figure 7. Diagramofofthe
theE-PSO
E-PSO algorithm simulationphase
algorithm simulation phase [50].
[50].
In [51], the combined topology of the network and the optimum placement of distributed
renewables in a micro grid were addressed. To solve this problem of mutual optimization, the efficacy
of the HS metaheuristic solver inspired by the jazz band music was analyzed. In this paper, two
different approaches were considered. The first is a single objective problem formulation in which
In [51], the combined topology of the network and the optimum placement of distributed
renewables in a micro grid were addressed. To solve this problem of mutual optimization, the efficacy
of the HS metaheuristic solver inspired by the jazz band music was analyzed. In this paper, two
different approaches
Sustainability were
2020, 12, x FOR considered.
PEER REVIEW The first is a single objective problem formulation in which 14 ofthe
38
classic HS is applied with certain adjustments. The second approach is to take into consideration a
the classic HSHS
multi-target is algorithm,
applied with certain
which willadjustments. The second
develop a whole family approach is to
of solutions at take into consideration
Pareto.
a multi-target HS algorithm,
In [61], a hybrid which will develop
ANP-BOCR-TOPSIS a whole
evaluation family
method wasofsuggested
solutionstoatbuild
Pareto.
a comprehensive
In [61], a hybrid ANP-BOCR-TOPSIS evaluation method was
assessment index system for selecting sustainable energy storage node optimization. At thesuggested tosame
build a
time,
comprehensive assessment index system for selecting sustainable energy storage node
it was demonstrated that this technique can efficiently resolve such problems and be used in other optimization.
At the The
areas. samesystem
time, itcombination
was demonstrated that
is seen in this technique
Figure 8. can efficiently resolve such problems and
be used in other areas. The system combination is seen in Figure 8.
Figure 8.
Figure TheANP-BOCR-DEMATEL-TOPSE
8. The ANP-BOCR-DEMATEL-TOPSE integrated
integrated system
system framework
framework [61].
[61].
In order to determine the weights of all parameters, the approach BOCR was applied and the
In order to determine the weights of all parameters, the approach BOCR was applied and the
standards used by ANP were defined. Then the TOPSIS-based approach to classifying alternate firms
standards used by ANP were defined. Then the TOPSIS-based approach to classifying alternate firms
was suggested. In order to assess the overall accuracy, the DEMATEL method was adopted. Eventually,
was suggested. In order to assess the overall accuracy, the DEMATEL method was adopted.
the findings of ANP-BOCR-TOPSIS, DEMATEL-TOPSIS, and AHP-TOPSIS were related. The findings
Eventually, the findings of ANP-BOCR-TOPSIS, DEMATEL-TOPSIS, and AHP-TOPSIS were related.
were also contrasted. The results show that the approach introduced had the potential to evaluate the
The findings were also contrasted. The results show that the approach introduced had the potential
parameters and was very effective for solving similar problems.
to evaluate the parameters and was very effective for solving similar problems.
The effects of climate change, driven largely by fossil fuel consumption and unhealthy lifestyle
The effects of climate change, driven largely by fossil fuel consumption and unhealthy lifestyle
use, promote a strong and far-reaching use of renewable energy sources. Reference [52] suggests the
use, promote a strong and far-reaching use of renewable energy sources. Reference [52] suggests the
approach of computational GAs to optimize wind farms for the detection of both the sitting of the
approach of computational GAs to optimize wind farms for the detection of both the sitting of the
wind turbines and the levelized cost of energy to guarantee the optimal production of electricity and
wind turbines and the levelized cost of energy to guarantee the optimal production of electricity and
sustain fragile ecosystems. The model was used to determine suitable locations for the position of
sustain fragile ecosystems. The model was used to determine suitable locations for the position of
wind turbines on a complex field around a flight and evaluated the electricity offset in terms of demand
wind turbines on a complex field around a flight and evaluated the electricity offset in terms of
and supply to facilitate localized, more stable energy networks.
demand and supply to facilitate localized, more stable energy networks.
Two steps are taken to improve the preparation and development of a wind farm: a) Using GAs to
Two steps are taken to improve the preparation and development of a wind farm: a) Using GAs
determine suitable wind turbine designs provided the circumstances in which winds are viewed, and;
to determine suitable wind turbine designs provided the circumstances in which winds are viewed,
(b) Economic analyses focused on the expected wind turbine energy generation, calculating marginal
and; (b) Economic analyses focused on the expected wind turbine energy generation, calculating
costs of increasing energy production in the wind farm region. A flowchart in Figure 9 revealed the
marginal costs of increasing energy production in the wind farm region. A flowchart in Figure 9
optimization pattern.
revealed the optimization pattern.
Figure
Figure 9. A flow
9. A flow chart
chart that
that shows
shows the
the pattern
pattern for
for optimization
optimization [52].
[52].
The results show the model’s reliability and its future applicability to other locations pursuing
The results show the model's reliability and its future applicability to other locations pursuing
sustainable energy preparation while at the same time maintaining economic stability and protecting
sustainable energy preparation while at the same time maintaining economic stability and protecting
the fragile ecosystems they have inherited.
the fragile ecosystems they have inherited.
Reference
Reference[62] [62]used
usedtwo two models
models to analyze
to analyzethe consequences
the consequences of theseof objectives, based on
these objectives, a number
based on a
of
number of mid and long-term scenarios, on the sustainable European energy system as well as the
mid and long-term scenarios, on the sustainable European energy system as well as the rest of the
world. Firstly, the optimal configuration of the European electricity system is accomplished between
rest of the world. Firstly, the optimal configuration of the European electricity system is accomplished
2030 and 2050 using the linear programming optimization approach for capability extension and unit
between 2030 and 2050 using the linear programming optimization approach for capability extension
contribution. The results
and unit contribution. Thefor Germany
results are then are
for Germany used as inputs
then used asininputs
the Multi-Regional Input-Output
in the Multi-Regional Input-
Analysis
Output Analysis with the aim of analyzing the environmental and socio-economic effectsnew
with the aim of analyzing the environmental and socio-economic effects of the energy
of the new
system. The results show this method’s capacity for emissions of GHGs,
energy system. The results show this method's capacity for emissions of GHGs, cumulative energy cumulative energy demand
and added
demand andvalue,
added and the creation
value, and theof jobs. of jobs.
creation
In [53], a multi-target optimization
In [53], a multi-target optimization model for a long-term
model power generation
for a long-term network in
power generation Indonesia
network in
was introduced. Between 2011 and 2050, the optimization model is
Indonesia was introduced. Between 2011 and 2050, the optimization model is performed. This paperperformed. This paper seeks to
assess
seeks to local energy
assess localsources’
energycultural
sources'and environmental
cultural adequacy. adequacy.
and environmental The modelThe includes
model two competing
includes two
goal functions to obtain the lowest generation cost and lowest CO emissions
competing goal functions to obtain the lowest generation cost and2 lowest CO 2 emissions while taking while taking technology
diffusion
technology into consideration.
diffusion The results show
into consideration. that allshow
The results renewable
that all energy shouldenergy
renewable be developed
should be in
Indonesia and that imported coal and gas is needed.
developed in Indonesia and that imported coal and gas is needed.
Reference
Reference [63][63] provides
provides an an overview
overview of of sustainable
sustainable energy
energy system
system design
design and and development
development
focused
focused on on the
the context
context for for superstructure
superstructure optimization
optimization and the guidelines
and the guidelines on on LCO.
LCO. There
There werewere aa
series
series of research challenges, such as (1) systematic generation of comprehensive super-structures for
of research challenges, such as (1) systematic generation of comprehensive super-structures for
processes, (2) super structured optimization models that integrate technology-economic
processes, (2) super structured optimization models that integrate technology-economic assessment assessment
and
and LCO,
LCO, (3)(3) effective
effective computational
computational algorithms
algorithms to to resolve
resolvenon-linear
non-linearoptimization
optimizationissues.
issues.
For the design of sustainable energy supply systems, the
For the design of sustainable energy supply systems, the concept of min-max concept of min-max robust multi-objective
robust multi-
optimization
objective optimization was applied in [54]. This article introduces a mixed-integer linear formula,
was applied in [54]. This article introduces a mixed-integer linear problem problem
incorporating uncertainties
formula, incorporating in sustainable
uncertainties in energy
sustainablesystem design.
energy A Pareto
system front A
design. canPareto
therefore stillcan
front be
derived. The problem formulation represented transfers the important theoretical
therefore still be derived. The problem formulation represented transfers the important theoretical concept of min-max
robust
conceptmultipurpose
of min-maxoptimization to engineering
robust multipurpose for the design
optimization of energy systems
to engineering for thethat are sustainable.
design of energy
A random restart
systems that are sustainable. of the local search optimization process for efficient induction production of
energy A was
randomexamined
restartinof[55]. Several
the local experiments
search optimization have process
recently for
been designed
efficient to improve
induction induction
production of
machines operating efficiency with optimization technology. However,
energy was examined in [55]. Several experiments have recently been designed to improve induction current techniques failed to
improve
machinesthe induction
operating machines
efficiency efficiencies.
with optimization An technology.
HC-LSO technology
However,was designed
current to resolve
techniques failedthis
to
efficiency problem. Figure 10 shows the HC-LSO technique structure
improve the induction machines efficiencies. An HC-LSO technology was designed to resolve this diagram.
efficiency problem. Figure 10 shows the HC-LSO technique structure diagram.
Figure
Figure 10. Hill10. Hill climbing-optimization
climbing-optimization ofofHC-LSO
HC-LSO (Hill-LSO)
(Hill-LSO)system configuration
system diagramdiagram
configuration [55]. [55].
A P-graph A P-graph
model is model is developed
developed in to
in [56] [56]optimize
to optimize sustainableenergy
sustainable energy systems
systems overovera amulti-
multi-period
period period. The model is capable of synthesizing scalable structures that are capable of addressing
period. differences
The model is capable of synthesizing scalable structures that are capable
in the supply and demand of raw materials. In addition, the P-graph model is also capable
of addressing
differences
of generating near-optimal solutions that provide information that may be important to decision- is also
in the supply and demand of raw materials. In addition, the P-graph model
capable of generating
makers, near-optimal
such as structural featuressolutions thattoprovide
that are specific a range ofinformation
good solutions.that may be
The method important
built in to
this study such
decision-makers, is outlined in two casefeatures
as structural studies. that are specific to a range of good solutions. The method
In [57], using ANNs model and PSO over two years of operation a 490 gross megawatt subcritical
built in this study is outlined in two case studies.
tangential coal fired boiler is built and implemented. There is also a hybrid optimization and control
In [57], using
strategy ANNs
using model
multiple and of
methods PSO over twoand
optimization years of operation
control, a 490 gross
including machine megawatt
learning [57]. subcritical
tangential coal In [64], the recent model of energy planning, energy projection models, and renewable energy control
fired boiler is built and implemented. There is also a hybrid optimization and
strategy using multiple
integration models methods of optimization
were studied and reviewedand control, ways
in numerous including machine
for minimum learning
cost of energy, [57].
minimum CO 2, and sustainable development. Various techniques and tools for modeling are also
In [64], the recent model of energy planning, energy projection models, and renewable energy
investigated and discussed.
integration models were studied and reviewed in numerous ways for minimum cost of energy,
In [65], a summary of trends in science (1999–2009) was provided regarding the utilization of the
minimum CO2 , andmethods
optimization sustainable development.
for design, planning, and Various techniques
control problems relatedand tools for
to renewable modeling
resources and are also
investigated and discussed.
sustainable energy. A review of more than 200 papers in the fields of renewable energy and computer
optimization
In [65], a summary from ofleading
trends publications
in science provides interesting
(1999–2009) was conclusions
providedwhich can be of
regarding use
the for
utilization of
researchers in fields of green energy.
the optimization methods for design, planning, and control problems related to renewable resources
In [66], the power and supply sector developments were reviewed. The role of modeling and
and sustainable energy. A review of more than 200 papers in the fields of renewable energy and
optimization as a tool for sustainable energy systems was analyzed as well as the future prospect of
computer optimization from leading publications provides interesting conclusions which can be of use
for researchers in fields of green energy.
In [66], the power and supply sector developments were reviewed. The role of modeling and
optimization as a tool for sustainable energy systems was analyzed as well as the future prospect
of optimization modeling. Additionally, in [67], the different methodologies of optimal sizing of
renewable hybrids energy systems were reviewed.
In [58], the use of simulation from Monte Carlo and simulation optimization techniques for
optimal HRES design in uncertain environments were investigated. The proposed model takes into
optimization
Sustainability modeling. Additionally, in [67], the different methodologies of optimal sizing of
2020, 12, 2027 15 of 34
renewable hybrids energy systems were reviewed.
In [58], the use of simulation from Monte Carlo and simulation optimization techniques for
optimal
consideration not HRES
onlydesign in uncertain
the power environments
generation, were investigated.
allocation, The proposed
and transportation model takes
systems withinintothe HRES
consideration not only the power generation, allocation, and transportation systems within the HRES
framework, but PV equipment, wind and diesel electric power generators, and energy storage systems
framework, but PV equipment, wind and diesel electric power generators, and energy storage
at each power
systemsplant.
at each power plant.
In [68], numerous different
In [68], numerous tools
different forformodeling
tools modeling aarenewable
renewable energy
energy project
project were examined
were examined for for
simulation simulation and optimization.
and optimization. TheThe models examined
models examined inin this document
this document were were
divided into various
divided into various
project subgroups: ‘Multi-scale RE Tools’, ‘District Level Tools’, and ‘Regional Level Tools’. Tools for
project subgroups: ‘Multi-scale RE Tools’, ‘District Level Tools’, and ‘Regional Level Tools’. Tools for
similarities and differences are contrasted among the different categories. Reference [69] provides a
similarities and differences are contrasted
timely review of state-of-the-art amongfor
energy planning the differentenergy
multi-target categories. Reference [69] provides a
resources.
timely reviewInof state-of-the-art
addition, energy
Reference [70] planning
presents for multi-target
an exhaustive energy
review of applied resources.
optimization algorithms for
energy-efficient
In addition, scheduling
Reference [70]based on constraints
presents and objectives
an exhaustive related
review of toapplied
energy. In this article, many
optimization algorithms
methods including
for energy-efficient swarm based
scheduling and evolutionary algorithms
on constraints andfor solving energy-based
objectives related to problems
energy. In were
this article,
discussed and analyzed. Figure 11 identifies swarm and evolutionary algorithms used to solve
many methods including swarm and evolutionary algorithms for solving energy-based problems
energy-related scheduling problems.
were discussed and analyzed.
Reference Figure 11HS
[71] also discusses identifies
algorithmswarm and evolutionary
implementations in energy algorithms used to solve
systems. Various
energy-related scheduling problems.
improved versions of the HS approach are implemented in the present study, and a comprehensive
review in the field of HS implementation for energy system issues is conducted.
Figure 11. Swarm

Figure and evolutionary
11. Swarm algorithms
and evolutionary forsolving
algorithms for solving energy-related
energy-related scheduling
scheduling problems.
problems.
ReferenceThe SRPSO
[71] alsoalgorithm
discusses was
HS used in a comparison
algorithm to solve the problem
implementations of CHPED
in energy by taking
systems. Variousintoimproved
account fuel costs and power losses, and thereafter to obtain sustainable energy [59]. The SRPSO
versions of the HS approach are implemented in the present study, and a comprehensive review in the
algorithm is an improved form of PSO.
field of HS implementation for energy system issues is conducted.
The 4.2.
SRPSO algorithm
Optimization was used
and Sustainable in a comparison to solve the problem of CHPED by taking into
Buildings
account fuel Buildings
costs and power losses, and thereafter
around the world consume to obtain
a substantial amount sustainable energy
of energy, about 1/3 of[59]. The SRPSO
the total
algorithmprimary
is an improved form In
energy resources. of those
PSO.conditions, effective building energy management is critical in
achieving a low carbon environment and potentially faster sustainability. The future generation of
4.2. Optimization
buildings and Sustainablemoving
is increasingly Buildings
through energy-efficient buildings that allow smart building
control. Furthermore, the energy source is an important element in building sustainability. Thus, in
Buildings around the
world sustainable world consume
development strategies, athe
substantial amount
building industry of energy,
is attracting aboutattention.
increased 1/3 of the total
primary This
energy resources.
is due to its energyIn those conditions,
consumption effective
and emissions building
of GHGs energy management
in the construction sector. is critical in
achieving a low The concepts
carbon of sustainable design,
environment and which are widely
potentially considered
faster in the sustainable
sustainability. assessment
The future generation of
buildingsframeworks, were formulated by Hill and Bowen [72]. However, there is still no common definition
is increasingly moving through energy-efficient buildings that allow smart building control.
of a sustainable building. While lowering the energy demand of buildings, lower Canada dealt with
Furthermore,
climatethe energy
change source
criteria is an important
for sustainable constructionelement in building
in 2007 and stressed thesustainability. Thus, in world
importance of emissions
sustainable development
of GHG [73]. strategies, the building industry is attracting increased attention. This is due
to its energy consumption and emissions of GHGs in the construction sector.
The concepts of sustainable design, which are widely considered in the sustainable assessment
frameworks, were formulated by Hill and Bowen [72]. However, there is still no common definition
of a sustainable building. While lowering the energy demand of buildings, lower Canada dealt with
climate change criteria for sustainable construction in 2007 and stressed the importance of emissions of
GHG [73].
In principle, a sustainable building, based on ecological values and resource efficiency, was in
theory often seen as a safe building environment [74]. In countering this idea, a highly efficient building
is described by improving the situation, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and removal of
energy, which has less impact on health and the environment and fewer electricity, water, and materials
throughout the lifetime [75].
The U.S. EPA reported that sustainable construction is the realistic practice of building structures
by using environmentally responsible technologies, resource efficiencies, and the minimization of their
lives from location untiladeconstruction
In principle, [76].
sustainable building, Table
based 3 lists impacts
on ecological that
values and the EPA
resource stateswas
efficiency, areinexpected
theory often seen as a safe building environment [74]. In countering this idea,
to minimize sustainable buildings (in view of their role, environmental effects are primarily taken a highly efficient
building is described by improving the situation, design, construction, operation, maintenance, and
into consideration).
removal of energy, which has less impact on health and the environment and fewer electricity, water,
and materials throughout the lifetime [75].
Environmental
Table 3. The resources and impacts reduced by EPA re-adaptation in a sustainable
U.S. EPA reported that sustainable construction is the realistic practice of building structures
building [77].
by using environmentally responsible technologies, resource efficiencies, and the minimization of
their lives from location until deconstruction [76]. Table 3 lists impacts that the EPA states are
Resource Consumption
expected Environmental
to minimize sustainable Impact
buildings →role, environmental
(in view of their Ultimate Effects
effects are primarily
taken into consideration).
• Waste
• Energy
• Air pollution
• Water Table 3. Environmental resources and impacts reduced by EPA re-adaptation
• HarmintoaHuman
sustainable
Health
building [77]. • Water pollution and
• Materials → • Environment Degradation
storm-water run off
• Site Resource Consumption Environmental Impact →• LossUltimate Effects
of Resources
• Energy
• Indoor pollution
• Waste
• Biodiversity
• Water • Heat islands
• Air pollution • Harm to Human Health
• Materials • Water pollution and storm-water run off → • Environment Degradation
• Site • Indoor pollution • Loss of Resources
• Biodiversity • Heat islands
Many studies have been performed regarding low-energy buildings. Figure 12 illustrates the
Many studies
numbers of studies on lowhave been performed
energy buildingsregarding
obtained low-energy buildings.
in the Science Figuredatabase
Direct 12 illustrates the2000, by
after
numbers of studies on low energy buildings obtained in the Science Direct database after 2000, by
searching for "low," "energy," and "built-up" [78].
searching for "low," "energy," and "built-up" [78].
Figure 12. Number of Science Direct studies in the energy-efficient buildings after 2000.
Figure 12. Number of Science Direct studies in the energy-efficient buildings after 2000.
The proposed literature

The proposed review
literature shows
review that
shows thatoptimization
optimization ofof BEO
BEO isextremely
is an an extremely
complexcomplex
process process
involvinginvolving
a broad range
a broadof potential
range objective
of potential functions
objective functionsand
anddesign variables
design variables as as shown
shown in Figure
in this this Figure 13.
13. The main issues are mentioned. The target functions can include measures of energy,
The main issues are mentioned. The target functions can include measures of energy, climate, economics, climate,
economics, and/or comfort. Building structure, envelope, and energy systems can be related to the
and/or comfort. Building structure, envelope, and energy systems can be related to the design variables.
design variables.
There are many objective functions and main design variables in literature. In this study, the
review was performed on papers concerning sustainable buildings from the energy perspective. Table 4
shows the reviewed papers in the literature.
Figure 13. Optimization of Building Energy (BEO) including possible target functions and
Figure 13. Optimization of Building Energy (BEO) including possible target functions and architecture
architecture core variables.
core variables.
There are many objective functions and main design variables in literature. In this study, the
review was performed on papers concerning sustainable buildings from the energy perspective.
Table 4 Table 4. Main
shows the characteristics
reviewed of the reviewed papers in the literature.
papers in the literature.
Table 4. Main characteristics of the reviewed papers in the literature. Objective Type
Ref. Problem Optimization Method Objective Function Year
Single Multi
Objective
Optimization
[79] Benchmark
Ref. of BEOProblem
problems SA, GAs and etc. the energy Function
Objective consumption Type 3 Year× 2019
Method
Explore the best plan to maximize Air conditioning and lighting energy
Single Multi
[80] GAs × 3 2019
energy efficiency in buildings consumption
Benchmark of BEO the energy
[79] SA, GAs and
An enhanced hybrid etc.  × 2019
problems
To predict building energy consumption
[81] model based on the energy consumption 3 × 2019
Explore the best plan to
consumption Air conditioning and
ARIMA, SVRs and PSO
[80] maximize energy GAs lighting energy ×  2019
efficiency in buildings • Total consumption
cost
Stand-alone and grid-connected
An enhanced
Coordinated hybrid•
optimal the accumulated unmet power
[82] zero/low energy buildings and their × 3 2019
energy Tosystems
predict building design based on the •
modelmethod the accumulated unmet
[81] energy
cooling consumption
load  × 2019
energy consumption ARIMA, SVRs and
PSO
• • thermal
annual energy demand
Total cost
Stand-alone and grid- • •annual
Coordinated theelectrical
accumulated
connected zero/low energy demand
[83] [82]
Building Energy Design optimal
GAs design • unmet power × × 20193 2019
energy buildings and annual percentage of
method •discomfort
the accumulated
hours over
their energy systems
unmet cooling
occupied hours load
• annual thermal
energy demand
• Temperature profile
[84]
Thermal Energy Performance of an
GAs • •Electricity
annual electrical
Consumption × 3 2019
Academic Building • energyComfort
Thermal demand
[83] Building Energy Design GAs ×  2019
• annual
[85] Building energy optimization MACO percentage of
Building annual end-use energy 3 × 2018
discomfort hours over
• ANN occupied hours
Reduce energy demand for buildings • NSGA-II • Energy demand
[86] Thermal Energy × 3 2018
and maximize thermal comfort • Monte • •
Comfort Temperature
time
[84] Performance of an GAs
Carlo method ×  2019
profile
Academic Building
HVAC setpoint scheduling aiming at • ANN • Energy demand

[87] • GAs • Energy cost × 3 2018
reducing energy consumption
The model predictive control based on • Regression tree • Thermal comfort

[88] • Random forest • Energy use × 3 2018
the historical building data
• ANN
• Energy demand
• NSGA-II
Energy performance improvement of • Lifecycle cost
[89] • MOPSO × 3 2017
residential buildings • CO2 emissions
• MOGA
• Thermal comfort
• MODE
Table 4. Cont.
Objective Type
Ref. Problem Optimization Method Objective Function Year
Single Multi
• Energy consumption
The optimization of the thermal • Net present value
[90] GAs × 3 2017
behavior of building envelope • Payback period
• Energy and Exergy use

• Exergy efficiency
Exergy and exergoeconomic NSGA-II • Exergy destruction
[91] optimization as concerns building & • Thermal comfort × 3 2017
energy design MCDM methods • CO2 emissions
• Financial indicators
Minimizing lifecycle cost and • Lifecycle cost

emissions, ensuring, at the same time, • Lifecycle emissions
[92] HS × 3 2017
higher thermal satisfaction of building • Thermal comfort
occupants
Increase the energy performance for • energy consumption

[93] space heating and domestic hot water GAs • Financial indicators × 3 2017
production in residential buildings
Multi-objective energy • Lifecycle cost

[94] Building energy retrofit • Lifecycle GHGs emissions × 3 2017
hub optimization
• Envelope construction cost

The energy performance of green • Thermal energy demand
[95] NSGA-II × 3 2017
building envelopes • Window opening rate
• Energy demand
Optimize the thermal and daylight • Useful daylight illuminance
[96] SPEA-2 × 3 2017
performance of school buildings • Summer thermal discomfort
• Thermal energy demand

Find resilient cost-optimal retrofit • energy consumption
[97] NSGA-II × 3 2016
solutions • Global cost
The improvement of the global overall Multi-criterion building • Energy demand

[98] • Visual comfort × 3 2016
energy performance of office buildings envelope optimization
• GAs
The design optimization of a residential • Morris screening • Energy demand
[99] method for • Discomfort hours × 3 2016
building
sensitivity analysis
Building energy behavior • Cooling energy demand

[100] NSGA-II • Lighting energy demand × 3 2016
simulation-based optimization
• Thermal energy demand

• Electricity demand
Sustainable building • Investment NPV
[101] NSGA-II × 3 2016
design • CO2 emissions
• Comfort level
• Hating energy demand

Finding optimal solutions of envelope • Cooling energy demand
[102] Mono- and MOPSO × 3 2016
design • Lighting energy demand
• Energy use (heating, cooling)

[103] Design of energy systems for buildings NSGA-II • Investment cost × 3 2015
• Annual carbon emissions

• NSGA-II
[104] Building energy optimization • Annual running costs × 3 2015
• MILP
• Investment cost
• Energy demand
During design retrofit, multi-objective • GAs (heating, cooling)
[105] • ANNs • Retrofit cost × 3 2014
optimization
• Thermal discomfort hours
In [106], for solving near-zero energy-building design problems, multi-objective optimizing

algorithms were compared. [107] provides the software to support the selection of energy efficiency
measures both for newly constructed buildings and for existing ones. The methodology of optimization
is a MINLP problem. This study addressed issues of building optimization, both single and
multi-objective. The objective is to generate annual energy consumption.
A new systematic method for tackling this difficult task was introduced in [83]. It is called
"Harlequin," and it optimizes building energy efficiency multi-phase and multi-objectivity. Many
architecture variables related to building structure, envelope, and energy systems are designed in three
steps. Harlequin is a multi-stage and multi-target method for building energy design optimization.
This indicates three
Sustainability 2020,phases
12, x FOR as shown
PEER REVIEWin Figure 14. 23 of 38
Figure Scheme
14. 14.
Figure ofofthe
Scheme thesystem proposed:
system proposed: Harlequin
Harlequin [83].[83].
In [108],
In the latest
[123], intelligent
optimizing control
the thermal systems for
performance energy envelopes
of building and comfort control
for energy in smart energy
consumption
saving
buildings were was performed and
thoroughly in office buildings reviewed.
extensively in China for[109]
various climates. Ina[124],
represented multi-objective
simulation model which
optimization and the analysis of parametric of a solar heating system were investigated for different
building envelopes. In addition, in [125], multi-objective optimization for energy cost management
was represented in semi-public buildings using thermal discomfort information.
enables the finding of optimal values for different building parameters and the associated effects which
decrease the energy demand or consumption of the building.
In [110], the optimization approaches for sustainable building problems were thoroughly examined.
The heuristic algorithms widely used to cover direct searches, evolutionary methods, and other
organically influenced algorithms are summarized. These algorithms are included GAs [111], EP [112],
GP [113], CMA-ES [114], and DE [115]. The main specifications of 74 articles related to the application
of mentioned algorithms to various domains of sustainable building design are present in this study.
In [116], the potential of the prefabricated structures for use in new buildings for sustainability,
eco-efficiency, and building optimization was discussed, concentrating on the study of a novel dry–dry
beam–column relation with various reliability scenarios and re-use scenarios. Additionally, in [117],
optimizing building sustainability assessment was presented using building information modeling. In
view of criteria for safer and more sustainable buildings, the BSA processes within a BIM framework
must be incorporated and streamlined. In [118], an energy optimization was conducted in the various
climatic zones of a residential building. In this analysis, the best energy used in a house due to a
heating–cooling system was explored through various options under the national code of uniform
R values.
In [119], comprehensive agent-based modeling frameworks and methodologies were developed
to optimize sustainable building operation in terms of indoor/outdoor thermal comfort and energy
consumption levels.
In [120], an optimization model was designed to optimize the efficiency of existing buildings and
to test the performance of a proposed project by using a public building in a case study. Reference [121]
presents a model of multinational optimization for retrofit planning of buildings with the objective of
maximizing energy savings and economic benefits from the given investment budget.
In [122], in order to find an optimal construction envelope design that minimizes life cycle costs
and emissions, the multi-objective optimization model based on harmony search algorithms was
developed. The pattern has been used in the south of the United States for a typical single-family
home. A number of optimal solutions from Pareto solutions were described to help designers better
understand the trade relationship between economic and environmental efficiency.
In [123], optimizing the thermal performance of building envelopes for energy consumption
saving was performed in office buildings in China for various climates. In [124], multi-objective
optimization and the analysis of parametric of a solar heating system were investigated for different
building envelopes. In addition, in [125], multi-objective optimization for energy cost management
was represented in semi-public buildings using thermal discomfort information.
In [126], evolutionary many-objective optimizations were proposed for retrofit planning in
public buildings where NSGA-III resulted in better diversity and where convergence outperforms
the conventional NSGA-II. Additionally, [127] integrated distributed generation technologies on
sustainable buildings by using multi-objective dimensional method. In their study, objective functions
consist of energy generation, total annual cost, emissions generated, and water consumption of
the system.
In [128], energy performance of a building, considering different configurations and types of
phase change materials, was evaluated by means of multi-objective optimization in five cities of Iran:
Tehran, Tabriz, Bandar Abas, Shiraz, and Yazd—each having distinctive climate. In [129], optimization
of the HVAC system energy consumption in a building was performed using ANNs and MOGA. The
results show that the proposed algorithm has good quality in finding optimum values.
In [130], the MOGA optimization algorithm based on Pareto optimization was applied to the
energy design of the building envelope and to minimize primary energy consumption, energy-related
global cost, and discomfort hours. Their proposed method was used with four diverse climatic zones
in Italy. In [131], also, the MOGA was employed for cost-optimal and low-carbon design of high-rise
reinforced concrete buildings. Furthermore, [132] used the improved MOPSO algorithm for campus
and MOGA. The results show that the proposed algorithm has good quality in finding optimum
values.
In [130], the MOGA optimization algorithm based on Pareto optimization was applied to the
energy design of the building envelope and to minimize primary energy consumption, energy-
related global cost, and discomfort hours. Their proposed method was used with four diverse climatic
zones in Italy. In [131], also, the MOGA was employed for cost-optimal and low-carbon design of
high-rise reinforced concrete buildings. Furthermore, [132] used the improved MOPSO algorithm for
campusplant
energy energy plant operation
operation based on based
buildingon heating
buildingload
heating load scenarios.
scenarios. OperatingOperating costs,
costs, system system
efficiency,
efficiency,
and thermal and thermal
comfort arecomfort are considered
considered as targets ofasoptimization
targets of optimization in their study.
in their study.
4.3. Sustainable Environment

4.3. Sustainable Environment
Energy,
Energy,culture,
culture,and
andliving
livingstandards
standards areare
often difficult
often to describe
difficult and are
to describe andlinked in complex
are linked ways.
in complex
Energy choices have influenced cultural and economic development strongly
ways. Energy choices have influenced cultural and economic development strongly throughout throughout history, as
well as living
history, standards.
as well as livingThe environmental
standards. impact often has
The environmental an important
impact often hasimpact on energy
an important sources
impact on
and it also impacts society and living standards. The long-term sustainability of
energy sources and it also impacts society and living standards. The long-term sustainability of thethe growth of a nation
is also impacted
growth by is
of a nation environmental
also impactedissues.
by environmental issues.
Due
Due totoincreased
increased population
population in the
in world, livingliving
the world, standards, resource
standards, use, anduse,
resource industrial activities,
and industrial
the environmental impact of human activities has increased substantially in recent
activities, the environmental impact of human activities has increased substantially in recent decades. decades. Figure 15
shows
Figure the temporal
15 shows relation between
the temporal the consumption
relation between of energy
the consumption ofand the and
energy emissions of CO2 ,of
the emissions where
CO2,
consumption and emissions have similar patterns, showing a strong relationship
where consumption and emissions have similar patterns, showing a strong relationship [47]. [47].
Figure 15. The relation between world consumption of primary energy and
and CO
CO22 emissions from 1965
to 2013.
Energy-related
Energy-related environmental
environmental concerns range from
concerns range from pollutant
pollutant and
and accident
accident emissions
emissions to
to
environmental
environmental degradation
degradation and
and ecosystems. Table 55 provides
ecosystems. Table provides descriptions
descriptions ofof their
their sources
sources and
and
environmental and
and human
human health
health impacts
impacts for
for several
several types
types of
of pollutants
pollutants [47].
[47].
Table 5. Chosen contaminants and some of their origins and threats.
Pollutant Source Risks

CO Incomplete combustion of fuels Urban air pollution
Biological and human health
Natural processes (e.g., volcanic activity)
SO2 threats
Sulfur-containing fuels, oil refining,
Acid precipitation, respiratory
electricity generation, pulp and paper
problems
industry
Respiratory problems, low-level
NOx Combustion of fuels at high temperatures
ozone formation, creation of acids
VOCs Petroleum and solvent vapors Impede the formation of ozone
Particulates (e.g., fly ash) Natural and anthropogenic sources Acid precipitation, toxic effects
In recent years, industry, the government, and the public have increasingly paid attention to
environmental issues, especially as those considerations become an integral part of living standards.
Environmental issues therefore also affect culture growth. Energy-related environmental problems
have impacted local and regional communities, as well as national and global governments in recent
decades (such as climate change and ozone depletion). The main environmental concerns related to
power consumption are summarized in Table 6.
Table 6. Summary of major environmental concerns related to energy use and their causes and impacts.
Environmental Concern Causes Impacts

Greenhouse gases (CO2 , CH4 ,
Earth surface and sea level increase; coastal
CFCs, halons, N2 O) emissions,
Global climate change floods; fertile displacement of the area; lack of
coal mining, deforestation, general
freshwater;
energy-related activities
Stratospheric ozone
CFCs, halons, N2 O emissions UV radiation increase (skin cancer, eye damage)
depletion
SO2 , NOx , VOC emissions, Acidification of lakes, streams, and ground
electricity generation, residential waters; damage to forests and agricultural crops;
Acid precipitation
heating, industrial energy use, deterioration of materials (buildings, metal
sour gas treatment, transportation structures, fabrics)
The following are also additional environmental concerns, many of which have their principal
causes and sources listed below [47]:
• Water pollution: Dangerous energy plant and refinery chemicals, mineral acid drainage,
geothermal releases of toxic chemicals, and thermal pollution associated with power plant
cooling systems releases.
• Maritime pollution: Operations for shipping and accidental oil spills.
• Solid wastes and their disposal: Industries of chemicals, metals, etc.
• Ambient air quality: SO2 , NOx , CO, VOCs, and particulate matter emissions.
• Hazardous air pollutants: Lead-based fuel additives, emissions from the municipal waste
incinerator during oil and gas mining, treatment and combustion, and mercury, chlorinated
dioxins, and furans.
• Indoor air quality: CO, CO2 , smoke from stoves and fireplaces, gaseous nitrogen and sulfur
oxidizes from furnaces, stray natural gas and oil furnaces, natural gas and soil-burning radon,
cigarette smoke and plywood and glues of formaldehyde.
• Land use and siting impact: Refining of fuel, electricity generation, solid waste disposal sites
including radioactive waste, hydroelectric reservoirs, mining sites, biomass surface needs, and
large-scale renewable energy utilization.
• Radiation and radioactivity: Power (fossil combustion, uranium mining and milling, etc.)
processing, decommissioning of nuclear waste, and related substances.
• Major environmental accidents: Fires at refineries, factories, reservoirs and dams, and hydroelectric
dam failures causing floods and falls, nuclear accidents, and mining explosions.
There are also optimization approaches for coping with various environmental and ecological
problems [133–137].
5. Discussions
The combination of "sustainability and optimization" is one of the most important and well-known
challenging combinations in today’s world. It has attracted considerable attention and insights,
especially in recent years. In this regard, the optimal use of resources related to human needs is
considered an excellent sustainable goal: environmental, social, and economic goals.
Energy is a key factor for poverty reduction and the improvement of living standards. Energy
resources and the dimensions of sustainability need to be integrated together. Thus, some scholars [46]
also find a strategic dimension related to technological advantages known as sustainability of energy
resources in addition to the other three dimensions.
In this review study, more than hundred papers on area of the sustainable energy resources
and sustainable buildings were reviewed. It is anticipated that green energy technology will play a
crucial role in future sustainable energy environments. Energy demand is likely to be the main factor
deciding the role of green energy and technologies. Green electricity from renewable sources including
hydraulic energy, solar, wind, geothermal energy, wave, and biomass can be produced to address
energy demand.
In the domain of the “optimization and sustainable energy”, particularly in the field of energy and
building, there are several objectives given in Sections 4.1 and 4.2. In addition, several review papers
regarding the state-of-the-art in multi-objective distributed energy resources planning was provided in
the recent years.
Buildings worldwide consume a large amount of energy, about one-third of total primary energy
supplies. Appropriate energy management in construction has abundant significance to a low carbon
world and potentially faster sustainable development under these conditions. Since energy is a principal
source and element in building sustainability, and in world sustainable development strategies as well,
methods to reduce energy consumption and greenhouse gas emissions in the building sector have been
investigated by several sources. Optimization of building energies is an extremely complex process
since it involves a broad range of objectives and design variables. Evaluating main characteristics
of the reviewed papers on this subject show a growing focus on target functions, particularly in the
last decade.
Metaheuristics such as swarm intelligence and evolutionary algorithms are effective for solving
energy efficiency problem planning, especially for large-scale and multi-objective problems. However,
the analysis demonstrates that the GAs, NSGA-II, PSO and their variants are used more frequently
than other optimization algorithms. This is due to the large scope of problems in these papers. In
high-dimensional problems, global search-based algorithms are more successful than algorithms that
utilize local search strategies such as the TS in finding an optimal solution.
The increasing number of articles published in recent years makes the use of energy efficiency
resources for sustainable development and sustainability an interesting subject. Modeling, optimization,
and simulation methods have been developed and they have opened new horizons for researchers to
use these technologies and instruments for energy resources and energy planning and management.
Research and development activities in this sector can now take place.
Using published articles, several research trends and their characteristics can be identified
according to the contribution of countries or continents. Optimization targets, single-objective and
multi-objective optimization, and optimization algorithms can also be identified.
5.1. Distribution of Papers to Different Continents

In Figures 16 and 17, distribution of studied papers are shown with respect to the authors’
affiliation to a country or continent. In this regard, Figure 16 indicates distribution of papers based
on sustainable energy resources. With respect to the number of research papers, Asia has 54% of
publications in the current research regarding the sustainable energy resources. This development
mostly takes place in India [50,59,62] and China [53,69] for understandable reasons. Both countries are
emerging and must support their growth and development by looking for renewable and sustainable
energy sources. Moreover, China and India contribute approximately 29% and 7% of world CO2
emissions combustion in accordance with the statistics of IEA (CO2 Emissions from Fuel Combustion,
2019) and are trying to decrease it.
South
publications in the currentAmerica
research regarding the sustainable energy resources. This development
mostly takes place in India 4% [50,59,62] and China [53,69] for understandable reasons. Both countries
Others
are emerging and must support their growth and development Asia by looking for renewable and
4%
sustainable energy sources. Moreover, China and India contribute
54% approximately 29% and 7% of24 of 34
Sustainability 2020, 12, 2027 America
world CO2 emissions combustion 13% in accordance with the statistics of IEA (CO₂ Emissions from Fuel
Combustion, 2019) and are trying to decrease it.
Europe
South 21%
America
Africa
4% 4%
Others
4% Asia
America 54%
13% based on sustainable energy resources to different continents.
Figure 16. Distribution of papers
Europe
Figure 17 also depicts distribution of 21% papers based on sustainable buildings in various
continents. Due to the numberAfrica of research papers, Europe has 51% of publications in the current
research related to sustainable
4% buildings. A majority of development in the green continent is related
to England [81,87,91,107,110] and Italy [83,88,93,97,101]. The presence of advanced building
technologies and skills in these countries and the 20% share of buildings in energy consumption as a
significant contribution based on the IEA database have led these countries to have the most research
and published
FigureFigure articles
16. Distribution
16. on optimization
of of
Distribution papers of sustainable
papersbased
based on buildings.
on sustainable
sustainable energy
energy resources
resources to different
to different continents.
continents.
Figure 17 also depicts Australia

distribution of papers based on sustainable buildings in various
continents. Due to theSouth
number5% of research papers, Europe has 51% of publications in the current
America buildings. A majority of development in the green continent is related
research related to sustainable
3% Asia
to England [81,87,91,107,110] and Italy [83,88,93,97,101].
28% The presence of advanced building
America
technologies and skills in these countries and the 20% share of buildings in energy consumption as a
5%
significant contribution based on the IEA database have led these countries to have the most research
and published articles on optimization of sustainable buildings.
Europe
Africa
Australia 51%
8% 5%
South
America
3% Asia
America 28%
5%
Figure
Figure 17. Distribution
17. Distribution of of papersbased
papers based on
on sustainable
Europe buildings
sustainable to different
buildings continents.
to different continents.
Africa 51%
Figure 17 also depicts 8%distribution of papers based on sustainable buildings in various continents.
Due to the number of research papers, Europe has 51% of publications in the current research
5.2. Optimization Objectives
related to sustainable buildings. A majority of development in the green continent is related to
In many articles referenced
England [81,87,91,107,110] and Italyin[83,88,93,97,101].
this review paper, The
optimization
presencewas performed building
of advanced only to minimize
technologies
costs. However, due to different economic, social, and other conditions, other goals must also be
and skills in these countries and the 20% share of buildings in energy consumption as a significant
consideredFigure
in order
17. to achieve sustainability
Distribution of papers basedand sustainablebuildings
development. In this regard, the study
contribution based on the IEA database haveonled
sustainable
these countriesto to different
havecontinents.
the most research and
published articles on optimization of sustainable buildings.

In many articles
In many referenced
articles in in
referenced this
thisreview
reviewpaper, optimization
paper, optimization was
was performed
performed onlyonly to minimize
to minimize
costs. costs. However,
However, duedue to different
to different economic, social,
economic, social, and
andother
otherconditions, other
conditions, goalsgoals
other mustmust
also be
also be
considered in order to achieve sustainability and sustainable development. In this regard,
considered in order to achieve sustainability and sustainable development. In this regard, the study ofthe study
the reviewed articles shows that in addition to minimizing the energy cost, other energy-related goals
have been considered.
In Figure 18, objective functions related to energy are demonstrated, including sustainable energy
sources and sustainable buildings. It can be seen from Figure 18 that the share of energy cost is 23%,
which is more than other objectives identified in literature. This means that the economic dimension in
assessing energy issues remains a top priority. The second, third, and fourth objectives are energy
demand with 21%, energy consumption with 17%, and CO2 emissions with 15%.
is 23%, which is more than other objectives identified in literature. This means that the economic
dimension in assessing energy issues remains a top priority. The second, third, and fourth objectives
are energy demand with 21%, energy consumption with 17%, and CO2 emissions with 15%.
It appears that optimizing energy consumption and demand in the literature are made in an
effort to reduce the pollution caused by energy production. In this regard, many researchers focused
on the environmental research related to energy operations, ranging from pollutant emissions and
accidents to environmental degradation and ecosystems [89,91]. However, to improve energy 25 of 34
efficiency, more and more research needs to be performed on energy-related optimization goals and
the relationships between them.
Others
5% Energy cost
Energy loss 23%
3% Energy
consumption
CO2 17%
emissions
15% Energy
demand
21%
Investment
cost Thermal Energy
6% comfort efficiency
9% 1%
Distribution
Figure 18.Figure of objective
18. Distribution of objectivefunctions related
functions related to energy
to energy in reviewed
in reviewed papers. papers.
5.3. Single Objective and Multi‑Objective Optimization

It appears that optimizing energy consumption and demand in the literature are made in an effort
Many
to reduce the pollution traditional
caused optimization
by energyproblems related to
production. Inenergy sustainability
this regard, many in researchers
the previous years
focused on the
have been solved without considering the actual dimensions, using only single-objective
environmental research related to energy operations, ranging from pollutant emissions
optimization algorithms. Thus, many publications have considered the targets related to sustainable
and accidents
to environmental degradation
energy and buildings as aand ecosystems
single [89,91].
objective. However, overHowever, to improve
time and especially energy
in the recent efficiency,
years, the more
complexity
and more research of the to
needs issues
be and the need toon
performed consider the actual dimensions
energy-related and elements,
optimization goalsasand
wellthe
as the
relationships
newness of many optimization objectives, have led researchers and the scientific community to use
between them.
multi-objective optimization algorithms for optimization in order to optimize and solve sustainability
problems precisely. Therefore, the number of papers for the multi-objectives related to sustainable
5.3. Single Objective
energy andand Multi-Objective
buildings from 2014 toOptimization
2019 is much larger than those for a single objective in the
reviewed papers (see Figure 19). This suggests the comprehensive evaluation of issues to achieve real
Many and
traditional optimization problems related to energy sustainability in the previous
years
practical optimization should be considered in the form of multi-objective optimization.
have been solved without considering the actual dimensions, using only single-objective optimization
algorithms. Thus, many publications have considered the targets related to sustainable energy and
buildings as a single objective. However, over time and especially in the recent years, the complexity
of the issues and the need to consider the actual dimensions and elements, as well as the newness of
many optimization objectives, have led researchers and the scientific community to use multi-objective
optimization algorithms for optimization in order to optimize and solve sustainability problems
precisely. Therefore, the number of papers for the multi-objectives related to sustainable energy and
buildings from 2014 to 2019 is much larger than those for a single objective in the reviewed papers
(see Figure 19). This suggests the comprehensive evaluation of issues to achieve real and practical
optimization should be considered in the form of multi-objective optimization.
Single-objective Multi-objective
14
12
Number of Papers
10
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
Figure 19. Comparisons

Figure of single
19. Comparisons of singleobjective and
objective and multi-objective
multi-objective papers papers
by year. by year.
Flexibility of multi-objective optimization rather than single objective optimization for solving
optimization problems, despite several conflicting goals, is another advantage of this approach.
Therefore, a desire for solving multi-objective problems led researchers to utilize more exact and
complicated processes and patterns based on Pareto front strategy for increasing energy efficiency
[28,52,58,122].
5.4. Optimization Algorithms

N
4
0
2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
Year
Flexibility of multi-objective optimization

Figure 19. Comparisons ratherand
of single objective than single objective
multi-objective papers by optimization
year. for solving
optimization problems, despite several conflicting goals, is another advantage of this approach. Therefore,
a desire for Flexibility of multi-objectiveproblems
solving multi-objective optimization ledrather than single
researchers toobjective
utilize optimization
more exact for
andsolving
complicated
optimization problems, despite several conflicting goals, is another advantage of this approach.
processes and patterns based on Pareto front strategy for increasing energy efficiency [28,52,58,122].
Therefore, a desire for solving multi-objective problems led researchers to utilize more exact and
complicated processes and patterns based on Pareto front strategy for increasing energy efficiency
[28,52,58,122].
Due to the characteristics and features of problems represented in this review related to sustainable
energy resources and sustainable buildings, different and diverse optimization approaches are utilized
Due problems.
for solving such to the characteristics
Figure 20and featuresoptimization
displays of problems represented
algorithmsinused this in
review related articles.
published to In
sustainable energy resources and sustainable buildings, different and diverse optimization
Figure 20, the GAs, NSGA-II, and PSO are the most applicable algorithms for addressing sustainability
approaches are utilized for solving such problems. Figure 20 displays optimization algorithms used
problems among use
in published optimizers.
articles. In Figure 20,In
thethis
GAs,regard,
NSGA-II,the
andGAs,
PSO are NSGA-II, and PSO
the most applicable shares of
algorithms for applied
approaches are equal
addressing to 25%,problems
sustainability 17%, andamong 11%, respectively.
use optimizers. In thisMoreover, the total
regard, the GAs, share
NSGA-II, and of
PSO GAs and
NSGA-IIshares
algorithms is about
of applied 42%are
approaches among
equal all used
to 25%, algorithms.
17%, The main Moreover,
and 11%, respectively. reasons ofthe the popularity
total share and
of of
efficiency GAs andover
GAs NSGA-II
other algorithms
optimizersis about 42%considered
can be among all used
as itsalgorithms.
discrete The main
nature reasons
for optimalof the
solving of
popularity and efficiency of GAs over other optimizers can be considered as its discrete nature for
sustainability problems and being the state-of-the-art algorithm.
optimal solving of sustainability problems and being the state-of-the-art algorithm.
GAs
25%
Others NSGA-II
22% 17%
PSO
HS ANN 11%
7% 10%
MODE
3%
Monte Carlo
5%
FigureFigure 20. Contribution

20. Contribution of of optimization algorithms
optimization algorithms used in the
used in reviewed papers.papers.
the reviewed
6. Conclusions
This review paper focuses on relationships between sustainability and optimization methods. The
concept and elements of the sustainability have been represented, and the review of the optimization
metaheuristic algorithms used in the recent published articles relating to sustainability and sustainable
development has been conducted. While studying and analyzing many and various research articles
related to the subject from 2014 to present, effort has been made to construct and create a strong
understanding of the topic for readers by discussing and summarizing findings found in recent scientific
papers. Since energy and energy resources play an important role in sustainable development, in
mostly sustainable energy sources, buildings, and environment, these topics are discussed. The results
obtained from studies clearly demonstrate the growth in popularity of optimization for the sustainable
development including the energy resources and buildings and of multi-objective optimizations in
particular. This is partly due to the importance of using the optimization methods to address problems
related to the sustainability. Another explanation for the growing interest in optimization is that
activists in this field recognize that such approaches have great potential for sustainable development.
Additionally, the results of optimizations indicate that energy consumption, power costs, and CO2
emissions are significantly reduced by employing optimization approaches. It is noteworthy that
the growth and trend of energy efficiency and deployment of green energies are an interesting and
challenging topic relating to sustainability. They are receiving more attention in our society. From the
different analyses, the following findings can be summarized:
• Asia is more focused on sustainable energy resources due to its huge population compared to
other continents, while Europe is more focused on sustainable buildings.
• Tendencies of modeling and using multi-objective optimizers compared with single objective
models are currently increasing considering more and real objectives inside the optimization model.
• The GAs and other phenomenon-mimicking algorithms are widely used for optimal solutions for
sustainable energy resources and sustainable buildings.
Author Contributions: Conceptualization, A.S.; Methodology, A.S.; Software, A.S.; Validation, A.S.; Formal
Analysis, A.S.; Writing-Original Draft Preparation, A.S.; Visualization, A.S.; Investigation, M.N.; Resources, M.N.;
Data Curation, M.N.; Writing-Review & Editing, Z.W.G.; Supervision, Z.W.G.; Funding Acquisition, Z.W.G. All
authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.
Funding: This research was supported by the Energy Cloud R&D Program through the National Research
Foundation of Korea (NRF) funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT [2019M3F2A1073164].
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Abbreviations
AFSA Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm
AHP Analytic Hierarchy Process
ANN Artificial Neural Networks
ANP-BOCR-DEMATEL-TOPSE Analytic Network Process-Benefits Opportunities Costs Risks-
Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory- Technique for
Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
ANP-BOCR-TOPSIS Analytic Network Process-Benefits Opportunities Costs Risks-
Technique for Order of Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution
ARIMA Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average
BA Bat Algorithm
BBO Biogeography-Based Optimization
BEO Building Energies Optimization
BIM Building Information Modeling
BSA Building Sustainability Assessment
CCHP Combined Cooling, Heating and Power
CHPED Combined Heat and Energy Efficiency Dispatch
CMA-ES Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolutionary Strategy
CO Carbon monoxide
DE Differential Evolution
DEMATEL Decision-Making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory
DER Distributed Energy Resources
EA Evolutionary Algorithm
EI Environmental Impact
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
E-PSO Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization
ES Evolution Strategy
FPA Flower Pollination Algorithm
GAs Genetic Algorithms
GHGs Greenhouse Gases
GP Genetic Programming
GSA Gravitational Search Algorithm
GSO Glow-worm Swarm Optimization
HB Human Based
HC-LSO Hill Climbing based Local Search Optimization
HRES Hybrid Renewable Energy System
HS Harmony Search
HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

ICA Imperialist Competitive Algorithm
IEA International Energy Agency
LCO Life Cycle Optimization
MACO Modified Ant colony optimization
MCDM Multi Criteria Decision Making
MILP Mixed-Integer Linear Programming
MINLP Multi-Objective Nonlinear Mixed-Integer
MJAYA Modified JAYA
MODE Multi-Objective Differential Evolution
MOEA Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithm
MOGA Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm
MOOP Multi-Objective Optimization Problem
MOPSO Mono- and multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization
NNA Neural Network Algorithm
NOx Nitrogen Oxides
NSGA-II Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm II
OECD Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
OPF Optimal Power Flow
PBIL Population-Based Incremental Learning
PCMB Physics-Chemistry-Math Based
PSO Particle Swarm Optimization
PV Photovoltaic
RDGs Renewable Distributed Generators
RE Renewable Energy
SA Simulated Annealing
SI Swarm Intelligence
SO2 Sulfur Dioxide
SPEA-2 Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm
SRPSO Self-Regulating Particle Swarm Optimization
STRONG Stochastic Trust-Region Response Surface Method
SVRs Support Vector Regression
TLBO Teaching-Learning Based Optimization
TS Tabu Search
TTS Time-To-Sustainability
VCS Virus Colony Search
VOCs Volatile Organic Compounds
WCA Water Cycle Algorithm
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sustainability

Keywords: metaheuristics; optimization algorithms; sustainable development; sustainable energy

Sustainability 2020, 12, 2027; doi:10.3390/su12052027 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability

2.1. Concept of Sustainability

Table 1. A summary of the sustainability definitions and concepts.

Figure 1. The backbone

2.2. Elements of Sustainability

2.2. Elements of Sustainability

4. Optimization and Sustainable Development

development is the mechanism through which sustainable development is achieved or considered

Figure 3. Considerations involved in development of green energy technologies [46].

In the In the transportation

Figure 5. International sectoral renewable energy used in 2017.

Table 2. Main characteristics of some the reviewed papers in the literature.

Sustainable renewable energy • Cost of Energy

[56] Sustainable energy systems P-graph model • System cost 3 × 2017

Sustainable NOx emission Online neural

• Power shortage cost

[59] CHPED SRPSO • Generation cost 3 × 2019

Figure 11. Swarm

The proposed literature

HVAC setpoint scheduling aiming at • ANN • Energy demand

The model predictive control based on • Regression tree • Thermal comfort

• Energy and Exergy use

Minimizing lifecycle cost and • Lifecycle cost

Increase the energy performance for • energy consumption

Multi-objective energy • Lifecycle cost

• Envelope construction cost

• Thermal energy demand

The improvement of the global overall Multi-criterion building • Energy demand

Building energy behavior • Cooling energy demand

• Thermal energy demand

• Hating energy demand

• Energy use (heating, cooling)

• Annual carbon emissions

In [106], for solving near-zero energy-building design problems, multi-objective optimizing

4.3. Sustainable Environment

Table 5. Chosen contaminants and some of their origins and threats.

Pollutant Source Risks

Environmental Concern Causes Impacts

5.1. Distribution of Papers to Different Continents

Figure 17 also depicts Australia

5.2. Optimization Objectives

5.3. Single Objective and Multi‑Objective Optimization

Figure 19. Comparisons

5.4. Optimization Algorithms

Flexibility of multi-objective optimization

FigureFigure 20. Contribution

HVAC Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning

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