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jHdmdr wOHhkh
úIh ks¾foaYh
wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<

12 iy 13 fY%aKs
^2017 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul fõ&
jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j
úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
www.nie.lk
Dpt of Commerce NIE

jHdmdr wOHhkh
12 iy 13 fY%aKs - úIh ks¾foaYh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

m%:u uqøKh - 2017
ISBN :
jdKsc fomd¾;fïka;=j
úoHd yd ;dlaIK mSGh
cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh
uqøKh (
Dpt of Commerce NIE

mgqk msgqj
1'0 ye|skù
a u --------------------------------------------------------------------- i
2'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq --------------------------------------------------------------------- iii
3'0 fmdÿ ksmqK;d iuQy --------------------------------------------------------------------- iv - v
4'0 úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq --------------------------------------------------------------------- vi
5'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq yd úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq w;r iïnkaO;dj ----------------------------- vii
6'0 úIh ks¾foaYh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii - ix
6'1 12 fY%aKsh úIh ks¾foaYh ----------------------------------------------------- 1 - 42
6'2 13 fY%aKsh úIh ks¾foaYh ----------------------------------------------------- 43 - 78
7'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka ------------------------------------------------------------- 79 - 80
8'0 ;lafiarej yd we.ehSu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80
Dpt of Commerce NIE

i
1'0 ye¢kaùu
wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& i|yd m<uq jrg ksmqK;d mdol úIh ks¾foaYhla 2009 j¾Ifha § mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd fok ,§' wOHhk
fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& isiqka jHdmdr wOHhk úIh yeoEÍu u.ska wod< úIh oekqñka muKla fkdj" hym;a wdl,am yd m%dfhda.sl
l=i,;dj,ska hqla; mqrjeishka njg m;a lsÍug wfmalaId flßKs' tfia u 2015 j¾Ifha isg kùlrKh lrk ,o w'fmd'i îd'fm<& jHdmdr yd
.sKqïlrK wOHhkh yd jHjidhl;aj wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYj, we;s lrk ,o fjkialï o" f.da,Sh jYfhka fuka u foaYSh jYfhka o jHdmdr
lafIa;%fha isÿfjñka mj;sk kj m%jK;d o ie,ls,a,g .ksñka 2017 j¾Ifha isg wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^Wiia fm<& jHdmdr wOHhk úIh
ks¾foaYh ksmqK;d mdol j kùlrKh lr bÈßm;a lsÍu isÿ flf¾'
jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh b;d ckms%h jdKscúoHd úIhls' tfuka u m%dfhda.sl úIhls' fuu úIh wd¾Ól úoHdj" l<ukdlrKh" iudc úoHdj wd§
úIhj,ska fmdaIKh jQjls' jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh Wiia fm< jdKscúoHd úIh Odrdfõ úIhhla f,i fuka u" l,d úIhOdrdj yd ;dlaIK úIh
Odrdj Syodrk isiqkg o f;dard .; yels úIhhla fõ' fuu úIh yeoEÍfuka ,nd .kakd oekqu l=i,;d yd wdl,am idudkH Ôú;fha m%fhdackh
i|yd o Wiia wOHdmkhg fuka u jdKscúoHd lafIa;%fha jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh i|yd o fhdod .ekSu msKsi Woõ fõ'
jHdmdr lafIa;%fha isÿjk fjkiaùïj,g wkqj¾;kh úu i|yd wjYH oekqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;dj,ska ifudaOdks; jQ Ôú; mqreÿ fyj;a ksmqK;d
iys; mqrjeisfhl= ìys lsÍug yels jk wdldrfha bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shla fuys fhdackd flf¾'
Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd fhduq fkdjk whg jD;a;Shla fyda iajhx /lshdjla fyda lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;d o YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg M,odhS
f,i odhl úh yels jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d o ,nd §u fuka u fm!oa.,sl Èú meje;afuys .=Kd;aul iy iM,odhS j¾Okhla o fuu úIh ks¾foaYh
u.ska ,efnkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' tfia u YS% ,xldfõ cd;sl ixj¾Okh Wfoid wjYH fN!;sl iy udkj iïm;a ks¾udKYS,S j ckkh lsÍu"
jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu yd M,odhS f,i fhdod .ekSu i|yd wjYH ksmqK;d j¾Okh lsÍu fuu úIh ks¾foaYfhka wfmalaId flf¾' tneúka fuys we;=<;a
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%fudamdh mka;sldurh ;=< fuka u thska ndysr j o ls%hd;aul lsÍu ks¾foaY flf¾' jHdmdr b;d m%dfhda.sl neúka jHdmdrj,g
wod< jHjydr b;d blauKska fjkialïj,g Ndckh jk fyhska ta ms<sn| wjOdkfhka isg .=re Nj;=ka jYfhka Tnf.a oekqu hdj;ald,Sk lr
.kq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'
Dpt of Commerce NIE ii

2'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq
I udkj wNsudkhg .re lsrSfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúO iudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl
taldnoaO;dj" cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍu ;=<ska cd;sh f.dv ke`.Su iy Y%S ,dxlSh wkkH;dj
;yjqre lsÍu
II fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl Wreufha udye.s odhdohka y`ÿkd .ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu
III udkj whs;sjdislï .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<snò oekqj;a ùu" yDohdx.u ne`§ulska hq;= j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk
.=Kdx. m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;ka;%sl Ôjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udK lsÍu iy
mj;ajd f.k hdug iydh ùu
IV mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm;a iy udkj w.hkag .re lsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu
V iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla iòyd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=`M fjk;a Okd;aul
wx. ,laIK ixj¾Okh lsÍu
VI mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj.=Kh jeäÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh iòyd odhl jk M,odhs ld¾hhka iòyd
wOHdmkh ;=<ska udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu
VII YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiaùug yd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iqodkï lsÍu iy
ixlS¾K yd wkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu
VIII cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñ lr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh iudk;ajh iy wfkHdakH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ
wdl,am yd l=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu
cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ jd¾;dj ^2003 foieïn¾&
Dpt of Commerce NIE iii

3'0 fmdÿ ksmK
q ;d iuQy
wOHdmkh ;=<ska j¾Okh flfrk my; oelafjk uQ,sl ksmqK;d by; i|yka cd;sl wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug odhl jkq we;'
î& ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<sn| oekqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh m%ùK;ajh hk wkqldKav y;rla u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï fõ'
idlaIr;dj ( idjOdkj weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,s j l;d lsÍu" f;areï .ekSu i|yd lshùu" ksjerÈ j iy ksrjq,a j
,sùu" M,odhS whqßka woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu
ixLHd ms<sn| oekqu ( NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h" .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh iy ñkqï i|yd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h
rEml Ndú;h ( f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iy f¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .,mñka úia;r" Wmfoia
yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;d lsÍu
f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh( mß.Kl oekqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajd mßY%hka ;=< § o fm!oa.,sl ðú;fha § o f;dr;=re iy
ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu
îi& fm!reI;aj j¾Okh wod< ksmqK;d

- ks¾udKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;sh" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%d;aul Ñka;kh"
lKavdhï ye`.Sfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r in|;d" kj fidhd .ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d
- Rcq .=Kh" bjid ord isàfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu jeks w.hhka
- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh
Dpt of Commerce NIE

iv
îii& mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d
fuu ksmqK;d idudðl" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhkag wod< fõ'
iudc mßirh ( cd;sl Wreuhka ms<sn| wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchl idudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõ§;dj yd l=i,;d"
idOdrK hqla;sh ms<sn| ye`.Su" iudc iïnkaO;d" mqoa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odhhka" whs;sjdislï"
j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne£ï
ffcj mßirh ( iÔù f,dalh" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .iaje,a" jkdka;r" uqyqÿ" c,h" jd;h iy Ôjh- Ydl" i;a;aj yd ñksia
Ôú;hg iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõ§ nj yd l=i,;d
fN!;sl mßirh ( wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksia Ôú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we÷ï" ksjdi"
fi!LH" iqj myiqj" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u<my lsÍu hkdÈh yd iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh"
ixfõ§;dj yd l=i,;dj" bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu i|yd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï
l=i,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'
îv& jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu
;u jD;a;Sh ,eÈhd iy wNsfhda.;d y÷kd .ekSu
yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iy jdisodhl yd ;sridr Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu
hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh yd iïnkaO l=i,;d
^v& wd.u iy wdpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdrO¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+, yeisÍï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thg iß,k
fia lghq;= lsÍu i|yd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh
^vi& l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;Hh" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY yd fjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdjka ;=<ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g"
wdfõ. iy tjka udkqIsl w;aoelSï
^vii& —bf.kSug bf.kSu˜ ms<sn| ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk" ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k l%shdj,shla yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j yd
id¾:l j m%;spdr oelaùu;a iajdëkj bf.k .ekSu;a i|yd mqoa.,hska yg Yla;sh ,nd§u
Dpt of Commerce NIE v

4'0 úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq
² ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgqlr .ekSu yd iïnkaO .eg¨j,g" wdh;k fyda ixúOdk mokï lrf.k úi÷ï
fiúh yels wdldr úuid ne,Sug fhduq lsÍu
² .;sl jHdmdr mßirh wjfndaO lr .ekSu uÕska thg wkqj¾;kh ùug iqodkï lsÍu
² jHdmdr ms<sn| j ,nd .kakd kHdhd;aul oekqu m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍug fhduq lsÍu
² jHdmdr yd iïnkaO ixl,am yd uq,O¾u wOHhkh lsÍug;a ixlS¾K úIh lreKq ir, j .%yKh lr .ekSug;a
ksmqK;d ,nd §u
² jHjidhl;aj yd l<ukdlrK l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug wjia:d §u
² mßir ys;ldó f,i jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajd .ksñka YS% ,xldj ;srir ixj¾Okhg fhduq lsÍu
² foaYSh" l,dmSh yd f.da,Sh jYfhka jHdmdrj, ksr;ùug wjYH uQ,sl ksmqK;d ,nd §u
² YS% ,xldj ;=< hym;a jHdmdr ixialD;shla we;s lsÍu i|yd wjYH wdl,am f.dvk.d .ekSug wjia:d iemhSu
² ie,iqï iy.; j jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug yd mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH mßph ,nd §u
² jD;a;Sh N+ñldj, id¾:l j lghq;= lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd §u
² iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh Wfoid l<ukdlrKh yd kQ;k ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfï l=i,;d ,nd §u
² Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduq ùu Wfoid m%fõYhla ,nd §u
Dpt of Commerce NIE

vi
5'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq iy úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq w;r iïnkaO;dj
cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq
úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq
i ii iii iv v vi vii viii
² ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd bgqlr .ekSu yd iïnkaO .eg¨j,g" wdh;k fyda ixúOdk
mokï lrf.k úi÷ï fiúh yels wdldr úuid ne,Sug fhduq lsÍu
ü
² .;sl jHdmdr mßirh wjfndaO lr .ekSu uÕska thg wkqj¾;kh ùug iqodkï lsÍu ü ü
² jHdmdr ms<sn| j ,nd .kakd kHdhd;aul oekqu m%dfhda.sl j Ndú; lsÍug fhduq lsÍu ü ü
² jHdmdr yd iïnkaO ixl,am yd uq,O¾u wOHhkh lsÍug;a ixlS¾K úIh lreKq ir, j
.%yKh lr .ekSug;a ksmqK;d ,nd §u ü
² jHjidhl;aj yd l<ukdlrK l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug wjia:d §u ü
² mßir ys;ldó f,i jHdmdr lghq;= mj;ajd .ksñka YS% ,xldj ;srir ixj¾Okhg
ü
fhduq lsÍu
² foaYSh" l,dmSh yd f.da,Sh jYfhka jHdmdrj, ksr;ùug wjYH uQ,sl ksmqK;d ,nd §u ü ü
² YS% ,xldj ;=< hym;a jHdmdr ixialD;shla we;s lsÍu i|yd wjYH wdl,am f.dvk.d
.ekSug wjia:d iemhSu ü ü
² ie,iqï iy.; j jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍug yd mj;ajdf.k hdug wjYH mßph ,nd §u ü ü
² jD;a;Sh N+ñldj, id¾:l j lghq;= lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;d ,nd §u ü
² iudc wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh Wfoid l<ukdlrKh yd kQ;k ;dlaIKh Ndú; lsÍfï
l=i,;d ,nd §u ü
² Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduq ùu Wfoid m%fõYhla ,nd §u ü
Dpt of Commerce NIE
vii
6'0 úIh ks¾foaYh
12 fY%aKsh 13 fY%aKsh
ld,ÉfÊo ld,ÉfÊo
ksmqK;dj ksmqK;dj
.Kk .Kk
01 jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk 50 12 mqoa.,hskaf.a yd ixúOdkj, wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu 45

mßirh úuihs' i|yd l<ukdlrKfha wjYH;dj yd jeo.;alu
02 jHdmdr mßirhg wkq.; ùu i|yd jHdmdr" 20 fmkajd fohs'
iudchSh j.lSï yd wdpdrO¾u flfrys ie,ls,su;a
jk wdldrh úuihs' 13 jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd fufyhqï 45
03 rch iu. iïnkaO;d mj;ajd .ksñka jHdmdr 30 l<ukdlrKfha odhl;ajh w.hhs'
lrf.k hdfï wjH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'
04 úúO jHdmdr ixúOdk j¾. yd tajd úêu;a j wdrïN 40 14 jHdmdr id¾:l;ajh i|yd wf<ú l<ukdlrKfha 45
lr mj;ajdf.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs' odhl;ajh w.hhs'
05 iudc" wd¾Ól yd mqoa., ixj¾Okh i|yd 20
jHjidhl;ajfhys odhl;ajh w.hhs' 15 jHdmdr id¾:l;ajh i|yd uQ,H l<ukdlrKh 45
06 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg 15 fhdod .kakd wdldrh úuihs'
olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'
07 jHdmdrj, meje;aug yd j¾Okhg uqo,a yd 40 16 jHdmdr id¾:l;ajh i|yd udkj iïm; ld¾hlaIu j 45
uq,H wdh;k olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs' fhdod .kakd whqre úuihs'
08 jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd rlaIKfha wjYH;dj 15
;yjqre lrhs' 17 jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh i|yd f;dr;=re moaO;s 35
09 jHdmdr lghq;=j, id¾:l;ajh i|yd ikaksfõokh 10 odhl lr .kakd wdldrh úuihs'
M,odhS j fhdod .ekSfï wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'
10 m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ( logistics ) jHdmdrj, 20 18 jHdmdrhla wdrïN lsÍu i|yd yd mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd 40
id¾:l;ajh i|yd odhl jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh jHdmdr ie,iqula ms<sfh, lrhs'
lrhs'
11 ksIamdÈ; fnodyeÍu i|yd fjf<|du odhl jk 40
whqre úuihs'
300 300
Dpt of Commerce NIE

viii
úIh ks¾foaYh mdi,a jdr wkqj fnod .ekSug fhdacs; ie,eiau
fY%aKsh jdrh ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï ld,Éfcao ksmqK;d uÜgï .Kk

.Kk
m<uqjk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 1'1 isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 3'6 olajd 100 ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 18&
12 jk
fY%aKsh fojk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 4'1 isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'4 olajd 95 ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 16&
;=kajk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 7'5 isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 11'7 olajd 105 ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 19&
m<uqjk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 12'1 isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 14'2 olajd 100 ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 23&
13 jk
fY%aKsh fojk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 14'3 isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 16'4 olajd 100 ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 21&
;=kajk jdrh ksmqK;d uÜgu 16'5 isg ksmqK;d uÜgu 18'7 olajd 100 ^ksmqK;d uÜgï 19 &
Dpt of Commerce NIE

ix
6'1 ( 12 fYa%Ksh úIh ks¾foaYh
ksmK
q ;dj ksmqK;d uÜgu úIh wka;¾.;h bf.kqï M, ld,Éfþo
1' jHdmdr 50
moku yd
jHdmdr
ls%hd;aul 08
1'1 jHdmdr ixl,amh ú.%y ² jHdmdr ixl,amh ² jHdmdr ixl,amh y÷kajhs'
jk mßirh
lrhs' ² ye¢kaùu ² wjYH;d yd jqjukd ksoiqka weiqfrka
úuihs'
² wjYH;d yd jqjukd meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ksIamdÈ; ² wjYH;d yd jqjukd w;r fjkialï
² NdKav ksoiqka olajñka ii|hs'
² fiajd ² ksIamdÈ; hkak y÷kajhs'
² fjf<|fmd< ² ñksia wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd
² jHdmdrj, .;s ,laIK .kqfha ksIamdos;j,ska nj ;yjqre
² úl=Kqï fyda yqjudrej lrhs'
isÿùu ² NdKav yd fiajd w;r fjkialï
²NdKa v yd fiajd .kqqfokq ii|hs'
isÿùu ² wjYH;d yd jqjukd imqrd .ekSu;a
² .kqfokq wLKav j isÿùu fjf<|fmd<;a w;r mj;sk
² ,dNfhka wNsfm%arKh ùu iïnkaO;dj fmkajd fohs'
² wjodkula ;sîu ² jHdmdrj, .;s ,laIK ksoiqka iys;
² jqjukd ks¾udKh lsÍu j úia;r lrhs'
² wd¾Ól lghq;a;la ùu ² jHdmdr lghq;= hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jHdmdr lghq;= ² fok ,o jHdmdrhl jHdmdr lghq;=
² wjYH;d yd jqjukd ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
imqrd,Su ² jHdmdrj, wruqKq ksoiqka iys; j
² iïm;aj,g w.h tl;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lsÍu ^tl;= l< w.h& ² wd¾Ólhl meje;aug jHdmdrj,
² jHdmdr wruqKq odhl;ajh w.hhs'
Dpt of Commerce NIE 1

ksmK
² iajhxfmdaIs; w¾:l%uh ² iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh meyeÈ,s 06

1'2 jHdmdr úldYkh
yd m%jK;d wOHhkh ² iDcq ksIamdokh lrhs'
lrhs' ² mqoa., úfYaISlrKh ² jHdmdr úldYkfha wjia:d olajhs'
² jHdmdr úldYkh ² iDcq ksIamdokh yd jl% ksIamdokh
² NdKav yqjudre l%uh w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jl% ksIamdokh ² uqof,a úldYkh úia;r lrhs'
² fjf<|du ² fjf<|dfï w;S; iajrEmh yd
² uqo,a Ndú;h j¾;udk iajrEmh ii|hs'
² uqof,a úldYkh ² jdKscHh yd fjf<|du w;r fjki
² ld¾ñl ú,ma,jh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jdKscHh ² jHdmdr i|yd mj;sk Wmldrl fiajd
² fjf<|du y÷kajd fohs'
² Wmldrfiajd$ ² úoHq;a jdKscHh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
jHdmdr iydh ² úoHq;a jdKscHh j¾;udkfha
fiajd m%p,s;ùug fya;= wkdjrKh lrhs'
² f;dr;=re wd¾Ólh ² jHdmdr f,dalfha j¾;udk m%jK;d
² úoHq;a jdKscHh iy tu.ska jHdmdrj, isÿ ù we;s
² jHdmdrj, m%jK;d fjkialï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² f.da,ShlrKh jHdma;
ùu
² úoHq;a jHdmdr ìysùu
² úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;h

ksmK
1'3 úúO ks¾Kdhl u; ² jHdmdr j¾. lsÍfï ks¾Kdhl ² jHdmdr j¾. l< yels úúO 06
jHdmdr j¾. lrhs' ² ksIamdokfha iajNdjh ks¾Kdhl ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
wkqj ² mdi, msysá m%foaYfha we;s jHdmdr
² m%d:ñl úúO ks¾Kdhl u; j¾. lrhs'
² oaù;Shsl ² tl u jHdmdrh úúO ks¾Kdhl u;
² ;D;Shsl j¾. lsysmhlg wh;a jk nj
² ysñldr;ajh wkqj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fm!oa.,sl wxYh ² fok ,o jHdmdrhla tla tla
² rdcH$fmdÿ wxYh ks¾Kdhlh u; l=uk j¾.hlg
² wruqK wkqj wh;a jkafka oehs olajhs'
² ,dN wruqKq lr.;a ² YS% ,xldfõ o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;h
² ,dN wruqKq lr j¾. lrk wdldrh olajhs'
fkd.;a ² o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg tla tla
² mßudKh wkqj ksIamdok wxYfha odhl;ajh bÈßm;a
² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK lrhs'
² uyd mßudK
² ksIamdok wxYh wkqj
² lDIsld¾ñl
² ld¾ñl
² fiajd
² o< foaYSh ksIamdÈ;hg tla tla
ksIamdok wxYfha odhl;ajh

ksmK
1'4 jHdmdr"
fhojqï - ksuejqï ² jHdmdr fhojqï ksuejqï 06
ls%hdj,shla f,i ú.%y ls%hdj,sh ² jHdmdrj, fhojqï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lrhs' ² jHdmdr fhojqï îïm;a& ² jHdmdr ld¾hhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² N+ñh ² jHdmdrj, ksuejqï ,ehsia;=.;
² Y%uh lrhs'
² m%d.aOkh ² jHdmdr" fhojqï - ksuejqï
² jHjidhl;ajh ls%hdj,shla f,i rEm igyklska
² f;dr;=re olajhs'
² ld,h ² lsishï ksuejqulg wod< fhojqï
² oekqu tla tla fhojqï j¾.h hgf;a fjka
lr olajhs'
² jHdmdr ld¾hhka ² jHdmdr ld¾hhka jHdmdrj,
² fufyhqï ^ksIamdokh& iajNdjh wkqj fjkia jk nj
² mßmd,kh ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wf,úlrKh
² uq,H lghq;=
² udkj iïm;a lghq;=
² m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
lghq;=
² jHdmdr ksuejqï
² NdKaav
² fiajd

ksmK
1'5 jHdmdr flfrys ² jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla ² f;dard.;a jHdmdrhla weiqfrka
Wkkaÿjla olajk olajk md¾Yaj jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk 06
md¾Yaj jHdmdr flfrys ² whs;slrefjda$fldgiaysñfhda md¾Yaj ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
Wkkaÿùug fya;= úuihs' ² l<ukdlrefjda ² tla tla md¾Yajh jHdmdr flfrys
² fiajlfhda Wkkaÿùug fya;= meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² Khysñfhda ² tla tla md¾Yajh" jHdmdr flfrys
² mdßfNda.slfhda Wkkaÿúug fya;= úúO jk nj
² iemhqïlrefjda wkdjrKh lrhs'
² úNj wdfhdaclfhda ² jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk
² rch md¾Yaj jHdmdrhlg jeo.;a jk
² m%cdj wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
² fjk;a md¾Yaj ² jHdmdrhl id¾:l meje;au i|yd
² jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkaf.a
olajk md¾Yaj jHdmdr flfrys wfmalaId ms<sn| j ie,ls,su;a úh
Wkkaÿùug fya;= hq;= nj fmkajd fohs'
² jHdmdrhlg" jHdmdr flfrys ² jHdmdr flfrys Wkkaÿjla olajk
Wkkaÿjla olajk md¾Yajhkaf.a md¾Yaj" jHdmdrh flfrys olajk
jeo.;alu we,au iy Tjqkag jHdmdrh
flfrys n,mEï lsÍug we;s
yelshdj u; tu md¾Yajhkaf.a
m%uqL;dj ;SrKh lrhs'

ksmK
1'6 jHdmdr flfrys ² jHdmdr mßirh ² jHdmdr mßirh y÷kajhs'

² ye¢kaùu ² jHdmdr mßirh wOHhkfhka 02
n,mEï we;s lrk
jHdmdr mßirh ² wOHhkfha wjYH;dj jHdmdßlfhl=g ,efnk
j¾. lrhs' ² j¾. lsÍu m%fhdack ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² wNHka;r mßirh ² jHdmdr mßirh j¾. lrhs'
² ndysr mßirh ² jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s
² wdikak mßirh lrk úúO mßir n,fõ.
² fmdÿ $id¾j mßirh ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² fok ,o jHdmdrhl wNHka;r yd
ndysr mßir n,fõ. i|yd ksoiqka
olajhs'
1'7 jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir

n,fõ." jHdmdr flfrys ² jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir ² jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s 06
we;s lrk n,mEï ú.%y n,fõ. lrk wNHka;r mßir n,fõ.
lrhs' ² whs;slrejka ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² l<ukdlrejka ² tla tla wNHka;r mßir n,fõ.h
² fiajlhska wdY%s; Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d i|yd
² ixúOdk ixialD;sh ksoiqka olajhs'
² ixúOdk jHqyh ² jHdmdr wNHka;r mßirfha
² jHdmdrh i;= iïm;a Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d" jHdmdr
² wNHka;r mßir n,fõ. wdY%s; lghq;= flfrys n,mEï lrk
Yla;Ska yd ÿ¾j,;d wdldrh ;=,kd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
² Yla;Ska m%fhdackhg f.k jHdmdr
id¾:l lr .; yels wdldrh;a"
ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd .ekSug .; yels
l%shdud¾.;a meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmK
04
1'8 wdikak mßir n,fõ. ² wdikak mßir n,fõ. ² jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk
jHdmdr flfrys ² .kqfokqlrejka$ wdikak mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.;
we;s lrk n,mEï ú.%y mdßfNda.slhska lrhs'
lrhs' ² iemhqïlrejka ² wdikak mßir n,fõ. wdYs%; j
² ;rÕlrejka we;s jk jHdmdr wjia:d ,ehsia;=.;
² fjf<|fmd<g msúiSug lrhs'
wfmalaId lrk kj ² wdikak mßir n,fõ. wdYs%; j
jHdmdßlhska jHdmdrj,g we;sjk ;¾ck fmkajd
² wdfoaYk NdKav ksIamdokh fohs'
lrkakka ² f;dard.;a jHdmdrhl wdikak mßir
² wdikak mßir n,fõ. wdYs%; n,fõ. tu jHdmdrhg lrk
wjia:d yd ;¾ck n,mEï i|yd ksoiqka olajhs'
² jHdmdr wjia:d y÷kdf.k tajdhska
m%fhdack .ekSug;a" ;¾ckj,g
uqyqK §ug;a" fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'

ksmK
1'9 id¾j mßir n,fõ. ² id¾j ^fmdÿ& mßir n,fõ. ² jHdmdr flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk 06
jHdmdr flfrys we;s ² wd¾Ósl mßirh id¾j mßir n,fõ. ,ehsia;=.;
lrk n,mEï ú.%y lrhs' ² foaYmd,k mßirh lrhs'
² ffk;sl mßirh ² tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ.h
² ;dlaIKsl mßirh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%cd mßirh ² tla tla id¾j mßir n,fõ.h
² iajNdúl mßirh jHdmdrj,g we;s jeo.;alu
² iudchSh yd ixialD;sl fmkajd fohs'
mßirh ² id¾j mßir n,fõ. jHdmdr
² f.da,Sh mßirh flfrys we;s lrk n,mEï i|yd
² id¾j mßir n,fõ. wdikak ksoiqka olajhs'
mßir n,fõ. flfrys we;s ² id¾j mßir n,fõ." wdikak
lrk n,mEï mßir n,fõ. flfrys we;s lrk
² id¾j mßir n,fõ. w;r n,mEï ú.%y lrhs'
wka;¾ iïnkaO;d ² id¾j mßir n,fõ. w;r wka;¾
iïnkaO;djla mj;sk nj ksoiqka
olajñka meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmK
2'1 jHdmdr 20
mßirhg
wkq.; úu
i|yd
2'1 jHdmdr úiska iudchSh ² jHdmdrj, iudchSh j.lSu ² ms<s.;a ks¾jpk weiqfrka jHdmdr 08
jHdmdr"
j.lSï bgq lsÍfï ² w¾: oelaùu iudchSh j.lSu y÷kajhs'
iudchSh
jeo.;alu w.hhs' ² iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfï ² jHdmdr úiska iudchSh j.lSï
j.lSï yd
wjYH;dj bgq lsÍfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wdpdrO¾u
² iudchSh j.lSï bgq úh ² jHdmdrj,ska iudchSh j.lSï bgq
flfrys
hq;= md¾Yaj úh hq;= md¾Yaj ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
ie,ls,su;a
² whs;slrejka ² jHdmdrhla úiska tla tla md¾Yajh
jk wdldrh
² fiajlhska fj; bgq l< hq;= iudchSh j.lSï
úuihs'
² .kqfokqlrejka fjk fjk u ksoiqka iys; j
² iudch bÈßm;a lrhs'
² rch ² jHdmdr wdh;khla ksoiqkla f,i
² m%cdj f.k th tla tla md¾Yajh fj;
² mßirh iudchSh j.lSï bgq lrk wdldrh
fmkajd fohs'
² iudchSh j.lSï bgq lsÍfuka
jHdmdrhlg ysñ jk m%;s,dN
,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
² ish¨ u md¾Yajhkaf.a wfmalaId bgq
jk wdldrhg iudchSh j.lSï bgq
l< yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmK
2'2 mßir ys;ldó f,i ² ;srir ixj¾Okh ² ;srir ixj¾Okh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lghq;= lrñka ;srir ² ;srir ixj¾Okhg jHdmdrj, ² jHdmdrhlg ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd 06
ixj¾Okhg jHdmdr odhl;ajh odhl úh yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wd¾Ól ;srir ixj¾Okhg ² mj;sk jHdmdrhla ksoiqka f,i
odhljk wdldrh w.hhs'
² mßir ;srir ixj¾Okhg f.k th ;srir ixj¾Okhg odhl
² iudc ;srir ixj¾Okhg jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
² ;srir ixj¾Okh i|yd ² mdßfNda.slhdg ;srir ixj¾Okhg
jHdmdrj, kQ;k Ndú; (4R) odhl úh yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs
² m%;splS%lrKh lsÍu (Recycle) ² jHdmdr lghq;=j, wys;lr n,mEï
² kej; Ndú; lsÍu (Reuse ) y÷kajd tajd wju lsÍug fhdackd
bÈßm;a lrhs'
² Ndú;h wvq lsÍu (Reduce)
² kej; ia:dms; lsÍu (Replace)
² jHdmdr lghq;=j, wys;lr
n,mEï
2'3 jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh ² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ixl,amh 06

i|yd wdpdr O¾u moaO;shl ² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ms<sme§fï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs' jeo.;alu ² jHdmdrj,ska isÿjk fyd| yd krl
² jHdmdrhlg wdpdrO¾u oE i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
moaO;shla f.dvke.Sfï § ² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ms<sme§fï
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= idOl wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
² jHdmdrh ² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u moaO;shla
² .kqqfokqlre f.dvke.Sfï § ie,ls<su;a úh hq;=
² fiajlhska idOl ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
² ;rÕlrejka ² tla tla idOlh i|yd iqÿiq jk
² iudc ixialD;sh jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ;u w;aoelSï
² ixúOdk ixialD;sh weiqfrka fhdackd lrhs'
² m%dfhda.sl nj ² mj;akd jHdmdrhla ie,ls,a,g
² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u yd iudchSh f.k tu wdh;kh ms<smÈk
j.lSï w;r fjki wdpdrO¾u idlÉPd lrhs'
ksmK
² Wml,amkh lrk ,o jHdmdrhlg
.e,fmk jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u
moaO;shla f.dvkÕhs'
² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u yd iudc
j.lSï w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
30
3' rch iu.
iïnkaO;d ² Ys% ,xldfõ jHdmdrj,g rcfha
mj;ajd .ksñka rch
3'1 rch" jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a ² n,mEu" uOHu rch" m<d;a iNd yd 04
jHdmdr ² uOHu rch m<d;a md,k wdh;k yryd isÿjk
jk wdldrh úu¾Ykh
lrf.k hdfï ² m<d;a iNd nj fmkajd fohs'
lrhs'
wjYH;dj ² m<d;a md,k wdh;k ² f;dard.;a jHdmdr wdh;khla
;yjqre lrhs' ² rch jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a ksoiqkla f,i f.k thg" uOHu
jk wdldr rch" m<d;a iNdj yd m<d;a md,k
² há;, myiqlï iemhSu wdh;k ueÈy;a jk wdldrh fjk
² ;r.lrefjl= ùu fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² .kqfokqlrefjl= ùu ² rch jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a jk úúO
² m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh wdldr meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lsÍu ² rch jHdmdrj,g ueÈy;a jk tla
² kS;sÍ;s mekùu tla wdldrh i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a
² Èß.ekaùï ,nd §u lrhs'
² nÿ whlsÍu ² rcfhka jHdmdrj,g ,efnk iydh
yd u.fmkaùu jHdmdrj,g
jeo.;a jk wdldrh meyeÈ,ss lrhs'

ksmK
3'2 rchl wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq ² rchl wd¾Ól wruqKq ² rchl wd¾Ól wruqKq úia;r lrhs' 04
lr .ekSu i|yd jHdmdr ² wd¾Ól j¾Okh yd ² rcfha wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq lsÍug
odhl jk wdldrh fmkajd ixj¾Okh jHdmdr odhl jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
fohs' ² mq¾K fiajd kshqla;sh lrhs'
² wd¾Ól ia:dhs;dj ² f;dard.;a jHdmdrhla ksoiqka f,i
² idOdrK wdodhï f.k th rcfha wd¾Ól wruqKq
jHdma;sh bgq lsÍug odhl jk wdldrh
² hym;a wka;¾ cd;sl fmkajd fohs'
fjf<|du ² rch;a" jHdmdr;a w;r wfkHdkH
² rcfha wd¾Ól wruqKq bgq iïnkaO;dj ;==<ska fomd¾Yajfha u
lsÍug jHdmdr odhl jk wruqKq bgqlr .; yels nj fmkajd
wdldrh fohs'
² nÿ f.ùu
² foaYSh iïm;a Ndú;h
² rch ls%hd;aul lrk
m%;sm;a;s ms<sme§u
² kS;sÍ;s ms<sme§u
² fiajd kshqla;shg odhl
ùu
² mßirhg jk ydks wju
lsÍu
² rch yd jHdmdr w;r
wfkHdkH iïnkaO;dfõ
jeo.;alu

ksmK
² rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;sh hkak
3'3 rcfha msial,a ² rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;s 06
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
m%;sm;a;sj,g wkql+, j ² wruqK
² rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul
jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k ² rcfha wdodhï
lsÍfï wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
hdfï jeo.;alu w.hhs' ² nÿ wdodhï
² rcfha wdodhï yd úhoï jHqyh
² nÿ j¾.
rEm igyklska olajhs'
² iDcq nÿ
² nÿ j¾. fldg tla tla nÿ j¾.h
² jl% nÿ
i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
² nÿ fkdjk wdodhï
² rcfha nÿ fkdjk wdodhï i|yd
² rcfha úhoï
ksoiqka olajhs'
² rcfha msial,a m%;sm;a;s
² wdikak u j¾Ifha whjeh
jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh
fhdackd ie,ls,a,g f.k
tajd jHdmdr flfrys we;s lrk
n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'
² rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh meyeÈ,s

3'4 rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sj,g ² rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;s 06
² wruqK lrhs'
wkql+, j jHdmdr
² uQ,H m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul ² rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sj, wruqK
mj;ajdf.k hdfï
lsÍu i|yd Ndú; lrk úia;r lrhs'
jeo.;alu w.hhs'
WmlrK ² rgl uQ,H lghq;= md,kh i|yd
² fmd,S wkqmd;sl rchlg wkq.ukh l< yels Wmdh
² ixÑ; wjYH;d fjkia ud¾. fmkajd fohs'
lsÍu ² rch wkq.ukh lrkq ,nk tla
² újD; fjf<|fmd< lghq;= tla uQ,H md,k WmlrKh
² jÜgï wkqmd;sl fjkia ^Wml%uh& meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lsÍu ² rch wkq.ukh lrk uQ,H md,k
² Kh iSud mekùu Wml%u jHdmdrj,g n,mdk
² rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;s wdldrh ú.%y lrhs'
jHdmdrj,g n,mdk wdldrh

ksmK
3'5 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh 05
i|yd rch .kakd ² mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh ² mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh hk
ls%hdud¾.j,g wkq.; ² w¾: oelaùu ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
fjñka jHdmdr ² wjYH;dj ² mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh jvd;a
mj;ajdf.k hdfï ² jeo.;alu jeo.;a ùug fya;= olajhs'
wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs' ² mdßfNda.slhskag ² mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKfhka
² jHdmdßlhskag mdßfNda.slhdg yd jHdmdßlhdg
² mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï we;s jk jdis fjk fjk u
² mdßfNda.sl j.lSï ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
² mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
² mdßfNda.sl j.lSï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² mdßfNda.sl whs;sjdislï yd j.lSï
u; ;d¾lsl mdßfNda.slfhl=f.a
yeisÍu úia;r lrhs'
3'6 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh 05

² mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| ² YS% ,xldfõ mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh
i|yd ls%hd;aul jk
wêldßh i|yd lghq;= lrk rdcH wdh;k
rdcH wdh;kj,
² wruqKq ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
ld¾hNdrh úuid n,hs'
² ld¾hhka ² mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn|
² mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßfha wruqKq yd ld¾h úia;r
wêldßh jHdmdrj,g jeo.;a lrhs'
jk wdldrh ² YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kfha wruqKq
² YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh yd ld¾h úia;r lrhs'
² wruqKq ² mdßfNda.sl lghq;= ms<sn| wêldßh
² ld¾hhka yd YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh
² YS% ,xld m%ñ;s wdh;kh jHdmdrj,g jeo.;a jk wdldrh
jHdmdrj,g jeo.;a jk fmkajd fohs'
wdldrh
ksmK
4' úúO jHdmdr 40
ixúOdk j¾.
yd tajd úêu;a
j wdrïN lr 4'1 ixúOdk ixl,amh ² ixúOdkh ² ixúOdkhla hkak y÷kajd ksoiqka 02
mj;ajd f.k y÷kajd" ysñldr;ajh ² úêu;a ixúOdkhl ,laIK olajhs'
hdfï wkqj jHdmdr ixúOdk ² jHdmdr ixúOdk ² úêu;a ixúOdkhl oelsh yels
wjYH;dj j¾. lrhs' ² ysñldr;ajh wkqj jHdmdr ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
;yjqre lrhs' ixúOdk j¾. ² jHdmdr ixúOdk hkak w¾:
² fm!oa.,sl wxYfha olajhs'
jHdmdr ixúOdk ² jHdmdr ixúOdk tajdfha
² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr ysñldr;ajh u; j¾. lrhs'
² yjq,a jHdmdr ² fm!oa.,sl wxYhg wh;a jHdmdr
² ixia:dms; iud.ï ixúOdk ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² iuqmldr ² fmdÿ wxYhg wh;a jHdmdr
² rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdk ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
ixúOdk ² ysñldr;ajh u; jHdmdr ixúOdk
² fomd¾;fïka;= j¾. fldg rEm igyklska olajhs'
² rdcH ixia:d
² m%dfoaYSh wêldÍ
hgf;a mj;sk
jHdmdr
² rdcH iud.ï
² úfYaIs; jHdmdr
² jr,;a jHdmdr
² jHdmdr ixfhdack

ksmK
4'2 flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, ² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr ² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr hkak 04
,laIK úuiñka tu ² w¾: oelaùu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
jHdmdr ixúOdkj, jdis ² iqúfYaIS ,laIK ² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhl iqúfYaI
yd iSud úu¾Ykh lrhs' ² jdis yd iSud ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ ² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrj, jdis yd
lsÍu iSud ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ
lsÍfï § n,mdk kS;sÍ;s meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ
lsÍfï § wkq.ukh l< hq;= ls%hd
mámdáh úia;r lrhs'
4'3 yjq,a jHdmdrhl ,laIK ² yjq,a jHdmdr ² yjq,a wd{dmk;g wkqj yjq,a 08
úuiñka yjq,a jHdmdrj, ² w¾: oelaùu jHdmdr w¾: olajhs'
jdis yd iSud úu¾Ykh ² iqúfYaI ,laIK ² yjq,a jHdmdrhl iqúfYaI ,laIK
lrhs' ² yjq,a .súiqula we;s úh ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
yels wdldr ² yjq,a .súiqu hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² weÕùfuka ² yjq,a .súiqula we;s úh yels wdldr
² jdÑl j úia;r lrhs'
² ,sÅ; j ² yjq,a Tmamqjl jeo.;alu w.hhs'
² yjq,a Tmamqj ² yjq,a Tmamqjl idudkHfhka
² yjq,a Tmamqjl we;=<;a jk lreKq wkdjrKh
jeo.;alu lrhs'
² yjq,a Tmamqjl ² 1890 yjq,a wd{dmkf;a 24 jeks
idudkHfhka we;=<;a j.ka;sfha úêúOdk meyeÈ,s lrhs'
jk lreKq

ksmK
² 1890 yjq,a wd{d mkf;a ² yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ

24 jeks j.ka;sh lsÍfï ls%hdmámdáh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² yjq,a jHdmdrhl jdis yd ² yjq,a jHdmdrhl jdis yd iSud
iSud ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
² yjq,a jHdmdr ,shdmÈxÑ ² flaj, iajdñ jHdmdr yd yjq,a
lsÍu jHdmdr ;=,kd;aul j ii|hs'
² ixia:dms; iud.ï w¾: olajhs'

4'4 úúO j¾.fha ixia:dms; ² ixia:dms; iud.ï 10
² ixia:dms; iud.ïj, iqúfYaIS
² w¾: oelaùu
iud.ï yd tajdfha ,laIK úia;r lrhs'
² iqúfYaI ,laIK
iqúfYaI ,laIK ² iSudiys; iï.ïj, jdis yd iSud
² iud.ïj, jdis yd iSud
ikaikaokh lrhs' ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² iud.ï ixia:dmkh lsÍu
² iud.ula ixia:dmkh lsÍfï
² iud.ï j¾.
ls%hdmámdáh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² iS$i iud.ï
² ixia:dms; iud.ula ,shdmÈxÑ
² iS$i fm!oa.,sl
lsÍfï § Ndú; jk ,shú,s
iud.ï
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² iS$i fmdÿ iud.ï
² ixia:dms; iud.ï j¾. lrhs'
² iS$i wlafjr< iud.ï
² tla tla iud.ï j¾.fha ,laIK
² iS$rys; iud.ï
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² wemfhka iSñ; iud.ï ² tla tla iud.ï j¾.h i|yd
² úfoaYSh iud.ï ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
² ixia:d.; iud.ï j¾. ² ixia:dms; iud.ï j¾. iei£fï
iei£u ks¾Kdhl meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² idudðl ixLHdj ² ks¾Kdhl mokï lrf.k
² j.lSu ixia:dms; iud.ï j¾. ii|hs'
² m%d.aOk iïmdokh ² fok ,o jHdmdrj, kduh wkqj
² mßmd,kh yd th wh;a jk jHdmdr ixúOdk
l<ukdlrKh j¾.h ksjerÈ j m%ldY lrhs'
ksmK
4'5 iuqmldr jHdmdrfha ² iuqmldr jHdmdr ² iuqmldr jHdmdrh w¾: olajhs' 04
iqúfYaI ,laIK úuiñka ² w¾: oelaùu ² iuqmldr jHdmdrfha iqúfYaI
tys m%jK;d úYaf,aIKh ² iqúfYaI ,laIK ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
lrhs' ² iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s ² iuqmldr m%;sm;a;s wkdjrKh lrhs'
² iuqmldr jHdmdrfha jdis yd ² iuqmldr jHdmdrfha jdis yd iSud
iSud ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² iuqmldr iñ;s ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍu ² iuqmldr iñ;shla ,shdmÈxÑ lsÍfï
² iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%jK;d ls%hdmámdáh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² iuqmldr jHdmdrfha m%jK;d
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² iuqmldr jHdmdrfha Wkak;sh i|yd
fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'
4'6 úfYaIs; jHdmdrj, ² jr,;a jHdmdr ² jr,;a jHdmdr y÷kajhs'

² jr,;a jHdmdrhlg iïnkaO 08
iqúfYaI ,laIK úuiñka ² jr,;alre
tajdfha jdis yd iSud ² jr,;a,dNshd md¾Yaj fmkajd fohs'
úu¾Ykh lrhs' ² jr,;alre jr,;a,dNshdg ² jr,;aysñhd yd jr,;a,dNshd w;r
imhk myiqlï mj;akd wka;¾ iïnkaO;dj úia;r
² jr,;a jHdmdr j¾. lrhs'
² jr,;a jHdmdrj, jdis yd ² jr,;aysñhd jr,;a,dNshdg imhk
iSud myiqlï ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² jHdmdr ixfhdackh ² jr,;a jHdmdr j¾. lrhs'
² taldnoaO ùï ² jr,;a jHdmdrj, jdis yd iSud
² w;am;alr .ekSï fmkajd fohs'
² jr,;a jHdmdr i|yd ksoiqka
bÈßm;a lrhs'
² jHdmdr ixfhdackh jk wdldr
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmK
4'7 rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ² rch úiska jHdmdr ² jHdmdr lghq;= rch hgf;a
mj;ajdf.k hdug fya;= mj;ajdf.k hdug fya;= úuihs' 04
ixúOdkj, ,laIK
úuiñka tu jHdmdrj, ² rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ² rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr j¾. lrhs'
jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs' ixúOdk ² rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr i|yd ksoiqka
² rdcH ixia:d bÈßm;a lrhs'
² rcfha fomd¾;fïka;= ² rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr ixúOdkj,
² m%dfoaYSh wêldÍ hgf;a ,laIK úuihs'
mj;sk jHdmdr
² rdcH iud.ï
² rdcH wxYfha jHdmdr
ixúOdkj, ,laIK

ksmK
5' iudc" wd¾Ól 20
5'1 jHjidhl;ajfha ² jHjidhl;ajh ² ms<s.;a ks¾jpk wOHhkfhka
yd mqoa.,
jeo.;alu yd m%;s,dN ² w¾: oelaùu jHjidhl;ajh i|yd w¾:l;khla
ixj¾Okh
wOHhkfhka ² jeo.;alu f.dvk.hs' 06
i|yd
jHjidhlfhl= ùfï ² jHjidhl;ajh yd jHdmdr ² jHjidhl;ajfha jeo.;alu w.hhs'
jHjidhl;ajfhys ² jHjidhl;ajh yd jHdmdr w;r
we,au m%o¾Ykh lrhs' w;r iïnkaO;dj
odhl;ajh iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jHjidhl;ajfha m%;s,dN
w.hhs' ² jHjidhl;ajfhka ,efnk mqoa.,
² mqoa.,
² wdh;ksl wdh;ksl" iudc yd wd¾:sl
m%;s,dN ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² iudc yd wd¾Ól
² f;dard.;a jHjidhla ie,ls,a,g
² jHjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól f.k" bka jHjidhlhdg" wdh;khg"
ixj¾Okh iudchg yd wd¾Ólhg ,efnk
² jHjidhl;ajfha m%jK;d m%;s,dN fjka fjka j f.dkq lrhs'
² jHdjidhl;ajh yd wd¾Ól
ixj¾Okh w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
06
² jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh ² jHjidhl;ajh ls%hdj,shla nj
5'2 jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh ² jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha ;yjqre lrhs'
wOHhkh lrhs' mshjr ² jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh y÷kajhs'
² kjH;d iïmdokh yd ² jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha mshjr
fidhd .ekSu fm< .iajhs'
^ Innovation and discovery&
² jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sh rEm
² ixl,am f.dvke.Su iy
igyklska olajhs'
jHdmdr ie,eiau ieliSu
² jHjidhl;aj ls%hdj,sfha tla tla
^Concept development)
mshjr úia;r lrhs'
² wjYH iïm;a iïmdokh
lsÍu ^Resourcing &
² h;d¾:hla njg m;a lsÍu
Âctualization&
² m%;s,dN ,eîu^Harvesting &
ksmK
5'3 jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK ² jHjidhlhd ² jHjidhlhd hkak y÷kajhs'
yd l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lr ² jHjidhlhd yd jHdmdßlhd ² jHjidhlhd yd jHdmdßlhd w;r 08
.ksñka jHjidhlfhl= ² jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
f,i lghq;= lsÍfï yelshdj ² wjodku oeÍug we;s ² jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd
m%o¾Ykh lrhs' leue;a; l=i,;d ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
(willingness to take risk) ² jHjidhlhskaf.a pß; l;d
² ks¾udKYS,S nj ^creativity& wOHhkfhka Tjqka ;=< olakg we;s
² lemùu ^commitment & jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd
² wd;au úYajdih l=i,;d u;=lr olajhs'
^self confidence& ² id¾:l jHjidhlfhl= ùu i|yd
² iajdëk nj ^self reliant& jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd
l=i,;dj, jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jHjidhl;aj l=i,;d ² fok ,o ;;a;ajhla ;=<
² kdhl;aj l=i,;d jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK m%o¾Ykh
(Leadership skills) lrhs'
² wka;¾ mqoa., yelshd ² jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd
(Interpersonal skills& l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lr .; yels
² ikaksfõok l=i,;d ud¾. úuihs'
(Communication skills)
² uQ,sl l<ukdlrK
l=i,;d
^Basic management skills)
² jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd

l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .;
yels wdldr
² iajhx we.ehSu
² mqyqKqj
² wOHdmkh
² w;aoelSïj,ska M, ,eîu
ksmK
6' iq¿ yd 15
uOH
mßudK
jHdmdr
6'1 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK ² ms<s.;a ks¾Kdhl i,ld n,ñka 08
wd¾Ól ² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr
jHdmdrj, ,laIK iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr w¾:
ixj¾Okhg ² w¾: oelaùu
úuiñka tajdfha olajhs'
olajk ² ,laIK
jeo.;alu w.hhs' ² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,
odhl;ajh ² jeo.;alu
iqúfYaI ,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
w.hhs' ² jHjidhl;ajh yd iq¿ yd
² rgl wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg iq¿ yd
uOH mßudK jHdmdr w;r
uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,ska ,efnk
iïnkaO;dj
odhl;ajh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK
² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,
jHdmdßlhska ie,ls,su;a úh
id¾:l;ajh i|yd jHjidhl;ajh
hq;= lreKq
jeo.;a jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jHdmdr wdrïN lsÍfï §
² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr
² jHdmdr mj;ajdf.k
wdrïN lsÍfï § yd mj;ajdf.k
hdfï §
hdfï § ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
wid¾:l ùug fya;=
id¾:l ùug fyda wid¾:l ùug
fya;= ú.%y lrhs'

ksmK
6'2 iq¿ yd uOH mßudK
jHdmdr id¾:l lr ² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK ² iq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdr 07
.ekSu i|yd we;s jHdmdr Èß.ekaùug rch f.k Èß.ekaùug f.k we;s ls%hdud¾.
Èß.ekaùï fidhd n,hs' we;s mshjr ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² uQ,Huh ² rch ,nd fok Èß.ekaùï uQ,Huh
² uQ,Huh fkdjk yd uQ,Huh fkdjk jYfhka j¾.
² Èß.ekaùï ,ndfok wdh;k lr olajhs'
² rdcH wdh;k ² iqq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,g
² fjk;a wdh;k Èß.ekaùï ,nd fok wdh;k yd
² ,ndfok Èß.ekaùï j¾. tajdhska ,ndfok Èß.ekaùï j.= .;
² WmfoaYk fiajd lrhs'
² m¾fhaIK yd ;dlaIKsl fiajd ² f;dard.;a jHdmdrhla weiqfrka Bg
² uQ,H myiqlï ,nd § we;s Èß.ekaùï y÷kd f.k
² wf,ú myiqlï tajd uQ,Huh yd uQ',Huh fkdjk
² há;, myiqlï f,i j¾. lrhs'
² iqq¿ yd uOH mßudK jHdmdrj,
id¾:l;ajhg Èß.ekaùï ,ndfok
j¾;udkfha ls%hd;aul jk jHdmD;s
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² f;dard.;a jHdmdrhlg Èß.ekaùï
,ndfok jHdmD;s yd tajd u.ska
,ndfok Èß.ekaùï j.= .; lrhs'

ksmK
7' jHdmdrj,
40
meje;aug yd
j¾Okhg
04
uqo,aa yd uq,H 7'1 .kqfokq myiq lr .ekSu ² uqo,a
wdh;k i|yd uqo,a Ndú;fha ² w¾: oelaùu ² uqo,a hkak w¾: olajhs'
olajk jeo.;alu ;yjqre lrhs' ² ld¾hhka ² yqjudrej i|yd uqof,a wjYH;dj
odhl;ajh ² uqo,aj, ,laIK = fmkajd fohs'
w.hhs' ² j¾. ² uqof,a ld¾hhka y÷kajd tajdfha
² jHjydr uqo,a jeo.;alu ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s
² nexl= uqo,a lrhs'
² wdikak uqo,a ² fyd| uqo,l ,laIK fmkajd fohs'
² úoHq;a uqo,a ² yqjudrefõ § Ndú; jk úúO uqo,a
j¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H wdh;k ² YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 08

7'2 YS% ,xldfõ jHdmdr
j¾Okhg iydh jk moaO;sh mokï lr .ksñka YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H
uQ,H wdh;k moaO;sh ² nexl= wxYh wdh;k moaO;sh j¾. lrhs'
wOHhkh lrhs' ² uy nexl=j ² fok ,o uQ,H wdh;k iuQyhla"
² n,m;%,dNS jdKsc nexl= tla tla j¾.h hgf;a fjka lr
² n,m;%,dNS úfYaIs; nexl= olajhs'
² tla tla j¾.hg wh;a uQ,H
² ;ekam;= Ndr .kakd wfkl=;a wdh;k ksoiqka iys; j meyeÈ,s
uQ,H wdh;k lrhs'
² n,m;%,dNS uqo,a iud.ï ² tla tla j¾.hg wh;a uQ,H
² iuqmldr .%dóh nexl= wdh;k jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg
² iliqrejï yd Kh odhl jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
.kqfokq iuqmldr iñ;s

ksmK
² úfYaIs; uQ,H wdh;k

² úfYaIs; l,anÿ
uQ,HlrK iud.ï
² m%d:ñl wf,úlrejka
² fldgia ;e/õlrejka
² tall Ndr$tall Ndr
l<ukdlrK iud.ï
² fjf<|fmd<
w;rueÈhka
² jHjidhl m%d.aOk
iud.ï
² .súiqï.; b;sß lsÍfï

wdh;k
² rlaIK iud.ï
² fiajl w¾:idOl
wruqo,
² fiajd kshqla;slhskaf.a
Ndrldr wruqo,
² wkqu; úY%du iy
w¾:idOl wruqo,a
² rdcH fiajd w¾:idOl
wruq o ,
² rgl uQ,H wdh;k moaO;sh
jHdmdr fiajdjla f,i
jeo.;a jk wdldrh
^YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾;dj
- 2015&
ksmK
7'3 YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ² YS% ,xld uy nexl=j ms<sn| 02

ld¾hNdrh úuid n,hs' ² YS% ,xld uy nexl=j ye¢kaùula lrhs'
² wruqKq ² YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ wruqKq
² ld¾hhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ² YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka
ld¾hhka jHdmdr ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
id¾:l;ajhg lrk n,mEu ² YS% ,xld uy nexl=fõ ld¾hhka
jHdmdr flfrys n,mdk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jdKsc nexl= mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk 06

7'4 jdKsc nexl= mj;ajdf.k ² jdKsc nexl= ;ekam;= j¾.
úúO ;ekam;= j¾. y÷kajhs'
hk úúO ;ekam;= iy ² cx.u .sKqï ^b,a¨ï ;ekam;=& ² jdKsc nexl= mj;ajdf.k hk úúO
imhk Kh jHdmdrj, ² b;sß lsÍfï ;ekam;= ;ekam;= w;r iudk wiudklï
ls%hdldß;ajhg yd ² ia:djr ;ekam;= ikaikaokh lrhs'
j¾Okhg lrk n,mEu ² úúO ;ekam;= j¾.
² jdKsc nexl= mj;ajdf.k hk úúO
fmkajd fohs' jHdmdßlfhl=g jeo.;a jk ;ekam;= j¾. jHdmdßlfhl=g jeo.;a
wdldrh jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
² jdKsc nexl= imhk Kh ² jdKsc nexl= imhk Kh j¾.SlrKh
² whsrd lrhs'
² Kh
² jHdmdßl Kh
² mdßfNda.sl Kh

ksmK
² jdKsc nexl=j, fiajd ² jdKsc nexl= imhk fiajd
7'5 jdKsc nexl= imhk fiajd 06
jHdmdrj, ls%hdldß;ajhg ² ksfhdað; fiajd iemhSu ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² l,anÿ fiajd ² jdKsc nexl= imhk tla tla fiajdj
we;s lrk n,mEu fmkajd
fohs' ² úoHq;a nexl= fiajd fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ê- Banking & ² tu fiajd jHdmdr lghq;= flfrys
² fydaï nExlska fiajh n,mdk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
^Home Banking & ² f;dard.;a jHdmdr wdh;khla jdKsc
² ÿrl:k nexl= fiajh nexl=j,ska ,ndf.k we;s fiajd
^Tele Banking& úuid ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² Wlia fiajd
² iqrlaIs;d.dr myiqlï
² úfoaY úksuh ñ, § .ekSu yd
úlsKSu
² Khm;a fiajdj
² uqo,a fm%aIK lghq;=
² ixpdrl fplam;a ksl=;a lsÍu
² iajhxlS%h nexl= fiajd
² Khjr ,sms ksl=;a lsÍu
² fjk;a fiajd
² jdKsc nexl= fiajd jHdmdr
lghq;= flfrys n,mdk wdldrh

ksmK
7'6 fplam;a Ndú;fhka ² fplam; ² fplam; hkak ks¾jpkh lrhs'
.kqqfokq myiq lr .; ² fplam;lg iïnkaO m¾Yaj ² fplam;lg iïnkaO m%Odk md¾Yaj 08
yels wdldrh fmkajd ² wKlre y÷kajhs'
fohs' ² wK,ÿ ² fplam;a wOHhkfhka fplam;l
² wdodhlhd uQ,sl ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fplam;a j¾. ² fplam;a j¾. lrhs'
² Odrl ^ydrl& fplam;a ² Odrl fplam;a yd úOdk fplam;a
² úOdk fplam;a w;r fjki meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fplam;a ,sùfï § ie,lsh hq;= ² fplam;a ,sùfï § ie,ls,su;a úh
lreKq hq;= lreKqq bÈßm;a lrhs'
² fplam;a f¾Lkh ² fplam;a f¾Lkh y÷kajd tys
² idudkH f¾Lkh wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² úfYaI f¾Lkh ² fok ,o f¾Å; fplam;a
² fplam;a msgika lsÍu wOHhkfhka tajdfha we;s f¾Lk
² fplam;la w.re ùu j¾. lrhs'
² idudkH f¾Lkh yd úfYaI
f¾Lkh l< yels wdldr meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
² fplam;a msgika lsÍu y÷kajhs'
² fplam;a w.re ùu y÷kajd w.re
jk wjia:d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fok ,o f;dr;=re u; lsishï
f.ùula i|yd fplam;l
wdlD;shla f.dvkÕhs'

ksmK
06
7'7 úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;fhka ² úoHq;a uqo,a ² úoHq;a uqo,a hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
.kqfokq myiq lr .; yels ² úoHq;a uqo,a j¾. ² Ndú;fha mj;akd úoHq;a uqo,a j¾.
wdldrh fmkajd fohs' ² úoHq;a uqo,a yd iïnkaO meyeÈ,s lrhs'
md¾Yaj ² úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;l ,laIK yd
² úoHq;a uqo,a ldâm;l tu ldâm;lg iïnkaO md¾Yaj
,laIK y÷kajhs'
² úoHq;a uqo,ska .kqfokq ² úoHq;a uqo,a Ndú;fha jdis yd wjdis
lsÍfï jdis yd wjdis ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² Ndú; jk tla tla úoHq;a uqo,a
j¾.j, iqúfYaI;d j.= .; lrhs'

ksmK
8' jHdmdrj, 15
meje;au i|yd
rlaIKfha
wjYH;dj
² rlaIKh ² wjodku hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
;yjqre lrhs' 8'1 jHdmdrj, meje;aug 04
fya;= jk rlaIK fiajdfõ ² w¾: oelaùu ² jHdmdrj,g uqyqK §ug isÿúh
jeo.;alu úuihs' ² wjodku yels wjodkï ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh,
² w¾: oelaùu lrhs'
² rlaIKh l< yels wjodkï ² rlaIKh hkak y÷kajhs'
² rlaIKh l< fkdyels ² rlaIKh l< yels wjodkï yd
wjodkï rlaIKh l< fkdyels wjodkï
² rlaIKfha wjYH;dj f,i wjodkï j¾. lrhs'
² rlaIK .súiqï ² rlaIKh l< yels wjodkï hkak
² rlaIK .súiqug iïnkaO meyeÈ,s lr ksoiqka olajhs'
md¾Yaj ² rlaIKh l< fkdyels wjodkï
² rlaIK Tmamqj hkak meyeÈ,s lr ksoiqka olajhs'
² jHdmdrj, meje;au i|yd
rlaIKfha wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'
² rlaIK .súiqu hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² rlaIK .súiqulg iïnkaO md¾Yaj
y÷kajhs'
² rlaIK .súiqul we;=<;a jk lreKqq
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'

ksmK
² rlaIK uQ,O¾u ,ehsia;=.; lrhs' 06
8'2 rlaIKfha m%dfhda.sl Ndú;h ² rlaIK uQ,O¾u ² rlaIH ysñlu ksoiqka weiqfrka
i|yd bjy,a jk rlaIK ² rlaIH ysñlu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
uQ,O¾u úuihs' ² Wmßu úYajdih ² rlaIK .súiqul § Wmßu
² ydksmQ¾Kh ioaNdjfhka hq;= j lghq;= lsÍfï
² wdfoaYkh wjYH;dj ;yjqre lrhs'
² odhl;ajh ² rlaIs; foam,lg isÿ jQ ydkshla
² wdikak u fya;=j iïnkaO j jkaÈ f.ùfï §
² m%drlaIKh ydksmQ¾K uQ,O¾ufha n,mEu
² m%;srlaIKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wdfoaYk uQ,O¾uh y÷kajd ta i|yd
ksoiqka olajhs'
² odhl;aj uQ,O¾uh y÷kajd ta i|yd
ksoiqka olajhs'
² jkaÈ f.jk wjia:djl §
wdikak u fya;=j n,mdk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² rlaIKhg" rlaIK uQ,O¾u jeo.;a
jk wdldrh w.h lrhs'
² fok ,o isoaê weiqfrka rlaIK
uQ,O¾u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%;srlaIKh yd m%drlaIKh hkak
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmK
8'3 jHdmdrj, úúO wjodkï ² rlaIKh j¾. lsÍu ² jHdmdrhlg ,nd .; yels rlaIK
05
wdjrKh flfrk rlaIK ² Ôú; rlaIKh Tmamq j¾. ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
Tmamq j¾. mÍlaId lrhs' ² idudkH rlaIKh ² ta tla tla rlaIK Tmamqfjka
² .sks rlaIKh wdjrKh jk wjodkï meyeÈ,s
² fidr ìh rlaIKh lrhs'
² iajdNdúl úm;a rlaIKh ² Ôú; rlaIKh yd fiiq rlaIK
² iuqÞq S%h rlaIKh w;r fjkialï olajhs'
² fudag¾ r: rlaIKh ² .sks rlaIKh hgf;a wdjrKh
² j.lSï rlaIKh flfrk yd wdjrKh fkdflfrk
² fmdÿ ûyck& wjodkï fjka lr olajhs'
j.lSï rlaIKh ² fudag¾ r: rlaIKfha § ,nd .;
² ksIamdos; j.lSï yels rlaIK Tmamq j¾. úia;r
rlaIKh lrhs'
² fiajH j.lSï ² iuqqÞS%h rlaIKfha § ,nd .; yels
rlaIKh úúO rlaIK Tmamq j¾. úia;r
² ud¾.ia: NdKav rlaIKh lrhs'
² ud¾.ia: uqo,a rlaIKh ² fok ,o isoaêhla weiqfrka ,nd
.; yels rlaIK Tmamq j¾. fmkajd
fohs'

ksmK
9' jHdmdr
10
lghq;=j,
id¾:l;ajh
i|yd ² ikaksfõokh
ikaksfõokh 9'1 ikaksfõok ls%hdj,shl ² ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu ² ikaksfõokh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jHdmdßl lghq;=j, § 05
M,odhS j id¾:l;ajhg ;=vq fok ² jHdmdßl lghq;= i|yd
fhdod idOl úuihs' ² iudchSh lghq;= i|yd
ikaksfõokfha we;s jeo.;alu
.ekSfï ² ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sh
fmkajd fohs'
wjYH;dj ² ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sfha
² iudchSh lghq;= i|yd
;yjqre lrhs' uq,sldx. ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
² hjkakd
lrhs'
² mKsjqvh
² ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sh rEm
² udOHh
igyklska olajhs'
² ,nkakd
² ikaksfõok ls%hdj,sfha uQ,sldx.
² m%;spdrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%;sfmdaIKh
² M,odhs ikaksfõokhl ;sìh hq;=
² M,odhS ikaksfõokhl ;sìh
.=Kdx. ,ehsia;=jla ilihs'
hq;= .=Kdx. ² mKsjqvhla ilia lsÍfï §
² ksjerÈ nj
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKqq
² ixlaIsma; nj
flfrys ie,ls,su;a fjñka
² mq¾K nj
wjia:djg WÑ; mKsjqvhla ilia
² meyeÈ,s nj
lrhs'
² wdpdrYS,S nj
² ksYaÑ; nj
² ie,ls,su;a nj
^wjOdkSh nj&
² msßjeh wju nj
² fõ.j;a nj

ksmK
9'2 úúO ikaksfõok l%u ² ikaksfõok udOH ² ikaksfõok udOHh y÷kajhs' 05
úuiñka M,odhS j ² jdÑl ² tla tla ikaksfõok udOHh i|yd
ikaksfõokfha fhfohs' ² ,sÅ; ikaksfõok l%u bÈßm;a lrhs'
² ix{d yd ixfla; ² kùk úoHq;a ikaksfõok l%u
² ikaksfõok l%u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² úoHq;a yd úoHq;a fkdjk ² úoHq;a fkdjk ikaksfõok l%u
ikaksfõokh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wNHka;r yd ndysr ² jHdmdr wdh;k fhdod .kakd
ikaksfõokh wNHka;r yd ndysr ikaksfõok
² M,odhS ikaksfõokhg we;s l%u ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
ndOd ² M,odhS ikaksfõokhg we;s jk
ndOd fmkajd fohs'
² ikaksfõokhg we;s ndOd msgq
oelSug l%fudamdh fhdackd lrhs'
² úúO ikaksfõok udOHj, jdis yd
wjdis idlÉPd lrhs'

ksmK
10' m%jdyk yd 20
iemhqï
fiajd ² m%jdykh ² jHdmdr lghq;=j, id¾:l;ajhg
10'1 jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh 04
^logistics) ² ye¢kaùu wjYH fiajdjla f,i m%jdykh
i|yd m%jdykh M,odhS j
jHdmdrj, ² m%jdyk uQ,sldx. y÷kajhs'
odhl lr .kakd wdldrh
id¾:l;ajh ² ud¾.h ² m%jdyk uQ,sldx. úia;r lrhs'
úuihs'
i|yd odhl ² udOH ² tla tla m%jdyk uQ,sldx.h i|yd
jk wdldrh ² n,h ksoiqka imhhs'
úu¾Ykh ² m¾hka;h ² úl,am m%jdyk l%u úia;r lrhs'
lrhs' ² tla tla m%jdyk l%uh wkqj Bg
² úúO m%jdyk l%u wod< m%jdyk uQ,sldx. i|yd ksoiqka
² uydud¾. m%jdykh j.= .; lrhs'
²ÿïßh ud¾. m%jdykh ² tla tla m%jdyk l%ufha idfmalaI
² c, ud¾. m%jdykh jdis yd wjdis ii|hs'
².=jka ud¾. m%jdykh ² m%jdyk fiajdfõ jeo.;alu úia;r
lrhs'
² úúO m%jdyk l%uj, jdis yd ² m%jdyk fiajdj ld¾hlaIu lr
wjdis .ekSug fhdackd bÈßm;a lrhs'
² m%jdykfha jeo.;alu

ksmK
10'2 wjia:djg WÑ; m%jdyk ² m%jdyk udOHhla f;dard .ekSfï ² m%jdyk udOHhla f;dard .ekSfï § 04
l%uhla yd udOHhla § i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=.;
f;darhs' ² NdKavfha iajNdjh lrhs'
² msßjeh ² m%jdyk udOHhla f;dard .ekSfï §
² fõ.h i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq
² ÿr m%udKh wOHhkfhka WÑ; m%jdyk udOHhla
² Odß;dj f;darhs'
² iqrlaIs; nj ² ld¾hlaIu m%jdyk l%uhl ;sìh hq;=
.=Kdx. úia;r lrhs'
² ld¾hlaIu m%jdyk l%uhl ;sìh ² m%jdykfha kj m%jK;d fmkajd
hq;= .=Kdx. fohs'
² m%jdykfha kj m%jK;d ² m%jdyk lafIa;%fha wkd.;h
mqfrdal:kh lrhs'
² .nvdlrKh ² .nvdlrKh hkak y÷kajhs'

10'3 jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh 08
² ye¢kaùu ² .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï §
i|yd .nvdlrKh M,odhS
² .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï § ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKq
j odhl lr .kakd
i,ld ne,sh hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
wdldrh úuihs'
² iemhqïlrejka ms<sn| j ² .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍfï §
² mdßfNda.slhka ms<sn| j ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= lreKq fjk
² foaYSh fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² úfoaYSh ² .nvdjla ia:dk.; lsÍu ms<sn|
² NdKavfha iajNdjh ;SrKh ksjerÈ j .; hq;= nj
² .nvdfõ m%udKh ;yjqre lrhs'
² .nvdjl NdKav weisÍu ² .nvdjl NdKav weisÍu l< hq;=
² .nvdfõ NdKav tyd fuyd wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lsÍu
ksmK
² wiqrkq ,nk NdKavfha iajNdjh
wkqj .nvdjl NdKav wiqrk
wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
² .nvdjl NdKav tyd fuyd lsÍu
l< hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%jdyk yd iemhqqï fiajd y÷kajhs' 04

10'4 m%jdyk yd iemhqï ² m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajd ² m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajdj,
fiajd ms<sn| j ^ logistics & wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
wOHhkh lrhs' ² ye¢kaùu ² m%jdyk yd iemhqï fiajfha
² wjYH;dj m%fhdack ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² m%fhdack

ksmK
11' ksIamdÈ; 40
fnodyeÍu
i|yd
fjf<|du ² fjf<|du hkak y÷kajhs' 06
odhl jk 11'1 fj<|dfï m%fNao ms<sn| j ² fjf<|du ² fjf<|du m%fNao fldg olajhs'
whqre úuihs' úuihs' ² w¾: oelaùu
² fnodyeÍfï ls%hdj,sh isÿjk úúO
² fjf<|dfï m%fNao
wdldr úia;r lrhs'
² foaYSh fjf<|du
² fnodyeÍfï ls%hdj,sh isÿjk úúO
² f;d. fjf<|du
wdldr rEm igyklska olajhs'
² is,a,r fjf<|du
² fok ,o NdKavhl fnod yeÍfï
² úfoaYSh fjf<|du
ls%hdj,sh rEm igyklska olajhs'
² wdkhk fjf<|du
² fjf<| w;rueÈhka y\qkajhs'
² wmkhk fjf<|du
² fjf<| w;rueÈhkaf.a ld¾hNdrh
² fnodyeÍfï ls%hdj,sh
w.hhs'
² fjf<| w;rueÈhka
² ksfhdað;hska Tjqka imhk fiajd
² f;d. fjf<÷ka
wkqj j¾. lrhs'
² is,a,r fjf<÷ka
² fjf<|du i|yd w;rueÈhka fhdod
² ksfhdað;hska
.ekSfï jdis yd wjdis i|yka
² fjf<|du i|yd w;rueÈhka
lrhs'
fhdod .ekSfï jdis yd wjdis

ksmK
11'2 is,a,r fjf<|du isÿjk ² is,a,r fjf<|du ² is,a,r fjf<|du w¾: olajhs' 04
wdldrh úuihs' ² w¾: oelaùu ² is,a,r fjf<|dfï ,laIK meyeÈ,s
² ,laIK lrhs'
² is,a,r fjf<÷kaf.ka ² m%foaYfha we;s is,a,r fjf<| ie,a
bgqjk fiajd ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² ksIamdolhdg ² is,a,r fjf<÷kaf.ka ksIamdolhdg"
² f;d. fjf<kaodg f;d. fjf<kaodg yd
² mdßfNda.slhdg mdßfNda.slhdg bgq jk fiajd fjk
² is,a,r fjf<|dfï m%jK;d fjk u ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² is,a,r fjf<|dfï m%jK;d
wkdjrKh lrhs'
² f;d. fjf<|du w¾: olajhs' 04

11'3 f;d. fjf<|du isÿjk ² f;d. fjf<|du ² f;d. fjf<|dfï ,laIK úia;r
wdldrh úuihs' ² w¾: oelaùu lrhs'
² ,laIK ² m%foaYfha we;s f;d. fjf<|ie,a
² f;d. fjf<÷kaf.ka ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
bgqjk fiajd ² f;d. fjf<÷kaf.ka" ksIamdolhdg
² ksIamdolhdg yd is,a,r fjf<ka|dg bgq jk
² is,a,r fjf<ka|dg fiajd fjk fjk u olajhs'

ksmK
11'4 úfoaY fjf<|du yd ta ² úfoaY fjf<|du ² úfoaY fjf<|du y\qkajhs' 06
wdYs%; m%;s,dN yd ndOl ² w¾: oelaúu ² úfoaY fjf<|dug mokï jq idOl
úuihs' ² mokï jq idOl úia;r lrhs'
² m%fNao ² úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%fNao fjk
² wdkhk fjk u úia;r lrhs'
² wmkhk ² úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%;s,dN w.hhs'
² m%;s wmkhk ² ksoyia fjf<|du hkak w¾:
² wka;rd, olajhs'
² m%;s,dN ² ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s ndOl ;Sre
² ksoyia fjf<|du nÿ yd ;Sre nÿ fkdjk f,i j¾.
² w¾: oelaùu lr" tajd meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ksoyia fjf<|dug we;s
ndOl
² ;Sre nÿ
² ;Sre nÿ fkdjk
² wdkhk yd wmkhk ² wdkhk yd wmkhk ls%hd mámdáh

11'5 wdkhk yd wmkhk 06
úia;r lrhs'
ls%hdmámdáh úuiñka ls%hdmámdáh
² wdkhk yd wmkhk fjf<|dfï §
úfoaY fjf<|dug ² Ndú; jk ,shú,s Ndú; jk ,shú,s ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
m%fõY ùfï iqodku ² iïnkaO jk wdh;k yd ² wdkhk yd wmkhk fjf<|dfï §
m%o¾Ykh lrhs' l%u ms<sfj;a iïnkaO jk wdh;k ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² uqo,a f.ùu ² wdkhk yd wmkhk ls%hdmámdáfha
² nexl= wKlrh tla tla wjia:dfõ § iïnkaO jk
² Khjr ,smsh wdh;k" tys § Ndú; flfrk ,shú,s
² úoHq;a f.ùï l%u iy tu ,shú,sj, wjYH;dj hk
f;dr;=re j.= .; lrhs'
² úfoaY fjf<|dfï § uqo,a f.ùu
isÿjk wdldr fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
ksmK
11'6 cd;Hka;r ix.ï" fjf<| ² fjf<| ix.ï$fjf<| yjq,a ² úfoaY fjf<|dug odhl jk
.súiqï yd ixúOdkj, (Trade Blocs) 08
fjf<| ix.ï" fjf<| .súiqï yd
ls%hdldß;ajh úfoaY ² hqfrdamSh ix.uh
² wdishdka ix.uh
cd;Hka;r ixúOdk i|yd ksoiqka
fjf<|dfï Wkak;shg
² rgj,a wfÜ lKavdhu ^G 8& imhhs'
odhl jk wdldrh
² fjf<| .súiqï ² fjf<| ix.ï ^fjf<| l,dm&
úuihs'
² W;=re weußldkq ksoyia úfoaY fjf<|dfï Wkak;shg
fjf<| .súiqu ^NAFTA& olajk odhl;ajh w.hhs'
² ol=Kq wdishdkq ksoyia ² fjf<| .súiqï yd cd;Hka;r
fjf<| .súiqu ^SAFTA& ixúOdk úfoaY fjf<|dug we;s
² wdishd meismsla fjf<| .súiqu lrk n,mEu ú.%y lrhs'
ÂPTA& ² úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%jK;d úuid
² cd;Hka;r ixúOdk n,hs'
² f,dal fjf<| ixúOdkh
^WTO&
² id¾la ixúOdkh ôl=Kq
wdishdkq l,dmSh
iyfhda.s;d ixúOdkh
^SAARC&
² wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j
ÂDB&
² m%;sixialrK yd ixj¾Okh
ms<sn| cd;Hka;r nexl=j
ÎBRD - f,dal nexl=j&
² cd;Hka;r uQ,H wruqo,
ÎMF&
² fjf<| ix.ï" fjf<| .súiqï yd
cd;Hka;r ixúOdk úfoaY
fjf<|dug we;s lrk n,mEu
² úfoaY fjf<|dfï m%jK;d

ksmK
² úoHq;a jHdmdr ² úoHq;a jHdmdr yd úoHq;a jdKscH
y÷kajhs' 06
² úoHq;a jdKscHh
11'7 úoHq;a jdKscHh ² úoHq;a fjf<|du w¾: olajhs'
² úoHq;a fjf<|du
fjf<|dfï Wkak;shg ² úoHq;a fjf<|dfï ls%hdmámdáh
² w¾: oelaùu
odhl jk wdldrh úia;r lrhs'
² ls%hd mámdáh
fmkajd fohs' ² úoHq;a fjf<|dfï jdis yd iSud
² jdis yd iSud
² úoHq;a fjf<|du isÿjk wdldr ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² jHdmdßlhdf.ka ² úoHq;a fjf<|du isÿjk wdldr
jHdmdßlhdg (B2B) fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jHdmdßlhdf.ka
mdßfNda.slhdg (B2C)
² mdßfNda.slhdf.ka
mdßfNda.slhdg (C2C)
² rcfhka mqrjeishkag (G2C)
² jHdmdßlhdf.ka rchg
(B2G)
² rcfhka jHdmdßlhdg
(G2B)
300
6'2 ( 13 fYa%Ksh úIh ks¾foaYh
ksmK
12' mqoa.,hskaf.a 45
yd
ixúOdkj,
wruqKq 03
12'1 l<ukdlrKfha ² l<ukdlrK ixl,amh ² ms<s.;a ks¾jpk wOHhkfhka
bgqlr
wjYH;dj yd ² l<ukdlrKh yd tys wjYH;dj l<ukdlrKh hkak y÷kajhs'
.ekSu i|yd
jeo.;alu ;yjqre ² ld¾hlaIu;dj yd ² l<ukdlrKh" mqoa.,hskaf.a fuka
l<ukdlrKfha
lrhs' iM,odhl;ajh u ixúOdkj, wruqKq idOkh i|yd
wjYH;dj yd
² l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu wjYH nj ;yjqre lrhs'
jeo.;alu
² ld¾hlaIu;dj yd iM,odhl;ajh
fmkajd fohs'
hk ixl,am y÷kajhs'
² l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
12'2 l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,sh ² l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,sh ² l<ukdlrKh ls%hdj,shla nj

úuihs' ² l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,sfha fmkajd fohs' 03
ld¾hhka ² l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,sh rEm
² ie,iqïlrKh igyklska olajhs'
² ixúOdklrKh ² l<ukdlrK ls%hdj,sfha tla tla
² fufyhùu ld¾hh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² md,kh

ksmK
12'3 l<ukdlrefjl=f.a úúO ² l<ukdlre ² l<ukdlre hkak y\qkajhs' 04
N+ñld úuihs' ² l<ukdlrefjl=f.a N+ñld ² l<ukdlrefjl=f.a úúO N+ñld
² wka;¾ mqoa., N+ñldj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² f;dr;=re N+ñldj ² tla tla l<ukdlrK N+ñldjg
² ;SrK .ekSfï N+ñldj wod< ld¾h ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² fok ,o wdh;khl
l<ukdlrefjl=f.a úúO
N+ñldj,g wh;a ld¾h ,ehsia;=.;
lrhs'
² l<ukdlrefjl= úiska bgq lrk ,o
ld¾hhla l=uk N+ñldjg wh;a o
hkak meyeÈ,s j fmkajd fohs'
² úúO l<ukdlrK uÜgï ² wdh;khl úúO l<ukdlrK

12'4 úúO l<ukdlrK 04
² w.% l<ukdlrK uÜgu uÜgï y÷kajhs'
uÜgïj,g wod< j
² uOH l<ukdlrK uÜgu ² úúO wdh;kj, ta ta l<ukdlrK
wjYH jk l<ukdlrK
² m<uqfm< l<ukdlrK uÜgïj, lghq;= lrk
l=i,;d wOHhkh lrhs'
uÜgu l<ukdlrejka i|yd ksoiqka
² l<ukdlrefjl= ;=< ;sìh hq;= imhhs'
l=i,;d ² tla tla l<ukdlrK uÜgu wkqj
² ixl,amkd;aul l=i,;d l<ukdlrejkag wjYH jk
² udkj in|;d ms<sn| l=i,;d l=i,;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
^wka;¾ mqoa., iïnkaO;d & ² wdh;khl l<ukdlrefjl= ;=<
² ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d mj;sk l<ukdlrK l=i,;d fjka
² úúO l<ukdlrK uÜgï yd fjka j fmkajd fohs'
l<ukdlrK l=i,;d w;r ² úúO l<ukdlrK uÜgï yd tu
iïnkaO;dj uÜgïj, l<ukdlrejka i;= úh
hq;= l=i,;d w;r iïnkaO;dj
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ksmK
12'5 ;SrK .ekSug úêu;a ² ;SrK .ekSu ² ;SrK .ekSu hk ixl,amh
l%uhla wkq.ukh lrhs' ² ;SrK .ekSu yd .eg¨ úi£u meyeÈ,s lrhs'
04
² ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh ² ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha mshjr
² .eg¨j y÷kd .ekSu fm<.iajhs'
² .eg¨j úYaf,aIKh lsÍu ² ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha tla tla
² úl,am úi÷ï f.dvke.Su mshjr meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² úl,am we.ehSu yd fyd| u ² ;SrK .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh wkq.ukh
úl,amh f;aÍu lrñka lsishï .eg¨jla i|yd
² ls%hd;aul lsÍu fhda.H ;SrKh .kshs'
² we.ehSu yd m%;sfmdaIKh
12'6 wruqKq iM,odhS j ,Õdlr ² ie,iqïlrKh ² ms<s.;a ks¾jpk weiqfrka 04

.ekSu i|yd ie,iqï ² ie,iqïlrK ls%hdj,sh ie,iqïlrKh hkak w¾: olajhs'
ilihs' ² ie,iqïlrK ls%hdj,sfha mshjr ² ie,iqïlrK ls%hdj,sfha mshjr
² mßirh úYaf,aIKh fm<.iajhs'
² Yla;Ska" ÿ¾j,;d" wjia:d yd ² ie,iqïlrK ls%hdj,sfha tla tla
;¾ck y\qkd .ekSu mshjr meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² oelau" fufyjr" wruqKq yd ² fyd| ie,iqïlrKhl ,laIK
mrud¾: ia:dms; lsÍu úia;r lrhs'
² Wmdh ud¾. y÷kd .ekSu ² ie,iqïlrKfha jeo.;alu fmkajd
² ie,iqï ls%hd;aul lsÍu fohs'
² id¾:l;ajh uek ne,Su yd ² ie,iqïlrKfha § mek kÕsk
md,kh .eg¨ yd iSud meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fyd| ie,iqïlrKhl ,laIK ² mj;sk .eg¨jla i|yd
² ie,iqïlrKfha jeo.;alu ie,iqïlrK ls%hdj,sfha mshjr
² ie,iqïlrKfha § mek k.sk wkq.ukh lrñka ie,iqula ilia
.eg¨ yd iSud lrhs'

ksmK
12'7 id¾:l l<ukdlrKhla ² ixúOdklrKh ² ixúOdklrKh hkak w¾: olajhs' 04
i|yd ixúOdklrKfha ² ixúOdklrKfha mshjr ² ixúOdklrKfha mshjr fm<
wjYH;dj ;yjqre ² ld¾h y\qkd.ekSu .iajhs'
lrhs' ² jev fn§u ² ixúOdklrKfha tla tla mshjr
² fomd¾;fïka;=lrKh fláfhka meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wêldßh yd j.lSï mejÍu ² mj;sk wdh;khla ksoiqkla f,i
² jev lsÍfï m%ñ; we;s lsÍu f.k ixúOdklrKfha tla tla
² iïm;a fnod §u mshjr meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² iudfhdackh ² wdh;khl id¾:l;ajh i|yd
² ixúOdklrKfha jeo.;alu ixúOdklrKfha jeo.;alu fmkajd
fohs'
² ixúOdk jHqyh meyeÈ,s lrhs'

12'8 id¾:l ixúOdklrKhl § ² ixúOdk jHqyh ² wKlsÍfï talSh;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs' 04
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= ² ixúOdklrK uQ,O¾u ² ksfhda. §fï oduh hkak úia;r
ixl,am ú.%y lrhs' ² wKlsÍfï talSh;dj lrhs'
² ksfhda. §fï oduh ² md,k ú;iaÓh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² md,k m:h$ md,k ú;iaÓh ² n,h yd wêldrh mejfrk wdldrh
² n,h yd wêldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² uOH.;lrKh ² uOH.;lrKh yd úuOH.;lrKh
² úuOH.;lrKh hk ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ixúOdk igyk ² jHdmdr wdh;khl ixúOdk jHqyh"
ixúOdk igyklska bÈßm;a lrhs'
² ixúOdk igykla bÈßm;a l< yels
wdldr fmkajd fohs'
² ixúOdklrK uQ,O¾u ixúOdk
igyklska m%ldY jk wdldrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ksmK
12'9 fufyhùfï ls%hdj,sh ² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,sh ² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,shg wod< ld¾h 04
úuiñka ta i|yd ;sìh hq;= ² kdhl;ajh ,shd olajhs'
kdhl;aj ,laIK ú.%y ² wNsfm%arKh ² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,shg we;=<;a
lrhs ' ² ikaksfõokh ld¾hhla f,i kdhl;ajh w¾:
² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,shg we;=<;a olajhs'
ld¾hhla f,i kdhl;ajh ² kdhl;ajfha wjYH;dj fmkajd fohs'
² w¾: oelaùu ² úúO kdhl;aj ffY,Ska meyeÈ,s
² kdhl;aj ffY,S lrhs'
² kdhl;aj .;s ,laIK ² kdhl;aj .=Kdx. ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² fok ,o isoaêhla weiqfrka
kdhl;aj ffY,Ska yd kdhl;aj .;s
,laIK úia;r lrhs'
² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,shg we;=<;a ² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,shg we;=<;a

12'10 fufyhùfï ls%hdj,sh 04
ld¾hhla f,i wNsfm%arKh ld¾hhla f,i wNsfm%arKh w¾:
id¾:l lr .ekSug
² w¾: oelaùu olajhs'
wNsfm%arKh bjy,a jk
² jeo.;alu ² wNsfm%arKfha jeo.;alu fmkajd
wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
² wNsfm%arKh isÿjk wdldrh fohs'
² uQ,Huh ² uQ,Huh wNsfm%arK l%u i|yd
² uQ,Huh fkdjk ksoiqka imhhs'
² uQ,Huh fkdjk wNsfm%arK l%u
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² f;dard.;a jHdmdr wdh;khl
wkq.ukh lrk wNsfm%arK l%u
úuid n,hs'
² fok ,o isoaêhla weiqfrka
wkq.ukh lrk wNsfm%arK l%u
fmkajd fohs'
ksmK
12'11 fufyhùfï ² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,shg we;=<;a ² fufyhùfï ls%hdj,shg we;=<;a 03
ls%hdj,sh id¾:l ld¾hhla f,i ikaksfõokh ld¾hhla f,i ikaksfõokh
lr .ekSug ukd ² w¾: oelaùu w¾: olajhs'
ikaksfõokh ² jeo.;alu ² ikaksfõokfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
bjy,a jk wdldrh ² ikaksfõokh isÿjk wdldr lrhs'
fmkajd fohs' ² isria ikaksfõokh ² ixúOdkhla ;=< ikaksfõokh
² by< isg my<g isÿjk úúO wdldr úia;r lrhs'
² my< isg by<g ² fok ,o isoaêhla weiqfrka
² ;sria ikaksfõokh ikaksfõokh isÿjk úúO wdldr
² úêu;a yd wúêu;a ikaksfõokh i|yd ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
² úêu;a yd wúêu;a ikaksfõokh
jHdmdr ikaksfõokfha § jeo.;a
jk wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
² md,kh ² md,kh hkak w¾: olajhs'

12'12 wfmalaIs; wruqKq
² w¾: oelaùu ² md,k ls%hdj,sfha mshjr fm< 04
bgqlr .ekSug
² jeo.;alu .iajhs'
md,kfha wjYH;dj yd ² md,k ls%hdj,sh
jeo.;alu úuihs' ² md,k ls%hdj,sfha tla tla mshjr
² m%ñ; ia:dms; lsÍu
úia;r lrhs'
² ld¾hM, uekSu
² md,k úê meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² úp,k y÷kd .ekSu
² ksjerÈ lsÍfï ls%hdud¾. ² md,k úê meyeÈ,s lsÍug ksoiqka
.ekSu imhhs'
² md,k úê ² fok ,o isoaê weiqfrka md,k úê
² je<elaùu ^bÈß fmdaIK md,kh& meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ls%hdj,sh md,kh îy.dó
md,kh&
² ksjerÈ lsÍu ^miq fmdaIK
md,kh&

ksmK
13' jHdmdrj, 45
id¾:l;ajh
² fufyhqï ixl,amh y÷kajhs'
i|yd 13'1 fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha ² fufyhqï ixl,amh 03
² fufyhqï l<ukdlrKh w¾: olajhs'
fufyhqï jeo.;alu yd ld¾hNdrh ² fufyhqï l<ukdlrKh ² fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha
l<ukdlrKfha úuihs' ² w¾: oelaùu jeo.;alu meyeos,s lrhs'
odhl;ajh ² jeo.;alu ² fufyhqï l<ukdlrKfha ld¾hhka
w.hhs' ² ld¾hNdrh fm<.iajhs'
² fufyhqï l<ukdlrK ld¾hhka
fjk fjk u fláfhka meyeÈ,s
lrhs'
13'2 NdKav ksIamdok l%u úuid ² ksIamdok l%u ² ksIamdok l%u hkak w¾: olajhs'
n,ñka fhda.H ksIamdok ² w¾: oelaùu ² ksIamdok l%u j¾. lrhs' 08
l%uhla fhdackd lrhs' ² j¾. lsÍu ² tla tla ksIamdok l%uh meyeÈ,s
² weKjqug ksIamdokh lrhs'
² w¾: oelaùu ² tla tla ksIamdok l%ufha ys;lr yd
² ys;lr yd wys;lr wys;lr ,laIK fmkajhs'
,laIK ² mj;sk ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd Ndú; jk
² ldKav ksIamdokh ksIamdok l%uh fmkajd fohs'
² w¾: oelaùu ² ksIamdok l%uhla f;dard .ekSfï §
² ys;lr yd wys;lr wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKqq
,laIK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² m%jdy ksIamdokh ² fok ,o ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd iqÿiq
² w¾: oelaùu ksIamdok l%uhla fhdackd lrhs'
² ys;lr yd wys;lr ² lïy,a msßh; ie,eiaul wjYH;dj
,laIK fmkajd fohs'
² ksIamdok l%uhla f;dard .ekSu ² lïy,a msßh; ie,iqï j¾. meyeÈ,s
² ksIamdok l%uhla f;dard .ekSfï lrhs'
§ wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
² lïy,a msßh; ie,eiau

ksmK
13'3 uq¿ wdodhu yd uq¿ msßjeh ² uq¿ msßjeh ² uq¿ msßjeh meyeÈ,s lrhs' 06
.,mñka iuÉfÊok ² ia:djr msßjeh ² msßjeh" ia:djr msßjeh yd úp,H
,laIHh .Kkh lrhs' ² úp,H msßjeh msßjeh f,i j¾. lrhs'
² uq¿ wdodhu ² tla tla msßjeh j¾.h i|yd ksoiqka
² iuÉfÊok ,laIH ú.%yh imhhs'
² iólrKh weiqfrka ² uq¿ wdodhu hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%ia;dr weiqfrka ² iuÉfÊok ,laIHh hkak meyeÈ,s
² iuÉfÊok ,laIH ú.%yfha lrhs'
m%fhdack ² iólrKh weiqfrka iuÉfÊok
² iuÉfÊok ,laIH ú.%yfha iSud ,laIHh .Kkh lrhs'
² fok ,o f;dr;=re weiqfrka
iuÉfÊok ,laIH m%ia;drh
w¢hs'
² m%ia;dr weiqfrka iuÉfÊok ,laIH
,nd .kshs'
² fok ,o f;dr;=re weiqfrka
tallhl odhlh" iuÉfÊok
,laIHfha tall .Kk yd jákdlu
.Kkh lrhs'
² iuÉfÊok ,laIH ú.%yfha
m%fhdack ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² iuÉfÊok ,laIH ú.%yfha iSud
meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmK
13'4 øjH ñ, § .ekSu id¾:l ² ñ, § .ekSu ² wdh;khlg øjH yd fiajd ñ, § 04
lr .ekSu i|yd '² øjH .ekSfï wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
ie,ls<su;a úh hq;= lreKqq ² fiajd ² ñ, § .kakd øjH yd fiajd i|yd
fmkajd fohs' ² ñ, § .ekSfï ls%hdj,sh ksoiqka imhhs'
² ñ,g .ekSfï § ie,ls,su;a úh ² ñ, § .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha mshjr
hq;= lreKq fm<.iajhs'
² ñ, § .ekSfï ls%hdj,sfha tla
tla mshjr úia;r lrhs'
² ñ,g .ekSfï § ie,ls,su;a úh
hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
13'5 f;d. md,kh i|yd WÑ; ² f;d. md,kh ² f;d. md,kh w¾: olajhs' 05
l%u úuihs' ² w¾: oelaùu ² f;d. md,kfha wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s
² wjYH;dj lrhs'
² f;d. md,k l%u ² úúO f;d. md,k l%u fjk fjk
² f;d. uÜgï ksYaph u úia;r lrhs'
lsÍfï l%uh
² ABC úYaf,aIK l%uh
² oaú;aj Ndck l%uh
² wLKav f;d. jd¾;d
lsÍfï l%uh
² mß.Kl jev igyka
² JIT l%uh

ksmK
13'6 m%Yia; f;d.hla mj;ajd ² f;d. uÜgï ² m%Yia; f;d.hla mj;ajd .ekSug 05
.ekSu i|yd wjYH f;d. ² h<s weKjqï uÜgu wjYH úúO f;d. uÜgï fjk
uÜgï ksYaph lrhs' ² wju f;d. uÜgu fjk u úia;r lrhs'
² Wmßu f;d. uÜgu ² f;d. uÜgï .Kkh lsÍfï §
² f;d. uÜgï .Kkh lsÍu ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq meyeÈ,s
² f;d. uÜÜï m%ia;dßl j oelaùu lrhs'
² fok ,o f;dr;=re weiqfrka úúO
f;d. uÜgï .Kkh lrhs'
² f;d. uÜgï m%ia;dßl j bÈßm;a
lrhs'
13'7 f;d. msßjeh ms<sn| j ² uq¿ f;d. msßjeh ² f;d. iïnkaO msßjeh j¾. lr
ie,ls,su;a fjñka wd¾Ól ² f;d. weKjqï lsÍfï olajhs' 05
weKjqï m%udKh .Kkh msßjeh ² f;d. msßjeh j¾. ksoiqka weiqfrka
lrhs' ² f;d. mj;ajd .ekSfï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
msßjeh ² wd¾Ósl weKjqï m%udKh hkak
² wd¾Ól weKjqï m%udKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² .Kkh lsÍu ² ùÔh l%uh wkqj wd¾Ól weKjqï
² ùÔh l%uh m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'
² m%ia;dßl l%uh ² f;d. iïnkaO msßjeh j¾.
m%ia;dßl j olajñka wd¾Ól weKjqï
m%udKh .Kkh lrhs'

ksmK
13'8 ksuejqïj, .=Kd;aul nj ² .=K;ajh ² ksuejqfï .=K;ajh hkak meyeÈ,s 04
;yjqre lr .ekSu i|yd ² .=K;aj md,kh lrhs'
;;a;a;j md,k l%u ² .=K;aj md,kfha jeo.;alu ² .=K;aj md,kh hkak meyeÈ,s
úuihs' ² .=K;aj md,k Ys,am l%u lrhs'
² ;;a;aj lj ² .=K;aj md,kfha jeo.;alu
² Y+kH fodaI w.hhs'
² ;;a;aj wdrlaIKh ² .=K;aj md,k Ys,amSh l%u úia;r
² .=K;aj m%ñ;s lrhs'
² ixLHdkuh ;;a;aj md,kh
² M,odhs;dj w¾: olajhs' 05

² M,odhs;dj
13'9 fufyhqï M,odhs;dj ² M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr .; yels
² w¾: oelaùu
j¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd l%u úia;r lrhs'
² jeo.;alu
we;s m%fõY úuihs' ² øjH M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr .;
² M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr
yels wdldr fmkajd fohs'
.ekSu
² hka;% M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr .;
² øjH M,odhS;dj j¾Okh
yels wdldr fmkajd fohs'
lr .ekSu
² Y%u M,odhs;dj j¾Okh lr.;
² hka;% M,odhs;dj j¾Okh
yels wdldr meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lr .ekSu
² Y%u M,odhs;dj j¾Okh
lr .ekSu

ksmK
14' jHdmdr 45
id¾:l;ajh
i|yd wf,ú
l<ukdlrKfha
odhl;ajh 06
14'1 wf,úlrKhg mokï jq ² wf,úlrKh ² ks¾jpk wdY%fhka wf,úlrKh
w.hhs'
uQ,sl ixl,am úuihs' ² w¾: oelaùu w¾: olajhs'
² jeo.;alu ² wf,úlrKfha jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
² wf,úlrK yr ixl,am lrhs'
² wjYH;d" jqjukd yd b,aü ² wf,úlrK yr ixl,am ,ehsia;=.;
² ksIamdÈ; lrhs'
² jákdlu yd ;Dma;sh ² wjYH;d" jqjukd yd b,aü hk
² yqjudrej" .kqfokq yd ixl,am w;r mj;sk iïnkaO;dj
iïnkaO;d fmkajd fohs'
² fjf<|fmd< ² ksIamdÈ; y÷kajhs'
² jákdlu yd ;Dma;sh hk ixl,am
w;r iïnkaO;dj yd fjki
meyeÈ,s j olajhs'
² yqjudrej" .kqfokq yd iïnkaO;d
hk ixl,am meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fjf<|fmd< hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² wf,úlrK yr ixl,am w;r
mj;akd iïnkaO;dj fmkajd fohs'

ksmK
14' 2 wf,úlrK o¾Ykfha ² wf,úlrK o¾Yk îxl,am& ² wf,úlrK o¾Ykhla hkak 04

úldYkh úuiñka úúO ² wf,úlrK o¾Ykj, úldYkh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wf,úlrK o¾Yk ² ksIamdok ixl,amh ² tla tla wf,úlrK ixl,amh
ii|hs' ² ksIamdÈ; ixl,amh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² úl=Kqï ixl,amh ² wf,úlrK ixl,am
² wf,úlrK ixl,amh ikaikaokd;aul j ú.%y lrhs'
² .Kqfokqlre ixl,amh ² ld,dkqrEm j wf,úlrK ixl,amh
² iudchSh wf,úlrK ixl,amh fjkia jQ wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² idl,Hjd§ wf,úlrK ² mj;sk wdh;khla wkq.ukh lrk
ixl,amh wf,úlrK ixl,amh$ixl,am
úu¾Ykh lrhs'
14' 3 b,lal wf,úlrK ² fjf<|fmd< LKavkh ² fjf<|fmd< LKavkh hkak w¾: 04

ls%hdj,sh úuihs' ² fjf<|fmd< LKaavkfha olajhs'
m%;s,dN ² mdßfNda.sl fjf<|fmd< LKavkhg
² mdßfNda.sl fjf<|fmd< fhdod .kakd mokï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
LKavkfha mokï ² fjf<|fmd< LKavkfha m%fhdack
² b,lal fjf<|fmd< fmkajd fohs'
² fjf<|fmd< ;=< ia:dms; ùu ² b,lal fjf<|fmd< hkak y÷kajhs'
² f;dard.;a ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd
fjf<|fmd< LKavkh lr olajhs'
² fjf<|fmd< ;=< ia:dms; úh yels
wdldr fmkajd fohs'

ksmK
14' 4 wf,úlrK ñY%h yd tys ² NdKav wf,úlrK ñY%h ² wf,úlrK ñY%h hkak w¾: 06
úp,H jHdmdßlhdf.a yd jHdmdßlhdf.a oDIaÀfhka olajhs'
.Kqfokqlref.a oDIaÀfhka ^4Ps & ² NdKav wf,úlrK ñY%fha úp,H
úuihs' ² ksIamdÈ;h ^ product) jHdmdßlhdf.a oDIaÀfldaKfhka
² ñ, ( price) y\qkajhs'
² ia:dkh ( place ) ² fiajd i|yd wf,úlrK ñY%fha
² m%j¾Okh ( promotion ) úp,H jHdmdßlhdf.a
oDIaÀfldaKfhka y÷kajhs'
² fiajd i|yd wf,úlrK ñY%h ² wf,úlrK ñY%h .kqfokqlref.a
jHdmdßlhdf.a oDIaÀfhka oDIaÀfhka úia;r lrhs'
(7Ps = 4Ps +3Ps ) ² id¾:l wf,úlrKhla i|yd
² fiajl uKav,h ^people& wf,úlrK ñY%fha jeo.;alu
² ls%hdj,sh ^process& fmkajd fohs'
² fN!;sl jgmsgdj
^ physical evidence&
² wf,úlrK ñY%h
.Kqfokqlref.a oDIaÀfhka
^4Cs &
² mdßfNda.sl wjYH;d yd
jqjukd ^Consumer needs
and wants)
² msßjeh ^Cost &
² myiqj ^Convenience&
² ikaksfõokh
^Communication&

ksmK
14'5 wf,ú l< yels úúO ² ksIamdÈ; ² ksIamdÈ; w¾: olajhs' 04
ksIamdÈ; mj;sk nj ² NdKav ² ksIamdÈ; mq¿,a f,i j¾. lrhs'
fmkajd fohs' ² fiajd ² tla tla ksIamdÈ; j¾.h meyeÈ,s
² woyia lrhs'
² biõ ² tla tla ksIamdÈ; j¾.h i|yd
² mqoa.,hska ksoiqka bÈßm;a lrhs'
² ls%hdldrlï ² mj;sk ksIamdÈ; ksoiqka f,i f.k
² w;aoelSï tajd wh;a jk ksIamdÈ; j¾.h
² ia:dk ksjerÈ j olajhs'
² ixúOdk
² f;dr;=re
² ikaku yd fjf<| ,l=K ² ikaku yd fjf<| ,l=K hkak 04

14'6 ksIamdÈ; i|yd WÑ;
² ikaku y÷kajhs'
ikakula ks¾udKh
² fjf<| ,l=K ² ikakul mej;sh hq;= .=Kdx.
lrhs'
² ikaku yd fjf<| ,l=K fmkajd fohs'
w;r fjki yd iïnkaOh ² úúO ikakï j¾. i|yd ksoiqka
² ikakul ;sìh hq;= .==Kdx. olajhs'
² ikakï j¾. ² jHdmdr id¾:l;ajhg ikakulska
² ikakulska ,efnk ,efnk m%fhdack úia;r lrhs'
m%fhdack ² ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd iqÿiq ikakula
² ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd iqÿiq ks¾udKh lrhs'
ikakula ks¾udKh lsÍu

ksmK
14'7 ksIamdÈ; i|yd wdl¾IKSh ² weiqreïlrKh ² weiqreïlrKh yd weiqreu hkak 06
weiqreula yd f,an,hla ² weiqreu w¾: olajhs'
ie,iqï lrhs' ² weiqreï j¾. ² weiqrefï úúO uÜgï meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%d:ñl weiqreu ² weiqreula ie,iqï lsÍfï § i,ld
² oaù;Shsl weiqreu ne,sh hq;= lreKq fmkajd fohs'
² m%jdyk weiqreu ² f,an,alrKh hkak y÷kajhs'
² weiqreula ie,iqï lsÍfï § ² f,an,hl we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq
ie,lsh hq;= lreKq fmkajd fohs'
² f,an,alrKh ² ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd weiqreula yd
² f,an,h f,an,hla ks¾udKh lrhs'
² f,an,hl we;=<;a lreKq
² ñ,
03
14'8 ksIamdÈ; i|yd fhda.H ² ñ, w¾: olajhs'
ñ,la ;SrKh lrk ² ñ, lsÍfï mrud¾: ² ñ, lsÍfï mrud¾: úia;r lrhs'
wdldrh úuihs' ² fjf<|fmdf,ys /£ isàu ² ñ, lsÍfï § i,ld n,k idOl
² ,dN Wmßu lsÍu fmkajd fohs'
² fjf<|fmd< fldgi j¾Okh
lr .ekSu'
² fjf<|fmd< idrh w;am;a lr
.ekSu
² ksIamdÈ; .=K;aj kdhl;ajh
,eîu
² ñ, lsÍfï § i,ld n,k idOl

ksmK
14'9 ksIamdÈ; mdßfNda.slhd ² fnodyeÍu ² fnodyeÍu w¾: olajhs' 04
w;g m;a lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq ² jeo.;alu ² fnodyeÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s
fnodyeÍfï ud¾. fhdackd ² fnodyeÍfï ud¾. lrhs'
lrhs' ² NdKav fnod yeÍu ² mdßfNda.sl NdKav yd ld¾ñl
² mdßfNda.sl NdKav NdKav i|yd jQ fnodyeÍfï ud¾.
fnodyeÍfï ud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ld¾ñl NdKav ² WÑ; fnodyeÍfï ud¾.hla ;SrKh
fnodyeÍfï ud¾. lsÍfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= idOl
² WÑ; fnodyeÍfï ud¾.hla wkdjrKh lrhs'
;SrKh lsÍfï § ie,ls,su;a úh ² fok ,o ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd WÑ;
hq;= idOl fnodyeÍfï ud¾.hla$ud¾.
fhdackd lrhs'
² m%j¾Okh ² m%j¾Okh w¾: olajhs' 04

14'10 ksIamdÈ; wf,ú lsÍu ² m%j¾Okfha jeo.;alu úia;r lrhs'
² jeo.;alu
i|yd fhda.H m%j¾Ok ² jHdmdrhlg m%j¾Okh jeo.;a jk
² m%j¾Ok ñY%h
Wml%u fhdackd lrhs' wjia:d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m%pdrKh
² úl=Kqï m%j¾Okh ² m%j¾Ok ñY%fha Wmdx. meyeÈ,s
² fm!oa.,sl úl=Kqï lrhs'
² uyck iïnkaO;d ² ksIamdÈ;hla i|yd iqÿiq m%j¾Ok
² iDcq wf,úlrKh l%uhla$l%u fhdackd lrhs'
² biõ iy w;aoelSï

ksmK
15' jHdmdr 45
id¾:l;ajh
i|yd uQ,H
l<ukdlrKh
² uQ,H l<ukdlrKh ² uQ,H l<ukdlrKh y÷kajhs'
fhdod .kakd 15'1 jHdmdrhl uQ,H 05
² uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha wruqKq
wdldrh l<ukdlrKfha ld¾hNdrh ² uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha wruqKq
úuihs' ² uQ,H l<ukdlrK ;SrK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úuihs'
² wdfhdack ;SrK ² uQ,H l<ukdlrKfha wruqKq bgq
² uQ,Hk ;SrK lr .ekSug .kq ,nk uQ,H ;SrK
² jHdmdrhl uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh ú.%y lrhs'
yd md,kh ² uQ,H ie,iqïlrKfha yd md,kfha
² whjehlrKh wjYH;dj u;=lr olajhs'
² uqo,a whjeh f,aLkh ² uQ,H ie,iqïlrKh yd md,kh
ye¢kaùu yd tys m%fhdack i|yd fhdod .kakd WmlrK f,i
² m%d.aOk whjeh f,aLkh whjehlrKh yd uqo,a m%jdy
ye¢kaùu yd tys m%fhdack m%ldYh ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh ye¢kaùu
yd tys m%fhdack

ksmK
15'2 jHdmdrhl wruqo,a wjYH;d ² jHdmdrhl wruqo,a wjYH;d ² jHdmdrhl wruqo,a wjYH;d 05
imqrd .ekSu i|yd we;s ² È.=ld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
úl,am wruqo,a iïmdok ² fláld,Sk wruqo,a wjYH;d ² jHdmdrhl wruqo,a wjYH;d j¾.
ud¾. w.hhs' ² wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. lrhs'
² wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. ² wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. úúO mokï
j¾.SlrKh Tiafia j¾.SlrKh lrhs'
² wNHka;r - ndysr ² úl,am wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾.j,
² iDcq - jl% jdis yd iSud meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² È.=ld,Sk - fláld,Sk ² úúO uq,H iïmdok ud¾. i|yd
² wruqo,a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï § ksoiqka olajhs'
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ² wruqo,a wjYH;d imqrd .ekSfï §
² úl,am wruqo,a iïmdok ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq ,ehsia;=.;
ud¾.j, jdis yd iSud lrhs'
² fok ,o jHdmdr wdh;khlg iqÿiq
wruqo,a iïmdok ud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
² wdfhdack hkak y÷kajhs'

² wdfhdack ye¢kaùu
15'3 úl,am wdfhdack ud¾. ² wdfhdack ;SrK hkak meyeÈ,s 05
² wdfhdack ud¾.$;SrK
wOHhkh lrhs' lrhs'
² È.=ld,Sk wdfhdack ud¾.
² wdfhdack ;SrK fláld,Sk yd
² cx.u fkdjk j;alïj,
È.=ld,Sk jYfhka j¾. lr
wdfhdackh
olajhs'
² m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd<
² jHdmdr id¾:l;ajh i|yd wdfhdack
WmlrKj, wdfhdackh
;SrKj, jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fláld,Sk wdfhdack ud¾.

ksmK
15'4 uQ,H wkqmd; fhdod .ksñka ² uQ,H úYaf,aIKh ² uQ,H úYaf,aIKh i|yd uq,H 06
jHdmdrhl uQ,H ;;a;ajh ² uQ,H m%ldY m%ldY wdOdr jk wdldrh meyeÈ,s
úYaf,aIKh lrhs' ² uQ,H wkqmd; lrhs'
² ,dNodhs;aj wkqmd; ² uQ,H l<ukdlreg jeo.;a jk uq,H
² øjYS,;d wkqmd; m%ldY meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² uQ,H ia:djr;aj wkqmd; ² uQ,H úYaf,aIKh i|yd fhdod
² ls%hdldÍ wkqmd; .kakd m%Odk l%uhla jk wkqmd;
² wdfhdack wkqmd; úYaf,aIKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fok ,o o;a; weiqfrka uq,H
wkqmd; .Kkh lrhs'
² ksjerÈ uq,H ;SrK .ekSug uQ,H
wkqmd; úYaf,aIKh fhdod .kshs'
15'5 uQ,H l<ukdlrKh yd ² YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sh ² YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sh y÷kajhs' 03
iïnkaO j uQ,H ² w¾: oelaùu ² YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H moaO;sfha ixhq;sh
fjf<|fmd<l iyNd.s;ajh ² ixhq;sh úia;r lrhs'
wOHhkh lrhs' ² uQ,H wdh;k
² uQ,H WmlrK
² uQ,H há;, myiqlï
² uQ,H fjf<|fmd<
² uOHu nexl=j

ksmK
15'6 YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H ² uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ² uQ,H fjf<|fmd< y÷kajhs' 06
fjf<|fmdf<a ls%hdldß;ajh ² uqo,a fjf<|fmd< ² uQ,H WmlrKj, l,amsÍfï ld,h
wOHhkh lrhs' ² m%d.aOk fjf<|fmd< mokï lrf.k uQ,H fjf<|fmd<
² uQ,H fjf<|fmd< ixhq;sh j¾. lrhs'
² wka;¾ nexl= talaIK Kh ² uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<a ixhq;sh
fjf<|fmd< fmkajd fohs'
² foaYSh - úfoaY úksuh ² uqo,a fjf<|fmdf<a Wm
fjf<|fmd< fjf<|fmd<j,a fjk fjk u
² rcfha iq/l=ïm;a fjf<|fmd< úia;r lrhs'
² idx.ñl Kh iq/l=ïm;a ² m%d.aOk fjf<|fmdf<a Wm
fjf<|fmd< ^Khlr fjf<|fmd<j,a fjk fjk u
fjf<|fmd< & úia;r lrhs'
² fldgia fjf<|fmd< ² uQ,H fjf<|fmdf<a yqjudre jk
² uQ,H fjf<|fmdf,a yqjudre jk uQ,H WmlrK úia;r lrhs'
uQ,H WmlrK
² fld<U fldgia yqjudrej ² fld<U fldgia yqjudrej w¾: 05

15'7 fld<U fldgia yqjudrej olajhs'
wdY%s; lghq;= úuihs' ² w¾: oelaùu
² jeo.;alu ² YS% ,xldfõ wd¾Ólhg fld<U
² m%d:ñl fjf<|fmd< yd oaú;Shsl fldgia yqjudrej jeo.;a jk
fjf<|fmd< wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² iud.ulg fld<U fldgia ² m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl fldgia
yqjudrefõ ,shdmÈxÑ úh yels fjf<|fmd< w;r fjki meyeÈ,s
wdldr lrhs'
² odhl;aj w¾mKh uÕska ² isñ; iud.ïj,g fld<U fldgia
² úl=Kqï w¾mKhla uÕska yqjudrefõ ,shdmÈxÑ úh yels
² y÷kajd §u uÕska wdldr meyeÈ,s lrhs'

ksmK
15'8 fldgia fjf<|fmdf<ys ² fld<U fldgia yqjudrefjys ² fld<U fldgia yqjudrefjys 06
.kqfokq jk iq/l=ïm;a yd .Kqfokq jk iq/l=ïm;a .kqqfokq jk iq/l=ïm;a ,ehsia;=.;
tajdfha m%;s,dN wOHhkh ² idudkH fldgia lrhs'
lrhs' ² jrKSh fldgia ² fld<U fldgia yqjudrefjys
² fldgia n,m;% .kqfokq jk tla tla iq/l=ïm;
² idx.ñl Khlr úia;r lrhs'
² rcfha iq/l=ïm;a ² iq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackfha iDcq yd
jl% m%;s,dN fjk fjk u meyeÈ,s
² iq/l=ïm;aj, wdfhdackfha lrhs'
m%;s,dN
² iDcq m%;s,dN
² ,dNdxY
² fmd<S
² ixÑ; m%d.aOkSlrKh
² ysñlï ksl=;=j
² m%d.aOk ,dN
² úNckh ^Spliting&
² jl% m%;s,dN
² fldgia fjf<|fmd< o¾Yl ² fldgia fjf<|fmdf<ys ld¾h 04

15'9 fld<U fldgia yqjudrefjys
² ish¨ fldgia ñ, o¾Ylh idOkh uekSu i|yd fhdod .kakd
ld¾hh idOkh we.ehSug
ÂSPI & ñ, o¾Yl i|yka lrhs'
,la lrhs'
² S&P YS% ,xld 20 o¾Ylh ² tla tla fldgia fjf<|fmd< ñ,
² uq¿ m%;s,dN o¾Ylh ^TRI & o¾Ylh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fldgia fjf<|fmd< o¾Ylj, ² fldgia fjf<|fmd< ñ, o¾Ylj,
jeo.;alu jeo.;alu w.hhs'

ksmK
16' jHdmdr 45
id¾:l;ajh
i|yd udkj
iïm; 16'1 udkj iïm;a ² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh ² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKh 04
ld¾hlaIu j l<ukdlrKfha jeo.;alu ² w¾: oelaùu y÷kajhs'
fhdod .kakd yd tys ld¾hhka úuihs' ² fiiq iïm;aj,g idfmalaIj ² wfkl=;a iïm;aj,g idfmalaIj
whqre úuihs' udkj iïmf;a iqúfYaI;d udkj iïmf;a olakg ,efnk
² udkj iïm;a iqúfYaI;d meyeÈ,s lrhs'
l<ukdlrKfha wruqKq yd ² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha
jeo.;alu wruqKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² udkj iïm;a ² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha
l<ukdlrKfha ld¾hhka jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK
ld¾hhka ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² /lshd ks¾udKh y÷kajhs' 06

16'2 /lshd ks¾udKh lsÍfï yd ² /lshd ks¾udKh
/lshd úYaf,aIKh lsÍfï ² /lshd úYaf,aIKh ² /lshd úYaf,aIKh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
wjYH;dj w.hhs' ² /lshd úia;rh ² /lshd úia;rfha yd /lshd
^Job description & msßú;rfha we;=<;a f;dr;=re
² /lshd msßú;rh ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
^Job specification & ² f;dard.;a /lshdjla i|yd /lshd
úia;rhla yd /lshd msßú;rhla
ilia lrhs'

ksmK
16'3 ixúOdkhl meje;au ² ñkssia n, ie,iqïlrKh ² udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKh 05
i|yd wjYH ñksia n, ² ñksia n,h ie,iqï lsÍfï y\qkajhs'
ie,iqu ilia lrhs' jeo.;alu ² udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKfha
² ñksia n,h ie,iqï lsÍfï § jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq ² udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKfha §
² ñksia n, ie,iqïlrKfha wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= lreKq
mshjr úu¾Ykh lrhs'
² udkj iïm;a i|yd b,aü ² udkj iïm;a ie,iqïlrKfha mshjr
mqfrdal:kh lsÍu fm<.iajhs'
² j¾;udkfha mj;sk ñksia ² fok ,o wdh;khl wkd.; udkj
n,h úYaf,aIKh lsÍu iïm;a wjYH;dj mqfrdal:kh lrhs'
² wNHka;r fiajl iemhqu
ie,iqï lsÍu
² ndysr fiajl iemhqu ie,iqï
lsÍu
² fiajlhska wdl¾Ykh ² fiajlhska wdl¾Ykh hkak y÷kajhs' 05

16'4 ixúOdkhl /lshd i|yd
² fiajlhska wdl¾Ykh lr .; ² mqoa.,hska wdl¾Ykh lr .; yels
iqÿiq mqoa.,hska wdl¾Ykh
yels ud¾. ud¾. meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lr .; yels ud¾.
² wNHka;r wdl¾Yk ud¾. ² wNHka;r wdl¾Yk ud¾. i|yd
wOHhkh lrhs'
² ndysr wdl¾Yk ud¾. ksoiqka olajhs'
² wNHka;r yd ndysr wdl¾Yk ² ndysr wdl¾Yk ud¾. i|yd ksoiqka
ud¾.j, jdis yd wjdis olajhs'
² wNHka;r wdl¾Yk ud¾. yd ndysr
wdl¾Yk ud¾.j, jdis yd wjdis
,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² f;dard.;a wdh;khlg fiajlhska
wdl¾Ykh lr .ekSu i|yd .;
yels ls%hdud¾. fhdackd lrhs'
ksmK
16'5 fiajlhska wdl¾Ykh lr ² /lshd oekaùu ² /lshd oekaùul we;=<;a flfrk 05
.ekSu i|yd /lshd oekaùu ² /lshd oekaùul we;=<;a f;dr;=re ,ehsia;=jla ms<sfh,
ms<sfh, lrhs' f;dr;=re lrhs'
² /lshd oekaùï m<lrk ia:dk ² /lshd oekaùula m<flfrk udOH
² oekaùï mqjrej fmkajd fohs'
² mqj;am; ² fok ,o ;k;=rla i|yd /lshd
² wka;¾cd,h oekaùula ms<sfh, lrhs'
² rEmjdysksh
² fjk;a
16'6 wdl¾Ykh lr .;a ² f;dard .ekSu ² f;dard .ekSu y÷kajhs' 05

whÿïlrejka w;=frka iqÿiq ² f;dard .ekSfï § i,ld ² fiajlhska f;dard .ekSfï § i,ld
whÿïlrejka f;dard .ekSu ne,sh hq;= lreKq ne,sh hq;= lreKq meyeÈ,s lrhs'
i|yd fhda.H l%u fhdackd ² oekqu ² f;dard .ekSfï úúO l%u ,ehsia;=.;
lrhs' ² wdl,am lrhs'
² l=i,;d ² f;dard .ekSu i|yd Ndú; lrk tla
² YdÍßl yd udkisl fhda.H;dj tla l%uh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² f;dard .ekSfï l%u
² b,a¨ï m;a we.ehSu
² iïuqL mÍlaIK
² nqoaê mÍlaIK
² fm!reI mÍlaIK
² m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK
² ffjoH mÍlaIK
² miqìï mÍlaIK

ksmK
16'7 n|jd .ekSfï ls%hd mámdáh ² fiajlhska n|jd .ekSfï mokï ² fiajlhska n|jd .ekSfï l%u 05
wOHhkh lrhs' ² iaÒr moku meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ;djld,sl moku ² fiajlhska n|jd .ekSu yd iïnkaO
² m;aúï ,smsh$/lshd .súiqu m;aùï ,smsh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² m;aùï ,smshl jeo.;alu ² m;aúï ,smshl wjYH;dj meyeÈ,s
² m;aùï ,smshl we;=<;a lreKq lrhs'
² m;aùï ,smshl wdlD;sh ² m;aúï ,smshl we;=<;a jk lreKq
² mßjdi ld,iSudj fmkajd fohs'
² wkqia:dmkh ² m;aùï ,smshl wdlD;shla ms<sfh,
lrhs'
² wkqia:dmkh hkak meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² mßjdi ld,h hkak úia;r lrhs'
² ld¾hM, we.ehSu ² ld¾hM, we.ehSu hkak meyeÈ,s

16'8 ixúOdkfha udkj iïm; 05
² mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh lrhs'
ixj¾Okh yd r|jd .ekSu
² mqyqKq lsÍfï l%u ² mqyqKqj yd ixj¾Okh w;r we;s
i|yd .; yels ls%hd ud¾.
² ixj¾Okh lsÍfï l%u fjkialï olajhs'
fhdackd lrhs'
² mqyqKq lsÍfï yd ixj¾Okh ² mqyqKq lsÍfï yd ixj¾Okh lsÍfï
lsÍfï m%;s,dN l%u fjk fjk u úia;r lrhs'
² fiajlhdg ² mqyqKq lsÍfuka yd ixj¾Okh
² fiajd fhdaclhdg lsÍfuka fiajlhdg yd fiajd
² fiajl p,kh fhdaclhdg ,efnk m%;s,dN fjk
² Wiia lsÍu fjk u olajhs'
² udre lsÍu ² fiajl p,k úia;r lrhs'
² bj;a lsÍu
² fiajh wjika lsÍu

ksmK
16'9 udkj iïm;a ² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK ² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrKfha 05
l<ukdlrKfha id¾:l;ajh ld¾h we.ehSfï ks¾Kdhl ld¾h we.ehSfï ks¾Kdhl
we.ehSfï ks¾Kdhl úuihs' ² Y%u msßjegqu ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
² fiajl m%jdis;dj ² ta tla tla ks¾Kdhlh meyeÈ,s
² Y%u M,odhs;ajh lrhs'
² fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d ² fiajH fiajl iïnkaO;d hkak
² hym;a fiajH fiajl y÷kajhs'
iïnkaO;dj, m%fhdack ² hym;a Y%ñl iïnkaO;dj,
² whym;a fiajH fiajl m%fhdack ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
iïnkaO;dj, m%;súmdl ² whym;a Y%ñl iïnkaO;dj,
m%;súmdl fmkajd fohs'

ksmK
17' jHdmdrj, 35
id¾:l;ajh
i|yd ² o;a; yd f;dr;=re hkak ks¾jpkh 05
17'1 o;a; ilia lsÍu úuiñka ² o;a; lrhs'
f;dr;=re
f;dr;=re j¾. lrhs' ² f;dr;=re ² o;a; yd f;dr;=re w;r fjki
moaO;s odhl
² o;a; yd f;dr;=re w;r fjki myohs'
lr .kakd
² o;a; ilia lsÍu ² o;a; ilia lsÍfï ls%hdj,sh
wdldrh
² ld¾h meyeÈ,s lrhs'
úuihs'
² ;dlaIKh ² f;dr;=rej, .=Kdx. fmkajd fohs'
² f;dr;=rej, .=Kdx. ² f;dr;=re úúO ks¾Kdhl u; j¾.
² f;dr;=re j¾. lsÍu lrhs'
² fok ,o o;a; wdY%fhka wjYH
f;dr;=re ìys lrhs'
² f;dr;=re moaO;s hkak y÷kajhs'

17'2 jHdmdrhl f;dr;=re ² f;dr;=re moaO;s 05
² f;dr;=re moaO;shl wjYH;dj yd
moaO;shl we;s jeo.;alu ² f;dr;=re moaO;shl wjYH;dj
jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
yd ld¾hNdrh úuihs' yd jeo.;alu
² f;dr;=re moaO;shl ld¾hNdrh
² f;dr;=re moaO;shl ld¾hNdrh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
17'3 f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾.SlrK ² f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾.SlrKh

² f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾. lsÍu
l%u úuiñka Ndú; lrk ² Ndú; lrk uÜgu wkqj
i|yd fhdod .kakd ks¾Kdhl 05
uÜgu wkqj f;dr;=re ² Ndú;h wkqj
fmkajd fohs'
moaO;s j¾. lrhs' ² l<ukdlrK YS%; wkqj
² Ndú; lrk uÜgu wkqj
² Ndú; lrk uÜgu wkqj
f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾. lrhs'
f;dr;=re moaO;s ² Ndú; lrk uÜgu wkqj
² Wml%ñl uÜgu
f;dr;=re moaO;s mßYS,kh lrk
² l<ukdlrK uÜgu
mqoa.,hska i|yd ksoiqka imhhs'
² oekqï uÜgu
² fufyhqï uÜgu

ksmK
17'4 Ndú;h wkqj f;dr;=re ² Ndú;h wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s ² Ndú;h wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾. 05
moaO;s j¾. lrhs' ² .kqfokq ieliqï moaO;s lrhs'
^TPS & ² Ndú;h wkqj tla tla f;dr;=re
² oekqï ld¾h moaO;s ^KWS& moaO;sj, ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² ld¾hd, iajhxlrK moaO;s ² Ndú;h wkqj tla tla f;dr;=re
ÔAS& moaO;sfha flfrk ld¾h meyeÈ,s
² jHdmdr nqoaê f;dr;=re moaO;s lrhs'
^BIS&
² l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s
^MIS &
² ;SrK Wmldrl moaO;s ^DSS&
² úOdhl Wmldrl moaO;s
ÊSS &
17'5 l<ukdlrK YS%; wkqj ² YS%; wkqj f;dr;=re moaO;s ² l<ukdlrK YS%; wkqj f;dr;=re 05
f;dr;=re moaO;s j¾. lrhs' ² wf,úlrK f;dr;=re moaO;s moaO;s j¾. lrhs'
² uQ,H l<ukdlrK f;dr;=re ² YS%; wkqj tla tla f;dr;=re
moaO;s moaO;sj, ,laIK meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² fufyhqï f;dr;=re moaO;s ² úúO f;dr;=re moaO;s w;r
² udkj iïm;a l<ukdlrK iïnkaO;dj meyeÈ,s lrhs'
f;dr;=re moaO;s
² m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok
f;dr;=re moaO;s
² úúO f;dr;=re moaO;s w;r
iïnkaO;dj

ksmK
17'6 f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh y÷kajhs' 05
úuiñka tys m%;s,dN ² w¾: oelaùu ² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yd ne¢ fjk;a
wkdjrKh lrhs' ² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yd ne¢ ;dlaIK úia;r lrhs'
fjk;a ;dlaIK ² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha jeo.;alu
² .Kkh lsÍfï ;dlaIKh fmkajd fohs'
² ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh ² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha m%;s,dN
² f;dr;=re l<ukdlrK ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
;dlaIKh
² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha jeo.;alu
² f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfha m%;s,dN
² wka;¾cd,h y÷kajhs' 05
17'7 f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh ² cd, Ndú;h
² wka;¾cd,h u.ska iemfhk fiajd
i|yd wka;¾cd,h Ndú; ² wka;¾cd,h u.ska i,ik fiajd
úia;r lrhs'
lrhs' ² f,dal jHdma; cd,h
² ffoksl mqoa., lghq;= myiqq lr
^WWW&
.ekSug wka;¾cd,h wdOdr lr .;
² úoHq;a ;emE,
yels wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrhs'
Ê-mail &
² wdh;k ld¾hh myiq lr .ekSug
² f.dkq yqjudre kdudj,sh
wka;¾cd,h Wmldr jk wdldrh
( File transfer protocol &
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² l;d myiqlï ^Chat &
² jHdmdr wdh;k iudc cd, Wmldr
² m%jD;a;s lKavdhï
lr .kakd wdldrh fmkajd fohs'
(News groups &
² fg,s mß.Kl
^Tele Computing&
² iudc cd, fjí wvú
² uqyqK fmd; (Face book&
² gqúg¾ (Twitter&
ksmK
18' jHdmdrhla 40
wdrïN lsÍu
i|yd yd
mq¿,a lsÍu 04
² jHdmdr woyi meyeÈ,s lrhs'
i|yd jHdmdr 18'1 jHdmdr ie,eiaul uQ,sldx. ² jHdmdr woyi
² iqÿiq jHdmdr woyila f;dard
ie,iqula úuiñka jHdmdr woyig ² jHdmdr woyila f;dard .ekSfï §
.ekSfï § i,ld ne,sh hq;= id¾j
ms<sfh, WÑ; jHdmdr ie,eiau ie,lsh hq;= idOl
yd iQlaIu idOl meyeÈ,s lrhs'
lrhs' ms<sfh, lsÍfï iQodku ² id¾j idOl
² jHdmdr woyia id¾j yd iQlaIu
m%o¾Ykh lrhs' ² iQlaIu idOl
úYaf,aIKh lr" iqÿiq jHdmdr
² jHdmdr ie,eiau
wjia:djla f;dard .kshs'
² w¾: oelaùu
² jHdmdr ie,eiau hkak y÷kajhs'
² jeo.;alu
² jHdmdr ie,eiaul jeo.;alu
² ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jHdmdr ie,eiaul w;=<;a úh
² jHdmdr ie,eiaula ms<sfh, lsÍfï §
hq;= wx.
ie,ls,su;a úh hq;= lreKq fmkajd
² uq,a msgqj
fohs'
² úOdhl idrdxYh
² jHdmdr ie,eiaul we;=<;a úh hq;=
² jHdmdr úia;rh
wx. ,ehsia;= .; lrhs'
² wf,úlrK ie,eiau
² fufyhqï ie,eiau
² udkj iïm;a ie,eiau
² uQ,H ie,eiau
² weuqKqï

ksmK
18'2 jHdmdr woyig WÑ; ² wf,úlrK ie,eiau ² wf,úlrK ie,eiau w¾: olajhs'
06
wf,úlrK ie,eiau ² w¾: oelaùu ² wf,úlrK ie,eiaul jeo.;alu
ms<sfh, lrhs' ² jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
² we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq ² wf,úlrK ie,eiaul wka;¾.;
² l¾udka;h yd lreKq úia;r lrhs'
fjf<|fmd< úYaf,aIKh ² fok ,o f;dr;=re weiqfrka
² ksIamdÈ;h ^NdKavh fyda wf,úlrK ie,eiau ms<sfh, lrhs'
fiajdj&
² b,lal fjf<|fmd<
² ;rÕldß;ajh úYaf,aIKh
² ;rÕlrejkaf.a wf,ú
Wmdh ud¾.
² fhdað; wf,ú Wmdh ud¾.
² ksIamdÈ; iy ikakï
Wmdh ud¾.
² ñ, Wmdh ud¾.
² fnodyeÍfï Wmdh
ud¾.
² m%j¾Ok Wmdh ud¾.
² jd¾Isl úl=Kqï
mqfrdal:kh
² wf,ú úhoï

ksmK
18'3 wf,ú ie,eiaug wkqj ² fufyhqï ie,eiau ² fufyhqï ie,eiau y÷kajhs' 06
fufyhqï ie,eiau ² w¾: oelaùu ² fufyhqï ie,eiaul jeo.;alu
ms<sfh, lrhs' ² jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq ² fufyhqï ie,eiaul we;=<;a úh
² ksIamdok Odß;dj hq;= lreKq úia;r lrhs'
² ia:djr j;alï wjYH;dj ² fok ,o f;dr;=re weiqfrka
² wuqøjH wjYH;dj fufyhqï ie,eiau ms<sfh, lrhs'
² fiajl wjYH;d
² jd¾Isl ksIamdok fmdÿ
ld¾h msßjeh
² l¾udka;Yd,d ìï ie,eiau
² wmøjH neyer lsÍu
² idudÔh yd mdßißl n,mEï
² uq¿ ksIamdok msßjeh yd
tall msßjeh
² jHdmdrh wdrïN lsÍug
fmr fufyhqï ld¾hhka yd
úhoï
18'4 jHdmdrfha udkj iïm;a ² udkj iïm;a ie,eiau ² udkj iïm;a ie,eiau y÷kajhs' 06
ie,eiau ms<sfh, lrhs' ² w¾: oelaùu ² udkj iïm;a ie,eiaula ilia
² jeo.;alu lsÍfï jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq ² udkj iïm;a ie,eiaul we;=<;a úh
² jHjidhlhska$yjq,alrejka hq;= lreKq úia;r lrhs'
ms<sn| úia;r ² fok ,o f;dr;=re weiqfrka udkj
² l<ukdlrK l=i,;d iïm;a ie,eiau ms<sfh, lrhs'
² ixúOdk jHqyfha uQ,sl
;k;=re yd j.lSï
² ixúOdk igyk
² jd¾Isl úhou
ksmK
² uQ,H ie,eiau y÷kajhs' 08

² uQ,H ie,eiau
18'5 jHdmdrfha uQ,H ie,eiau ² uQ,H ie,eiaula ilia lsÍfï
² w¾: oelaùu
ms<sfh, lrhs' jeo.;alu meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² jeo.;alu
² uQ,H ie,eiaul we;=<;a úh hq;=
² we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq
f,aLk ,ehsia;=.; lrhs'
² jHdmD;s msßjeh
² uQ,H ie,eiafï tla tla ixrplh
² uq¿ ia:djr msßjeh
meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² uq¿ fufyhqï fmr
² uQ,H ie,eiafï tla tla ixrplh
úhoï
hgf;a oelaúh hq;= lreKq meyeÈ,s
² uq¿ ldrl m%d.aOkh
lrhs'
² weia;fïka;=.; wdodhï
² fok ,o f;dr;=re weiqfrka uQ,H
m%ldYh
ie,eiafï wka;¾.; l< hq;=
² w¾: oelaùu
jHdmD;s msßjeh weia;fïka;= lrhs'
² we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq
² úl=Kqï wdodhu
² úl=Kqï msßjeh
weia;fïka;=.; wdodhï m%ldYh
² o< ,dNh
ms<sfh, lrhs'
² ls%hdldÍ ,dNh
² nÿ miq ,dNh
² weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a
weia;fïka;=.; uqo,a m%jdy m%ldYh
m%jdy m%ldY
ms<sfh, lrhs'
² w¾: oelaùu
² we;=<;a úh hq;=
lreKq
weia;fïka;=.; uQ,H ;;a;aj
² uq¿ uqo,a .,d taï
m%ldYh ms<sfh, lrhs'
² uq¿ uqo,a .,dhdï
² weia;fïka;=.; uq,H
;;a;aj m%;dYh
weia;fïka;=.; Kh wdmiq f.ùfï
igyk ms<sfh, lrhs'
ksmK
² w¾: ±laùu
² we;=<;aa úh hq;= lreKq
² cx.u fkdjk
j;alï
² cx.u j;alï
² cx.u fkdjk
j.lSï
² cx.u j.lSï
² uq¿ ysñlï
² Kh wdmiq f.ùfï
igyk
² uQ,H jd¾;d yd uQ,H fkdjk ² uQ,H jd¾;d úYaf,aIKh hkak

18'6 jHdmdr ie,eiaug wkqj 05
jd¾;d úYaf,aIKh y÷kajhs'
jHdmdr woyfia YlH;dj ² uQ,H jd¾;d úYaf,aIKfha § Ndú;
² uQ,H fkdjk ñKqïo~q
w.hhs' flfrk uQ,H fkdjk ñKqï o~q
² wuq øjH mj;S o
² ls%hd;aul l< yels o meyeÈ,s lrhs'
² iudchg olajk ² uQ,H jd¾;d úYaf,aIKfha § Ndú;
odhl;ajh flfrk uQ,H ñKqï o~q ,ehsia;=.;
² mßir ys;ldó nj lrhs'
² wLKav j mj;ajd .; ² uQ,H yd uQ,H fkdjk ñKqï o~q
yels o weiqfrka jHdmdrh ms<sn|
² uQ,H ñKqïo~q ks.ukj,g t<efUhs'
² iuÉfÊok ,laIH
ú.%yh

ksmK
18'7 úOdhl idrdxYh ms<sfh, ² úOdhl idrdxYh ² úOdhl idrdxYh hkak y÷kajhs' 05
lrhs' ² w¾: oelaùu ² úOdhl idrdxYhl jeo.;alu
² jeo.;alu fmkajd fohs'
² we;=<;a úh hq;= lreKq ² úOdhl idrdxYhl wvx.= lreKq
² jHdmdßlhdf.a ku yd úia;r lrhs'
,smskh
² jHdmdrfha b;sydih
² jHdmdrfha mrud¾:
² ksIamdokh lrkq ,nk
NdKavh fyda fiajdj
² ;rÕ lsÍug isÿ jk
fjf<|fmd<
² jHdmdrh id¾:l ùug;a"
;rÕldß;aj jdis
we;sùug;a fya;=
² m%Odk l<ukdlrK
lKavdhu
² uq¿ wdfhdack
² jHdmdßlhd
fhdok m%udKh
² wfmalaIs; Kh
m%udKh
300
7'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka
jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYh ksmqK;d 18 lska yd ksmqK;d uÜgï 116 lska iukaú; h' fuu ish¨ ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï YsIH flakaøSh
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shla u.ska YsIHhd fj; mjrd §u wfmalaId flf¾' iEu ksmqK;d uÜgula hgf;a u" tu ksmqK;d uÜgu wjidkfha §
YsIHhd ;=< idlaId;a úh hq;= bf.kqï M, fjk fjk u olajd we;'
mdi,a ld, igyfka idudkHfhka j¾Ihlg fuu úIh i|yd ld,Éfþo 420 la fjka flfrk kuq;a fuu úIh ks¾foaYh jirlg ld,Éfþo 300
la i|yd muKla ie,iqï lr we;' ta wkqj 12 jk yd 13 jk fY%aKs i|yd ld,Éfþo 600 la fjkqfjka iïmQ¾K úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lr we;'
ta wkqj fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lr we;af;a j¾Ihlg kshñ; ld,Éfþo ixLHdjg jvd wvq ld,Éfþo ixLHdjla we;=<;a jk mßÈ h' fuu wu;r
ld,Éfþo mdi, mokï lr .;a ;lafiarelrKh ls%hd;aul lsÍu i|yd fhdod .; yels h' ta u.ska isiqkag ;u bf.kqï w;a±lSï ;jÿrg;a fmdaIKh
lr .ekSug wjia:dj ,efnkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾'
tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgu hgf;a ±lafjk bf.kqï M, lrd ,.d ùfï § m%dfhda.sl w;a±lSï mokï lrf.k isiqka ;=< ixl,am idOkh flfrk wdldrhg
bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh ie,iqï lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾' jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh i|yd fhdod .; yels úúO l%fudamdh ie,ls,a,g .;a úg
m%dfhda.sl keUqrej we;s úIh iu.dó jevigyka iy úIhdkqnoaO mdi,a m%;sm;a;s ls%hd;aul lsÍu w;HjYH fõ' tu.ska YsIHhdf.a iyc olaI;d
biau;= lr .ekSug iy ks¾udKYS,S Ñka;khg bvlv i,id Èh hq;= h' fï i|yd mdi, ;=< myiqfjka fhdod .; yels mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka
lsysmhla my; ±lafõ'
² fjf<|fmd< iólaIK yd m¾fhaIK ixúOdkh lsÍu

² jHdmdr wjia:d fiùu i|yd isiqka fhduq lsÍu
² ienE jHdmdr wjia:d i|yd jHdmdr ie,iqï ilia lsÍu
² fhda.H ir, jHdmD;shla ls%hd;aul fldg jd¾;djla ilia lsÍu
² jdKsc ix.uhla fyda iñ;shla wdrïN lr mj;ajdf.k hdu
² jdKscúoHd Èkhla meje;aùu
² m%foaYfha jHdmdßl m%cdj iu. iïnkaO;d we;s lr .ekSug úfYaI jevigyka ixúOdkh lsÍu
² jHdmdr lafIa;%fha ienE w;a±lSï mka;sldurhg f.k tau i|yd idlÉPd yd iïuka;%K ixúOdkh lsÍu
² ienE jHdmdr f,dalhg isiqka fhduq lsÍu i|yd iqÿiq lafIa;% pdßld ixúOdkh lsßu

² mdi,a wdmk Yd,dj" mdi,a iuqmldr iñ;sh" mdi,a nexl=j mj;ajdf.k hdu i|yd jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh yodrk isiqka fhduq lsÍu
² jHdmdr lafIa;%fha jeo.;a ia:dk fj; pdßld ixúOdkh fldg ta wdY%fhka jd¾;d ms<sfh, lsÍu
² jHdmdr lafIa;%fha m%jK;d w<,d ì;a;s mqj;am;la fyda i.rdjla mj;ajdf.k hdug isiqka fhduq lsÍu
² fjf<|fmd<la ixúOdkh lr meje;aùu u.ska ñ, lsÍu" wf,úh" .sKqï ;eîu wd§ lghq;= ifudaOdks; j ixúOdkh lsÍu
² jHdmdr iudc j.lSï yd wdpdrO¾u we;=<;a kdgH ks¾udKh lr rÕ ±laùu
² ;reK jHjidhl;aj ixúOdk iu. iïnkaO ù ;r." ixjdo yd újdo meje;aùu
² wka;¾cd,h mßyrKhg fhduq lsÍu u.ska jHdmdr f,dalfha m%jK;d y÷kd.ekSug fhduq lsÍu
by; i|yka wdldrfha jHdmdr wOHhkh úIhhg iqúfYaIS jq ls%hdldrlï yd jevigyka mdi, ;=< ls%hd;aul lsÍu u.ska fuu úIh jvd;a
m%dfhda.sl jQ úIhla f,i isiqkag yd mdi,a m%cdj w;g m;a lsÍu wjYH fõ' fï i|yd mdi,g iqúfYaIS jQ m%;sm;a;shla f.dvk.d ls%hd;aul lsÍug
w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm< & jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh yodrk isiqkaf.ka iy tu úIh W.kajk .=rejrekaf.ka iukaú; lñgqjla msysgqjd .ekSu fhda.H
hehs fhdackd flf¾'
8'0 ;lafiarej yd we.ehSu
mdi, mokï lr .;a we.ehSï ^;lafiarelrK& jev ms<sfj, hgf;a tla tla jdrh i|yd kshñ; ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï wdjrKh jk mßÈ mdi,
mokï lr.;a ;lafiarelrKh i|yd iqÿiq WmlrK ks¾udKd;aul j ms<sfh, fldg ls%hd;aul lsÍug wfmalaIs; h'
13 jk fY%aKsh wjidkfha § cd;sl uÜgfï we.ehSu jk w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm< & úNd.h i|yd fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ks¾foaYs; h' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh
mokï lrf.k" YS% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska mj;ajkq ,nk cd;sl uÜgfï úNd.h m<uq jrg 2019 j¾Ifha § meje;afõ' fuu úNd.fha
m%Yak m;%j, wdlD;sh yd iajNdjh ms<sn| wjYH úia;r YS% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska iemfhkq we;'

9'0 ks¾ÈIaG .%ka:

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jHdmdr wOHhkh

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<

Dpt of Commerce NIE

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

Dpt of Commerce NIE

2'0 cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq --------------------------------------------------------------------- iii

3'0 fmdÿ ksmqK;d iuQy --------------------------------------------------------------------- iv - v

4'0 úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq --------------------------------------------------------------------- vi

6'0 úIh ks¾foaYh ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- viii - ix

6'1 12 fY%aKsh úIh ks¾foaYh ----------------------------------------------------- 1 - 42

6'2 13 fY%aKsh úIh ks¾foaYh ----------------------------------------------------- 43 - 78

7'0 mdi,a m%;sm;a;s iy jevigyka ------------------------------------------------------------- 79 - 80

8'0 ;lafiarej yd we.ehSu ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 80

Dpt of Commerce NIE

Dpt of Commerce NIE ii

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ jd¾;dj ^2003 foieïn¾&

Dpt of Commerce NIE iii

^i& ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

^ii& fm!reI;aj j¾Okh wod< ksmqK;d

Dpt of Commerce NIE

^iv& jev f,dalhg iqodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

^v& wd.u iy wdpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

^vi& l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

^vii& —bf.kSug bf.kSu˜ ms<sn| ksmqK;d

Dpt of Commerce NIE v

Dpt of Commerce NIE

01 jHdmdr moku yd jHdmdr ls%hd;aul jk 50 12 mqoa.,hskaf.a yd ixúOdkj, wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu 45

Dpt of Commerce NIE

fY%aKsh jdrh ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï ld,Éfcao ksmqK;d uÜgï .Kk

Dpt of Commerce NIE

Dpt of Commerce NIE 1

² iajhxfmdaIs; w¾:l%uh ² iajhxfmdaIs; w¾: l%uh meyeÈ,s 06

Dpt of Commerce NIE 2

Dpt of Commerce NIE 3

Dpt of Commerce NIE 4

Dpt of Commerce NIE 5

1'6 jHdmdr flfrys ² jHdmdr mßirh ² jHdmdr mßirh y÷kajhs'

1'7 jHdmdr wNHka;r mßir

Dpt of Commerce NIE 6

Dpt of Commerce NIE 7

Dpt of Commerce NIE 8

Dpt of Commerce NIE 9

2'3 jHdmdrj, id¾:l;ajh ² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ² jHdmdr wdpdrO¾u ixl,amh 06

Dpt of Commerce NIE 11

Dpt of Commerce NIE 12

² rcfha uQ,H m%;sm;a;sh meyeÈ,s

Dpt of Commerce NIE 13

3'6 mdßfNda.sl wdrlaIKh 05

Dpt of Commerce NIE 15

Dpt of Commerce NIE 16

² 1890 yjq,a wd{d mkf;a ² yjq,a jHdmdrhla ,shdmÈxÑ

² ixia:dms; iud.ï w¾: olajhs'

4'6 úfYaIs; jHdmdrj, ² jr,;a jHdmdr ² jr,;a jHdmdr y÷kajhs'

Dpt of Commerce NIE 18

Dpt of Commerce NIE 19

² jHjidhl;aj .;s ,laIK yd

Dpt of Commerce NIE 22

Dpt of Commerce NIE 23

² YS% ,xldfõ uQ,H wdh;k ² YS% ,xld uy nexl= jd¾Isl jd¾;dj 08