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    Posology: Factors Affecting Drug Dosage

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    Prashant307
    Posology is the branch of pharmacology dealing with drug doses. There are many factors that affect drug dosage including age, body weight, sex, disease state, drug interactions, route of administration, and pharmaceutical formulation. Key considerations in determining dosage include adjusting for pediatric patients, accounting for changes in kidney or liver function, avoiding drug interactions, and being aware of differences between immediate and extended release drug formulations.

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    Posology: Factors Affecting Drug Dosage

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    Prashant307
    2K views11 pages
    Posology is the branch of pharmacology dealing with drug doses. There are many factors that affect drug dosage including age, body weight, sex, disease state, drug interactions, route of administration, and pharmaceutical formulation. Key considerations in determining dosage include adjusting for pediatric patients, accounting for changes in kidney or liver function, avoiding drug interactions, and being aware of differences between immediate and extended release drug formulations.

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    Posology is the branch of pharmacology dealing with drug doses. There are many factors that affect drug dosage including age, body weight, sex, disease state, drug interactions, route of administration, and pharmaceutical formulation. Key considerations in determining dosage include adjusting for pediatric patients, accounting for changes in kidney or liver function, avoiding drug interactions, and being aware of differences between immediate and extended release drug formulations.

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    2K views11 pages

    Posology: Factors Affecting Drug Dosage

    Uploaded by

    Prashant307
    Posology is the branch of pharmacology dealing with drug doses. There are many factors that affect drug dosage including age, body weight, sex, disease state, drug interactions, route of administration, and pharmaceutical formulation. Key considerations in determining dosage include adjusting for pediatric patients, accounting for changes in kidney or liver function, avoiding drug interactions, and being aware of differences between immediate and extended release drug formulations.

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    of 11

    Posology

    Posology is derived from the greek word i.e. (Posos) means “how
    much” and (logos) means “science”. So, we can say that, it is the
    branch of pharmacology which dealing with doses.
    Factors affecting drug dosage:
    1. Age
    2. Body Weight
    3. Body Surface Area
    4. Sex
    5. Pathological State
    6. Tolerance
    7. Drug-Drug Interactions
    8. Time Of administration
    9. Route Of Administration
    10. Pharmaceutical dosage form and drug physical state
    Factors affecting drug dosage
    1. AGE
    Various rules of dosage in which the paediatric dose was a fraction of the adult dose
    Rule Age Formula

    Young’s Rule <12 Yrs Adult Dose x (Age/Age+12)

    Cowling’s Rule >2 Yrs Adult dose x [Age at next birthday (in years)/24]

    Delling’s Formula Adult dose X (Age (in Yrs) /20)

    Fried’s Rule Infants Adult dose x (Age in months/150)


    for infants < 1yr
    Factors affecting drug dosage

    2. Body weight
    Clarks Rule

    Or

    Where, 150 and 70 is adult body weight in pounds and kelograms.


    Factors affecting drug dosage

    3.Body surface area

    Where, 1.73 m2 is average adult Body Surface Area

    If the dose per m2 is given,


    4. Sex
    Women are more susceptible to the effects of certain drugs than are
    men.
    Pregnant women and lactating mothers should use medications only
    with the advise and under the guidance of their physician.

    Examples of drugs that are transported from the maternal to the


    fetal circulation e.g. alcohol, anesthetic gases, barbiturates,
    anticoagulants, etc.

     Because of the undeveloped drug detoxification and excretion


    mechanisms present in the fetus, concentrations of drugs may reach a
    higher level in the fetus than in the maternal circulation.
    5. PATHOLOGICAL STATE & DRUGS
    • Pathophysiology: how disease affects responses to
    drugs
    • Kidney –Reduce drug excretion: drugs accumulate
    in body –Must decrease dosage of drug until kidney
    function back to normal
    • Liver –Site of drug detoxification and metabolism –
    Drug will accumulate to toxic levels in body
    6.TOLERANCE & DRUGS
    •Decreased responsiveness to a drug due to
    repeated drug administration.
    •Patients require higher doses to produce the
    same effects (that could be achieved with
    lower doses).
    •Four categories of drug tolerance –
    •Pharmacodynamic (Cellular):(Action of Drug on body) morphine
    •Metabolic (Dispositional): barbiturates – Behavioral
    (Learned): drugs of abuse (Decrease in drug effect over time
    resulting from increased "disposition" by excretion or metabolism.)
    •Tachyphylaxis (Rapid Tolerance): nitroglycerine
    7. Route & Forms of Administration
    Timing of Drug administration
    8. Drug-Drug Interactions

    Occurs whenever a patient take more than one medication


    • Includes OTC drugs as well as prescription.
    • Intensification of effects one or both drugs (Synergism): – two drugs
    act to increase the effect of each other to a level greater than the
    additive effect of either one alone (may be harmful or beneficial)
    • Reduction of effects of one or both drugs (Antagonism)
    • Addition or summation
    ● Mechanisms of drug-drug interactions
    • Direct chemical or physical
    • Pharmacokinetic (ADME)- Body Action
    • Pharmacodynamic- Drug Action
    9. Polypharmacy

    Seniors accounts for 25% prescriptions


    ● Over 75 year old take on average nearly 3 prescribed
    medications.
    and 1.5 across the counter meds daily!
    ● In day hospitals, average number of active medications ranges
    from 5.5-8.3 per day.
    ● In crease in drug-drug interactions and ADR.
    10. Pharmaceutical dosage form and drug physical state

    Variability in Absorption
    –Differences in manufacturing processes affect rate of
    absorption of drug
    • Factors that influence bioavailability:
    –Product preparations
    – Tablet
    – Enteric coating
    – Sustained release formulations (capsule)
    – Routes of administration

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