Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 46 views

    Pemr PDF

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Nyabuga

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Pemr PDF

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Nyabuga
    46 views11 pages

    Original Title

    pemr.pdf

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    46 views11 pages

    Pemr PDF

    Uploaded by

    Joseph Nyabuga

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 11

    The Electromagnetic Spectrum 1

    The term electromagnetic radiation includes the entire spectral range


    from atmospheric radiation at 1023 Hz to radio waves at few Hz.

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    The Electromagnetic Spectrum 2

    Sizes of Physical Objects:

    10+28 m diameter of observable universe 10+0 m diameter of (overfed) human (1 m)


    10+21 m diameter of Milky Way galaxy 10-5 m diameter of a blood cell
    10+16 m distance to nearest star 10-8 m diameter of a large molecule
    10+9 m diameter of sun 10-9 m diameter of a small molecule
    10+7 m diameter of earth 10-10 m diameter of an atom
    10+3 m diameter of city 10-14 m diameter of atomic nucleus

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Nature of Light 1

    Geometric optics:
    Treating light as a bundle of rays enables to describe the distribution of
    light as well as the creation of images. No information is provided about
    the interaction of light with matter.

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Nature of Light 2

    Wave optics:
    Based on Maxwells's theory, light can be described as periodic oscillation of
    electric and magnetic vectors in time and space. Resulting, optical phenomena
    such as diffraction, interference and polarization can be explained.

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Nature of Light 3

    Quantum optics:
    Only light described as flux of discrete particles without mass, so called photons,
    allows explaining the absorption and emission of light. The energy of photons is
    proportional to the frequency of the radiation.

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Spectroscopic Methods

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    When do we use which model?

    Wave optics:

    Ø Reflection
    Ø Transmission
    Ø Diffraction
    Ø Refraction
    Ø Scattering
    Ø Polarization

    Quantum optics:

    Ø Photoelectric effect
    Ø Emission of radiation (Line- and Bandspectra)
    Ø Absorption of radiation

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Basic Parameters 1
    Wave optics:

    Ø Amplitude (A): represents the length of the electric field component


    at the maximum of the wave.
    Ø Wavelength (λ): the linear distance between two corresponding
    points within successive sine-waves, e.g. the distance between two
    maxima.
    Ø Wavenumber (ν): defined as 1/λ in centimeters, allows to directly
    correlate the wavelength to the frequency via ν = kν with k as
    proportionality constant.
    Ø Frequency (ν): number of oscillations of the electromagnetic field
    per second (s-1 or Hz). ν is determined only by the light source and
    thus remains constant!
    Ø Period (p): time in s required for sucessive maxima and minima to
    pass through a fixed point in space.
    Ø Velocity of propagation (ν i): νi = ν λ i
    in vacuum: velocity independent of wavelength, c = 2.998*108 ms-1
    (νi depends on the composition of the medium!)

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Basic Parameters 2

    Wave optics:

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Basic Parameters 3

    Ø Power (P): energy of the beam that reaches a given area per s.
    Hence, the power is defined as energy/time. The total emitted power of a
    light source is called radiative flux Φ, e.g. In Watt.

    Ø Intensity (I): power of the beam or radiative flux detected at a certain


    area A or at a certain dihedral angle Ω [steradiant, sr].

    I = Φ/A [W/m2]

    ⇒ The same radiative


    flux or power leads to a
    higher intensity if confined
    to a smaller illuminated area.

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211


    Basic Parameters 4

    General:

    Ø Polychromatic radiation: light is usually not homogeneous with


    respect to the wavelength but consisting of light quanta with different
    energy.
    (broad-band (polychromatic) emitters, e.g. black bodies,
    halogen lamps, gas discharge lamps, etc.)
    Ø Monochromatic radiation: light with a narrow energy distribution
    curve or, ideally, light quanta of a single frequency (energy).
    (narrow-band (monochromatic) emitters, e.g. light emitting diode (LED)
    laser, etc.)
    Ø Coherence: the property that the multitude of individual wave trains
    emitted from a light source have a fixed phase relation

    Properties of Electromagnetic Radiation 3211

    You might also like